LIBRARY 

University  of  California 

IRVINE 


FLORA 


SOUTHERN   UNITED    STATES 


CONTAINING    AN    ABRIDGED    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS 


TENNESSEE,  NORTH  AND   SOUTH   CAROLINA,  GEORGIA, 
ALABAMA,  MISSISSIPPI,  AND  FLORIDA: 


ARRANGED   ACCORDING    TO   THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 


^a  BT 

A.  W.  CHAPMAN,  M.D. 


THE    FERNS    BY    PROF.    DANIEL    C.    EATON. 


SECOND   EDITION. 


NEW  YORK  •  :  •  CINCINNATI  -  :  -  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    B^OK    COMPANY 


Copyright, 
BY  A.  W.  CHAPMAN, 


UNIVERSITY  PRESS:: 
JOHN  WILSON  AND  SON,  CAMBRIDGE. 


PREFACE. 


WHEN  the  first  edition  of  this  work  was  issued,  some 
portions  of  the  country  embraced  within  the  limits  assigned 
to  it  were  imperfectly  investigated  or  wholly  unexplored. 
But  the  discoveries  in  Southern  botany  made  during  the 
last  few  years  by  Feay,  Garber,  Curtiss,  and  others,  of 
tropical  forms  on  the  peninsula  and  keys  of  Florida,  by 
Dr.  Gattinger  of  Northern  forms  which  extend  into  Ten- 
nessee and  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  by  cor- 
respondents from  other  States,  have  become  so  numerous 
that  a  new  edition  of  the  Southern  Flora  is  required  to 
embrace  them. 

In  this  edition  I  have  concluded  to  incorporate  these 
additions  in  the  form  of  a  Supplement  to  the  first  edition, 
avoiding  any  material  alterations  in  it. 

And  now,  since  the  different  sections  of  all  the  States^ 
which  are  included  in  the  limits  embraced  by  this  work 
have  been  pretty  thoroughly  explored,  and  future  acqui- 
sitions will,  probably,  be  comparatively  few  in  number, 
the  time  seems  to  have  arrived  when  the  promise  pro- 
visionally made  in  the  Preface  to  the  first  edition  may  be 
at  least  partially  fulfilled. 


It  is  my  intention,  therefore,  to  commence  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  final  edition,  which  shall  include  in  their  proper 
place  all  the  acquisitions  made  to  our  Flora  since  the 
publication  of  the  first  edition,  with  the  changes  in  no- 
menclature introduced  during  that  time  ;  and  I  invite 
a  continuance  of  the  co-operation  and  assistance  of  all 
who  are  interested  in  the  successful  prosecution  of  the 
work. 

APALACHICOLA,  FLORIDA, 
December  26,  1882. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION ix 

SKETCH  OF  THE  ELEMENTS  OF  BOTANY  ix 

GLOSSARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS xviii 

ABBREVIATIONS  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  AUTHORS    .        .        .    xxv 

SIGNS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK       .     . xxvi 

DIRECTIONS  TO  THE  STUDENT       .....  xxvii 

ARTIFICIAL  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS  .        .  xxix 

FLORA.  —  PH.ENOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS  ...        1 
CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS     .        .        585 

SUPPLEMENT 603 

INDEX        ............         675 

INDEX  TO  SUPPLEMENT  .     695 


INTRODUCTION. 


I.    SKETCH   OF  THE  ELEMENTS   OF  BOTANY. 

1.    Vegetable   Tissue. 

1.  PLANTS  are  primarily  composed  of  minute  membranous  vesicles  or  cells, 
which  are  endowed  with  the  power  of  reproduction,  and  through  which,  al- 
though closed  and  destitute  of  visible  pores  or  openings,  the  juices  of  the  plant 
are  readily  transmitted. 

2.  Variously  modified,  these  cells  form  the  Elementary  Tissues ;  viz.   Cellular 
Tissue  or  Parenchyma,  Woody  Tissue  or   Woody  Fibre,  and  Vascular  Tissue  or 
Vessels  and  Ducts, 

3.  Cellular  Tissue,  which  exists  in  all  plants,  and  of  which  those  of  the  lower 
orders  are  wholly  composed,  consists  of  cells  aggregated  together,  and  cohering 
by  their  contiguous  surfaces. 

4.  Woody  Tissue  is  composed  of  slender  and  elongated  cells,  with  firm  and 
thickish  walls,  collected  in  threads  or  bundles. 

5.  Vascular  Tissue  is  made  up  of  larger  cells,  either  in  the  form  of  continuous 
tubes,  or  forming  such  by  the  union  of  their  extremities.     In  some  of  these,  the 
walls  are  marked  with  dots,  lines,  or  bands  ;  while  in  others  they  are  lined  with 
spirally  coiled  fibres  which  are  capable  of  being  unrolled.     The  latter  are  called 
Spiral  Vessels,  and  exist  only  in  plants  which  bear  proper  flowers. 

6.  Of  these  tissues  are  formed  the  Organs  of  plants;  viz.  Organs  of  Vegetation, 
consisting  of  the  Root,  Stem,  and  Leaves,  and  Organs  of  Reproduction,  consisting 
of  the  Flower  and  Fruit. 

2.    The   Root. 

7.  The  Root,  or  Descending  Axis,  is  that  part  of  the  plant  which  grows  down- 
ward, commonly  penetrating  the  soil,  from  the  moisture  of  which  it  imbibes 
nourishment.     It  branches  indefinitely  and  without  order,  but  bears  no  other 
appendages.    Its  ultimate  branches  are  called  Rootlets. 

8.  Roots  which  descend  immediately  from  the  embryo  are  termed  Primary 
Roots.    They  are  called  Tap-Roots,  when  they  consist  of  one  thick  and  fleshy 
piece  ;  fascicled,  or  clustered,  when  of  several  fleshy  branches  springing  from  a 
common  centre ;  tuberous  when  the  branches  become  greatly  enlarged  and  filled 
with  starchy  matter;  and  fibrous,  when  all  the  parts  are  slender  and  thread-like. 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

9.  But  roots  under  favorable  circumstances  are  developed  from  other  parts  of 
the  plant.     These  are  called  Secondary  Roots. 

10.  Aerial  Roots  are  those  which  spring  from  the  stem  or  branches  above 
ground.    In  some,  as  in  many  Endogenous  Plants,  they  proceed  from  the  lower 
joints  of  the  stem ;  in  others,  as  the  Mangroves  and  Fig-trees  of  South  Florida, 
they  descend  from  the  branches,  and  at  length,  penetrating  the  soil,  form  new 
stems  in  all  respects  similar  to  that  of  the  parent  tree.    The  tendril-like  roots  of 
some  climbing  stems  are  also  of  this  class. 

11.  Epiphytes  or  Air-Plants,  of  which  the  Tillandsia  and  Epidendmm  are  ex- 
amples, are  those  which  are  borne  on  the  trunks  or  branches  of  trees,  but  draw 
their  nourishment  from  the  air. 

12.  Parasites,  like  Air-Plants,  grow  on  other  plants ;  but  their  roots,  pene- 
trating the  substance  of  the  supporting  plant,  feed  upon  its  juices.    Some,  as 
the  Mistletoe  and  Dodder,  fix  themselves  upon  the  trunk  or  branches ;  others, 
like  the  Beech-drop,  upon  the  root. 

3.    The    Stem. 

13.  The  Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis,  is  that  part  of  the  plant  which  grows  up- 
ward into  the  air  and  light,  bearing  leaves  and  flowers.    It  exists,  under  various 
modifications,  in  all  flowering  plants  ;  but  in  those  which  are  said  to  be  stem/ess 
or  acaulescent,  it  is  very  short,  or  concealed  in  the  ground. 

14.  It  consists  of  a  succession  of  leaf-bearing  points,  or  Nodes,  separated  by 
naked  joints,  or  Internodes.    The  growing  points,  which  are  protected  by  reduced 
leaves  in  the  form  of  scales,  are  called  Buds.     These  are  terminal,  when  they  ter- 
minate the  axis  ;  axillary,  when  they  spring  from  the  axil  of  the  leaves  ;  that  is, 
from  the  point  where  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  joins  the  stem ;  and  adventi- 
tious, when  they  are  developed  from  any  other  part. 

15.  Simple  stems  grow  by  the  development  of  the  terminal  bud  alone ;  branch- 
ing stems  expand  indefinitely  from  the  axillary  buds  also.     The  ultimate  divis- 
ions of  the  branches  are  called  branchlets. 

16.  The  jointed  stem  of  Grasses  and  similar  plants  is  a  Culm. 

17.  The  thick  and  simple  stem  of  the  Palmetto  is  a  Caudex. 

18.  A  Rhizoma,  or  Rootstock,  is  a  perennial  stem,  commonly  creeping  on  the, 
ground,  or  beneath  its  surface,  developing  annually  a  bud  at  the  apex,  while, 
the  older  portion  decays. 

19.  A  Tuber  is  a  subterranean  branch,  excessively  thickened  by  the  deposition 
of  starchy  matter,  and  furnished  with  minute  scales,  having  concealed  buds  (eyes) 
in  their  axils. 

20.  A  Corm  is  a  solid  globular  subterranean  stem,  filled  with  starchy  matter, 
with  a  bud  at  the  apex  and  roots  below. 

21.  A  Bulb  is  a  short  subterranean  stem,  made  up  of  the  thickened  bases  of 
leaves,  in  the  form  of  persistent  scales.     It  is  tunicated  or  coated,  when  the  scales 
are  large  and  wrapped  one  within  the  other ;  and  scaly,  when  these  are  small 
and  imbricated.     Small  aerial  bulbs,  such  as  are  borne  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves 
of  the  Tiger-Lily,  and  among  the  flowers  of  the  Onion,  are  called  Bulblets. 

22.  A  Stolon  is  a  branch  which  bends  to  the-  earth,  strikes  root,  and  forms  a 
new  plant. 


ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  xl 

23.  A  Runner  is  a  thread-like  prostrate  branch,  producing  roots  and  a  tuft  of 
leaves  at  its  extremity. 

24.  Spines,  or  Thorns,  are  imperfectly  developed,  leafless  branches,  with  hard 
tips. 

25.  Tendrils  are  the  thread-like  spirally  coiled  branches  of  weak  and  slender 
plants,  by  means  of  which  they  attach  themselves  to  other  and  stronger  objects 
for  support.     Leaf-stalks  and  parts  of  the  inflorescence  are  occasionally  convert- 
ed into  tendrils. 

26.  Plants  which  die  down  to  the  ground  at  the  close  of  the  season,  or  after 
maturing  seed,  are  called  Herbs,  or  Herbaceous  Plants.    Those  with  woody  stems, 
lasting  from  year  to  year,  when  of  humble  size,  are  called  Shrubs,  and  when 
reaching  an  elevation  of  twenty  feet  or  more,  Trees. 

4.    Internal   Structure   of   Stems. 

27.  The  stems  of  Phaenogamous  Plants  are  composed  of  cellular  tissue,  woody 
tissue,  and  vessels ;  and  upon  the  arrangement  of  the  latter  are  founded  the  two 
divisions  of  Exogenous  and  Endogenous  Plants. 

28.  Exogenous  stems  consist  of  a  central  column,  called  the  Pith ;  an  external 
covering,  called  the  Bark ;  and  a  middle  portion,  called  the  Wood. 

29.  Their  Pith  is  a  mass  of  cellular  tissue,  enclosed  in  a  thin  sheath  of  spiral 
vessels,  termed  the  Medullary  Sheath. 

30.  Their  Wood  is  composed  of  one  or  more  layers  of  woody  and  vascular 
tissue,  traversed  by  thin  plates  of  cellular  tissue,  called  the  medullary  rays,  and 
annually  increased,  in  all  perennial  stems,  by  the  addition  of  a  new  layer  to  the 
outside  of  that  of  the  previous  year.     The  new  wood  is  called  the  Alburnum,  or 
Sap-wood,  and  the  older  and  harder  portion,  the  Duramen,  or  Heart-wood. 

31.  The  Bark,  like  the  wood,  is  made  up  of  layers.     The  inner  bark,  or  Liber, 
is  composed  chiefly  of  woody  fibre.     Between  it  and  the  wood,  in  the  growing 
season,  is  secreted  a  thin  mucilage,  called  the  Cambium,  in  which  the  new  layers 
of  wood  and  bark  are  developed.    Surrounding  the  inner  bark  is  the  Green  bark, 
consisting  of  cellular  tissue  filled  with  Chlorophyll,  or  the  green  matter  of  veg- 
etables.    Covering  the  whole  is  a  thin  membrane  of  cellular  tissue,  called  the 
Epidermis,  or  Cuticle. 

32.  Endogenous  stems  exhibit  no  distinction  of  pith,  wood,  and  bark ;  but 
are  composed  of  threads  or  bundles  of  woody  tissue,  irregularly  embedded  in 
cellular  tissue.     They  increase  in  diameter  by  the  formation  of  new  bundles, 
which  are  chiefly  directed  to  the  centre  of  the  stem. 

5.     The    Leaves. 

33.  Leaves  are  expanded  appendages  of  the  stem,  developed  from  axillary 
and  terminal  buds.     They  consist  of  loose  cellular  tissue,  supported  by  a  net- 
work of  woody  and  vascular  tissue,  called  veins  or  ribs,  and  protected  by  the 
epidermis.     In  them  the  fluids  received  from  the  root,  and  what  they  imbibe 
from  the  air,  through  minute  openings  in  the  epidermis,  called  stomata,  are  con- 
verted into  the  proper  food  of  the  plant. 

34.  In  the  bud,  they  are  folded,  plaited,  or  coiled  in  various  ways.     This  is 
termed  their  Vernation. 


XU  INTRODUCTION. 

35.  A  complete  leaf  comprises  the  Blade,  the  Stalk,  and  a  pair  of  Stipules ; 
but  these  three  parts  are  not  always  present  in  one  leaf. 

36.  The  Blade,  Limb,  or  Lamina,  is  the  expanded  part,  and  presents  a  great 
variety  of  forms.     It  is  simple,  when  it  consists  of  a  single  piece,  however  cut  or 
divided ;  and  compound,  when  of  two  or  more  distinct  pieces   (lea/lets),  which 
separate  by  a  joint. 

37.  The  Stalk,  or  Petiole,  connects  the  blade  with  the  stem.     When  it  is 
wanting,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  sessile.     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet  is  called  a  Petiolule. 

38.  The  Stipules  are  appendages  of  various  forms,  placed  one  on  each  side  at 
the  base  of  the  petiole.     They  are  separate,  or  else  united  with  the  petiole,  or 
with  each  other,  when  they  occasionally  form  a  sheath  (Ochrea)  around  the 
stem  above.    The  stipules  of  a  leaflet  are  called  Stipels. 

39.  The  manner  in  which  the  veins  are  distributed  through  the  leaf  is  called 
Venation. 

40.  There  are  two  modes  of  venation  ;   viz.  parallel-veined,  or  nerved,  when 
several  simple  veins,  or  ribs,  run  parallel  from  the  base  of  the  blade  to  its  apex ; 
and  reticulated,  or  netted-veined,  when  the  veins  divide  into  numerous  primary  and 
secondary  branches  (veinlets),  which  again  unite  to  form  a  kind  of  network. 

41.  The  latter  mode  embraces  both  the  pinnately  veined,  or  feather-veined  leaf, 
where  the  petiole  is  continued  through  the  middle  of  the  blade,  giving  off  at  in- 
tervals lateral  veins ;  and  the  palmately  veined  or  ribbed  leaf,  when  it  divides  at 
the  apex  into  three  or  more  strong  branches. 

42.  The  manner  in  which  leaves  are  divided  corresponds  with  that  of  their 
venation. 

43.  A  simple  pinnately  veined  leaf  becomes  pinnatifid,  when  the  incisions 
(sinuses)  extend  about  half-way  to  the  midrib,  or  continuation  of  the  petiole ; 
and  pinnately  divided,  when  they  extend  down  to  the  midrib.     A  compound  pin- 
nately veined  leaf  is,  of  course,  pinnate,  with  the  separate  leaflets  arranged  on 
each  side  of  the  common  petiole.     When  this  is  terminated  by  a  leaflet,  the  leaf 
is  said  to  be  odd-pinnate,  or  unequally  pinnate,  and  when  it  is  wanting,  abruptly 
pinnate. 

44.  So,  also,  the  palmately  veined  leaf  becomes  palmately  cleft  or  divided, 
when  the  incisions  are  directed  toward  the  base  of  the  blade.     When  the  divis- 
ions consist  of  separate  leaflets,  it  becomes  palmately  compound. 

45.  Floral  leaves,  or  those  from  the  axils  of  which  the  flowers  are  developed, 
are  called  Bracts ;  and  those  which  are  borne  on  the  flower-stalk,  Bractlets. 

6.    The   Flower. 

46.  A  Flower  consists  of  those  parts,  or  organs,  which  are  concerned  in  the 
production  of  seed.     Like  the  leaf,  of  which  its  parts  are  a  modification,  it  is 
developed  from  an  axillary  or  terminal  bud. 

47.  The  manner  in  which  the  flowers  are  arranged  on  the  stem  or  branches  is 
termed  the  Inflorescence. 

48.  There  are  two  modes  of  inflorescence ;  viz.  the  indefinite,  or  centripetal, 
where  the  flowers  all  arise  from  axillary  buds,  the  lowest  or  outermost  expand- 
ing first,  while  the  axis  elongates  indefinitely  from  the  terminal  bud ;  and  the 
definite,  or  centrifugal,  where  the  flowers  arise  from  the  terminal  bud,  first,  of  the 
main  axis,  and  successively  from  that  of  the  branches. 


ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  Xlii 

49.  When  the  flowers  arise  from  the  axil  of  the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  stem, 
they  are  said  to  be  axillary ;  but  oftener,  they  are  disposed  in  a  more  or  less 
obvious  cluster,  each  arising  from  the  axil  of  a  greatly  reduced  leaf,  or  Bract. 

50.  The  stalk  of  a  solitary  flower,  or  of  a  cluster  of  flowers,  is  termed  the 
Peduncle ;  or,  when  it  proceeds  from  the  root,  a  Scape ;  and  that  of  each  indi- 
vidual of  a  cluster  is  called  a  Pedicel.     The  main  axis  of  a  cluster,  or  that 
portion  of  the  common  peduncle  which  bears  the  flowers,  is  called  the  Rachis. 

51.  The  indefinite  inflorescence  includes  the  Spike,  Ament,  Spadix,  Raceme. 
Corymb,  Umbel,  Head,  and  Panicle ;  the  definite,  the  Cyme  and  its  modifications. 

52.  The  Spike  consists  of  a  more  or  less  elongated  rachis,  with  the  flowers 
sessile,  or  nearly  so,  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts. 

53.  The  Ament,  or  Catkin,  is  the  scaly  deciduous  spike  of  the  Pine  and 
Willow. 

54.  The  Spadix  is  a  spike  with  the  flowers  borne  on  a  thick  and  fleshy  rachis. 
It  is  naked,  as  in  the  Golden-club,  or  enclosed  in  a  hood,  called  the  Spathe,  as  in 
the  Indian  Turnip. 

55.  The  Raceme  presents  the  elongated  rachis  of  the. spike,  but  the  flowers 
are  raised  on  pedicels. 

56.  The  Corymb  is  a  short  raceme,  with  the  lower  pedicels  elongated,  so  as  to 
bring  their  flowers  to  the  same  level  as  the  upper  ones. 

57.  The  Umbel  is  a  modification  of  the  raceme,  but  with  the  rachis  so  much 
contracted,  that  the  pedicels  (rays)  apparently  spring  from  a  common  centre. 
When  the  umbel  is  compound,  the  partial  umbels  are  termed  Umbellets. 

58.  A  Head  is  an  umbel  with  sessile  flowers.     The  crowded  bracts  of  this  and 
the  preceding  are  collectively  termed  the  Involucre,  and  those  of  the  umbellets, 
the  Involucel. 

59.  When  the  pedicels  of  a  raceme  or  corymb  are  transformed  into  branches, 
either  simple  or  successively  divided,  the  inflorescence  becomes  a  Panicle. 

60.  When  the  further  growth  of  the  axis  is  arrested  by  a  single  terminal 
flower,  and  from  the  axils  below  branches  are  developed,  each  terminated  by  a 
flower,  and  bearing  branches  in  the  same  manner,  the  inflorescence  is  said  to  be 
cymose  or  centrifugal.     But  it  presents  several  peculiar  forms,  occasioned  either 
by  the  imperfect  development,  or  by  the  entire  suppression  of  some  of  its  parts. 
Some,  as  the  true  Cyme,  are  short  and  expanded ;  others  are  elongated,  like  the 
spike  or  raceme.      In  all,  the  flowers  expand  successively  from  the  summit, 
downward,  or  from  the  centre,  outward. 

61.  The  Flower  consists,  commonly,  of  one  or  more  whorls  of  leaves,  called 
the  Floral  Envelopes,  —  of  which  the  outer  one  is  termed  the  Calyx,  and  the  inner 
one  the  Corolla,  —  an  inner  whorl  of  thread-like  organs,  called  the  Stamens,  and 
one  or  more  central  organs,  called  the  Pistils.    These  are  inserted  on  the  apex 
of  the  axis,  which  here  takes  the  name  of  Torus,  or  Receptacle. 

62.  The  Floral  Envelopes  are  sometimes  wanting ;  but  the  stamens  and  pis- 
tils, being  the  fertilizing  organs,  are,  in  all  perfect  flowers,  always  present. 

63.  The  Calyx  is  composed  of  leaves  (Sepals),  usually  of  a  greenish  color, 
which  are  distinct,  or  united  by  their  margins.   .When  the  floral  envelopes  con- 
sist of  a  single  whorl  only,  it  is  always  a  calyx. 


XlV  INTRODUCTION. 

64.  The  Corolla  is  usually  of  a  thinner  texture  than  the  calyx,  and  variously 
colored.     Its  leaves  (Petals),  when  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  always 
alternate  with  them.    They  are  also  often  united  by  their  contiguous  margins,  to 
form  a  monopetalous  corolla. 

65.  When  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  so  nearly  alike  as  not  to  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished, they  are  collectively  termed  the  Perianth. 

66.  A  flower  is  complete  when  all  its  parts  are  present ;  incomplete,  when  the 
floral  envelopes,  or  a  part  of  them,  are  wanting ;  perfect,  when  the  stamens  and 
pistils  are  borne  in  the  same  flower  ;  imperfect,  or  diclinous,  when  they  are  borne 
in  separate  flowers  ;  regular,  when  the  sepals  or  petals  are  of  uniform  shape  and 
size ;  and  irregular,  when  they  are  unlike  in  shape  or  size. 

67.  Imperfect  flowers  are  further  distinguished  into  moiwecious,  when  those  fur- 
nished with  stamens  (staminate  or  sterile  flowers)  and  those  furnished  with  pistils 
(pistillate  or  fertile  flowers]  are  borne  on  the  same  plant;  dioecious,  when  they  are 
borne  on  separate  plants ;  and  polygamous,  when  both  perfect  and  imperfect  flow- 
ers are  borne  on  the  same  or  different  individuals. 

68.  The  manner  in  which  the  parts  of  the  floral  envelopes  are  arranged  with 
respect  to  each  other  in  the  bud  is  termed  their  Estivation.     They  are  valvate, 
when  their  contiguous  margins  meet,  without  overlapping ;    induplicate,  when 
these  project  inwardly ;  reduplicate,  when  they  project  outwardly ;  imbricated, 
when  the  margins  of  one  overlap  the  adjacent  margins  of  the  two  next  within  ; 
convolute,  or  twisted,  when  one  edge  of  each  piece  covers  the  margin  of  the  one 
next  before  it,  and  the  other  edge  is  covered  by  the  margin  of  the  one  next  after 
it ;  and  plaited,  when  the  parts  are  folded  lengthwise. 

7.    The    Stamens. 

69.  A  Stamen  consists  of  a  sac,  called  the  Anther,  and,  usually,  a  stalk,  called 
the  Filament,  by  which  it  is  supported. 

70.  They  are  hypogynous,  when  they  are  inserted  on  the  receptacle  ;  perigynous, 
when  on  the  calyx ;  epigynous,  when  on  the  ovary ;  epipetalous,  when  on  the  co- 
rolla ;  and  gynandrous,  when  they  are  united  with  the  style.     They  are,  also, 
often  combined  with  each  other,  either  into  one  set  (monadelphous),  or  into  two, 
three,  or  more  sets  (diadelphous,  triadelphous,  &c.). 

71.  The  Anther  is  composed,  commonly,  of  two  united  cells,  which  open  in 
various  ways,  and  discharge  a  yellow,  fertilizing  powder,  called  the  Pollen.     The 
part  which  connects  the  cells  is  the  Connective. 

72.  It  is  erect,  or  innate,  when  fixed  by  its  base  to  the  apex  of  the  filament ; 
adnate,  when  fixed  to  the  filament  by  its  whole  length ;  versatile,  when  fixed  by 
the  middle  to  the  apex  of  the  filaments  on  which  it  turns  as  on  a  pivot :  introrse, 
when  it  faces  inwardly  toward  the  pistils ;  and  extrorse,  when  it  faces  outward  ly 
toward  the  petals.     Occasionally,  they  are  united  into  a  tube  (syngenesious). 

73.  Between  the  stamens  and  the  pistils  is  often  a  fleshy  expansion,  called  the 
Disk. 

8.    The  Pistils. 

74.  The  Pistils  occupy  the  centre  of  the  flower.     They  are  inserted,  singly  or 
in  a  whorl,  on  the  receptacle ;  or,  when  this  is  elongated  or  enlarged,  they  cover 
its  surface. 


ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XV 

75.  A  Pistil  consists  of  three  parts,  — the  Ovary,  the  Styk,  and  the  Stigma. 

76.  The  Ovary  is  the  lower  and  hollow  portion,  containing  the  Ovules,  or  ru- 
diments of  seeds. 

77.  The  Style  is  an  extension  of  the  ovary,  commonly  of  its  apex,  which  sup- 
ports the  stigma. 

78.  The  Stigma  is  commonly  the  apex  of  the  style,  or,  when  this  is  wanting, 
of  the  ovary,  denuded  of  the  epidermis. 

79.  When  the  pistil  is  composed  of  a  single  piece,  or  carpel,  it  is  simple;  but, 
oftener,  it  is  compound,  consisting  of  two  or  more  carpels,  united  by  their  margins, 
or  by  their  sides,  which  then  form  partitions  or  dissepiments,  that  divide  the  pistil 
into  as  many  cells  as  there  are  carpels. 

80.  The  line  next  the  axis,  or  which  corresponds  to  the  united  margins  of  a 
folded  leaf,  is  called  the  Ventral  Suture;  and  that  which  corresponds  to  the  mid- 
rib, the  Dorsal  Suture. 

81.  The  Ventral  Suture  bears  the  ovules ;  and  the  line  of  their  attachment  is 
called  the  Placenta.     This  is  central  or  axile,  when  it  occupies  the  centre  of  the 
pistil,  and  parietal,  when  it  is  borne  on  its  walls. 

82.  The  Ovule  is  connected  with  the  placenta  by  a  cord,  called  the  Funiculus. 
It  consists  of  a  central  body,  called  the  Nucleus,  enclosed  in  two  sacs,  each  with 
an  opening  at  the  apex,  called  the  Foramen.    The  outer  sac  is  termed  the  Primine, 
and  the  inner  one  the  Secundine.     The  point  where  these  parts  unite  is  called  the 
Chalaza. 

83.  The  Ovule  is  orthotropous  when  the  chalaza  is  next  the  placenta,  and  the 
apex  at  the  opposite  extremity ;  campylotropous,  when  it  curves  on  itself,  so  as  to 
bring  the  apex  near  the  chalaza ;  anatropous,  when  it  is  inverted  on  its  cord,  to 
which  it  adheres ;  the  true  apex  pointing  to  the  placenta,  while  the  chalaza,  or 
true  base,  points  in  an  opposite  direction ;  and  amphitropous,  when  it  is  half  in- 
verted on  its  cord,  its  axis  running  parallel  with  the  placenta.     The  adhering 
portion  of  the  cord  in  the  last  two  cases  is  termed  the  Raphe. 

9.    The  Fruit. 

84.  The  Fruit  is  the  ovary,  with  its  contents,  brought  to  maturity.     But  dur- 
ing this  process  it  sometimes  undergoes  important  changes,  either  by  the  obliter- 
ation or  abortion  of  some  of  its  cells,  partitions,  or  ovules,  or  by  the  formation  of 
false  partitions,  or  by  various  changes  effected  in  its  walls,  or  in  the  parts  which 
surround  them. 

85.  In  some,  the  walls,  or  Pericarp,  remain  closed ;  in  others,  they  open,  or 
are  dehiscent  in  various  ways,  oftener  splitting  regularly  into  separate  pieces, 
called  Valves. 

86.  Many  terms  are  employed  to  designate  the  different  kinds  of  fruit,  but  only 
the  following  are  in  general  use. 

87.  A  Follicle  is  a  simple  fruit,  opening  along  the  ventral  suture  only;  as  the 
fruit  of  the  Milkweed. 

88.  A  Legume  is  a  simple,  fruit  opening  at  both  sutures ;  as  in  the  Pulse  Fam- 
ily.    When  it  is  divided  across  into  closed  joints,  it  is  a  Lament. 

89.  A  Capsule  is  a  dry  compound  fruit,  opening  in  various  ways.     When  it 
opens  at  the  dorsal  sutures,  or  into  the  cells,  the  dehiscence  is  said  to  be  loculicidal; 


XVi  INTRODUCTION. 

and  septicidal,  when  it  opens  at  the  ventral  suture,  or  through  the  partitions. 
When  it  opens  transversely,  the  upper  portion  falling  off  entire,  like  a  lid,  the 
dehiscence  is  circumscissile. 

90.  A  S'dique  is  a  slender  two-valved  capsule,  with  two  parietal  placentae  con- 
nected by  a  persistent  false  partition.     A  short  and  broad  silique  is  a  Silicle. 
These  are  peculiar  to  the  Mustard  Family. 

91 .  A  Pepo  is  the  fleshy  indehiscent  fruit  of  the  Gourd  Family,  with  the  seeds 
often  embedded  in  the  pulpy  placentae. 

92.  A  Pome  is  the  indehiscent  fruit  of  the  Apple  or  Quince  tribe,  where  the 
cells  are  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  and  fleshy  tube  of  the  calyx. 

93.  A  Berry  is  an  indehiscent  fruit,  with  the  seeds  embedded  in  soft  pulp. 

94.  A  Drupe  consists  of  one  or  more  hard  or  bony  cells,  called  the  Puta- 
men,  covered  with  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  coat,  called  the  Sarcocarp ;  as  the  Peach, 
Holly,  &c. 

95.  An  Achenium  is  a  small,  dry,  one-seeded,  indehiscent  fruit,  the  walls  of 
which  do  not  adhere  to  the  enclosed  seed.     When  these  are  closely  united,  it 
becomes  a  Caryopsis;  or  when  the  walls  are  thin  and  bladder-like,  and  open 
irregularly,  a  Utricle. 

96.  A  Nut  is  a  dry,  indehiscent  fruit,  with  hard  or  bony  walls ;  as  the  Acorn 
and  Hickory-nut. 

97.  A  Samara  is  a  dry,  indehiscent  fruit,  with  its  walls  expanded  into  a  wing ; 
as  that  of  the  Maple  and  Elm. 

98.  The  collective  fruit  of  the  Pine  is  called  a  Cone  or  Strobile. 

10.    The  Seed. 

99.  The  Seed  is  the  matured  ovule,  and  contains  the  Embryo,  or  the  rudiment 
of  a  future  plant.     The  outer  coat,  or  Integument,  is  called  the  Testa.    It  varies 
greatly  in  texture,  and  is  occasionally  furnished  with  hairs,  which  either  cover  the 
entire  seed,  or  form  a  tuft  ( Coma)  at  one  or  both  extremities. 

100.  The  terms  employed  in  describing  the  ovule  are  chiefly  applicable  to  the 
seed.     The  foramen  of  the  ovule,  which  is  closed  in  the  seed,  becomes  the  Mi- 
cropyle,  and  is  always  opposite  the  radicle  of  the  embryo.     The  scar  left  on  the 
seed  by  the  separation  of  the  cord  is  the  Hilum.    It  is  sometimes  enveloped  in 
a  false  covering,  originating,  during  its  growth,  from  the  cord  or  from  the  pla- 
centa.   This  is  called  the  Aril. 

101.  The  Testa  includes  either  the  embryo  alone,  or  an  additional  nutritive 
substance,  called  the  Albumen. 

102.  The  Embryo  consists  of  the  Radicle,  the  Plumule,  and  the  Cotyledons. 

103.  The  Eadicle  is  the  first  joint  of  the  stem.    In  germination,  it  elongates 
at  one  end  to  form  the  root,  and  at  the  other,  from  a  minute  bud  (Plumule),  to 
form  the  stem.     It  is  inferior  when  it  points  to  the  base  of  the  pericarp,  and  su- 
perior when  it  points  to  its  summit. 

104.  The  Cotyledons  are  the  seed-leaves.     The  embryo  of  the  Exogenous 
Plants  bears  two  of  these,  placed  opposite  (rarely  three  or  more  in  a  whorl), 
while  that  of  Endogenous  Plants  bears  only  one.     Hence  the  former  are  called 
dicotyledonous,  and  the  latter  monocotyledonous. 

105.  When  the  embryo  is  exposed  to  the  combined  influence  of  air,  heat,  and 
moisture,  it  develops  into  a  growing  plant.     This  is  termed  Germination. 


ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANT.  XV11 

106.  The  preceding  considerations  refer  solely  to  Phaenogamous  Plants,  or 
those  which  bear  flowers,  consisting  of  stamens  and  pistils,  and  produce  seeds, 
which  contain  an  embryo,  or  a  rudiment  of  a  future  plant. 

107.  But  there  are  plants  of  a  lower  grade,  which  do  not  bear  flowers  furnished 
with  ordinary  stamens  and  pistils,  nor  seeds  containing  an  embryo,  but  in  place 
of  seeds  they  produce  minute  powdery  bodies,  called  Spores.     These  are  termed 

11.    Cryptogamons  or  Flowerless  Plants. 

108.  The  stems  of  the  higher  orders  of  Cryptogamous  Plants  —  and  these  only 
are  embraced  in  this  work  —  exhibit  nearly  the  same  anatomical  structure  as 
those  of  Phsenogamous  Plants.     But  they  grow  only  from  the  apex,  without  any 
perceptible  increase  of  diameter,  and  therefore  are  termed  Acrogens  or  Point- 
growers. 

109.  The  different  orders  presenting  no  common  type,  the  habit,  the  mode  of 
inflorescence,  and  the  process  of  fertilization,  so  far  as  it  is  known,  being  different 
in  all  of  them,  the  characteristics  of  each  are  more  conveniently  explained  ir  the 
body  of  the  work,  and  need  not  be  enumerated  here. 

13.     Classification. 

110.  Classification  consists  in  the  arranging  of  plants  possessing  like  structure, 
habits,  &c.,  into  groups,  designating  them  by  proper  names,  and  defining  them 
by  appropriate  characters. 

111.  An  assemblage  of  individuals  which  are  so  essentially  alike  as  to  indicate 
their  descent  from  a  common  parent,  and  which  preserve  their  characteristics 
when  propagated  from  seed,  is  tenned  a  Species.    But  circumstances  connected 
with  the  growth  of  an  individual  may  produce  some  deviation  from  its  ordinary 
state,  and  it  then  becomes  a  Variety. 

112.  When  the  pistil  of  one  species  is  fertilized  by  the  pollen  of  another  allied 
species,  the  result  is  a  Hybrid. 

113.  An  assemblage  of  species  agreeing  with  one  another  in  structure  and  ap- 
pearance constitutes  a  Genus.     In  the  same  manner,  although  with  fewer  points 
of  agreement,  genera  are  collected  into  Orders,  or  Families,  and  these,  in  turn,  into 
Classes. 

114.  But  each  of  these  may  include  members  that  agree  in  some  important 
points,  which  are  not  common  to  the  others.     Of  such  are  formed  the  intermedi- 
ate divisions  of  Subgenera,  Suborders,  and  Subclasses. 

115.  There  are  two  modes  or  systems  of  classification;  the  Artificial  System 
of  Linnaeus,  and  the  Natural  System  of  Jussieu. 

116.  In  the  Artificial  System,  the  Classes  and  Orders  are  founded  on  the  num- 
ber, position,  and  connection  of  the  stamens  and  pistils,  regardless  of  any  other 
relationship.     In  the  Natural  System,  every  part  of  the  plant  is  taken  into  consid- 
eration ;  and  the  Orders  embrace  those  genera  which  agree  with  each  other  in  the 
greatest  number  of  important  particulars.     The  latter  system  is  now  in  almost 
universal  use,  and  is  the  one  adopted  in  this  work. 


H.  GLOSSARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


*f*  The  numbers  annexed  to  the  names,  or  their  definition,  refer  to  the  paragraphs  of  the 
preceding  Sketch  ;  but  those  preceded  by  "  Flora,  p."  refer  to  the  pages  of  the  Flora. 


Abortive :  not  fully  developed. 

Abruptly  pinnate,"  43. 

Accumbent:  Flora,  p.  24. 

Achenium,  96. 

Achlamydeous :  without  floral  envelopes. 

Acrogens:  Flora,  p.  585. 

Acuminate :  tapering  into  a  slender  point. 

Acute:  pointed. 

Adherent  :  growing  fast  to  another 
body. 

Adnafe :  same  as  Adherent. 

Adnate  Anthers,  72. 

Aerial  Roots,  10. 

^Estivation,  68. 

Air-Plants,  11. 

Aggregate:  crowded  together. 

Albumen,  101. 

Alburnum,  30. 

Alternate:  scattered;  one  after  another. 

Alveolate :  deeply  pitted. 

Ament,  53. 

Amentaceous :  bearing  aments. 

Amphitropous,  83. 

Anatropous,  83. 

Androgynous :  containing  both  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers. 

Angiospermae :  Flora,  p.  1. 

Annual:  lasting  only  one  year. 

Annular :  disposed  'in,  or  forming,  a  ring 
or  circle. 

Anterior:  applied  to  that  part  of  an  axil- 
lary flower  which  is  farthest  removed 
from  the  main  axis. 

Anther,  71. 

Apetalous :  without  petals. 

Apiculate  :  tipped  with  a  short  abrupt 
point. 

Appendage :  something  added  to  a  part. 

Appressed :  lying  near  to ;  pressed  against. 

Aquatic :  growing  in  water. 

Arborescent :  tree-like. 

Areolation :  spaces  between  the  leaf-veins. 

Aril,  100. 

Aril  led:  covered  with  an  aril. 

Armed:  furnished  with  thorns,  prickles, 
&c. 

Articulated:  divided  into  joints;  connect- 
ed by  a  joint. 


Ascending:  )  curving  outward  and  up- 
Assurgent:  )       ward. 
Attenuated:  gradually  narrowed. 
Auriculate :  eared ;  bearing  small  lateral 

lobes. 

Awl-shaped :  narrow  and  sharp-pointed. 
Awn :  a  rigid  bristle-like  appendage. 
Awned :  bearing  an  awn. 
Axil :  the  point  where  the  upper  surface 

of  the  leaf  joins  the  stem. 
Axillary:  borne  in  the  axil. 
Axis:  the  central  line  of  a  body;  the  part 

around  which  others  grow. 

Baccate :  berry-like ;  juicy. 

Barbed:  bearing  rigid  points  which  are 

directed  backward. 
Bark,  31. 

Basal :  belonging  to  the  base. 
Beaked :  ending  in  a  stout  point. 
Bearded :  bearing  tufts  or  lines  of  hairs. 
Bell-shaped :  expanding  from  a  short  and 

rounded  base,  into  a  spreading  border. 
Berry,  93. 

Bidentate :  two-toothed. 
Biennial :  lasting  two  years. 
Bifid :  two-cleft. 

Bifoliolate :  bearing  two  leaflets. 
Bigliiiululiir:  bearing  t\vo  glands. 
Bilabiate :  two-lipped. 
Bipinnate :  twice  pinnate. 
Biternate :  twice  ternate. 
Bladders:  small  sacs  filled  with  air. 
Blade :  the  expanded  portion  of  a  leaf,&c. 
Boat-shaped:  see  Carinate. 
Brachiate :  with  pairs  of  opposite  branches 

spreading  at  right  angles. 
Bract,  45. 

Bracted :  furnished  with  bracts. 
Bractlet,  45. 
Bristle:  a  rigid  hair. 
Bristly :  beset  with,  or  like,  bristles. 
Brush-shaped:  divided  at  the  apex  into 

numerous  hairs  or  filaments. 
Bud,  14. 
Bulb,  21. 

Bulbous :  shaped  like  a  bulb. 
Bulblet,  21. 


GLOSSARY. 


XIX 


Caducous:  falling  away  early. 

Caespitose:  growing  in"  a  tuft. 

Callous:  thickened. 

Calyx,  63. 

Cambium,  31. 

Campanulate :  see  Bell -shaped. 

Campylotropous,  83. 

Capillary:  hair-like. 

Capsule,'  89. 

Capsular:  relating  to,  or  with  the  char- 
acters of  a  capsule. 

Carinate:  keeled;  bearing  on  the  back  a 
sharp  lon 

Cariopsis, 

Carpel:  a  single  pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts 
ot  a  compound  pistil. 

Carpellary:  pertaining  to  a  carpel. 

Carpophore :  Flora,  p.  157. 

Cartilaginous :  hard  and  tough. 

Caruncle :  an  appendage  of  the  hilum. 

Caudate :  tailed. 

Cauciex,  17. 

Caulescent :  furnished  with  a  stem. 

Cauline:  pertaining  to  the  stem. 

Cell :  one  of  the  cavities  of  the  fruit  or 
of  the  anther,  &c. 

Celled:  divided  into  cells. 

Cellular  Tissue,  3. 

Centrifugal  Inflorescence,  48. 

Centripetal  Inflorescence,  48. 

Chaff:  thin  scales  or  bracts. 

Chaffy:  furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the 
texture  of  chaff. 

Chalaza,  82. 

Channelled  :  with  a  deep  longitudinal 
furrow. 

Character:  a  phrase  employed  to  distin- 
guish a  genus,  £c.  from  all  others. 

Chartaceous :  of  the  texture  of  paper. 

Chlorophyll :  the  green  matter  of  leaves, 
&c. 

Ciliate:  fringed  with  a  row  of  hairs. 

Circinate :  rolled  inward  at  the  apex. 

Circumscissile,  89. 

Cirrhose :  bearing  tendrils ;  tendril-like. 

Clasping:  enclosing  by  its  base,  as  a  leaf 
the  stem. 

Clavate :  club-shaped. 

Claw :  the  stalk  of  a  petal. 

Clawed:  raised  on  a  claw. 

Climbing:  clinging  to  other  objects  for 
support. 

Club-shaped :  terete  and  gradually  thick- 
ened upward. 

Clustered:  crowded. 

Coated  Bulb,  21. 

Cobwebby:  bearing  fine  loose  hairs. 

Cochleate:  coiled  like  a  snail-shell. 

Coherent:  growing  together. 

Column:  the  axis  of  a  compound  pistil; 
the  united  stamens  of  the  Mallow  Fam- 
ily; the  united  stamens  and  pistil  of  the 
Orchis  Family. 

Commissure:  Flora,  p.  157. 

Comose:  bearing  a  coma,  99. 

Compound :  composed  of  similar  simple 
parts,  3t>. 


Compressed:  flattened. 

Cone :  the  scaly  fruit  of  the  Pine. 

Confluent:  running  together. 

Conglomerate :  heaped  together. 

Conical:  cone-shaped. 

Connate:  growing  together  at  the  base, 

as  opposite  leaves  around  the  stem. 
Connective,  71. 

Connivent :  brought  near  together. 
Continuous:  in  one  piece;  not  jointed. 
Contorted :  twisted ;  bent. 
Contorted  aestivation:  see  Convolute. 
Contracted :  narrowed ;  not  spreading. 
Convolute,  68. 
Cordate :  heart-shaped. 
Coriaceous :  of  the  texture  of  leather. 
Corm,  20. 

Corneous :  hard  like  horn. 
Corniculate :  bearing  a  horn  or  spur. 
Corolla,  64. 
Corymb,  56. 
Corymbose  :  branched  like  a  corymb  ; 

arranged  in  corymbs. 
Costate:  ribbed. 
Cotyledons,  104. 

Creeping :  prostrate,  and  rooting. 
Crenate  :  having  sharp  notches  on  the 

edge  separated  by  rounded  teeth. 
Crenulate :  slightly  crenate. 
Crested :  bearing  an  elevated  ridge. 
Crown:  an  appendage  of  the  corolla  at 

the  base  of  the  limb. 
Crowned :  bearing  anything  at  the  apex. 
Cruciform :  shaped  like  a  cross. 
Crustaceous :  hard  and  brittle,  like  a  shell. 
Cryptogamous  Plants,  107. 
Cucullate:  see  Hooded. 
Culm,  16. 

Cuneate:  wedge-shaped. 
Cup-shaped :  snaped  like  a  bowl  or  cup. 
Cuspidate  :  ending  abruptly  in  a  sharp 

point. 
Cuticle  31. 
Cylindrical:  round  and  of  nearly  equal 

"thickness. 
Cyme,  60. 
Cymose :  arranged  in  a  cyme.- 

Decandrous :  having  ten  stamens. 

Deciduous:  falling  off  at,  or  before,  the 
close  of  the  season. 

Declining:  leaning  to  one  side. 

Decompound:  several  times  divided. 

Decumbent:  prostrate,  but  ascending  at 
the  summit. 

Decurrent :  with  the  edges  extending  be- 
low the  main  poiht  of  attachment. 

Definite:  few;  a  number  easily  counted. 

Definite  Inflorescence,  48. 

Deflexed:  bent  downward. 

Dehiscence :  the  manner  in  which  closed 
organs  regularly  open. 

Dehiscent :  opening  regularly. 

Deltoid :  triangular. 

Dentate :  having  sharp  notches  on  the  edge 
separated  by  coarse  and  spreading  teeth. 

Denticulate :  slightly  toothed. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Depressed :  flattened  horizontally. 

Descending:  directed  downward. 

Diadelphous :  collected  in  two  sets. 

Diandrous :  having  two  stamens. 

Dichlamydeous :  having  both  calyx  and 
corolla. 

Dichotomous :  forked. 

Diclinous,  66. 

Dicotyledonous:  having  two  cotyledons. 
.Didymous:  twin. 

Didynamous:  having  four  stamens,  with 
two  of  them  longer  than  the  others. 

Diffuse :  loosely  spreading. 

Digitate  :  when  the  apex  of  the  petiole 
bears  five  or  more  leaflets. 

Dimorphous:  of  two  forms. 

Dioecious.  67. 

Discoid:  Flora,  p.  184. 

Disk,  73.  Also  the  central  part  of  the 
head  of  composite  flowers. 

Dissected:  divided  into  many  lobes. 

Distichous :  two-ranked ;  placed  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  axis. 

Distinct:  separate. 

Divaricate :  widely  spreading. 

Divided:  parted  nearlv  to  the  base. 

Dorsal :  pertaining  to  Lack  or  outside. 

Dorsal  Suture,  80. 

Downy :  bearing  soft  short  hairs. 

Drupe,  94. 

Drupaceous  :  with  the  characters  of  a 
drupe. 

Duramen,  30. 

Dwarf:  below  the  common  size. 

Eared:  see  Auriculate. 

Echinate :  beset  with  prickles. 

Elliptical  :  in  outline  twice  as  long  as 
•wide,  broadest  in  the  middle,  and 
rounded  at  each  end. 

Elongated:  unusually  long;  extended. 

Emarginate :  notched  at  the  apex. 

Embryo,  102. 

Emersed :  raised  out  of  water. 

Endocarp :  the  inner  layer  of  the  pericarp. 

Endogenous  (stems),  32. 

Enneandrous :  having  nine  stamens. 

Ensiform:  sword-shaped. 

Entire :  with  margins  not  toothed  or  di- 
vided. 

Epigynous,  70. 

Epiphytes,  11. 

Equilateral :  equal-sided. 

Equitant  (leaves) :  two-ranked,  with  their 
bases  clasped  one  within  the  other,  and 
their  sides  facing  the  horizon. 

Erose :  with  the  margin  irregularly  scal- 
loped, as  if  gnawed. 

Evergreen :  lasting  through  the  winter. 

Exogenous,  28. 

Exserted :  protruding  out  of  the  surround- 
ing parts. 

Exstipulate:  without  stipules. 

Extrorse  Anthers,  72. 

Falcate :  scythe-shaped. 
Family,  113. 


Fan-shaped:  folded  or  plaited  like  :i  tan. 

Farinaceous:  mealy. 

Fuse  icle:  a  cluster. 

Fascicled:  collected  in  a  cluster. 

Fastigiate:  rising  to  the  same  level :  flat- 
topped. 

Feather-veined,  41. 

Female  (flowers):  bearing  only  pistils. 

Ferruginous:  of  the  color  of  iron-rust. 

Fertile :  bearing  fruit. 

Fibre,  4. 

Fibrous  Roots,  8. 

Fiddle-shaped  :  oblong  in  outline,  and 
contracted  in  the  middle. 

Filament,  69.     Any  thread-like  part. 

Filamentose  :  bearing  or  composed  of 
threads. 

Filiform:  thread-like. 

Fimbriate  :  with  the  margin  cut  into  a 
fringe. 

Fistulous:  hollow. 

Fleshy :  soft  and  juicy. 

Flexuous:  zigzag;  bent  outward  and  in- 
ward. 

Floating:  resting  on  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

Floccose:  bearing  tufts  of  deciduous  hairs. 

Flora  :  a  systematic  description  of  the 
plants  of  a  country. 

Floral :  belonging  to  the  flowers. 

Floret :  one  of  the  flowers  of  a  cluster. 

Flower,  61. 

Flowering  Plants,  106. 

Flowerless  Plants,  107. 

Foliaceous :  leaf-like. 

Foliolate:  bearing  leaflets. 

Follicle,  87. 

Follicular:  like  a  follicle. 

Forked :  divided  into  two  branches. 

Free:  separate;  disconnected. 

Fringed:  see  Ciliate. 

Frond :  the  leaf  of  a  Fern. 

Fructification :  the  fruiting  state. 

Fruit,  84. 

Frutescent:  shrubby. 

Fugacious :  continuing  for  a  short  time. 

Fulvous:  tawny. 

Funiculus,  82. 

Funnel-shaped :  gradually  dilated  upward 
from  a  tubular  base. 

Furrowed :  grooved  lengthwise. 

Fusiform  :  spindle-shaped  ;  broadest  in 
the  middle,  and  tapering  at  each  end. 

Geminate:  by  pairs. 

Geniculate :  bent  abruptly. 

Genus,  113. 

Germination,  105. 

Gibbous:  puffed  out. 

Glabrous :  free  from  roughness,  or  hairs. 

Glands :  small  knobs  or  excrescences. 

Glandular:  bearing  glands. 

Glaucous:  covered  with  a  minute  whitish 


Glomerate :  collected  in  a  close  cluster. 


GLOSSARY. 


xxi 


Glumaceous  ;     glume-like,    or    bearing 

glumes. 
Glumes  :   the   scale-like   bracts,  &c.  of 

grasses  and  sedges. 
Granular:  covered  with  grains. 
Gymnospermous  Plants:  Flora,  p.  431. 
Gynandrous,  70. 

Habit:  the  general  appearance  of  a  plant. 
Habitat:  the  native  situation  of  a  plant. 
Hairs:  hair-like  appendages  of  the  cuticle. 
Hairy:  furnished  with  hairs. 
Hastate  or  Halberd-shaped :  dilated  at  the 

base  into  two  spreading  lobes. 
Heart-shaped :  ovate,  with  a  sinus  at  the 

base. 

Heptandrous :  having  seven  stamens. 
Herb,  26. 
Herbaceous,  26 ;  of  the  color  and  texture 

of  a  leaf. 

Herbarium :  a  collection  of  dried  plants. 
Hilum,  100. 

Hirsute:  beset  with  coarse  hairs. 
Hispid :  beset  with  rigid  hairs. 
Hoary:  grayish-white. 
Homogeneous :  uniform  in  substance. 
Hooded :  rolled  inward  or  arched. 
Horn:  an  appendage  like  a  horn. 
Horny :  of  the  texture  of  horn. 
Hyaline:  thin  and  nearly  transparent. 
Hybrid,  112. 
Hypogynous,  70. 

Imbricated,  68. 

Imperfect  (flowers),  66. 

Incised :  cut  into  notches  or  lobes. 

Included :  enclosed ;  opposed  to  Exserted. 

Incumbent:  Flora,  p.  24. 

Incurved:  bending  inward. 

Indefinite :  numerous;  not  readily  counted. 

Indefinite  Inflorescence,  48. 

Indehiscent :  not  opening. 

Indigenous:  native  to  a  country. 

Induplicate :  folded  inward. 

Indusium :  Flora,  p.  586. 

Inferior:  below,  103. 

Inflated:  puffed  out,  as  if  distended  with 
air. 

Inflexed :  bent  inward. 

Inflorescence,  47. 

Innate  (anther),  72. 

Inserted  on:  used  in  the  sense  of  growing 
from  a  part. 

Insertion :  the  mode  of  attachment. 

Internodes,  14. 

Interrupted :  not  continuous ;  not  jointed. 

Interruptedly  pinnate :  with  smaller  leaf- 
lets between  the  larger  ones. 

Intervals:  Flora,  p.  ISY 

Introrse  (anthers),  72. 

Introduced :  brought  from  another  coun- 
try. 

Inverted :  turned  upside  down. 

Involucel,  58. 

Involucre,  58. 

Involute :  with  the  margins  rolled  inward. 

Irregular  (flowers),  66. 


Jointed  :  separating  across  into  pieces  ; 
furnished  with  joints. 

Keel:  a  sharp  longitudinal  ridge  on  the 
back  of  an  organ ;  Flora,  p.  86. 

Keeled:  see  Carinate. 

Kidney-shaped  :  heart-shaped,  but  the 
width  greater  than  the  length. 

Labellum:  the  odd  petal  (lip)  of  the  Or-, 

chis  Family. 
Labiate :  divided  into  an  upper  and  lower 

lobe  or  lip. 

Laciniate :  divided  into  irregular  lobes. 
Lamellate :  formed  of  thin  plates. 
Lamina :  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  &c. 
Lanceolate :  lance-shaped. 
Lanuginous:  woolly. 
Lateral:  placed  at,  or  pertaining  to  the 

side. 
Leaf,  33. 
Leaflet,  36. 

Leathery:  see  Coriaceous. 
Legume,  88. 

Lenticular:  like  a  double-convex  lens. 
Liber,  31. 

Ligulate:  strap-shaped. 
Ligula:  Flora,  p.  545. 
Limb:  the  expanded  part  of  a  leaf,  &c. 
Linear :  long  and  narrow,  with  parallel 

margins. 

Lip :  see  Labellum  and  Labiate. 
Lobe :  one  of  the  parts  of  a  divided  body. 
Loculicidal,  89. 
Lunate:  crescent-shaped. 
Lyrate :  pinnatifid,  with  the  upper  lobes 
"enlarged. 

Marginal :  borne  on,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
edge  or  margin. 

Medullarv  Rays,  30. 

Medullary  Sheath,  29. 

Membranous  :  of  the  texture  of  mem- 
brane. 

Mericarp:  Flora,  p.  157. 

Micropyle,  100. 

Midrib:  the  prolongation  of  the  petiole 
through  the  limb  of  a  leaf. 

Monadefphous,  70. 

Monanclrous :  bearing  one  stamen. 

Moniliform :  bearing  short  joints';  like  a 
string  of  beads. 

Monochlamydeous :  bearing  only  one  row 
of  floral  envelopes. 

Monocotyledonous,  104. 

Monoecious,  67. 

Monopetalous  :  with  the  petals  united 
into  one  piece. 

Monosepalous  :  with  the  sepals  united 
into  one  piece. 

Mucronate :  tipped  with  an  abrupt  slen- 
der point. 

Muricate  :  beset  with  hard  wart-like 
points. 

Naturalized  :  introduced,  but  propagat- 
ing freely  by  seed. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Necklace-shaped:  see  Moniliform. 

Nectary :  any  honey-bearing  part. 

Nerved  (leaves),  40. 

Netted-veined,  40. 

Neutral  (flowers):  without  stamens  and 

pistils. 

Nodding :  turning  outward  or  downward. 
Nodes,  14. 
Nodose:  knotty. 
Nut,  96. 
Nutlet:  same  as  Achenium. 

Obcordate :  inversely  heart-shaped. 
Oblanceolate :  inversely  lance-snaped. 
Oblique :  unequal-sided, 
i  Oblong:  narrower  than  Elliptical,  with 

nearly  parallel  margins. 
Obovate:  egg-shaped,  with  the  narrow 

end  downward. 
Obtuse :  blunt ;  not  pointed. 
Ochrea,  38. 

Octandrous :  having  eight  stamens. 
One-sided:  borne  one  side  of  the  axis. 
Opaque:  dull. 
Opposite :  placed  directly  against  each 

other,  as  leaves  on  the  stem;  placed 

before,  as  stamens  before  the  petals. 
Orbicular:  circular. 
Organs,  6. 
Orthotropous,  83. 
Oval:  same  as  Elliptical. 
Ovary,  76. 
Ovate :  egg-shaped. 
Ovoid:  a  solid  with  an  oval  outline. 
Ovule,  76. 

Palate  :  a  prominence  at  the  throat  of 
some  bilabiate  flowers. 

Palea:  Flora,  p.  545. 

Palmate:  hand-shaped;  when  the  lobes 
or  divisions  spread  from  a  common 
centre. 

Palmately-veined,  41. 

Panicle,  59. 

Papery :  of  the  texture  of  paper. 

Papilionaceous  (flower):  Flora,  p.  86. 

Papillose :  studded  with  minute  wart-like 
prominences. 

Pappus:  the  linJ^of  the  calyx  of  com- 
posite flowenlr 

Parallel-veined,  40. 

Parasitical :  supported  and  nourished  bv 
other  plants. 

Parietal,  81. 

Parted :  divided  nearly  to  the  base. 

Partial:  pertaining  to  the  parts  of  a  com- 
pound organ. 

Pectinate :  cut  into  fine  parallel  lobes. 

Pedate:  nearly  as  palmate,  but  with  the 
lateral  lobes  divided. 

Pedicel,  60. 

Pedicelled :  raised  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle,  50. 

Peduncled :  raised  on  a  peduncle. 

Peltate  :  fixed  to  the  stalk  at  a  point 
within  the  margins. 

Pendent:  hanging,  drooping. 


Pendulous :  somewhat  drooping. 

Penicillate:  see  Brush-shaped. 

Pentandrous :  having  five  stamens. 

Pepo,  91. 

Perennial :  lasting  from  year  to  year. 

Perfect  Flowers,  66. 

Perfoliate:  growing  around  the  stem. 

Perianth,  65. 

Pericarp :  the  walls  of  the  fruit. 

Perigynium :  Flora,  p.  532. 

Perigynous,  70. 

Persistent:  remaining  late,  as  opposed  to 
deciduoiis. 

Personate :  bearing  a  palate. 

Petal,  64. 

Petaloid:  petal-like;  colored  like  a  petal. 

Petiole:  the  stalk  of  a  leaf. 

Petioled :  borne  on  a  petiole. 

Petiolule:  the  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Petiolulate :  raised  on  a  petiolule. 

Phasnogamous  Plants,  106. 

Pilose :  beset  with  stiff  straight  hairs. 

Pinnae :  -the  primary  divisions  of  a  pin- 
nately  compound  leaf. 

Pinnate,  43. 

Pinnately  divided,  43. 

Pinnules:  the  secondary  divisions  of  a 

pinnately  compound  leaf. 
Pistil,  74. 
Pith,  29. 

Pitted:  marked  with  fine  indentations. 
Placenta,  81. 

Plaited.  68;  folded  lengthwise.      • 
Plumose:  feathery. 
Plumule,  103. 
Pollen,  71. 

Pollinia:  the  pollen-masses  of  the  Milk- 
weed. 

Polyandrous :  bearing  many  stamens. 
Polypetalous  and  Polysepalous :  applied 
to  a  corolla   or   calyx  with   separate 
petals  or  sepals. 

Polymorphous:  of  various  forms. 
Pome,  92. 
Prickles :  sharp  and  rigid  appendages  of 

the  cuticle. 

Prickly :  beset  with  prickles. 
Primine,  82. 

Prismatic :  angular,  with  flat  sides. 
Process:  a  prominence  or  projection. 
Procumbent :  resting  on  the  ground. 
Produced:  prolonged. 
Proliferous:  where  a  cluster  of  flowers 

arises  out  of  another  cluster. 
Prostrate :  see  Procumbent. 
Pubescence :  hairiness  in  general. 
Pubescent:  hairy  or  downy. 
Pulverulent :  covered  with  fine  powder. 
Punctate:  dotted. 

Pungent :  ending  in  an  abrupt  hard  point. 
Pyramidal :  pyramid-shaped. 
Pyriform :  pear-shaped. 

Quinate :  bearing  five,  leaflets. 

Raceme,  55. 
Rachis,  50. 


GLOSSARY. 


XXlll 


Ravs  57 '  the  marginal  flowers  a  head  or 
cvrne-  the  partial  stalks  of  an  umbel. 

Radiate  or  Radiant:  bearing  rays;  di- 
vero-ino-  from  a  centre. 

Radical:  near  or  belonging  to  the  root. 

Radicle,  103. 

Raphe,  83. 

Receptacle,  61. 

Reclining:  leaning  or  falling  to  one  side. 


Refracted:  bent  abruptly  backward,  as  if 
broken. 

Regular:  of  uniform  shape  and  size. 

Reniform:  see  Kidney-shaped. 

Repand:  wavy. 

Resupinate :  turned  upside  down. 

Reticulate :  disposed  in  little  spaces,  like 
network. 

Revolute:  rolled  backward. 

Rhizoma,  18. 

Rhombic  or  Rhomboidal  :  diamond- 
shaped. 

Ribs,  33 ;  longitudinal  ridges. 

Ribbed :  bearing  ribs. 

Root,  7. 

Rootlet,  7. 

Rootstock,  18. 

Rostrate:  beaked. 

Rotate :  whetl-shaped ;  with  a  short  tube 
and  a  spreading  limb. 

Rudimentary :  imperfectly  developed. 

Rugose :  uneven ;  wrinkled. 

Ruminated  (albumen)  :  divided  into 
lobes. 

Runcinate:  same  as  lyrate,  but  with  the 
lobes  directed  backward. 

Runner,  23. 

Sagittate :  arrow-shaped. 

Samara,  97. 

Scabrous:  rough. 

Scales  :    reduced  leaves,  or  any  small 

and  thin  appendage. 
Scaly :  beset  with  scales ;  of  the  texture 

of  scales. 
Scape,  50. 

Scarious:  very  thin  and  colorless. 
Scurfy :  covered  with  minute  scales. 
Secund:  one-sided. 
Seed,  99. 
Segment:  one  of  the  parts  of  a  divided 

leaf,  &c. 
Sepal,  63. 
Septicidal,  89. 
Serrate :  with  the  margin  cut  into  teeth 

like  a  saw. 

Serrulate :  finely  serrate. 
Sessile :  not  raised  on  a  stalk. 
Setaceous :  bristle-like. 
Sheath:  the  base  of  a  leaf  when  it  is 

wrapped  round  the  stem. 
Sheathing  :    enclosing  the   stem   like  a 

sheath. 

Shield-shaped:  see  Peltate. 
Shrub,  26. 
Silicic  and  Silique,  90. 


Silky :  clothed  with  fine  appressed  shin- 
ing hairs. 

Silvery :  white  and  shining. 

Simple :  of  one  piece. 

Sinuate  :  with  the  margins  cut  into 
rounded  incisions  (sinuses)  which  ara 
separated  by  rounded  lobes. 

Solitary :  standing  alone. 

Sorus :  the  fruit  cluster  of  ferns. 

Spadix,  54. 

Spathe,  54. 

Spatulate  :  dilated  into  a  broad  and 
rounded  summit,  from  a  slender  base. 

Species,  111. 

Specific :  pertaining  to  a  species. 

Spike,  52. 

Spikelet:  a  small  spike,  or  a  branch  of  a 


spike. 
>ind 


Spindle-shaped:  see  Fusiform. 

Spine,  24. 

Spiny :  armed  with  spines ;  spine-iike. 

Spiral  Vessels,  5. 

Sporangia:  Flora,  p.  585. 

Spores:  Flora,  p.  585. 

Spur:  a  hollow  appendage  of  the  calyx 
or  the  corolla. 

Spurred :  furnished  with  a  spur. 

Squarrose  :  covered  with  spreading 
scales. 

Stamen,  69. 

Staminate :  bearing  stamens. 

Standard :  Flora,  p.  86. 

Stellate  or  Stellar :  radiating  from  a 
common  centre. 

Stem,  13. 

Stemless,  13. 

Sterile:  unfruitful;  imperfect. 

Stigma,  78. 

Stigmatic :  belonging  to  the  stigma. 

Stipe :  the  stalk  of  an  ovary  or  of  a  fern- 
leaf. 

Stipel,  38. 

Stipellate :  funiished  with  stipels. 

Stipule,  38. 

Stipulate :  furnished  with  stipules. 

Stolon,  22. 

Stoloniferous :  bearing  stolons. 

Stomata,  33. 

Strap-shaped  :  long  and.  flat,  with  par- 
allel margins. 

Striate:  marked  with  fine  furrows.* 

Strigose  :  bristly  with  rigid  appressed 
hairs. 

Strobile,  98. 

Style,  77. 

Subulate :  awl-shaped. 

Sulcate :  marked  with  deep  furrows. 

Suspended:  hanging. 

Suture,  80. 

Syngenesious,  72. 

System,  115. 

Tap-root,  8. 
Tendril,  25. 

Terete :  cylindrical ;  round. 
Ternate  :    of  three  leaflets  ;    three  in  a 
whorl. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Testa :  the  covering  of  the  seed. 
Tetrarnerous:  in  parts  of  four. 
Tetrandrous:  having  four  stamens. 
Thorn,  24. 
Throat:  the  orifice  of  a  tubular  corolla, 

calyx,  &c. 
Tomentose :  clothed  with  a  close  velvety 

pubescence. 
Toothed:  see  Dentate. 
Top-shaped :  like  an  inverted  cone. 
Torose,  or  Torulose :  knotted ;  knobby. 
Torus,  61. 
Tree,  26. 

Triaudrou* :  having  three  stamens. 
Tribe:  a  subdivision  of  an  order. 
Trichotomous  :      dividing      into      three 

branches. 

Trifoliolate:  bearing  three  leaflets. 
Truncate :  ending  abruptly,  as  if  cut  off. 
Tube :  the  united  part  of  a  calyx  or  co- 
rolla. 

Tuber,  19. 
Tubercle:  a  wart-like  appendage;  Flora, 

p.  504. 
Tubercled :  bearing  tubercles,  or  crowned 

with  a  tubercle. 
Tuberous :  like  a  tuber. 
Tubular:  shaped  like  a  tube. 
Tumid :  swelled ;  thickened. 
Tunicated  Bulb,  21. 
Twin :  in  pairs ;  a  pair  united. 
Twining  :    rising  by  coiling   around  a 

support. 

Umbel,  57. 

Umbelled:  arranged  in  an  umbel. 

Umbellet,  57. 

Unarmed :  destitute  of  thorns,  prickles,&c. 

Uncinate :  hooked. 

Undulate :  wavy. 

Unequally  pinnate,  43. 

Unguiculate :  clawed. 


Unifoliolate  :  bearing  a  single  leaflet. 
Urceolate :  urn-shaped;  pitcher-shaped. 
Utricle,  96. 
Utricular  :  formed  like  a  utricle. 

Valve,  85. 

Valvate,  68  :  opening  by  valves. 

Variety,  111. 

Vascufar  Tissue,  5. 

Vaulted :  arched. 

Veins,  33. 

Veiny  :  furnished  with  reticulated  veins. 

Veinlets  :  the  ultimate  branches  of  veins. 

Venation,  39. 

Ventral  Suture,  80. 

Ventricose  :  inflated. 

Vernation,  34. 

Versatile,  72. 

Vertical :  with  the  edges  directed  upward 

and  downward,  and  the  sides  facing  the 

horizon. 
Vessels,  2. 

Vexillum  :  Flora,  p.  86. 
Villous :  woolly. 

Virgate  :  wand-like ;  long  and  slender. 
Viscid :  clammy ;  glutinous. 
Vittse  :  Flora,  p.  157. 

Waxy :  like  beeswax. 

Wedge-shaped  :  broad  at  the  summit,  and 

tapering  regularly  to  the  base. 
Wheel-shaped:  see  Rotate. 
Whorl :  a  collection  of  parts  arranged  in 

a  ring  or  circle. 
Whorled  :  disposed  in  a  whorl. 
Wing :  Flora,  p.  86 ;  any  thin  expansion. 
Winged  :  furnished  with  wings. 
Wood,  30. 

Woody :  of  the  texture  of  wood. 
Woody  Fibre  or  Woody  Tissue,  4. 
Woolly :  clothed  with  long  and  dense  soft 

haks. 


III.  ABBREVIATIONS  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  AUTHORS. 


Adans. 

=      Adanson. 

Good.       = 

Goodenough. 

Ait. 

Aitou. 

Griseb. 

Grisebach. 

All. 

Allioni. 

Gronov. 

Gronovius. 

Andr. 

.    Andrews. 

Haw. 

Haworth. 

Am. 

Arnott. 

H.  B.  K. 

Humboldt,  Bonpland,  and 

Aubl. 

Aublet. 

Hoff. 

Hoffmann.               [Kunth. 

JBaldw. 

Baldwin. 

Hook. 

Hooker. 

Bartr. 

Bartram. 

Houst. 

Houston. 

Beauv. 

Palisot  de  Beauvois. 

Huds. 

Hudson. 

Benth. 

Bentham. 

Jacq. 

Jacquin. 

Blgel. 

Bigelow. 

Juss. 

Jussieu. 

Boerh. 

Boerhaave. 

L.  or  Linn. 

Linnaeus. 

Brongn. 

Brongniart. 

Lag. 

Lagasca. 

Buckl 

Buckley. 

Lam. 

Lamark. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

Lehm. 

Lehmann. 

Catesb. 

Catesby. 

L'Herit. 

L'Heritier. 

Cav. 

Cavanilles. 

Lindl. 

Lindley. 

Chapm. 

Chapman. 

Marsh. 

Marshall. 

Chois. 

Choisy. 

Mart. 

Martius. 

Darl. 

Darlington. 

Mey. 

Meyer. 

DC. 

De  Candolle. 

Michx. 

Michaux. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  de  Candolle. 

Michx.f. 

Michaux  the  younger. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

Mill. 

Miller. 

Desv. 

Desveaux. 

Mcench. 

Mcenchausen. 

Dew. 

Dewey. 

MM. 

Muhlenberg. 

Dill. 

Dillenius. 

Murr. 

Murray. 

Ehrh. 

Ehrhart. 

Neck. 

Necker. 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Nets. 

Nees  von  Esenbeck. 

Endl. 

Endlicher. 

Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

Engelm. 

Engelmann. 

Panz. 

Panzer. 

Fisck. 

Fischer. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

Forst. 

Forster. 

Plum. 

Plumier. 

Gtert. 

Gaertner. 

Pair. 

Poiret. 

Gaud. 

Gaudin. 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

Ging. 

Gingins. 

R.Br. 

Eobert  Brown. 

Gmel 

Gmelin. 

R.  c/-  S. 

Roerner  &  Schultes. 

c 

xxvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


Rich.        = 

Richard. 

Saligb. 

Salisbury. 

Schk. 

Schkuhr. 

Schrad. 

Schrader. 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Schw. 

Schweinitz. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

ShuUlw. 

Shuttle-worth. 

SuUiv. 

Sullivant 

Tarr. 

Torrey. 

Tourn. 

Trin. 

Tuck. 

Vent. 

Wahl. 

Wang. 

Walt. 

WaUr. 

Wendl. 

WiM. 


Tournefort, 

Trinius. 

Tuckerman. 

Ventenat. 

Wahlenberg. 

Wangenheim. 

Walter. 

Wallroth. 

Wendland. 

Willdenow. 


IV.    SIGNS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


(1)  An  annual  plant. 

(2)  A  biennial  plant. 
1J.  A  perennial  plant. 

0  The  length  in  feet;  as,  "  2°  long,"  two  feet  long. 
'  The  length  in  inches ;  as,  "  2'  long,"  two  inches  long. 
"  The  length  in  lines;  as,  "2"  long,"  two  lines  long. 
(*)  Placed  at  the  end  of  a  specific  character,  denotes  that  the  species  is  not  well 

known. 

Two  adjectives  connected  by  a  hyphen  denote  a  form  intermediate  between  the 
two;  as,  "ovate-lanceolate,"  between  ovate  and  lanceolate. 

Two  figures  connected  by  a  dash,  as  "  stem  4°-  6°  long,"  denote  that  the  length 
of  the  stem  varies  from  four  to  six  feet. 

n.  sp.    )  indicate  that  the  species,  or  genus,  is  new,  or  has  not  been  previously 
n.  gen.  )     characterized. 


V.    DIRECTIONS  TO   THE   STUDENT. 


HAVING  acquired  a  general  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  botany,  and  of  the 
meaning  of  the  peculiar  terms  employed  in  the  science,  the  student  proceeds  to 
study  or  analyze  plants,  with  a  view  to  determine  their  names,  and  the  place  the} 
occupy  in  the  system. 

His  chief  difficulty,  at  the  outset,  will  be  to  ascertain  to  which  one  of  the  164 
natural  orders  or  families  contained  in  this  work  the  plant  he  may  have  in  hand 
belongs.  Were  he  to  attempt  to  compare  it  with  the  characters  of  each  order 
successively,  the  task  would  be  tedious  and  discouraging. 

To  obviate  this,  and  to  enable  him  to  refer  any  unknown  plant  directly  to  its 
•proper  place  in  the  Flora,  some  guide,  such  as  is  supplied  by  the  following  An- 
alysis of  the  Natural  Orders,  will  be  necessary.  One  or  two  examples  will  best 
explain  its  use. 

Suppose  we  have  in  hand  a  flowering  branch  of  the  Linden-Tree  or  Bass- 
wood.  Turning  to  the  Analysis  on  page  xxix.,  we  compare  it,  first,  with  the 
SERIES  of  PH^ENOGAMOUS  PLANTS,  with  which  we  find  it  to  agree  in  having 
flowers. 

Then,  dividing  the  branch  across,  we  see  if  it  is  made  up  of  pith,  wood,  and 
bark ;  if  the  leaves  are  netted-veined ;  and  if  the  floral  envelopes  are  in  fours 
or  fives.  Exhibiting  these  peculiarities,  it  doubtless  belongs  to  the  CLASS  OP 
DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  ;  although,  in  consequence  of  the  minuteness  of  the 
seed,  we  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  the  number  of  the  cotyledons. 

We  next  see  if  the  ovules  are  contained  in  an  ovary.  This  being  clearly  the 
case,  it  comes  under  the  SUBCLASS  of  ANGIOSPERMOUS  PLANTS.  The  double 
floral  envelopes,  and  the  separate  petals  of  the  corolla,  carry  it  to  the  POLYPET- 
ALOUS  DIVISION. 

Our  attention  is  next  directed  to  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  and  petals, — 
whether  on  the  calyx,  or  hypogynous.  In  our  plant  they  are  hypogynous. 
Then,  if  the  stamens  are  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  They  are  so 
in  ours.  Then,  if  the  leaves  are  opposite  or  alternate.  In  ours  they  are  alter- 
nate. Then,  if  the  ovaries  are  more  than  one,  or  solitary  and  1 -celled,  or  soli- 
tary and  2 -many-celled.  In  ours  they  are  solitary  and  5-celled;  bringing  it 
under  the  last  alternative.  Then,  if  the  stamens  are  in  anv  wav  connected 


XXviii  INTRODUCTION. 

with  the  petals,  or  free  from  them.  In  ours  they  are  free.  Lastly,  whether 
they  are  united  into  a  tube,  or  in  clusters,  or  are  all  separate.  In  ours  they  are 
sre  united  in  five  clusters,  and  the  sepals  are  deciduous.  This  brings  our  plant 
to  the  natural  order,  TILIACE^E,  59,  —  the  number  referring  to  the  page  of  the 
Flora  where  the  order  is  described. 

Turning  to  that  page,  and  comparing  our  plant  with  the  character  of  the 
order,  we  notice  their  agreement. 

We  then  proceed  to  find  the  name  of  the  genus.  This  is  readily  done,  in  this 
instance,  by  comparing  the  plant  with  the  two  genera  comprised  in  this  order. 
With  the  first  it  will  be  found  to  agree  in  every  particular, 'and  therefore  we 
need  not  carry  it  further.  We  find,  then,  the  plant  in  question  to  be  a  species 
of  the  genus  TILIA,  so  named  by  Tournefort,  and  commonly  called  Linden  or 


Again,  suppose  the  plant  under  consideration  to  be  the  common  Bear-Grass. 
Having  flowers,  it  is,  of  course,  Phcenogamous.  But,  cutting  across  the  stem,  we 
find,  in  the  place  of  pith,  wood,  and  bark,  a  white  mass  of  cellular  tissue,  stud- 
ded with  minute  points,  which  are  the  ends  of  the  divided  threads  of  woody 
fibre ;  the  veins  of  the  leaf  run  parallel  from  the  base  to  the  apex ;  the  floral 
envelopes  are  in  two  rows  of  three  each  ;  and  the  embryo,  if  examined,  will  be 
found  to  have  but  one  cotyledon.  In  these  respects,  our  plant  differs  widely 
from  the  Class  of  Dicotyledonous  Plants,  and  we  therefore  turn  to  its  alterna- 
tive, the  CLASS  of  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS,  on  page  xxxvii.  of  the  Anal- 
ysis, which,  we  observe,  includes  plants  possessing  these  characters. 

Our  plant,  having  the  floral  envelopes  double,  and  not  glumaceous,  falls 
under  the  second  heading,  marked  with  two  stars  (  *  *  ). 

Proceeding  as  in  the  former  example,  and  carefully  comparing  the  plant  with 
the  analysis  that  follows,  we  see,  first,  if  the  ovary  is  adherent  with,  or  free  from, 
the  perianth.  In  ours  it  is  free.  Then,  if  the  perianth  is  single,  or  double.  In 
ours  it  is  double.  Then,  if  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  alike  or  unlike.  In  ours 
they  are  alike.  Then,  if  the  leaves  of  the  perianth  are  glume-like,  or  otherwise. 
In  ours  they  are  not  glume-like.  Then,  if  the  leaves  are  netted-vcined  or  par- 
allel-veined. In  ours  they  are  parallel-veined.  Then,  if  the  capsule  is  1-celled, 
or  3  -  6-celled.  In  ours  it  is  6-celled.  Lastly,  if  the  anthers  are  introrse  or  ex- 
trorse.  In  ours  they  are  introrse. 

This  brings  us  to  the  natural  order  LILIACE^E,  described  on  page  480  of  the 
Flora.  It  contains  ten  genera,  belonging  to  three  tribes,  the  characters  of  which 
are  briefly  given  in  the  Synopsis.  Our  plant,  by  its  capsular  fruit,  the  separate 
divisions  of  the  perianth,  and  leafy  stem,  comes  under  the  third  tribe,  TCLIPA- 
CE/E.  Of  the  two  sections,  marked  with  a  star  (  *  ),  our  plant  belongs  to  the 
second  ;  having  a  Palm-like  stem.  No.  10,  Yucca,  alone  remains ;  and  to  it 
our  plant  must  belong. 

Turning  to  page  485,  where  this  genus  is  more  fully  described,  we  find  it  to 
embrace  four  species,  divided  into  two  sections  based  upon  the  character  of  the 
stem  and  capsule.  The  short  stem  (excluding  the  scape)  and  dry  capsule  of 
our  plant  belong  to  the  former.  It  contains  but  one  species,  Y.  filamentosa,  L., 
which  we  therefore  find  to  be  the  botanical  name  of  the  plant  in  question. 


VI.    ARTIFICIAL  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 


SERIES  I.     PH^ENOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Plants  furnished  with  flowers,  consisting  of  stamens  and  pistils, 
and  producing  seeds  Avhich  contain  an  embryo  plant. 

CLASS  I.     DICOTYLEDONOUS  OR  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stem  composed  of  bark  and  pith,  with  an  interposed  layer  of  woody 
fibre  and  vessels,  and  increasing  in  diameter,  in  all  perennial  stems, 
by  the  annual  deposition  of  a  new  layer  between  the  wood  and  bark. 
Leaves  netted-veined,  commonly  articulated  with  ,the  stem.  Floral  en- 
velopes usually  in  fours  or  fives.  Cotyledons  two,  rarely  more. 

SUBCLASS  I.     ANGIOSPERMOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Ovules  contained  in  an  ovary,  and  fertilized  by  the  action  of  the  pollen, 
through  the  medium  of  a  stigma.  Cotyledons  two. 

DIVISION  I.    POLYPETALOUS   EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  double,  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla ;  the  latter  of 
separate  petals. 

*  Stamens  and  petals  free  from  the  calyx,  hypogynous  or  nearly  so. 

•i-   Stamens  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Page 

Leaves  clotted.     Stamens  separate.     Stigma  small.  HYPERICACB^I,    38 

Leaves  dotless.    Stamens  united  below.     Stigma  radiate-peltate.  CLUSIACE2E,    42 

Leaves  alternate. 

Ovaries  more  than  one,  each  1-celled. 
Stems  woody.    Petals  6  or  more,  in  two  or  more  rows. 
Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

Anthers  4-celled.     Dioecious  vines.  MENISPERMACE^,     15 

Anthers  2-celled.     Flowers  perfect.  MAGNOLIACEjE,    12 

Petals  valvate  in  the  bud.    Fruit  pulpy.     Albumen  ruminated.  ANONACE^,    14 

Herbs.    Ovaries  embedded  in  the  top  of  the  large  receptacle.  NELUMBIACE^E,    18 

Ovaries  borne  on  the  receptacle.     Sepals  and  petals  deciduous.  RANUNCULACEJE,      2 

Sepals  and  petals  persistent.         CABOMBACELiE,    18 


XXX  INTRODUCTION. 

Oyary  solitary,  1-celled. 

Placenta  central.    Sepals  2,  deciduous.    Anthers  introrse.  PORTULACACKcE,    43 

Sepals  5,  persistent.     Anthers  extrorse.  DROSERACE^,    36 
Placentae  parietal. 

Calyx  persistent.    Capsule' 3-valved:  placentae  3.  CISTACE.«,    35 

Calyx  deciduous.    Juice  colored.     Leaves  simple,  lobed.  PAPAVERACE.E,     21 

Juice  watery.    Placenta  1.     Leaves  2  -  3-ternate.  CIMICIFUGE.^,      2 
Juice  watery.     Placentae  2.    Leaves  simple  or  trifoliolate.  CAPPARIDACE.E,    31 
Ovary  solitary,  2  -  many-celled. 
Stamens  connected  with  the  base  of  the  petals. 

Stamens  united  in  a  column.    Sepals  valvate.  MALVACEAE,    52 

Stamens  united  in  a  ring.    Sepals  imbricated.  CAMELLIACE.E,     60 

Stamens  free  from  the  petals. 

Stamens  united  into  a  tube.    Sepals  persistent.  CLUSIACEjE, 

Stamens  united  in  clusters.     Sepals  deciduous.  TILIACEJE, 

Stamens  separate.    Ovary  6-celled.    Leaves  tubular.  SARRACENIACE.E, 

Ovary  many-celled.    Leaves  flat.  NYMP1LEACE.E, 

•»-  -t-  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovaries  more  than  one. 

Flowers  dioecious.    Fruit  a  drupe.    Trees,  with  pinnate  leaves.  SIMARUBACE^E,    67 
Flowers  perfect.   Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  1-3-seeded.   Aquatic  herbs.    CABOMBACE.E,    18 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  follicle.     Fleshy  herbs.  CRASSULACE.E    149 
Ovary  solitary,  1-celled. 

Leaves  alternate.    Fruit  a  legume.     Leaves  stipulate.  LEGUM1XOS.E,     S'5 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  a  capsule,  with  parietal  placentas.    Leaves  entire,  dotted.  HYPERICACE^,    38 
Fruit  a  capsule,  with  a  free  central  placenta.    Leaves  dotless.    CARYOPHYLLACE^,    45 

Fruit  a  drupe.    Shrubs,  with  trifoliolate  dotted  leaves.  BUR3ERACE.ZE,    67 

Fruit  a  berry.     Herbs,  with  two  peltate  lobed  leaves.  BERBERIDACE^E,     16 
Ovary  solitary,  2-celled. 

Flowers  irregular :  stamens  monadelphous.     Capsule  2-seeded.  POLYGALACE.^,    82 

Flowers  regular :  stamens  separate.     Capsule  long,  many-seeded.  TILIACE.E,     :>'.» 
Ovary  solitary,  3-celled.    Shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves. 

Flowers  monoscious.     Fruit  3-seeded,  3-valved.     Stamens  united.  EUPHORBIACE.E,  399 

Flowers  perfect.    Fruit  3-seeded,  3-winged,  indehiscent.  CYRILLACEJE,  272 

Fruit  many-seeded,  3-valved.  ERICACEAE,  257 
Ovary  solitary,  4-celled.    Stamens  8. 

Style  single.    Low  fleshy  root-parasites,  with  scale-like  leaves.  MONOTROPE^E,  258 

A  shrub,  with  alternate  leaves  and  bractless  flowers.  CYRILLACKE,  272 

Styles  4.    Flowers  cymose.     Capsule  4-lobed,  spreading.  CRASSULACE-E,  149 
Ovary  solitary,  5-celled.     Stamens  10. 

Style  single.    Stamens  monadelphous.     Leaves  alternate,  pinnate.  CEDRELACtLE,    62 

Stamens  separate.     Leaves  opposite,  pinnate.  ZYGOPHYLLACKE,    63 

Stamens  separate.     Leaves  alternate,  simple.  PYROLE^,  258 

Styles  6.     Cells  of  the  fruit  separating  into  1-seeded  nutlets.  GERANIACE^,    64 

Cells  of  the  fruit  united.     Leaves  trifoliolate.  OXALIDACKE,    63 

Ovary  solitary,  7-celled.    Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  ERICACE/E.  257 

Ovary  solitary,  10  -  12-celled.     Leaves  opposite,  abruptly  pinnate.      ZYGOPHYLLACE^,    63 

•i-  H-  -i-  Stamens  exceeding  the  petals  in  number,  but  not  twice  as  many. 
Ovary  1-celled.    Petals  4  :  stamens  6. 

Sepals  2.    Flowers  irregular.     Embryo  minute  in  fleshy  albumen.  FUMARIACEtf!,    22 

Sepals  4.    Flowers  regular.    Embryo  large.    Albumen  none.  CAPPARIDACE^,    31 
Ovary  2-celled. 

Petals  3.     Stamens  8,  monadelphous.    Anthers  1-celled.  POLYGALACE^,     82 

Petals  4.    Stamens  6.     Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle.  CRUCIFER^,    23 


ARTIFICIAL    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.         XXxi 

Ovary  3-celled.    Leaves  opposite. 

Petals  5.     Stamens  9.     Leaves  simple,  dotted.  HYPERICACE.B,  38 

Petals  4 -5.     Stamens  7.     Leaves  palmately  7-foliolate.  SAPINDACE.ffi,  78 
Ovary  3 -4-celled.    Leaves  alternate. 

Petals  5-8.     Stamens  10.    Fruit  indehiscent,  3  -  4-winged.  CYRILLACE^E,  272 

•i-  -i-  i-  H-   Stamens  (the  fertile  ones)  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovaries  more  than  one. 

Flowers  monoecious.     Stamens  united  into  a  5-lobed  disk.  SCHIZANDRE.E,  12 

Flowers  dioecious.     Anthers  4-celled.    Leaves  simple.  MENISPERMACELE,  15 

Anthers  2-celled.     Leaves  pinnate,  dotted.  RUTACE.E,  66 

Flowers  perfect.     Style  terminal.     Ovules  pendulous.  RANUNCULACE^I,  2 

Style  lateral.     Ovules  erect.  SURIANACE.E,  149 

Ovary  solitary,  1-celled. 

Flowers  irregular.     Fruit  a  legume.     Albumen  none.  LEGUMINOS-SI,  86 

Capsule  3-valved.    Albumen  fleshy.  VIOLACE^,  32 
Flowers  regular. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  ones  apetalous.    Fruit  utricular.   EUPHORBIACE^,  399 
Flowers  perfect. 

Stamens  opposite  the  petals. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  BERBERIDACE.E,  16 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  and  petals  3.     Stigmas  many-parted.  CISTACEJE,  35 
Stamens  and  petals  5. 

Leaves  a  pair,  opposite.     Capsule  3-valved,  few-seeded.     PORTULACACK3E,  43 

Leaves  alternate,  numerous.     Capsule  2-valved.  BYTTNERIACE^,  58 

Leaves  at  the  base  of  a  naked  stem.    Fruit  a  utricle.  PLUMBAGINACE^,  278 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals. 

Leaves  opposite,  dotted,  exstipulate.    Albumen  none.  HYPERICACE^I,  38 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  dotless,  stipulate.    Albumen  present.  ILLECEBRE.E,  45 
Leaves  alternate.     Capsule  1-celled. 

Leaves  compound.     Fruit  a  legume.  MIMOSEJE,  88 

Leaves  simple.     Stamens  with  sterile  ones  between.  PARNASSIACRffi,  37 

Sterile  stamens  none.  DROSERACE^,  36 
Ovary  solitary,  2-celled.     Trees  or  shrubs. 

Fruit  a  double  samara.     Leaves  simple,  opposite.  ACERACE^E,  80 

Fruit  a  single  samara.     Leaves  trifoliolate,  alternate.  KUTACE^E,  66 

Fruit  a  berry.     Leaves  palmately  5-foliolate.  VITACE^,  70 

Fruit  a  drupe.     Flowers  perfect,  racemose.    Stamens  5.  CYRILLACEjE,  272 

Flowers  dioecious,  clustered.     Stamens  2.  EMPETRACE^E,  410 

Ovary  solitary,  3-celled.     Stamens  united,  the  alternate  ones  sterile.  GALACINE^E,  268 

Ovaries  4-celled,  aggregated  into  a  head.    Dioecious.  BATIDACE^I,  411 

Ovary  5-celled.     Style  single.     Petals  stalked.  BYTTNERIACE.E,  58 

Ovary  5-celled,  or  falsely  10-celled.     Styles  5.    Petals  sessile.  LINAGES,  62 

•>-  •»-  -t-  H-  *-   Stamens  fewer  than  the  petals. 

Stamens  2.     Petals  4,  cruciform.     Fruit  a  silicle.  CRUCIFER^I,  23 

Stamens  2-3      Petals  5.     Flowers  regular.     Leaves  opposite.  CARYOPHYLLACE^!,  45 

Stamens  4.     Petals  5.     Flowers  irregular.     Leaves  alternate.  KRAMERIACE^I,  86 

*  *  Stamens  and  petals  inserted  on  the  calyx,  or  on  a  more  or  less  perigynous  disk. 
H-    Calyx  not  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
•H-   Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Stamens  monadelphous  around  the  stalk  of  the  ovary.  PASSIFLORACE J3,  147 
Stamens  separate,  opposite  the  petals. 

Calyx  truncate.     Ovules  2  in  each  cell.     Woody  vines.  VITACSLE,  70 

Calyx  valvate.    Ovules  single  in  the  cells.     Trees  or  shrubs.  RHAMNACE^E,  72 


xxxii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Stamens  separate,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Herbs.    Leaves  alternate     Calyx  deciduous.     Capsule  1-celled. 

Leaves  opposite.     Calyx  persistent.     Capsule  2  -  4-celled. 
Trees  or  shrubs'. 

Fruit  a  double  samara.     Leaves  opposite.     Styles  2. 
Fruit  a  drupe.    Ovary  1-celled.     Albumen  none. 

Ovary  2-5-celled.     Seeds  with  albumen.  ) 
Fruit  a  capsule.     Capsule  fleshy.     Seeds  arilled. 

Capsule  3-celled,  inflated.     Leaves  trifoliolate. 
Capsule  2-celled,  2-beaked     Leaves  simple. 


TURNERACE.E,  146 
LYTHRACE^l,  133 

ACERACE.E,    80 
ANACARDIACE^E,    68 

CELASTRACE.E,    75 

STAPHYLEACE.E,    77 
ESCALLONIE.E.  151 


numerous  than  the  petals. 


Ovaries  more  than  one. 
Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 
Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate.     Succulent  herbs. 
Leaves  opposite,  exstipulate.     Sepals  and  petals  numerous. 
Ovary  solitary,  1-celled. 
Fruit  a  drupe.    Style  arising  from  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

Style  terminal.     Ovules  pendulous. 
Fruit  a  legume.    Flowers  mostly  irregular. 
Ovary  solitary,  2  -  5-celled. 
Style  single.    Leaves  simple,  opposite  or  whorled. 

Leaves  compound,  dotted.     Petals  valvate. 
Leaves  compound,  dotless.     Petals  imbricated. 
Styles  2.    Leaves  alternate.     Fruit  a  capsule. 

Leaves  opposite.  Fruit  a  double  samara. 
Styles  2-3,  each  2  -  3-parted.  Capsule  2  -  3-celled. 
Styles  3,  entire.  Petals  clawed.  Fruit  a  drupe. 

•f-  -i-    Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Herbs. 

Ovary  1-celled.    Capsule  and  2-lobed  calyx  circumscissile.  PORTULACACE^E,    43 

Capsule  3-valved.     Calyx  5-parted.    Leaves  rough.  LOASACE^E,  146 

Ovary  2  -  6-celled. 
Style  single.  Anthers  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Leaves  ribbed.  MELASTOMACEJE,  131 


ROSACEJE,  117 

CRASSULACE^,  149 

CALYCANTIIAOE^E,  129 

CHRYSOBALANE.X,  118 
AMYGDALE.E,  118 
LEGUMINOS^E,  86 

LYTIIRACE.E,  ia3 

BURSERACE-S:,    67 

SAPINDACE.E,     78 

SAXIFRAGACE.E,  151 

ACERACEJE,    80 

EUPHORBIACEjE,  399 

MALPIGHIACEJE,    81 


Anthers  opening  lengthwise.     Leaves  ribless. 
Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  more. 
Flowers  umbelled.    Fruit  dry,  separating  into  2  pieces. 

Fruit  berry-like,  of  2  -  5  nutlets. 
Flowers  not  umbelled. 

Flowers  perfect.     Fruit  capsular.    Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  monoecious.    Fruit  nut-like.    Leaves  whorled. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  dry.  variously  dehiscent,  many-seeded. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded. 
Stipules  between  the  petioles. 
Stipules  none.    Leaves  dotted.    Stamens  numerous. 

Leaves  dotless.     Stamens  4.     Ovary  2-celled. 
Leaves  dotless.    Stamens  10.    Ovary  1-celled. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  umbelled.     Leaves  compound. 
Flowers  not  umbelled. 
Leaves  stipulate.    Fruit  fleshy  or  baccate,  indehiscent. 

Fruit  dry,  woody,  2-valved. 
Leaves  exstipulate. 
Flowers  dioecious.    Drupe  baccate.    Sterile  flowers  apetalous. 


ONAGRACE^,  137 


UMBELLIFER.^,  157 
ARALIACEJE,  166 


SAXIFRAGACE3I,  151 
HALORAGE.E,  137 


HYDRANGEA,  151 

RHIZOPHORACE/E,  135 
MYRTACE^l,  130 
CORNACE.E,  167 
COMBRETACE^E,  136 

ARALIACE.E,  166 

POME.E.  118 
HAMAMELACE.*:,  156 

CORNACE.E,  167 


ARTIFICIAL    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.       XXXlii 

Flowers  perfect.     Ovary  3-celled.    Fruit  a  2-winged  nut.  1   <=TYl>  Af,Af,F;s,    ^n 

Ovary2-5-celled.   Fruit  a  1  -  5-seeded  berry  J   B1 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae.        GROSSULACE^E,  145 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  numerous  placentae.  CACTACE..E,  144 


DIVISION  II.     MONOPETALOUS   EXOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Floral'  envelopes  double,  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla ;  the  latter  of 
more  or  less  united  petals. 

*  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary, 

H-  Flowers  regular. 
++  Fertile  stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Fruit  a  1-seeded  fleshy  drupe.    Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.  OLEACE^,  368 

Fruit  separating  into  2-4  nutlets. 

Ovary  4-lobed ;  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes.  LABIATE,  310 

Ovary  not  lobed  ;  the  style  terminal.  VERBENACE^E,  305 

Fruit  a  2-celled  capsule. 

Capsule  circumscissile.    Leaves  alternate,  radical.  PLANTAGINACR2E,  277 

Capsule  2-valved.    Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bnd.  SCROPHULARIACE^,  287 

Ccrolla-lobes  twisted  in  the  bud.  ACANTHACE^,  302 

++  -H-  fertile  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 

Herbs.     Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded.  PRIMULACE.E,  279 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs. 

Anthers  introrse.     Calyx  plaited,  glandular.     Fruit  a  utricle.         PLUMBAGINACE^E,  278 

Calyx  not  plaited.    Fruit  a  drupe.    Embryo  transverse.    MYRSINACEJE,  276 

Anthers  extrorse.     Ovary  1-celled.     Flowers  racemose.  THEOPHRASTACE^E,  276 

Ovary  3  -  8-celled.    Flowers  clustered.  SAPOTACE^E,  274 

++  ++  ++  Fertile  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them. 

Ovaries  2,  separate. 
Juice  milky. 

Stamens  united  with  the  stigmas  into  a  mass.  ASCLEPIADACE^I,  361 

Stamens  separate  and  free  from  the  stigma.  APOCYNACE^E,  358 

Juice  not  milky.     Stems  creeping.     Utricle  1-seeded.  MCHONDRE^I,  341 

Ovary  solitary. 
Fruit  indehiscent. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Ovary  2-celled.     Drupe  1-seeded.     Corolla-lobes  long.  OLEACE^,  368 

Ovary  4 -celled.     Drupe  4-seeded.     Corolla-lobes  short.  VERBENACE.3E,  305 

Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  dioecious.     Fruit  baccate,  4  -  9-seeded.  AQUIFOLIACEJ2,  268 

Flowers  perfect. 

Ovary  2-celled.     Corolla  plaited  or  valvate.  SOLANACEJi,  347 

Ovary  4-celled.     Corolla  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud.         BORRAOINACKX,  328 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

Capsule  circumscissile.     Flowers  on  a  scape.  PLANTAGINACE^?,  27f 

Capsule  dehiscent  by  valves. 

Ovary  1-celled.     Leaves  lobed,  hairy  or  pubescent.  HYDROPHYLLACE^E,  333 

Leaves  entire,  smooth.  '  GENTIANACE.35,  352 

Ovary  2  -  5-celled. 
Stipules  membranous  or  annular  between  the  opposite  leaves.  LOGANIEJ5,  173 


INTRODUCTION. 


Stipules  none. 
Capsule  few-seeded. 

Stems  twining.     Leaves  alternate. 


CONVOLVULACE^;,  340 


Stems  twining.     Leaves  none. 
Stems  not  twining.    Leaves  opposite  or  alternate.  POLEMONIACE^E,  337 

Capsule  many-seeded. 
Style  single. 

Capsule  2-celled.     Corolla  plaited  in  the  bud.  SOLANACE.&.  347 

Capsule  2-celled.    Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.    SCROPHULARIACE^,  287 

Capsule  5-celled.    Stamens  elongated.  ERICACEAE,  257 

Styles  2.    Capsule  2-celled.  HYDROLEACE^E,  336 


the  lobes  of  tin  corolla. 


Leaves  compound,  stipulate.     Fruit  a  legume.  MIMOSEA     88 
Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  dioecious.    Ovary  8-celled.     Fruit  a  berry.  EBENACE^E,  273 
Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  numerous. 

Stamens  united  into  a  column.     Anthers  1-celled.  MALVACEAE.    52 

Stamens  united  in  a  ring  or  in  clusters  at  the  base.  CAMELLIACE^E.    60 
Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Capsule  many-seeded.  ERICACEAE,  257 

CoroUa-lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.    Drupe  1-seeded.  OLACACEJE,    61 

•i-  •<-  Flowers  irregular. 

Stamens  6.     Calyx  of  2  sepals.     Capsule  1-celled.  FUMARIACEjE,    22 
Stamens  (the  fertile  ones)  2  or  4. 

Ovary  1-celled.     Stamens  2.     Corolla  spurred.  LENTIBULACE/E,  282 

Stamens  4.     Fruit  1-seeded,  reflexed.  PHRYMEjE,  306 

Stamens  4.     Fruit  many-seeded.     Leaves  scaly.  OROBANCHACEJE,  286 
Ovary  2-celled. 

Albumen  copious.     Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.  SCROPHULARIACEJE,  287 

Albumen  none. 

Placenta  with  hooked  appendages.    Corolla  twisted  in  the  bud.   ACANTHACE^E,  302 

Placenta  not  appendaged.     Capsule  large.  BIGNONIACE/E,  284 
Ovary  4-ceUed. 

Ovary  4-lobed ;  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes.  LABIATE.  310 

Ovary  not  lobed.     Style  terminal.  VERBENACEJi,  305 

#  #  Calyx  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Anthers  united. 

Anthers  contorted.     Vines  climbing  by  tendrils.  CUCURBITACE^,  143 

Anthers  straight.     Flowers  in  a  raceme.     Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  LOBELIACEjE,  253 

Flowers  in  a  raceme.     Fruit  a  1  -4-seeded  drupe.  RUBIACE7E,  172 

Flowers  in  a  head.    Fruifa  dry  achenium.  COMPOSITE,  184 

Anthers  separate.    Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Leaves  connected  by  stipules,  or  whorled.  RUBIACE2K,  172 

Stipules  none.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  CAPRIFOLIACE^E,  169 

Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  VALERIANACE^E,  183 
Anthers  separate.     Leaves  alternate. 
Herbs. 

Corolla-lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.    Capsule  opening  at  the  sides.  CAMPANULACE/E,  256 

Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Capsule  valvate.  PRIMULACE^?,  279 

Shrubs.    Flowers  irregular.     Stigma  within  a  ciliate  cup.  GOODENIACE^,  255 

Flowers  regular.     Anthers  opening  by  a  terminal  chink.  VACCTNIE/E,  257 

Flowers  regular.     Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  STYRACACE.E,  27i» 


ARTIFICIAL    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.        XXXV 


DIVISION  III.     APETALOUS   EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  single,  consisting  of  a  calyx  only,  or  altogether  wanting. 

*  Amentaceous  trees  or  shrubs.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dicecious. 

•*—  Sterile  flowers  only  in  aments. 

Leaves  simple,  stipulate.  »  Involucre  scaly.    Seed  entire.  CUPULIFER&:,  420 

Leaves  pinnate,  exstipulate.    Involucre  none.    Seed  4-lobed.  JUGLANDACEJS,  418 


H-  Both  the  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  aments. 


Aments  globose.     Calyx  none. 

Fruit  2-beaked.  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Sterile  aments  spiked. 
Fruit  nut-like,  1-seeded,  hairy.     Aments  single. 
Aments  oblong  or  linear. 
Ovary  1-celled.    Drupe  1-seeded.     Stipules  none. 

Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded.    Seed  comose. 
Ovary  2-celled.    Fruit  dry,  angled  or  winged. 

Fruit  enclosed  in  the  confluent  berry-like  calyx. 

#  *  Flowers  not  in  aments. 
4-   Calyx  and  corolla  none. 


HAMAMELACE.E,  156 
PLATANACE^E,  417 

MYRICACE.E,  426 
SALICACE^I,  429 
BETULACE^:,  428 


SAURURACE.E,  397 


Ovaries  3-4,  united  below.    Flowers  perfect,  spiked. 

Ovary  single. 

Involucre  none.    Capsule  4-celled.    Aquatic.  CALLITRICHACE^,  398 

Involucre  spathe-like.     Styles  2.     Leaves  alternate,  parted.  PODOSTEMACE^E,  399 

Involucre  8  -  12-parted.    Style  one.    Leaves  whorled,  forked.    CERATOPHYLLACE^,  398 
Involucre  4  -  5-toothed.  cup-like,  containing  one  fertile  flower  and 

several  sterile  ones,  each  reduced  to  a  single  stamen.  EUPHORBIACE^,  399 


•t-  -t—    Calyx  herbaceous  or  corolla-like. 
Ovaries  more  than  one. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.     Leaves  stipulate. 
Stamens  hypogynous.    Stipules  none. 
Embryo  minute. 
Embryo  and  seeds  large,  curved. 
Ovary  solitary. 
Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Fruit  a  2-valved,  many-seeded  capsule. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 
Anthers  (and  stigma)  sessile.    Tree  parasites. 
Anthers  on  filaments. 

Drupe  berry-like.    Stigma  decurrent. 
Drupe  dry.    Albumen  copious. 
Drupe  dry.     Albumen  none. 
Ovary  6-celled,  many-ovuled.     Calyx  tubular. 
Ovary  4-celled,  many-ovuled.     Stigma  capitate. 
Ovary  3-celled,  3-ovuled.    Stigmas  3.    Leaves  dissected.  ' 
Ovary  2  -  3-celled.    Capsule  2-valved.    Leaves  alternate. 

Fruit  a  berry.    Leaves  opposite. 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 
Ovary  1-celled. 
Ovules  and  seeds  numerous. 
Vines.     Fruit  berry-like. 
Stems  erect.     Capsule  circumscissile. 


ROSACES,  117 


RANITNCULACEa:,      2 
MENISPERMACE^:,    15 


SAXIFRAGACE.E,  151 
LORANTHACEJE,  397 

CORNACE,E,  167 
SANTALACE.E,  395 
COMBRETACE^:,  136 
ARISTOLOCHIACE.E,  371 

ONAGRACKE,  137 

HAMAMELACE^:,  156 
MYRTACRE,  130 


PASSIFLORACE^I,  147 
CELOSIE.E,  379 


xxxvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ovule  and  seed  solitary.    Leaves  stipulate. 
Stipules  sheathing.     Leaves  alternate. 
Stipules  scarious.     Leaves  opposite. 
Stipules  not  sheathing-  nor  scarious. 
Flowers  perfect     Achenium  2-lobed,  spiny. 
Flowers  imperfect. 
Herbs.     Stems  twining.     Leaves  3  -  5-lobed. 

Stems  not  twining.    Leaves  serrate  or  entire. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Juice  watery.     Flowers  single  or  clustered. 
Juice  milky.    Flowers  included  in  a  fleshy  receptacle. 
Ovule  and  seed  solitary.     Leaves  without  stipules. 
Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  calyx-lobes. 
Anthers  opening  by  valves. 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 
Calyx  6  -  6-parted. 
Calyx  entire.     Berry  oval. 

Stamens  equalling  in  number  or  fewer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 
Flowers  with  scarious  bracts. 
Flowers  without  scarious  bracts. 
Calyx  corolla-like,  plaited. 
Calyx  herbaceous.     Styles  2. 
Ovary2-12-celled. 
Leaves  whorled. 

A  heath-like  shrub.     Calyx  of  imbricated  scales. 
A  prostrate  annual.     Calyx  corolla-like. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  a  single  samara.     Calyx  minute,  persistent. 
Fruit  a  double  samara     Calyx  deciduous. 
Fruit  a  drupe. 

Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  on  the  calyx. 
Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  hypogynous. 
Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.     Herbs. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Ovules  and  seeds  1  -  2  in  each  cell. 
Flowers  mono-dioecious.    Fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule. 
Flowers  polygamous.     Capsule  3  -  4-winged. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous. 
Fruit  a  berry.     Calyx  colored. 
Fruit  a  samara.     Leaves  stipulate. 


POLYGONACE^,  384 
ILLECEBRE.E,    45 


PETIVERIE^,  374 


CANNABINACE^.  414 
URTICACEJE,  411 


ULMACE^E,  416 
MORACE^I,  414 


LAURACE.E,  393 


POLYGONACE^,  384 
THYMELEACE.E,  395 


AMARANTACE^E,  378 


NYCTAGINACE.E    372 
CHENOPODIACE^,  375 


EMPETRACE^E,  410 
MOLLUGINEJE,    45 


FRAXINEJE,  369 
ACERACE^S,    80 


RHAMNACE^;,  72 
ORESTIEREJE,  36& 
LYTHRACE^I,  133 


EUPHORBIACEJE,  399 
SAPINDACE^E,    78 


PHYTOLACCACE^:,  374 
ULMACEjE,  416 


Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  in  the  cells.    Capsule  circumscissile. 
Capsule  3-celled     Flowers  solitary.  PORTULACACE.3S,    43 

Capsule  5-celled     Flowers  cymose.  CRASSULACEJE,  149 


SUBCLASS  II.    GYMNOSPERMOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Ovules  naked  (not  contained  in  an  ovary),  supported  by  an  open  scale 
or  leaf,  or  else  terminating  a  branch,  and  fertilized  by  the  direct  applica- 
tion of  the  pollen. 


Stem  branching.    Leaves  simple. 

Stem  simple,  palm-like.    Leaves  pinnate. 


CONIFERS.  431 
CYCADACKE,  437 


ARTIFICIAL    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.        XXXvii 

CLASS  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  OR  ENDOGENOUS 
PLANTS. 

Stem  composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scattered  bundles  of  woody  fibre 
and  vessels,  destitute  of  proper  pith,  bark,  or  concentric  layers,  and  in- 
creasing in  diameter  by  the  deposition  of  new  fibrous  bundles.  Leaves 
mostly  alternate,  entire,  and  parallel-veined,  commonly  sheathing  at  the 
base,  seldom  falling  off  by  an  articulation.  Floral  envelopes  usually  by 
threes.  Cotyledon  single. 

*  Floral  envelopes  none.     Flowers  on  a  spadix. 
Stem  less,  floating  herbs. 

Plants  frond-like,  with  no  distinction  of  stem  and  leaves.  LEMNACE^,  442 

Leaves  clustered,  spreading.    Flowers  axillary.  Pistia  in  ARACE^!,  439 

Caulescent,  leafy,  rooting  herbs. 

Fruit  a  berry.     Spadix  enclosed  in  a  spathe.  ARACKE,  439 

Fruit  an  achenium.    Stem  immersed,  floating.  NAI ADAGES,  444 

Stem  not  immersed,  erect.  TYPHAC&E,  443 

*  *  Floral  envelopes  (perianth)  single  or  double^  not  glumaceous. 
Ovary  adherent  to  the  perianth. 

Stamens  and  pistil  united  into  a  column.    Flowers  irregular.  ORCHIDACEJE,  452 

Stamens  and  pistil  separate. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Flowers  enclosed  in  a  spathe  in  the  bud.    Aquatics.  HYDROCHARIDACE^!,  450 

Flowers  without  a  spathe.    Leaves  reticulate.    Terrestrial  vines.  DIOSCOREACEJE,  474 
Flowers  perfect. 

Ovary  1-celled.     Stamens  3.    Leaves  minute.  BURMANNIACE^,  451 

Ovary  3-celled.    Stamen  1.    Flowers  irregular.  CANNACE.E,  465 

Stamens  3.     Anthers  extrorse.  IRIDACE^,  472 

Stamens  3  or  6.    Perianth  woolly  or  scurfy.      H^MODORACE^I,  469 
Stamens  6.    Perianth  smooth  or  hairy.  AMARYLLIDACE^E,  466 

Ovary  free  from  the  perianth. 
Perianth  single  (calyx). 

Flowers  on  a  spadix.    Ovary  solitary.  ARACE..E,  439 

Ovaries  4.     Stem  leafy.  NAIADACRflS,  444 

Flowers  on  a  scape,  spiked.     Leaves  rush-like.  JUNCAGINEffi,  447 

Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.    Leaves  oval.  ROXBURGHIACE.2E,  479 

Perianth  double  (calyx  and  corolla). 

Calyx  and  corolla  alike,  or  nearly  so,  and  glume-like.  JUNCACKE,  492 

Calyx  and  corolla  alike,  or  nearly  so,  and  not  glume-like. 

Leaves  ribbed  and  netted-veined.    Fruit  a  berry.  SMILACE^!,  475 

Leaves  parallel-veined. 

Capsule  1-celled.    Stamens,  or  the  fertile  ones,  three          PONTEDERIACEJS,  496 
Capsule  or  berry  3-  (rarely  4  or  6-)  celled. 
Anthers  introrse  (except  Lilium).     Style  single. 

Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile. 

Styles  3.          )  MELANTHACEJE,  485 

Anthers  extrorse  (except  Tofieldia).  Styles  3  or  1.  i 
Calyx  and  corolla  unlike. 

Ovaries  few  or  numerous,  forming  achenia  in  fruit.  ALISMACE^E,  447 

Ovary  solitary. 

Palms.    Calyx  tubular.    Leaves  fan-shaped.  PALIVLE,  437 

Epiphytes     Plants  scurfy.  •  BROMELIACE^E,  470 

d 


XXXViii  INTRODUCTION. 

.    Herbs.    Stamens  6.    Leaves  3  in  a  whorl.    Flower  single.  TRILLIACE^;.  475 

Leaves  alternate,  sheathing.  COMMELYNACE^,  497 

Stamens  3.     Flowers  perfect,  solitary.     Stem  leafy.  MAYACACE2E,  498 

Flowers  perfect,  capitate.    Scape  leafless.        XYRIDACE^E,  499 

Stamens  3  or  4.    Flowers  monoecious,  capitate.    Scape  leafless. 

ERIOCAULOXACELE,  502 
»  *  *  Flowers  glumaceous,  i.  e.  with  scale-like  bracts,  in  place  of  proper  floral  envelopes. 

Bracts  single.    Sheaths  closed.    Fruit  an  achenium.  CYPERACE.E,  504 

Bracts  by  pairs.    Sheaths  open.    Fruit  a  caryopsis.  GRAMINE.E,  545 


SERIES  II.     CRYPTOGAMOUS   OR   FLOWERLESS 
PLANTS. 

Plants  destitute  of  proper  flowers,  and  producing,  in  place  of 
seeds,  minute  bodies  (spores)  which  do  not  contain  an  embryo. 

CLASS  m.    ACROGENS. 

Plants  with  a  distinct  stem  containing  woody  and  vascular  tissue, 
growing  from  the  apex  only. 

Fructification  borne  on  the  under  side  of  a  peltate  scale.  EQUISETACK&,  585 

Fructification  borne  on  the  back  or  margins  of  the  leaves  (fronds).  FILICES,  585 

Fructification  borne  in  the  axil  of  small  leaves  or  bracts.  LYCOPODIACE^:,  600 

Fructification  borne  at  the  base  of  the  leaves.  HYDROPTERIDES,  602 


FLORA 


SOUTHERN    UNITED    STATES- 


SERIES    I. 

PH^ENOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  furnished  with  flowers,  consisting  of  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  usually  floral  envelopes  of  some  kind,  and 
producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo. 

CLASS  I.     DICOTYLEDONOUS  OR  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stem  composed  of  bark  and  pith,  which  are  separated  by 
an  interposed  layer  of  woody  fibre  and  vessels,  and  increas- 
ing in  diameter,  in  all  perennial  stems,  by  the  annual  depo- 
sition of  new  layers  between  the  wood  and  bark.  Leaves 
reticulate-veined,  commonly  articulated  with  the  stem. 
Floral  envelopes  usually  in  fours  or  fives.  Cotyledons 
two,  rarely  more. 

SUBCLASS  1.     ANGIOSPERM^.  • 

Ovules  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  and  fertilized  by  the  action 
of  the  pollen,  through  the  medium  of  a  stigma.  Cotyledons 
two. 

DIVISION  I.     POLYPETALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral   envelopes   double,  consisting  of  both  calyx   and 
corolla  ;  the  latter  of  separate  petals. 
1 


2  RANUNCULACEjE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  I.    RANUJVCULACE^I.     (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  climbing  shrubs,  with  a  watery  acrid  juice.  Leaves  com- 
monly divided,  their  petioles  dilated  at  the  base,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  regular  or  irregular.  Sepals  3-15,  distinct,  often  colored. 
Petals  5-15,  deciduous,  often  wanting.  Stamens  hypogynous,  indefi- 
nite. Ovaries  distinct,  numerous,  rarely  few  or  solitary,  1-celled,  1  - 
many-ovuled.  Fruit  dry  or  baccate.  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of 
fleshy  or  horny  albumen. 

Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

TRIBE  I.  CLiEMATIDE.fl3.  Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud,  colored.  Petals  stamen-like 
or  none.  Style  elongated,  persistent.  Fruit  an  achenium.  —  Chiefly  vines  Leaves 
opposite. 

1.  ATKAQENE.     Petals  small  and  stamen-like. 

2.  CLEMATIS.     Petals  none. 

TRIBE  II.  ANEMONES.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  colored.  Petals  none. 
Ovules  solitary.  Fruit  an  achenium.  —  Herbs.  Floral  leaves  often  whorled,  forming 
an  involucre. 

3.  ANEMONE.    Involucre  leaf-like  and  distant  from  the  long-peduncled  flowers. 

4.  HEPATICA.     Involucre  calyx-like  and  close  to  the  flower. 

5.  THALICTRUM.    Flowers  panicled  and  without  an  involucre  (except  in  No.  6).    Achenia 

ribbed  or  inflated.    Leaves  compound. 

6.  TRAUTVETTERIA.    Flowers  corymbed.    Involucre  none.    Achenia  4-angled.    Seed  erect. 

Leaves  simple,  lobed. 


TRIBE  III.     RANUNCUIiE-TO.     Sepals  imbricated    in   the  bud,  mostly  herbaceous. 
Petals  manifest.    Ovules  solitary.    Fruit  an  achenium.  —  Herbs.     Leaves  alternate. 

7.  MYOSURUS.    Sepals  spurred  at  the  base.     Achenia  spiked.    Leaves  radical,  linear. 

8.  RANUNCULUS.    Sepals  spurless.    Achenia  capitate.    Stems  leafy. 

TRIBE  IV.    HEL.L.EBORI1VE7K.     Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  colored.    Petals  of 
various  forms,  or  none.    Fruit  a  1  -  many  -seeded  follicle.     Leaves  alternate. 

9.  CALTHA.     Petals  none.     Follicle  many-seeded.     Sepals  yellow.    Leaves  simple. 

10.  ISOPYRUM.     Petals  none.     Follicle  few-seeded.     Sepals  white.     Leaves  compound. 

11.  AQUILEGIA.    Sepals  5,  regular.     Petals  5,  spur-shaped,  hollow.     Follicle  many-seeded. 

Leaves  compound. 

12.  DELPHINIUM.    Sepals  5,  irregular  ;  the  outer  one  spurred.     Petals  4,  small  ;  two  of  them 

spurred,  the  others  stalked.     Follicle  many-seeded.     Leaves  lobed. 

13.  ACONITUM      Sepals  5.  irregular;   the  outer  one  large,  hooded,  and  enclosing  two  long- 

stalked,  hooked  petals  ;  the  other  petals  stamen-like  or  wanting.     Follicle  many-seeded. 
Leaves  lobed. 

14.  ZANTHORHIZA.     Flowers  regular.     Sepals  and  petals  5;   the  latter  2-lobed.     Follicle 

1  -  2-seeded.    Shrubby.    Leaves  compound. 


TRIBE  V.     CIMICIKrOK/M.     Sepals  imbricated  !n  the  bud,  colored.     Petals  small  and 

flat,  or  none.    Fruit  a  follicle  or  berry.  —  Herbs.    Leaves  alternate. 
15   HYDRASTIS.     Petals  none.     Ovaries  numerous,  forming  a  head  of  1-  2-seeded  berries. 

Stems  1-flowered.     Leaves  simple,  lobed. 
16.  ACT^EA.     Petals  4-8,  entire.     Ovary  solitary,  forming  a  many-seeded  berry.     Flowers  in 

short  oblong  racemes.     Leaves  compound. 
\7.  CIMICIFUOA.    Petals  3-5,  2-cleft.    Ovaries  1-8,  forming  many-seeded  follicles.    Ra- 

cemes elongated.     Leaves  compound. 


RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  3 

.  > 

1.    ATRAGENE,  L. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  membranaceous,  spreading,  valvate  in  the  bud,  deciduous. 
Petals  numerous,  stamen-like.  Stamens  indefinite.  Ovaries  numerous,  1-ovuled. 
Achcnia  capitate,  bearing  the  persistent  styles  in  the  form  of  long  plumose-beard- 
ed tails.  Seed  suspended.  —  Shrubby  vines,  climbing  by  the  petioles.  Leaves 
opposite,  compound,  from  scaly  buds.  Flowers  solitary,  showy. 

1.  A.  Americana,  Sims.  Leaves  in  opposite  pairs,  ternate;  leaflets 
stalked,  ovate,  acute,  entire  or  toothed,  sometimes  slightly  cordate ;  peduncles 
opposite  ;  sepals  oblong-ovate.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  northward. 
April  -  May.  —  Flowers  2'  -  3'  in  diameter,  purple. 

2.   CLEMATIS,   L.    VIRGIN'S-BOWER. 

Petals  none.  Persistent  styles  naked  or  plumose.  Otherwise  as  Atragene.  — 
Herbs  or  shrubby  vines.  Leaves  simple  or  compound,  opposite.  Buds  not 
scaly.  Flowers  solitary  or  panicled,  often  polygamous  or  dioecious. 

*   Flowers  solitary,  nodding  :  calyx  thick  or  leathery. 
•i—   Stems  erect,  mostly  simple,  herlxiceous. 

1.  C.  OChroleuca,  Ait.     Silky-pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  en- 
tire, reticulate,  nearly  sessile,  at  length  smooth  above  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  (l£' 
long)  plumose.  —  Upper  districts  of  Georgia  and  northward.     May -June. — 
Stems  1°  high.     Flowers  yellowish,  1'  long. 

2.  C.  Baldwin!!,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  mostly  simple,  slender,  slightly 
pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  varying  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  with  three  often 
divided  lobes ;  peduncles  elongated  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  (2' -3'  long)  very  slen- 
der, plumose.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stems  1°  - 1£°  high.    Peduncles  8'  - 10'  long. 
Flowers  purple,  yellowish  within,  the  sepals  woolly  on  the  margins. 

-•-  -i-  Stems  climbing,  herbaceous. 

3.  C.  ovata,  Pursh.     Smooth  ;   stems  erect  or  climbing ;   leaves  broadly 
ovate,  short-pctioled,  reticulate,  glaucous  beneath,  the  lowest  sometimes  com- 
pound or  cordate ;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  pubescent  on  the  margins  ;  tails  of 
the  achenia  very  long,  plumose.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  Carolina,  and  Ten- 
nessee. —  Flowers  purple  ?,  inclined.  —  Probably  a  form  of  the  next.     (  *  ) 

4.  C.  Viorna,  L.     Smoothish  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  5-7,  oval,  or  ob- 
long-ovate, mostly  acute,  somewhat  membranaceous,  entire  or  2-3-lobed,  the 
lowest  pair  often  ternate ;  calyx  ovate ;  sepals  ovate,  tapering  into  a  short  re- 
curved point,  not  margined,  rather  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  tails  of  the  achenia 
( 1  £'  long)  plumose.  —  River-banks.    May  -  August.  —  Flowers  nodding.    Sepals 
thick,  reddish  purple,  1 '  long. 

5.  C.  crispa,  L.      Stem   sparingly  pubescent ;   leaves   pinnate  ;    leaflets 
5-7  ovate,  thin,  3-lobed  or  ternate  ;  those  of  the  upper  leaves  entire,  of  the  low- 
est lanceolate  or  linear ;  calyx  campanulate  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  stamens,  the  margins  broad  and  wavy  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  (!' 
long)  rigid;  silky-pubescent.    (C.  Walter!, Pursh.    C.  cylindrica,  Sims.     C.  line- 


4  RANUXCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

ariloba,  DC.,  an  early  state,  when  all  the  leaflets  are  linear.) —  Swamps  and 
banks  of  rivers.  May  and  June.  —  Stems  2°  -  4°  high,  somewhat  shrubby  at 
the  base.  Flowers  !'-!£'  long,  pale  bluish-purple. 

6.  C.  reticUlata,  Walt.     Smooth;   leaves   pinnate;   leaflets   7-9,   oval, 
entire  or  2  -  3-lobed,  obtuse  or  mucronate,  coriaceous,  strongly  reticulated ;  calyx 
ovate ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  with  spreading  tips,  not  margined,  longer  than 
the  stamens  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  (1^'  long)  slender,  plumose.  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.     May- July.  —  Calyx  downy,  dull  purple. 

*    *  Flowers panided :  calyx  thin,  spreading,  white:  stems  woody. 

7.  C.  Virginiana,  L.     Smooth  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  ovate  or  cordate- 
ovate,  lobed  or  toothed ;  panicle  trichotomous,  many-flowered,  leafy ;  flowers 
dioecious  or  polygamous  ;  sepals  obovate,  smoothish  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  long, 
plumose.  —  Swamps  and  meadows.    July.  —  Leaflets  2' -3'  long. 

8.  C.  Catesbyana,  Pursh.    Pubescent ;  leaves  biternate  ;  leaflets  ovate, 
mostly  cordate,  3-toothed  or  lobcd  ;  panicle  leafy,  many-flowered,  the  branches 
divaricate,  opposite,  3  —  5-flowered  ;    flowers  dioecious  ;    sepals  oblong,  hoary  ; 
tails  of  the  achenia  plumose.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.     July.  —  Stem   climbing  high.     Leaves  and  flowers 
smaller  than  the  last. 

9.  C.  holosericea,    Pursh.      Silky-pubescent ;    leaves   ternate ;    leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire  ;  flowers  dioecious,  in  paniculate  corymbs  ;  sepals  lin- 
ear, longer  than  the  stamens  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  very  long,  plumose.  —  South 
Carolina,  Walter.  —  Flowers  small,  white.     (  *  ) 

3.  ANEMONE,  L.    WIND-FLOWER. 

Sepals  4 -20,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens indefinite.  Filaments  filiform.  Ovaries  numerous.  Ovule  solitary. 
Achenia  capitate,  compressed,  pointed  by  the  short,  naked  or  woolly,  straight 
or  hooked,  persistent  style.  Seed  suspended.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  naked 
stems,  bearing  at  the  summit  2-3  opposite  or  whorled  and  divided  leaves,  which 
form  an  involucre  remote  from  the  flower.  Radical  leaves  lobed  or  divided. 

1.  A.  nemorosa,  L.     (WOOD  ANEMONE.)     Smooth  or  pubescent ;  stem 
1 -flowered ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3,  long-petioled,  3-parted,  the  divisions  ovate- 
lanceolate,  lobcd  and  toothed,  longer  than  the  peduncle ;  sepals  4-6,  oval,  white ; 
achenia  15-20,  pointed  by  the  hooked  persistent  style.  —  Open  woods  along 
the  mountains  and  northward.     March -April.  —  Stems  4' -6' high.     Radical 
leaf  solitary. 

2.  A.  Caroliniana,    Walt.      (CAROLINA    ANEMONE.)      Stem   slender, 
1-flowered  ;    peduncle  many   times   longer  than    the   small,  sessile,   3-leavcd, 
3-toothed  involucre  ;  radical  leaves  2-3,  long-petioled,  ternate,  deeply  parted, 
lobed  and  toothed  ;  sepals  14-20,  oblong,  white  ;  achenia  numerous  in  a  cylin- 
drical-oblong head,  woolly.  —  North  Carolina  and  westward.     March.  —  Stems 
6'  - 1 2'  high.    Flowers  1 '  in  diameter. 


RANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  5 

3.  A.  Virginiana,  L.  (VIRGINIA  ANEMONE.)  Stem  hairy  or  woolly, 
at  length  many-flowered  ;  peduncles  elongated,  the  earliest  one  simple  ;  lateral 
ones  several  times  forking,  and  bearing  a  2-leaved  involucre  and  a  single  flower 
at  each  joint ;  proper  involucre  3-leaved,  the  leaves  long-petioled,  3-parted,  with 
ovate  or  oblong  lobed  and  toothed  divisions ;  sepals  5,  oval,  greenish,  acute ; 
achenia  numerous,  in  an  oblong  head,  woolly.  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts, and  northward.  July  -  September.  —  Plant  2°  -  3°  high.  Flower  8"-  9" 
in  diameter.  Radical  leaves  3-4,  similar  to  the  involucre. 

• 
4.   HEPATIC  A,  Dill.    LIVER-LEAP. 

Flowers  and  fruit  as  Anemone.  Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  3-leaved,  resem- 
bling a  calyx ;  its  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  entire.  —  A  low,  perennial  herb,  with 
scape-like,  1-flowered  stems,  and  3-lobed,  long-petioled,  cordate,  persistent,  radi- 
cal leaves. 

1.  H.  triloba,  Chaix.  Lobes  of  the  leaves  rounded,  entire ;  stems  hairy  ; 
flowers  purplish  or  white  ;  achenia  oblong,  hairy.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida  and 
northward.  Februaiy  -  March.  —  Stems  3'  -  6'  high. 

5.   THALICTBUM,  Tourn.     MEADOW-RUE. 

Sepals  4-10,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  colored,  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  numerous.  Filaments  filiform,  clavate  or  flattened.  Ovaries 
3-15,  1-ovuled.  Achenia  sessile  or  stalked,  furrowed  or  inflated,  pointed  by  the 
sessile  persistent  stigma  or  short  style.  Seed  suspended. — Perennial  herbs. 
Leaves  compound. 

*  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious :  sepals  shorter  than  the  stamens  :  stigma  elon- 
gated: achenia  nearly  sessile,  ribbed:  leaves  alternate,  decompound:  involucre 
none :  flowers  small,  panicled. 

1 .  T.   dioicum,   L.      Stems  erect ;   leaves  long-petioled ;    leaflets   thin, 
roundish,  crenately  5  -  7-lobed,  smooth ;   flowers  numerous ;   sepals  greenish  ; 
stamens  and  stigma  filiform  ;   achenia  sessile,  or  (in  var.  STIPITATUM,  Torr.  $• 
Gray)  distinctly  stalked.     (T.  rugosum  &  T.  Carolinianum,  DC.)  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina  and  northward.    July  -August.  —  Stem  1°- 1  £°  high. 

2.  T.  debile,  Buckl.    Stems  low  (8' -12'),  procumbent  or  ascending,  much 
branched  ;  leaves  long-petioled  ;  leaflets  small,  stalked,  rounded,  crenately  lobed, 
smooth ;  flowers  few  on  axillary  or  terminal  peduncles  ;  achenia  oblong,  strongly 
ribbed,  short-stalked,  as  long  as  the  slender  style.  —  Rich  woods,  near  Allenton, 
Wilcox  County,  Alabama  (Buckley).     March  and  April.  — Stems  branching  at 
the  base,  slender. 

3.  T.  Cornuti,  L.     Radical  leaves  long-petioled ;  stem-leaves  sessile  (the 
common  petiole  wanting) ;  leaflets  thick,  oval  or  oblong,  3-lobed  or  entire,  often 
cordate,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath ;  sepals  white  ;  stamens  and  stigma  slightly 
clavate;   achenia  short-stalked.     (T.  revolutum,  DC.)  —  Meadows  and  woods, 
Florida  and  northward.     June  -  August.  —  Stems  3°  -  4°  high.    Radical  leaves 
very  large.    Leaflets  varying  greatly  in  size. 

1* 


G  RAXUNCULACEJS.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

*  Floivers  perfect :  sepals  longer  than  the  stamens  :  stiama  short :  achenia  raised 
on  a  stipe,  inflated,  veiny :  leaves  ternate  or  biternate,  alternate :  flowers  few, 
panided. 

4.  T.  Clavatum,  DC.     Stems  slender,  sparingly  branched,  naked  below; 
leaves  petioled,  biternate ;  leaflets  thin,  rounded,  crenately  lobed,  glaucous  be- 
neath; panicle  corymbose,  few  -  many-flowered  ;  flowers  small,  white  ;  achenia 
5-10,  somewhat  crescent-shaped,  short-pointed,  long-stalked.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina  to  Alabama.     July.  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  high. 

5.  %  nudicaule,    Schweinitz.      Stem   slender,   naked   below,   sparingly 
branched  above ;  radical  leaf  solitary,  long-petioled,  biternate  ;  stem-leaves  very 
small,  ternate ;  leaflets  thin,  roundish,  obtusely  lobed,  slightly  cordate ;  panicle 
4-8-flowered  ;  flowers  minute,  greenish  ;  ovaries  short-stalked.  —  Banks  of  the 
Yadkin  Eiver,  North  Carolina.  —  Stem  2°  high.     ( *) 

#   #   #  flowers  pet  feet:  sepals  longer  than  the  stamens :  stigma  depressed.'  acJienia 
sessile,  ribbed :  stem-leaves  whorled :  flowers  umbe'led. 

6.  T.  anemonoides,   Michx.      Radical  leaves  biternate,  long-petioled  ; 
leaflets  oval  or  roundish,  cordate,  3  -  5-lobcd  ;  stem-leaves  2-3,  sessile,  ternate  ; 
the  long-stalked  leaflets  forming  an  involucre  apparently  of  6  -  9  simple  leaves  ; 
umbel  3  -  6-flowered  ;   sepals  6  - 10,  white.  —  Woods,  Florida   to   Mississippi, 
and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  Root  tuberous.     Stems  6'  - 10'  high.    Flow- 
ers J'-f  in  diameter. 

6.  TBAUTVETTERIA,    Fisch.  &  Mcy. 

Sepals  3  -  5,  orbicular,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  colored,  caducous.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  indefinite ;  filaments  clavate.  Ovaries  numerous,  1-ovuled.  Stigma 
recurved.  Achenia  capitate,  gibbous,  4-sided,  beaked  by  the  hooked  persistent 
stigma.  Seed  erect.  —  Erect,  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate,  palmatcly-lobed 
leaves,  and  corymbose  flowers. 

1.  T.  palmata,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Smooth;  stem  (2° -4°  high)  simple  or 
sparingly  branched  above  ;  leaves  uniform,  reticulate,  divided  into  5-9  lanceo- 
late, toothed  and  serrate  lobes  ;  those  of  the  root  broad  (4' -6'),  long-petioled  ; 
<;orymb  many-flowered.  —  Margins  of  mountain  streams,  Georgia,  Tennessee, 
and  northward. 

7.  MYOSURUS,   L.    MOUSE-TAIL. 

Sepals  5-7,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  5-7,  linear- 
spatulate.  Stamens  5-20:  filaments  filiform.  Ovaries  numerous,  1-ovuled. 
Style  subulate.  Achenia  3-angled,  imbricated  on  the  filiform,  elongated  recep- 
tacle. Seed  suspended.  — Small  annuals,  with  Ijnear  radical  leaves,  and  small, 
solitary,  yellowish  flowers,  on  a  naked  scape. 

1.  M.  minimus,  L.  Scapes  2' -6' long,  longer  than  the  leaves;  achenia 
beakless.  —  Augusta,  Georgia  (Elliott),  and  westward.  April.  —  Fruiting-spike 
linear,  1 '  -  2'  long. 


E^:.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  7 

8.   RANUNCULUS,  L.      CROWFOOT.    BUTTERCUP. 

Sepals  3-5,  regular,  herbaceous,  concave,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous. 
Petals  3-10,  dilated,  flat,  furnished  with  a  pit  or  scale  at  the  narrowed  base. 
Stamens  mostly  numerous.  Filaments  filiform.  Ovaries  few  or  numerous, 
1-ovuled.  Style  short,  subulate.  Achenia  capitate,  compressed,  beaked  with 
the  smooth,  persistent  style.  Seed  erect. —  Herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  the  radical 
ones  long-petioled.  Flowers  axillary  or  somewhat  corymbed,  white  or  yellow. 

§  1.  Petals  white,  ivith  a  ye/low  pit  at  the  fxise:  achenia  ruqose. 

1.  R.  aquatilis,  L.     Stems  filiform,  immersed;  leaves  petioled,  divided 
into  an  indefinite  number  of  capillary  segments  ;  flowers  axillary,  remote,  long- 
peduncled.     (R.  Pantothrix,  DC.)  —  Slow-flowing  streams  in  the  upper  districts. 
July  and  August.    }J. .  —  Stems  1  °  -  2°  long.     Leaves  circular  in  outline. 

§  2.  Petals  yellow,  with  a  small  scale  at  the  base. 
*    Achenia  muricate :  annuals. 

2.  R.  parviflorus,  L.     Silky-pubescent ;   leaves  small,  the  lower  ones 
circular,  3-lobed,  acutely-toothed  ;  the  upper  3-parted  or  entire ;  flowers  very- 
small  ;  petals  3-5,  as  long  as  the  reflexed  sepals  ;  achenia  narrowly  margined, 
pointed  with  the  short,  recurved  style.    (R.  trachyspermus,  Ell.)  —  Waste  places. 
April  and  May.  —  Stems  erect,  branching  from  the  base,  6'-  12'  high.     Leaves 
rarely  1'  wide. 

3.  R.  muricatus,  L.     Nearly  smooth  ;    lower  leaves   3-lobed,    crenate ; 
petals  5,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  achenia  pointed  with  the  broad,  straight  style, 
broadly  margined.  —  Waste  places  around  Charleston  (Elliott).     March  —  April. 
Introduced.  —  Stem  12'  -  18'-high. 

*    *  Achenia  smooth :  chiefly  perennials. 
•*-   Leaves  undivided. 

4.  R.  alismaefolius,   Geyer.     Smooth ;  stems  ascending,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  denticulate  or  entire  ;  petals  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  achenia  in  globose  heads,  tumid,  slender-beaked.  (R.  Flammula,  Ell. 
&c.)  —  Muddy  banks  and  ditches,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.      May- July. 
—  Stems  1°  -  2°  long.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long.     Flowers  3"  -  5"  wide. 

5.  R.  pusillus,  Poir.     Smooth  ;  stems  several,  erect ;  lowest  leaves  ovate 
or  roundish,   the  others  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire  or  denticulate ;  flowers  mi- 
nute ;  petals  1-5,  as  long  as  the  calyx ;   achenia  in  globular  heads,  barely 
pointed.     (R.  oblongifolius,  Ell.,  a  broader-leaved  form.)  —  Muddy  banks,  Geor- 
gia to  North  Carolina  and  westward.     March  and  April.  —  Stem  6' -12'  high. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Flowers  2"  wide.     Stamens  5-9. 

•*-   -i-   Leaves  (at  least  those  of  the  stem)  ternately  lobed  or  divided. 
**  Petals  small,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

6.  R.  abortivus,  L.     Smooth ;  lowest  leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  undivided, 
crenate,  those  of  the  stem  3  -  5-parted,  with  wedge-shaped  toothed  divisions  ; 
the  uppermost  sessile,  3-parted  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  achenia  in  glo- 
bose heads,  pointed  with  a  very  short  recurved  beak.  —  Low  grounds.     March 
and  April.  —  Stem  1°-  1  J°  high. 


8  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

7.  K.  recurvatus,  Poir.      Hirsute  ;  leaves  all  pctioled,  3  -  5-lobed  ;  the 
lobes  wedge-shaped,  sharply  toothed ;  petals  minute,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ; 
achenia  in  globose  heads,  pointed  with  a  long  and  slender  recurved  beak.  —  Low 
grounds.     April  and  May.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

8.  R.  sceleratus,  L.     Smooth;  leaves  3-parted,  with  the  divisions  wedge- 
shaped,  obtusely  lobed  and  toothed ;  the  uppermost  sessile ;  petals  as  long  as 
the  calyx  ;  achenia  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads,  pointless.  —  Ditches  and 
swamps,  Charleston  (Elliott).   Introduced  from  Europe.  April  and  May.  —  Stems 
thick,  1°  high. 

9.  R.  Pennsylvanicus,   L.      Hirsute ;    leaves  ternate ;    leaflets  long- 
stalked,  3-parted,  the  divisions  lanceolate,  acutely  lobed  and  toothed  ;  petals 
shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  achenia  in  oblong  heads,  pointed  with  a  broad  straight 
beak.  —  Low  grounds  in  the  upper  districts.    June.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Pe- 
tioles elongated,  very  hairy. 

•M-    •«•  Petals  much  larger  than  the  calyx :  achenia  in  globose  heads. 

10.  R.  Purshii,  Richardson.      Stem  floating  ;    immersed  leaves  divided 
into  very  numerous  capillary  segments,  emersed  ones  renifonn,  3  -  5-parted,  the 
lobes  variously  divided ;  sepals  reflcxcd ;  achenia  pointed  with  a  short  straight 
beak.  —  In  still  water,  North  Carolina  and  northward.     May  -  July.  —  Stems 
2° -4°  long. 

11.  R.  repens,  L.     Smooth  or  hairy  ;  leaves  ternate,  or  the  earliest  ones 
3-lobed  ;  leaflets  3-lobed,  toothed  ;  achenia  strongly  margined,  pointed  with  the 
broad  and  straight  or  slightly-curved  beak  ;  stems  erect  or  prostrate,  often  bear- 
ing long  runners.  —  Rich  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     Var.  y  in  the  river 
swamps  of  the  low  country.     March  and  April. 

Var.  /?.  hispidus.  Hirsute ;  stem  erect ;  leaves  ample ;  peduncles  long, 
with  the  hairs  appressed.  (R.  hispidus,  MX.  R.  Marilandicus  and  tomentosus, 
Poir :  the  latter  a  form  with  softer  pubescence. ) 

Var.  y.  nitidus.  Smooth  or  nearly  so;  stem  prostrate  (l°-2°long); 
leaves  and  flowers  smaller.  (R.  nitidus,  MM.) 

12.  R.  palmatUS,  Ell.     Hirsute  with  appressed  hairs;    leaves  small  (!' 
wide),  ternate  or  3-parted,  with  the  divisions  ovate,  sparingly  toothed,  those  of  the 
upper  leaves  lanceolate  and  entire  ;  achenia  strongly  margined,  straight-beaked. 
(R.  Carolinianus,  DC.)  —  Swamps  in  the  pine  barrens,  Middle  Florida  to  South 
Carolina,  rare.  — April  and  May.     Stems  1°  high. 

13.  R.  bulbOBUS,  L.     Hairy  ;  stem  erect  (1°-  l£°  high)  from  a  bulb-like 
base ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  3-parted,  with  toothed  lobes  ;  those  of  the  upper 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire  ;  flowers  large  (!'  wide)  ;  achenia  pointed  with  a  short 
recurved  beak.  —  Low  grounds  in  the  upper  districts.     Introduced.    May. 

14.  R.  acris,  L.      Hairy;   stem   tall  (2° -3°),   branched   above;    leaves 
3-paited,  the  divisions  deeply  cut  into  three  wedge-shaped  or  lanceolate,  acutely- 
toothed  lobes  ;  the  uppermost  3-parted,  with  linear  entire  lobes  ;  achenia  pointed 
with  a  short  recurved  beak.  —  Low  waste  places,  sparingly  introduced  from. 
Europe. 


RANUNCULACF^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  9 

9.   CALTHA,   L.      MARSH  MARIGOLD 

Sepals  4  —  10,  regular,  flat,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  numerous;  filaments  filiform.  Ovaries  5-15,  many-ovuled. 
Stigma  sessile.  Follicles  capitate  or  whorled,  sessile,  spreading,  many-seeded.  — 
Perennial,  smooth  herbs,  with  cordate  or  reniform  undivided  leaves,  and  showy 
yellow  flowers. 

1.  C.  palustris,  L.  var.  parnassifolia,  Ton:  $•  Gr.  Stem  1-leaved, 
1 -flowered;  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  reniform,  sharply  toothed ;  se- 
pals oblong.  (C.  ficarioides,  Pursh.)  —  Cedar  swamps,  South  Carolina  (Pursh), 
Tennessee,  and  northward. 

10.    ISOPYRUM,    L. 

Sepals  5  -  6,  regular,  ovate,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals 
5  and  minute,  or  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovaries  2  -  20.  Ovules  few  or 
many,  in  1  -  2  rows.  Style  short,  subulate.  Follicles  sessile,  membranaceous. 
Seed  horizontal.  —  Perennial,  smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  compound  leaves, 
and  solitary  white  flowers. 

1.  I.  biternatum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Stem  (6'  -  12'  high)  slender,  sparingly 
branched  ;  radical  leaves  biternate,  on  long  petioles  ;  stem-leaves  ternate,  nearly 
sessile ;  leaflets  ovate  and  obovate,  obtusely  3-lobed  ;  petals  none ;  ovaries  1  -  5  ; 
follicle  2-seeded.  (Enemion  biternatum,  Raf.)  —  Shady  woods,  West  Florida 
and  westward.  April.  —  Root  commonly  bearing  small  tubers.  The  plant  re- 
sembles Thalictrum  anemonoides  in  general  appearance. 

11.    AQUILEGIA,  L.      COLUMBINE. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  ovate,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  5, 
prolonged  downward  into  hollow  spurs.  Stamens  indefinite.  Filaments  filiform, 
elongated.  Ovaries  5,  many-ovulcd.  Follicles  sessile,  connivent,  many-seeded, 
tipped  with  the  elongated,  filiform,  persistent  styles.  Seeds  horizontal.  —  Erect, 
perennial,  branching,  leafy  herbs,  with  alternate  ternately-compound  leaves  ; 
those  of  the  root  long-petioled.  Flowers  showy,  nodding,  solitary,  or  somewhat 
corymbed. 

1.  A.  CanadensiS,  L.  Stems  2°  high,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ; 
radical  leaves  biternate,  stem-leaves  ternate,  short-petioled ;  leaflets  roundish  or 
obovate,  crenately  lobed  ;  flowers  scarlet,  yellow  within  ;  stamens  and  styles 
exserted.  —  Rocky  woods,  West  Florida  and  northward  in  the  upper  districts. 
April  and  May. 

12.    DELPHINIUM,   L.      LARKSPUR. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous  ;  the  outermost 
larger,  and  produced  backward  into  a  hollow  spur  ;  the  others  flat.  Petals  4, 
dissimilar  ;  the  two  upper  with  spurs  which  are  received  in  the  spur  of  the  sepal, 
the  two  lower  stalked  ;  sometimes  (as  in  the  annual  Larkspur)  all  united. 
Stamens  numerous,  included ;  filaments  subulate.  Ovaries  1  -  5,  1-celled,  many- 


10     .  RANUNCULACFJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

ovulcd.  Style  subulate.  Follicles  sessile,  short-pointed.  Seeds  in  two  rows, 
horizontal.  —  Ercet  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  and  palmately  divided  leaves, 
and  showy  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  D.  azureum,  Michx.     Stem  mostly  simple,  downy ;  leaves  3  -  5-parted, 
the  divisions  cleft  into  3  -  5-linear,  toothed  or  entire,  acute  lobes  ;  racemes  many- 
flowered  ;  pedicels  and  follicles  erect ;  spur  slightly  curved,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.     (D.  virescens,  Nutt.,  with  wider-lobed  leaves,  and   larger  greenish  flow- 
ers.)—  Rich   soil,   Florida  and  northward.     May.    1J..  —  Stems    l°-2°   high. 
Leaves  2'  -  3'  wide.     Sepals  sky-blue,  or  sometimes  whitish,  tipped  with  brown. 
Lower  petals  2-cleft,  bearded. 

2.  D.  trieorne,  Michx.     Stem  simple,  downy  ;    leaves  as  in  No.  1  ;  ra- 
ceme few-flowered  ;  pedicels  and  follicles  diverging ;  spur  straight,  as  long  as 
the  calyx.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  northward.    April  and  May.    1J. . 
—  Root  tuberous.      Stems   1°  high.      Raceme  6 -12-flowered.      Sepals  blue. 
Lower  petals  2-cleft  and  bearded. 

3.  D.  exaltatum,  Ait.     Stem  tall,  branching  and  haiiy  above;   leaves 
large,  the  lower  3  -  5-parted,  the  divisions  cleft  into  2  -  3-lanceolate  or  oblong 
coarsely-toothed  lobes,  the  upper  3-parted  with  sparingly  toothed  or  entire  lobes  ; 
racemes  many-flowered ;  pedicels  diverging ;  follicles  erect ;  spur  straight,  rather 
longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  northward.     June  - 
August.   1J..  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Leaves  4' -6'  wide.     Sepals  blue.     Lower 
petals  2-cleft  and  bearded,  brownish. 

D.  CONSOLIDA,  L.,  the  common  annual  Larkspur  of  the  gardens,  is  becom- 
ing naturalized  in  some  places. 

13.   ACONITUM,  L.      MONKSHOOD.     WOLFSBANE. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous  ;  the  outermost 
large  and  helmet-shaped,  the  two  lateral  rounded,  the  lower  smaller  and  oblong. 
Petals  2  or  5,  the  two  upper  long-stalked,  produced  backward  into  a  short  in- 
curved spur,  the  three  lower  minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  numerous  ;  filaments 
short,  subulate.  Ovaries  3-5,  1 -celled,  many-ovuled.  Style  subulate.  Follicles 
sessile,  short  pointed.  Seed  horizontal,  rugose.  —  Erect  or  trailing,  perennial 
herbs,  with  alternate,  palmately  divided  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  terminal 
racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  A.  uncinatum,  L.     Stem  smooth,  vine-like,  erect;  leaves  3-5-cleft, 
with  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  ;  raceme  few-flowered  ;  flowers 
large,  blue  ;  upper  sepal  helmet-shaped.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams  among  the 
mountains  and  northward,  rare.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  6°  long.     Leaves 
rather  rigid. 

2.  A.  redinatum,  Gray.     Stem  smooth,   reclining  ;  leaves  deeply  3-7- 
oleft ;  the  lobes  cuneate,  acutely  toothed  ;  racemes  numerous,  few  -  many-flow- 
ered, flowers  white  ;  upper  sepal  elongated-conical,  soon  becoming  horizontal. — 
High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.    July  and  August.  —  Stems  4°  -  8°  long. 
Leaves  thin. 


RANUNCULACE^i.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  11 

14.    ZANTHORHIZA,    Marshall. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  lanceolate-ovate,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous. 
Petals  5,  small,  gland-like,  2-lobed,  short-stalked.  Stamens  5-10:  filaments 
short.  Ovaries  5-10,  1-celled,  2-ovuled.  Style  subulate,  incurved,  at  length 
dorsal.  Follicles  sessile,  gibbous.  Seed  solitary,  pendulous. — A  smooth  trailing 
shrub  with  yellow  roots.  Leaves  pinnate,  long-petioled.  Leaflets  3-5,  ovate  and 
lanceolate-ovate,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed  from  near  the  acute  base.  Flowers. 
small,  in  slender  compound  racemes,  appearing  before  (below)  the  leaves,  dark 
purple. 

1.  Z.  apiifolia,  L'Her.  —  Shady  banks,  Florida,  and  along  the  mountains 
of  Georgia  and  northward.  March  and  April.  —  Stems  2°  -  3°  high. 

15.    HYDRASTIS,    L. 

Sepals  3,  ovate,  membranaceous,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  caducous. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  numerous:  filaments  filiform.  Ovaries  12-20,  fleshy, 
1-celled,  2-ovuled,  ripening  into  1-2-seeded,  capitate,  bright  crimson  berries. 
Style  short.  Stigma  2-lipped.  —  Stem  erect  from  a  thick,  knotted  rhizoma, 
simple,  1-flowered,  leafy  above.  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  palmately  5  -  7  cleft, 
the  lobes  toothed  and  sen-ate  ;  radical  one  solitary,  long-petioled.  Stem-leaves 
2-3,  the  uppermost  sessile  under  the  stalked,  greenish-white  flower. 

1 .  H.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Rich  shaded  soil  along  the  mountains  of  Georgia 
and  Carolina,  and  northward.  April  and  May.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  4' -9' 
wide,  hairy  when  young. 

16.    ACTJEA,    L.      BANEBERRY. 

Sepals  3  -  5,  ovate,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  caducous.  Petals  4 -10, 
spatulate,  entire.  Stamens  numerous ;  the  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  solitary, 
1-celled,  becoming  a  many-seeded  berry  in  fruit.  Stigma  sessile,  2-lobed.  Seed 
horizontal.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Stems  simple,  bearing  one  or  two  twice  or  thrice 
ternately  compound  leaves,  and  a  single  oval  or  oblong  raceme  of  small  white 
flowers. 

1.  A.  alba,  Bigel.  Smooth,  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  large,  2  -  3-ternate  ;  leaf- 
lets thin,  ovate  or  cordate-ovate,  acutely  toothed  ;  pedicels  of  the  fruit  very  thick, 
red ;  berry  white.  (A.  pachypoda,  Ell.)  — Rocky  woods  along  the  mountains  of 
South  Carolina  (Elliott),  and  northward.  May.  — Plant  2°  high. 

17.    CIMICIPUGA,    L.     BUGBANE. 

Sepals  4-5,  ovate  or  orbicular,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  caducous. 
Petals  1-8,  small,  stalked.  2-lobed.  Stamens  very  numerous:  filaments  fili- 
form, elongated.  Ovaries  1-8,  1-celled,  becoming  many-seeded  follicles  in  fruit. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  large  ternately  compound  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in 
elongated  slender  racemes. 

*   Ovary  mostly  single  :  stigma  large,  depressed:  seeds  horizontal,  smooth. 

1.  C.  racemosa,  Ell.  (BLACK  SNAKEROOT.)  Leaves  thrice  ternate; 
leaflets  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  the  terminal  ones  mostly 


I '2  MAGNOLIAOK^K.        (MAGNOLIA    FAMILY.) 

3-lobed  ;  racemes  elongated,  downy  ;  follicle  broadly  ovate,  sessile.  —  Woods  in 
the  upper  districts  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  3°  -  8°  high.  Leaflets  2'  long. 
Racemes  6'  -  12'  long.  Flowers  fetid. 

*  *  Ovaries  3  —  8  :  stigma  minute  :  seeds  vertical,  chaffy. 

2.  C.  cordifolia,  Pursh.     Leaves  twice  ternate ;  leaflets  rigid,  ovate  or 
cordate-ovate,  2  -  3-lobcd,  incised  and  serrate  ;    racemes  panicled,  elongated  ; 
follicles  oblong,  sessile.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     September.  —  Stem 
30.40  hjgh.     (*) 

3.  C.  Americana/,  Michx.     Leaves  thrice  ternate  ;   leaflets  thin,  ovate, 
incisely  toothed  and  serrate,  the  terminal  one  3-cleft  or  3-parted  ;  racemes  pani- 
cled, elongated;  follicles  obovate-oblong,  slender-stalked.  —  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, from  Georgia  northward.      August  and  Sept.  —  Stems  3° -4°  high. 


OKDKU  2.     MAGNOLIACE^E.      (MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple,  alternate,  petioled  leaves,  and 
regular,  solitary,  hypogynous  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  mostly  simi- 
lar, imbricated  in  three  or  more  rows  in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct  or 
united.  Anthers  adnate.  Ovaries  numerous,  imbricated  or  whorled, 
1-  2-ovuled.  Fruit  fleshy,  baccate,  or  samara-like,  distinct,  or  confluent 
in  cone-like  heads.  Seed  dry  or  baccate.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  base 
of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  WINTERERS.  Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  numerous,  separate.  Ovaries 
in  a  single  whorl,  1-ovuled,  becoming  coriaceous  follicles  in  fruit.  —  Erect  shrubs. 
Loaves  entire.  Stipules  none. 

1.  ILLICIUM.     Leaves  evergreen.     Flowers  nodding. 

SUBORDER  II.  SCHIZ  ANDRE.K.  Flowers  monrecious.  Stamens  united.  Ovaries  im- 
bricated in  a  head,  2-ovuled,  becoming  scattered  berries  in  fruit.  —  Climbing  shrubs. 
Leaves  deciduous,  often  toothed.  Stipules  none. 

2.  SCHIZANDRA.     Stamens  5,  united  into  a  5-lobed  disk. 

SUBORDER  III.  M  AG1VOM  K.K.  Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  numerous,  separate.  Ova- 
ries imbricated  in  a  head,  2-ovuled.  Fruit  fleshy  or  somewhat  woody,  in  cone-like  heads 
or  spikes.  —  Chiefly  trees.  Leaves  entire.  Stipules  large. 

3.  MAGNOLIA.    Fruit  fleshy,  dehiscent,  persistent  on  the  receptacle.     Anthers  introrse. 

4.  LIRIODENDRON.     Fruit  woody,  indehisceut,  samara-like,  deciduous.    Anthers  extrorse. 

1.    ILLICIUM,    L.      ANISE-TREK. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  3  or  6.  Petals  9 -30,  in  rows  of  three,  spreading. 
Stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments.  Anthers  introrse.  Ovaries  6  or  more 
in  a  single  whorl,  sessile,  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Style  subulate,  recurved.  Folli- 
<-les  coriaceous,  spreading,  at  length  2-valved.  Seed  ascending.  —  Smooth  anise- 
scented  shrubs.  Leaves  evergreen,  entire,  mostly  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
branches,  petioled.  Stipules  none.  Peduncles  iu  terminal  clusters,  1 -flowered, 
nodding. 


(MAGNOLIA   FAMILY.)  lo 

1.  I.  Ploridanum,  Ellis.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate;   petals 
20-30,  lanceolate  and  linear,  widely  spreading,  dark  purple.  —  Sandy  swamps, 
Florida  and  westward.     May.  —  Shrub  6°  -  10°  high.     Leaves  somewhat  fleshy. 
Flowers  flat,  1'  in  diameter. 

2.  I.  parviflorum,  Michx.     Leaves  lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  6- 12,  ovate 
or  roundish,  concave,  yellow.  —  Southern  districts  of  Georgia  and  East  Florida. 
May  and  June.  —  Flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

2.    SCHIZANDRA,    Michx. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sepals  5-6,  ovate,  concave,  greenish.  Petals  5  —  6, 
obovate-oblong,  crimson.  Stamens  5 :  filaments  united,  forming  a  circular,  5- 
lobed  disk  :  anther-cells  widely  separated.  Ovaries  numerous,  1-celled,  2-ovuled, 
imbricated  in  a  head,  in  fruit  forming  1-2-seeded  berries,  which  are  scattered 
on  the  greatly  elongated  filiform  receptacle.  —  A  climbing  shrub  ;  with  alternate, 
oblong,  membranaceous,  deciduous  leaves,  and  small  long-peduncled  flowers, 
from  axillary  buds.  Stipules  none. 

1.  S.  COCCinea,  Michx.  Leaves  acuminate,  long-petioled,  3'- 4' long,  often 
somewhat  toothed ;  uppermost  flowers  mostly  staminate ;  berries  oval,  red.  — 
Shady  woods,  Florida  to  South  Carolina  and  westward.  May  and  June.  —  Stem 
climbing  high. 

3.    MAGNOLIA,    L.      U-MBKELLA-TREE.     CUCUMBER-TREE. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  .3,  caducous.  Petals  6-9,  concave,  spreading,  de- 
ciduous. Stamens  very  numerous :  anthers  introrse.  Ovaries  numerous,  im- 
bricated, 1  -celled,  2-ovuled,  forming  in  fruit  a  cone-like  head  of  fleshy,  2-seeded, 
persistent  follicles,  opening  on  the  back.  Seeds  berry-like,  suspended  by  a  slender 
cord  of  spiral  vessels.  —  Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  clustered 
at  the  summit  of  the  branches.  Flowers  large,  solitary,  terminal.  Stipules  large, 
adnate  to  the  petiole,  at  length  deciduous. 

*  Leaves  perennial. 

1.  M.  grandiflora,  L.     (MAGNOLIA.)     Leaves  coriaceous,  oblong,  or  ob- 
ovate,  smooth  and  glossy  above,  rusty-pubescent  beneath,  flat  or  concave ;  petals 
mostly  9,  obovate,  concave,  clawed.  —  Light  fertile  soil  in  the  middle  and  lower 
districts,  South  Carolina  and  westward.    April  and  May.  —  A  large  tree.    Leaves 
6' -12'  long.     Flowers  6' -9'  wide,  white,  changing  to  brown.     Cone  of  fruit 
oval,  3' -4'  long. 

2.  M.  glauca,  L.      (SWEET  BAY.)      Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate  and 
oblong,  silky-pubescent,  at  length  smooth  above,  glaucous  beneath;  petals  9, 
obovate,  concave.  —  Swamps,  Florida  and  northward.    May  and  June.  — A  shrub 
or  small  tree.    Leaves  mostly  deciduous  northward,  4'  -  6'  long.     Flowers  2' 
wide,  white,  very  fragrant.     Cone  of  fruit  oval,  !'-!£'  long. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous,  acute  at  the  base. 

3.  M.  Umbrella,  Lam.     Leaves  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  branches, 
obovate-oblong.  acute,  downy  beneath,  at  length  smooth  ;  petals  9,  oblong-lan- 

9 


14  ANONACE^E.       (CUSTARD-APPLE    FAMILY.) 

ceolate,  acnte.  (M.  tripetala,  Michx.)  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  May 
and  June. — A  small  tree,  witli  irregular  branches.  Leaves  l°-l£°  long,  on 
short  petioles.  Flowers  4' -6'  wide,  white.  Cone  of  fruit  oblong,  4' -6'  long, 
rose-colored. 

4.  M.  acuminata,  L.     Leaves  scattered,  oval,  acuminate,  downy  beneath; 
petals  6-9,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse.  —  Upper  districts,  in  rich  shaded  soil.     June 
and  July.  —  A  large  tree.     Leaves  6'  -  9'  long.     Flowers  3'  -  4'  wide,  dull  yellow 
and  greenish.     Cone  of  fruit  cylindrical,  2'  -  3'  long. 

*  *  *    Leaves  deciduous,  auriculate  or  cordate  at  the  base. 

5.  M.  cordata,  Michx.    Leaves  oval  or  roundish,  slightly  cordate,  acute, 
white-downy   beneath;   petals   6-9,   oblong,   acute.  —  Upper  districts  in   rich 
shaded  soil.    April  and  May. — A  small  tree.    Leaves  4' -6' long.    Flowers  4'- 
5'  wide,  yellow.     Cone  of  fruit  oblong,  3'  long. 

6.  M.  Fraseri,  Walt.    Leaves  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  branches, 
spatulate-obovate,  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  cordate  and  2-eared  at  the  base,  on 
slender  petioles ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  and  unguiculate  at  the  base. 
(M.  auriculata,  Lam.     M.  pyramidata,  Bartr.) — Rich  woods,  Florida  to  Ten- 
nessee and  westward.     May  and  June.  —  A  small  tree.     Leaves  8' -12'  long. 
Flowers  6'  wide,  white  and  fragrant. 

7.  M.  macrophylla,   Michx.      Leaves  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
branches,  oblong-obovate,  cordate  or  slightly  cared  at  the  base,  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  the  inner  row  narrower.  —  Shady  woods  in  light 
soil,  Florida  to  Tennessee :  rare.     April  and  May.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 
Leaves  l£°-3°  long.    Flowers  8' -12' wide,  white,  fragrant.      Cone  of  fruit 
ovate. 

4.    LIRIODENDRON,    L.      TULIP-TREE.     WHITE  POPLAK. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  3,  reflexcd.  Petals  6,  erect.  Stamens  numerous : 
anthers  extrorse.  Ovaries  numerous,  imbricated,  1-celled,  2-ovuled,  forming  in 
fruit  a  cone-like  head  of  samarajform,  indehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded,  deciduous  carpels. 
—  A  large  tree.  Leaves  angled,  truncated.  Stipules  large,  free  from  the  petiole, 
deciduous.  Flowers  large,  terminal. 

1.  L.  Tulipifera,  L.  Leaves  smooth,  on  slender  petioles,  mostly  rounded 
at  the  base,  somewhat  3-lobed ;  the  middle  lobe  appearing  as  if  cut  off,  leaving 
a  shallow  notch;  flowers  bell-shaped,  greenish-yellow,  striped  or  tinged  with 
orange.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida  and  northward.  May- June. 


ORDER,  3.     ANONACE£2.      (CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or,  shrubs,  with  simple,  alternate  and  entire,  feather-veined  leaves, 
and  solitary,  axillary,  perfect,  hypogynous  flowers.  Sepals  3.  Petals  6r 
in  two  rows,  deciduous,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous.  An- 
thers adnate,  extrorse,  on  very  short  filaments.  Ovaries  few  or  many, 


MKNISFKKMACEA:.     (MOONSEEJ>  FAMILY.)  15 

distinct  or  cohering  in  a  mass,  baccate  in  fruit.     Seed  anatropous,  large. 
Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  ruminated  albumen. 

1.    ASIMINA,    Allans.      I'APAW.     CUSTARD-APPLE. 

Petals  thick  ;  the  three  outer  ones  larger  and  spreading.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous, crowded  on  the  globular  receptacle.  Ovaries  3- 15,  sessile,  1 -celled, 
few -many-ov  tiled,  baccate  in  fruit.  Seeds  horizontal,  enclosed  in  a  thin  succu- 
lent aril.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  deciduous.  Flowers  nodding. 

*  Flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves. 

1.  A.  triloba,  Dunal.     Leaves  oblong-obovatc,   acuminate,  covered  with 
A  rusty  pubescence,  as  also  the  branches  when  young,  at  length  glabrous  ;  outer 
petals  round-ovate,  dark  purple,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  hairy  sepals.    (Uvaria 
triloba,  Toir.fr  Gray.)  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida  and  northward.     March  and 
April.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.      Leaves  8' -12' long.     Flowers  !'-!£'  wide. 
Fruit  oblong,  yellow  and  pulpy  when  mature,  edible. 

2.  A.  parviflora,  Dunal.     Leaves  oblong-obovate,  abruptly  pointed,  and 
like  the  branches  rusty-pubescent,  at  length  smooth  ;  outer  petals  oblong-ovate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.    (Uvaria  parviflora,  Torr.  $•  Gray.)  — Dry  sandy  soil, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  westward.     March  and  April.  —  Shrub  2°-  5° 
high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long,  thicker  than  those  of  the  preceding.     Flowers  £'  wide, 
rusty-pubescent,   greenish-purple.      Fruit   oblong   or  pear-shaped,  fleshy,  few- 
seeded. 

3.  A.  grandiflora,  Dunal.    Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  rigid, 
densely  pubescent  like  the  branches  when  young,  becoming  smoothish  above  ; 
outer  petals  large,  round-obovate,  many  times  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  fruit  small, 
obovate,  1 -few-seeded.     (A.  cuneata,  Shuttl.) — Sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia 
and  East  Florida.     March  and  April.  —  A  small  shrub      Leaves  2' -3' long. 
Outer  petals  two  inches  or  more  in  length,  yellowish-white. 

*   *  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  present  leaves. 

4.  A.  pygmsea,  Dunal.     Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  leaves  coria- 
ceous, oblanceolate  or  oblong-wedge-shaped,  obtuse ;  outer  petals  oblong-obo- 
vate, many  times  longer  than  the  sepals,  pale-yellow,  the  inner  ones  purple 
within ;  fruit  cylindrical,  pulpy,  few-seeded.     (A.  secundiflora  and  probably  A. 
reticulata,  Shuttl ,  the  latter  a  pubescent  form,  with  smaller  (!'-  2')  oblong  leaves 
and  smaller  flowers.) — Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  the  lower  districts  of 
Georgia.     May  -July.  —  Shrub  A°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  2'-  6'  long,  rarely  1'  wide. 
Flowers  ^'-3'  wide. 

OKDF.U  4.     MENISPERMACE^G.      (MOONSEED    FAMILY.) 

Climbing  shrubby  vines,  with  alternate  palmately  veined  and  often 
lobed  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  small  polygamous  or  dioecious  flow- 
ers, in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles.  Stipules  none.  Sepals  and  petals 
mostly  alike,  in  two  or  more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6  or 


16  KERliERlUACEvE.       (BARBERRY    FAMILY.) 

more,  hypogynous.  Anthers  2  -  4-celled,  opening  longitudinally.  Ova- 
ries 3-8,  drupaceous  in  fruit.  Seed  and  embryo  curved,  the  latter  large, 
in  thin  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  COCCULUS.    Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  6-     Anthers  4-eelled. 

2.  MENISPERMUM.     Sepals  and  petals  4-8.     Stamens  12  -  24.    Anthers  4-celled. 

3.  CALYCOCARPUM.     Sepals  6.     Petals  none.    Stamens  12.     Anthers  2-celled. 

1.    COCCULUS,    DC. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Sepals  and  petals  6,  each  in  two  rows. 
Stamens  6  :  anthers  4-celled,  abortive  in  the  fertile  flower.  Ovaries  3-6, 
1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Stigma  subulate,  recurved.  Drupe  baccate,  campylotropou*. 
Nut  renifonn,  rugose.  Seed  conformed  to  the  cavity  of  the  nut.  Embryo  semi- 
circular. —  Leaves  ovate  or  slightly  cordate,  entire  or  angularly  3-lobcd. 

1.  C.  Carolinus,  DC.  —  Woods  and  thickets,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.  June -August. — Pubescent.  Stem  twining,  10° -15°  long. 
Leaves  very  acute,  rather  rigid.  Racemes  of  the  fertile  flowers  simple,  of  the 
sterile  compound.  Flowers  white.  Drupe  red. 

2.    MENISPERMUM,    L.      MOOXSKED. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  and  petals  4-8.  Stamens  12-24:  anthers 
4-celled.  Ovaries  2-4.  Stigma  dilated,  spreading.  Otherwise  as  in  Cocculus. 
—  Leaves  rounded,  angular  or  lobed,  slightly  cordate  and  peltate  at  the  base. 
Flowers  white,  panicled. 

1.  M.  Canadense,  L.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 
July.  —  Stem  twining.  Sterile  panicles  elongated.  Drupe  black. 

3.    CALYCOCARPUM,    Nutt. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  6.  Petals  none.  Stamens  12  :  anthers  2-celled  ; 
those  of  the  fertile  flower  abortive.  Ovaries  3,  1-ovuled.  Stigma  radiate,  many- 
cleft.  Drupe  oval.  Nut  smooth,  excavated  on  the  inner  face.  Embryo  curved, 
foliaceous.  —  Leaves  round-cordate  in  outline,  palmately  3  -  5-lobed.  Flowers 
whitish,  in  compound  racemes. 

1.  C.  Lyoni,  Nutt.  (Menispermum  Lyoni,  Pursh.)  —  Banks  of  the  Apa- 
lachicola  River,  Florida,  to  Tennessee.  May  and  June.  —^Pubescent.  Stem 
twining  20°  -  50°  high.  Leaves  4'  -  7'  wide,  with  acuminate  lobes,  the  lateral 
lobes  wavy  or  angled.  Drupe  1 '  long,  globose. 


ORDER  5.     BERBERIDACE^E.     (BARBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  petiolate,  mostly  divided  leaves,  and 
perfect,  regular  hypogynous  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  in  two  or  more 
rows  of  2-4  each,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous!.  Stamens  opposite 


BKKBEKIUAOE^E.        (BARBERRY    FAMILY.)  17 

the  petals  when  of  the  same  number.  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  by  up- 
lifted valves  (or  lengthwise  in  Podophyllum).  Fruit  baccate  or  capsular. 
Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

1.  BERBBRIS.     Stamens  6.     Leaves  bristly-serrate.     Shrubs. 

2.  CAULOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  6.    Leaves  compound.    Herb. 

3.  DIPHYLLEIA.    Stamens  6.    Leaves  peltate,  deeply  2-cleft  and  lobed.    Herb. 

4.  JEFFERSONIA.    Stamens  8     Scape  1-flower^d.    Leaves  2-parted.    Herb. 

*   *  Anthers  opening  longitudinally. 

5.  PODOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  12  or  more.    Flower  solitary  in  the  fork  of  the  two  peltate, 

lobed  leaves. 

1.    BERBERIS,    L.      BARBERRY. 

Sepals  6,  orbicular.  Petals  6,  obovate,  often  biglandular  near  the  base. 
Stamens  6,  irritable.  Stigma  circular,  depressed.  Fruit  a  1  -  9-seeded  berry. 
Seeds  erect.  —  Shrubs  with  yellow  wood.  Leaves  bristly  serrate,  often  reduced 
to  branching  spines.  Flowers  racemose,  yellow.  Berries  acid. 

1.  B.  Canadensis,  Pursh.  (AMERICAN  BARBERRY.)  Smooth,  spiny; 
leaves  obovate,  bristly-serrate  ;  racemes  nodding,  6  -  8-flowered  ;  petals  notched ; 
berries  oval,'  red.  —  Upper  districts  of  Georgia  and  northward.  May  and  June. 
—  Shrub  2°  -3°  high,  with  dotted  branches. 

2.    CAULOPHYLLUM,    Michx.      BLUE  COHOSH. 

Sepals  6,  ovate-oblong.  Petals  6,  thick  and  gland-like,  shorter  than  the  se- 
pals. Stamens  6.  Style  short.  Stigma  minute,  unilateral.  Ovary  thin,  early 
ruptured  by  the  two  growing  seeds,  withering.  Seeds  globose,  drupe-like,  stalked. 
Albumen  horny.  —  A  smooth  perennial  herb,  with  large  ternately-compound 
leaves,  and  small  yellowish-green  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle. 

1.  C.  thalictroides,  Michx.  (Leontice  thalictroides,  L.)  —  Mountains 
of  South  Carolina  (Elliott)  and  northward.  April.  —Plant  l°-2°  high,  glau- 
cous when  young.  Radical  leaf  3-ternate,  on  a  long  petiole  ;  those  of  the  stem 
(mostly  two)  sessile,  the  upper  one  biternate.  Leaflets  ol>ovate-wedge-shaped, 
2  -  3-lobed.  Panicle  few-flowered.  Seeds  glaucous. 

3.    DIPHYLLEIA,    Michx. 

Sepals  6,  caducous.  Petals  6,  oval,  flat,  larger  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  6. 
Stigma  circular,  depressed,  slightly  2-lobed.  Fruit  baccate,  2— 4-seeded.  Seeds 
erect. — A  smooth  perennial  herb,  with  two  large,  alternate,  peltate,  deeply  2-clcft, 
lobed  and  serrate  leaves,  and  a  terminal  cyme  of  white  flowers. 

1.  D.  cymosa,  Michx.—  Margins  of  streams  on  the  mountains  of  North 
Carolina.  May  and  June.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  often  2°  in  diameter, 
the  divisions  5  -  7-lobed.  Berries  blue. 


18  CABOMBACEA;.     (WATER-SHIELD  FAMILY.) 

4.    JEPPERSONIA,    Barton.      TWIN-LEAF. 

Sepals  4,  petal-like,  caducous.  Petals  8,  oblong.  Stamens  8.  Stigma  nearly 
sessile,  2-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous,  obovate,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely 
on  the  back,  near  the  summit  Seeds  numerous,  furnished  with  a  fleshy  lacini- 
ated  aril.  —  A  low  stemless  perennial  herb,  with  long-petioled,  2-parted  leaves, 
and  naked  scapes,  bearing  a  single  white  flower. 

!••  J.  diphylla,  Pers.  —  Rich  shady  woods,  Tennessee  and  northward. 
April.  —  Lobes  of  the  leaves  half-ovate,  entire  or  toothed..  Scapes  6'  - 12'  high 
Flowers  1'  wide. 

5.    PODOPHYLLUM,    L.      MAY-APPLE. 

Sepals  6,  caducous.  Petals  6-9,  obovate.  Stamens  twice  as  many  (in  our 
species)  as  the  petals.  Anthers  opening  longitudinally.  Stigma  large,  peltate, 
sessile.  Fruit  baccate,  many-seeded.  Seeds  enveloped  in  a  pulpy  aril.  — A  low 
perennial  herb,  with  the  naked  stem  terminated  by  two  large  peltate,  5  -  9-parted, 
lobed  and  toothed  leaves,  with  a  solitary  nodding  flower  in  the  fork. 

1.  P.  peltatum,  L.  (MANDRAKE.)  —  Rich  woods,  Florida  and  north- 
ward. April  and  May.  —  Stems  1°  high,  the  barren  ones  terminated  by  a 
single  centrally  peltate  leaf,  smooth.  Leaves  4' -6'  wide.  Flowers  1' wide, 
greenish.  Berry  l'-2'  long,  ovoid,  yellow,  fragrant. 


ORDER  6.     NEUUMBIACEJE.     (NELDMBO  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  large  circular  centrally  peltate  floating  leaves,  and 
solitary  hypogynous  flowers  on  long  peduncles.  Sepals  and  petals  sim- 
ilar, in  several  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  indefi- 
nite, the  slender  filaments  prolonged  above  the  linear,  adnate,  introrse 
anthers.  Ovaries  separate,  1 -celled,  1-ovuled,  imbedded  in  the  flat  sum- 
mit of  the  large  obconical  torus,  forming  large  globular  nuts  in  fruit. 
Stigma  nearly  sessile,  peltate.  Seeds  suspended.  Embryo  large.  *  Al- 
bumen none. 

1.    NELUMBITJM,    Joss.      NELUMBO. 

Characters  of  the  order. 

1.  N.  luteum,  Willd.  (WATER  CHINQUEPIN.) —Lakes  and  still  water, 
Florida,  near  Tallahassee,  and  northward  and  westward.  Not  common.  July. 
—  Rhizoma  large,  creeping.  Leaves  l°-2°  wide,  depressed  in  the  centre. 
Flowers  5'  -  6'  wide,  pale  yellow.  Appendage  of  the  anthers  linear. 


ORDER  7.     CABOMBACE^E.      (WATER-SHIELD    FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  peltate  or  dissected  leaves,  and  solitary 
hypogynous  flowers  on   long  axillary  peduncles.     Sepals  3-4,  colored 


NY.MPH^KACE/E.       (\VATKU-I.ILY    FAMILY.)  19 

inside.  Petals  3-4,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  6-18  :  anthers  ad- 
nate,  extrorse.  Ovaries  2- 18.  Ovules  suspended.  Capsule  iudehiscent, 
1-3-seeded.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.     CABOMBA,     Aublct, 

Sepals  and  petals,')  Stamens  6.  Ovaries  2-4.  Capsule  l-3-seede<¥. — 
Stems  filiform,  branching.  Submerged  leaves  opposite,  divided  into  numerous 
filiform  flattened  segments  ;  floating  ones  peltate,  entire.  Flowers  small,  in  the 
axils  of  the  floating  leaves. 

1.  C.  Caroliniana,  Gray.  Floating  leaves  oblong-linear ;  flowers  white. 
(Nectris  aquatica,  Nutt.)  — Ponds  and  still  water,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.  June  -  August.  —  Stems  2°  -  4°  long. 

2.  BRASENIA,  Sehreber.     WATER-SHIELD. 

Sepals  3-4,  purple  inside.  Petals  3-4,  linear,  persistent.  Stamens  12-18: 
anthers  cxscrted.  Ovaries  4-18.  Capsule  1-2-seeded.  —  Leaves  all  peltate 
and  entire,  alternate,  oval,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  axillary,  on  elongated 
peduncles,  dull  purple. 

1.  B.  peltata,  Pursh.  (Ilydropcltis  purpurea,  MicJix.) — Ponds  and  slow- 
flowing  streams,  Florida  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem,  petioles,  and  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves  coated  with  a  gelatinous,  viscid  exudation.  Leaves  2'  -  3' 
wide. 


ORDER  8.     NYMPH^EACETE.      (AVATKK-LiLY  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  peltate  or  cordate,  entire,  floating  leaves,  and?  soli- 
tary white  or  yellow  flowers  on  long  peduncles.  Sepals  4-6,  colored 
inside.  Petals  numerous,  hypogynous  or  perigynous,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary  many-celled.  Ovules  numerous,  in- 
serted on  the  partitions.  Stigmas  radiate  or  peltate.  Fruit  baccate, 
many-seeded.  Embryo  included  in  a  sac  at  the  extremity  of  farinaceous 
alBumen. ' 

1.     TTYMPHJEA,      Tourn.     WATER-LILY. 

Sepals  4,  green  outside.  Petals  oblong,  inserted  into  the  thin  torus  which 
envelops  the  ovary,  the  inner  ones  passing  into  stamens.  Stamens  numerous, 
inserted  above  the  petals,  the  outer  ones  petal-like  :  anthers  adnate,  introrse. 
Ovary  many-celled.  Stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells,  linear,  radiating  around  a 
globular  central  gland.  Berry  globose.  Seed  enclosed  in  a  membranaceous 
aril.  —  Leaves  orbicular,  cleft  at  the  base  to  the  centre,  floating.  Flowers  on 
elongated,  often  spiral  peduncles. 

1.  N.  odorata,  Ait.  (POND-LILY.)  Rhizoma  larsre,  creeping;  leaves 
6'- 12'  wide,  entire,  the  sinus  narrow  and  the  lobes  acute,  or  else  with  an  open 


20  SARRACEMACK.K.       (l'l 

sinus  and  obtuse  lobes.  (N.  reniformis,  Wait.)  —  Ponds  and  still  water,  Florida 
and  northward.  May- June.  —  Flowers  white,  -2'-  4'  wide,  fragrant,  expanding 
in  the  morning.  Petioles  and  peduncles  occasionally  villous. 

2.     NTJPHAR,     Smith.     YELLOW  WATER-LI  LV 

Sepals  5-6,  obovatc,  yellow.  Petals  10-20,  stamen-like,  hypogynotis.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  at  length  recurved,  persistent.  Ovary  cylindrical,  many-celled. 
Stigma  sessile,  circular.  Berry  oblong.  Seeds  smooth,  without  arils,  —  Leave.- 
cordate  or  sagittate,  floating  or  erect.  Flowers  yellow,  erect. 

1  N.  advena,  Ait.  (BONNETS.  SPATTER-DOCK.)  Leaves  thickish. 
cordate,  smooth  or  downy  l>encath,  often  cmersed  and  erect,  on  stout  petioles  : 
sepals  6,  the  outer  ones  rounded ;  petals  numerous,  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate.  — 
In  still  water,  common,  flowering  through  the  summer. 

2.  N.  sagittaefolia,  Pui-sh.  Leaves  thin,  floating,  on  slender  petioles,  ob- 
long, sagittate,  smooth ;  lobes  at  the  base  expanding ;  sepals  6  ;  petals  trans- 
formed into  stamens.  —  In  still  water  near  the  coast,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina ; 
rare.  June- August.  —  Leaves  1°  long,  2'  wide. 

ORDER  9.   SARRACENIACEJE.    (PITCHER-PLANT  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  marsh  herbs,  with  hollow  pitcher  or  trumpet-shaped  leaves, 
and  a  naked  or  bracted  scape,  bearing  few  or  solitary  nodding  hypogynous 
flowers.  Sepals  5,  colored,  persistent  Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
deciduous,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  numerous  :  anthers  adnate,  introrse. 
Ovary  5-celled,  many-ovuled.  Placentae  central.  Style  single,  5-cleft,  or 
umbrella-shaped.  Capsule  5-celled,  many-seeded.  Embryo  minute  at  the 
base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.     SARRACENIA,    L.     TRUMPET-LEAF.     SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER. 

Calyx  3-bracted.  Petals  obovate,  drooping  or  incurved.  Style  umbrella- 
shaped,  5-anglcd ;  the  angles  emarginate,  and  tearing  the  minute  hooked  stig- 
mas beneath.  Capsule  globose,  rough,  loculicidally  5-valved.  —  Scape  bractless, 
1 -flowered.  Flowers  large,  purple  or  yellow.  Leaves  1 -winged,  hairy  within, 
and  usually  containing  water  and  dead  insects. . 
*  Flowers  purple. 

1.  S.  purpurea,  L.     (HUNTSMAN'S  CUP.)     Leaves  short,  spreading,  the 
tube  inflated,  contracted  at  the  throat,  broadly  winged ;  lamina  reniform,  erect, 
hairy  within,  often  purple-veined.  —  Mossy  swamps,   Florida  and  northward. 
April  and  May.  —  Leaves  4'  -  6'  long.     Scapes  1°  high. 

2.  S.  Psittacina,  Michx.    (PARROT-BEAKED  PITCHER-PLANT.)     Leaves 
short,  spreading ;  tube  slender,  broadly  winged,  mai-ked  with  white  spots,  and 
reticulated  with  purple  veins ;  lamina  globose,  inflated,  incurved-beaked,  almost 
closing  the  orifice  of  the  tube.  —  Pine  barren  swamps,   Florida  and   Georgia 
April  and  May.  —  Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Scapes  1°  high. 


PAPAVEBACE^E.       (POPPY  FAMILY.)  21 

3.  S.  rubra,  Walt.      (RED-FLOWERED    TRUMPET-LEAP.)      Leaves  elon- 
gated, erect,  slender,  narrowly  winged,  paler  above,  and  reticulated  with  purple 
veins;  lamina  ovate,  erect,  beak-pointed,   tomentose  within;   flowers  reddish- 
purple.  —  Sandy  swamps  in  the  middle  districts,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina  and 
westward.     May.  — Leaves  10'-  18'  long,  shorter  than  the  scapes. 

4.  S.  Drummondii,  Groom.      Leaves  elongated,  erect,  trumpet-shaped, 
narrowly  winged ;  lamina  erect,  rounded,  short-pointed,  hairy  within,  and  like 
the  upper  portion  of  the  tube  white,  variegated  with  reticulated  purple  veins.  — 
Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida  to  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia  and  westward. 
April.  —  Leaves  2°  long.     Scapes  longer  than  the  leaves.     Flowers  3'  wide. 

*  *   Flowers  yellow. 

5.  S.  flava,    L.      (TRUMPET-LEAF.      WATCHES.)      Leaves  large,  erect, 
trumpet-shaped,  narrowly  winged;   lamina    yellow,    erect,    orbicular,   slender- 
pointed,  tomentose  within,  reddish  at  the  base,  or  reticulated  with  purple  veins. 

—  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  westward.     April  and  May. 

—  Leaves  yellowish,  2°  long.    Lamina  3'  -  4'  wide.    Scapes  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
Flowers  4'  -  5'  wide. 

6.  S.  variolaris,    Michx.      (SPOTTED    TRUMPET-LEAF.)      Leaves  erect, 
trumpet-shaped,  broadly  winged,  spotted  with  white  near  the  yellowish  summit ; 
lamina  ovate,  concave,  arching  over  the  orifice  of  the  tube,  hairy  and  reticulated 
with  purple  veins  within.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and 
westward.     May.  —  Leaves  6' -12'  long,   longer  than  the  scapes.     Flowers  2' 
wide. 


ORDER  10.     PAPAVERACE^E.     (POPPY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  colored  juice,  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and  solitary  hy- 
pogynous  flowers.  Sepals  2-3,  caducous.  Petals  4-12,  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous.  Anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
1 -celled,  with  parietal  placentae.  Capsule  many-seeded.  Embryo  mi- 
nute, at  the  base  of  oily  or  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    ABGEMONE,    L.     MEXICAN  POPPY. 

Sepals  2-3,  hooded  or  horned.  Petals  4-8.  Stigmas  4-7,  free,  radiate. 
Capsule  oblong-obovate,  hispid,  opening  at  the  summit  by  3  -  6  valves,  which 
separate  from  the  filiform  persistent  placentae.  Seeds  globular,  crested,  pitted.  — 
Glaucous  herbs  with  yellow  juice,  sessile,  pinnatifid,  bristly  leaves,  and  showy 
white  or  yellow  flowers. 

1  •  A.  Mexicana,  L  Annual ;  leaves  pinnatifid-lobed,  bristly  and  prickly, 
blotched  with  white;  flowers  white  or  yellow;  calyx  bristly.  —  Waste  place* 
apparently  native  in  South  Florida.  April  and  May.  —  Stem  bran ching,  l°-2" 
high 


22  FUMARIACEA:.     (FUMITORY  FAMILY.; 

2.  SANGUINARIA,  L.    Puc<  OON.     BLOOD-ROOT. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12.  Stigmas  2.  Capsule  2-valved,  the  valves  separat- 
ing from  the  filiform  persistent  placentae.  Seeds  crested  —  A  stemless  peren- 
nial herb,  with  orange-colored  juice.  Rhizoma  thick.  Leaves  reniform,  with 
5-7  wavy  or  toothed  lobes.  Flowers  white,  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the  naked 
scape,  fugacious. 

1.  8.  Canadensis,  L. — Rich  woods,  Florida  and  northward.  March. — 
Scape  4' -6'  high.  Flowers  1'  wide,  appealing  with  the  leaves. 

The  CORN-POPPY  (PAPAVBK  DUBIUM,  L.)  is  occasionally  met  with  ingrain 
fields  and  around  dwellings. 


ORDER  11.     FUMARIACE^E.     (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 

Smooth  herbs  with  watery  juice,  alternate  compound  dissected  leaves, 
without  stipules,  and  irregular  flowers.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4  ;  the  two  outer 
or  one  of  them  spurred  or  gibbous  at  the  base  ;  the  two  inner  callous  at  the 
apex,  and  cohering  over  the  stigma.  Stamens  6,  commonly  united  in  two 
sets  of  three  each,  placed  opposite  the  outer  petals,  hypogynous  :  anther  of 
the  middle  stamen  2-celled,  of  the  lateral  ones  1 -celled.  Capsule  1-celled 
and  2-valved,  with  two  parietal  placentae,  or  1 -seeded  and  indeniscent. 
Embryo  minute  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  ADLUMIA.    Petals  united,  persistent.  —  A  tender  vine. 

2.  DTCENTRA.    Petals  connivent,  deciduous  ;  the  two  outer  ones  gibbous  at  the  base.  -  Stem- 

less  herbs. 

3.  CORYDALIS.    Petals  distinct,  deciduous,  one  of  the  oute      nes  gibbous  at  the  base.  — 

Caulescent  herbs. 

1.    ADLUMIA,    Raf. 

Sepals  minute.  Petals  united,  free  at  the  summit ;  the  two  outer  ones  gibbous 
at  the  base,  withering-persistent.  Capsule  linear-oblong,  4- 8-seeded.  Seeds 
reniform,  not  crested.  Stigma  2-crested.  —  A  smooth  biennial  vine.  Leaves  bi- 
ternate,  with  tendril-like  petioles.  Flowers  pale  violet,  in  axillary  and  drooping 
pani  '.  £s. 

1  A.  Cirrhosa,  Raf.  (Corydalis  fungosa,  Vent. )  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina  and  northward.  July  -  September.  —  Stem  8° -15°  long.  Leaflets 
thin,  obovate,  2-3-lobed.  Corolla  thick  and  spongy. 

2.    DICENTBA,    Bork.      DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES. 

Sepals  minute.  Petals  conniving,  but  scarcely  united,  deciduous  or  withering ; 
the  two  outer  ones  spurred  or  gibbous  at  the  base.  Filaments  slightly  united 
in  two  sets.  Stigma  2-crested.  Capsule  10-20-seeded.  Seeds  crested. — 


CRUCIFKR-E.        (MUSTARD    FAMILY.)  23 

Stcmless  perennial  herbs,  with  ternately-compound  and  dissected  leaves.     Flow- 
ers racemose,  nodding. 

1.  D.  Cucullaria,  DC.      Khizoma  granular,   bulb-like  ;    scape   simple, 
4  -  10-flowered,  longer  than  the  (1-3)  long-petioled  linear-lobed  leaves ;  coroli' 
whitish,  with  two  divergent,  wing-like  spurs,  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  inner  peta. 
minutely  crested.  —  Rich  woods,  North   Carolina   and   northward.     April.  — 
Scape  6' -9'  high. 

2.  D.  eximia,  DC.     Khizoma  granular,  scaly ;  raceme  compound,  many- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  (3-8)  oblong-lobcd  leaves ;  corolla  rose-color,  2-gibbous 
at  the  base ;  inner  petals  conspicuously  crested ;  stigma  2-horned  at  the  apex.  — 
Mountain  rocks,  North  Carolina  and  northward.     June  -  September.  —  Scape 
8' -12' high.     Bracts  purplish. 

3.    CORYDALIS,    Vent. 

Sepals  minute.  Petals  separate,  deciduous ;  one  of  the  outer  ones  sac-like 
at  the  base.  Filaments  united  nearly  to  the  summit,  with  a  gland  at  the  base. 
Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  many-seeded.  Seed  crested.  —  Caulescent,  annual  or 
biennial  herbs,  with  bipinnate  dissected  leaves,  and  flowers  in  lateral  and  termi- 
inil  racemes. 

1.  C.  aurea,  Willd.      Stems  diffuse;    racemes  simple;   capsule  knotted, 
drooping ;  crest  of  the  seeds  scalloped  ;  flowers  yellow.  —  Banks  of  the  Apa- 
lachicola  River  (and  as  an  annual  weed  in  gardens),   Florida  to  Mississippi 
and  northward.     March  and  April.  —  Stems  6' -12'  long.     Leaves  finely  dis- 
sected. 

2.  C.  glauca,  Pursh.      Steins  erect;   racemes  compound;    capsule  even, 
erect,  crest  of  the  seeds  entire ,  flowers  whitish,  tinged  with  yellow  and  reddish. 
—  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  northward.    May.  —  Plant  glaucous,  1°  -  2° 
high.     Divisions  of  the  leaves  coarser  than  the  last. 


ORDER  12.     CRUCIFER^.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

Hovbs  with  pungent  watery  juice,  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and  reg- 
ular hypogynous  racemose  or  corymbose  flowers,  on  bractless  pedicels. 
Fruit  a  silique  or  silicic.  —  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  regular,  placed 
opposite  each  other  in  pairs,  their  spreading  limbs  forming  a  cross.  Sta- 
mens 6  (rarely  fewer),  two  of  them  shorter.  Capsule  2-celled  by  a  mem- 
branaceous  partition  which  unites  the  two  marginal  placentae,  from  which 
the  two  valves  separate  at  maturity,  or  indehisceut  and  nut-like,  or  sepa- 
rating into  1-seeded  joints.  Seeds  campylotropous,  without  albumen, 
filled  with  the  large  embryo,  which  is  curved  or  folded  in  various  ways,  or 
straight  only  in  Leavenworthia.  (The  genera  are  distinguished  chiefly 
by  the  fruit  and  seed  ;  the  flowers  being  nearly  similar  throughout  th» 
order.) 


24  CRUCIFKK^K.     (MCSTARD  FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 
I.   SILIQUOS^E.     Fruit  a  silique,  few -many-seeded. 

*  Cotyledons  flattened,  parallel  with  the  partition,  one  edge  applied  to  the  ascending  radicle 

(accumbent). 
t-  Valves  of  the  fruit  nerveless. 

1.  NASTURTIUM.     Silique  short,  nearly  terete.     Seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

2.  IODANTHUS.    Silique  elongated,  terete.     Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

3.  CARDAMINE.     Silique  linear,  compressed.     Seeds  wingless,  in  a  single  row. 

4.  DENTARIA.    Silique  lanceolate,  compressed.     Seeds  wingless,  in  a  single  row. 

5.  LEAVENWORTHIA.     Silique  oblong.     Seeds  winged.     Embryo  straight. 

.  -t-    *-  Valves  of  the  fruit  1-nerved. 

6.  ARABIS.    Sfflque  linear,  elongated  :  valves  flattened. 

*  »    Cotyledons  flat,  with  one  edge  turned  toward  the  partition,  and  the  hack  of  one  of  them 

applied  to  the  ascending  radicle  (incumbent). 

7.  SISYMBRIUM.     Silique  sessile,  nearly  terete. 

8.  WAREA.    Silique  stalked,  compressed.     Petals  on  long  claws. 

II.    SILICULOS^:.     Fruit  a  silicic, 

*    Silicle  compressed  parallel  with  the  broad  partition,  or  globular. 
•»-   Cotyledons  accumbent. 

9.  DUABA.     Silicle  oval  or  oblong,  many-seeded     valves  1-3-nerveil. 

10.  VESICAK1A.    Silicle  orbicular,  few-seeded :  valves  nerveless. 

t-    •»-  Cotyledons  incumbent. 

11.  CAMELINA.     Silicle  obovoid :  valves  1-nerved. 

»    »    Silicle  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition.     Cotyledons  incumbent,  rarely 
accumbent. 

12.  SENEBIERA.    Valves  of  the  silicle  globular,  rugose  :   seeds  solitary. 

13.  LEPIDIUM.     Valves  of  the  silicle  boat-shaped  :   seeds  solitary. 

14.  CAPSELLA.    Valves  of  the  silicle  boat-shaped  :  seeds  numerous.  * 

HL  LOMENTACE  JE.     Fruit  separating  transversely  into  joints. 

15.  CAKILE.    Fruit  2-jointed. 

1.    NASTURTIUM,    R.  Br.      WATER-CRESS. 

Silique  nearly  terete,  linear  or  oblong,  or  short  and  silicle-like,  usually  curved 
upward  ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  in  two  rows  in  each  cell, 
not  margined.  Cotyledons  accumbent. — Herbs.  Leaves  pinnately-lobed.  Flow- 
ers white  or  yellow,  small. 

1 .  N.  tanacetifolium,  Hook.  &  Arn.      Smooth ;   stems  diffuse ;   leaves 
pinnately  divided,  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed  lobes  ;  silique  oblong-linear,  pointed 
with  the  short  style,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicel.     (Sisymbrinm,  W<ilt.     S-  Wal- 
teri,  Ell.)  —  Damp  soil,  East  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.     March 
and  April.  —  Stems  6'  - 12'  long.     Flowers  minute,  yellow. 

2.  N.  sessiliflorum,  Nutt.    Smooth  :  stem  stout,  erect,  branching ;  leaves 
oblong-obovate,  pinnatifid  toward  the  base,  toothed  above,  obtuse  ;  silique  linear- 
oblong,  pointed  with  the  very  short  and  thick  style,  four  or  five  times  as  long  as 
the  pedicel.  —  Banks  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  Florida  and  westward.     Febru- 
ary -  April.     ®  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  minute,  yellow. 


ORUCIKKK^E.       (MUSTARD    FAMILY.)  25 

3.  N.  palustre,  DC.     Smooth  or  hairy ;    stem  erect,  branching ;  leaves 
clasping,  pinnatifid,  with  toothed  lobes  ;  silique  short,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
pointed  with  the  distinct  and  rather  slender  style,  barely  half  as  long  as  the 
(spreading  pedieel.  —  Wet  places,  North  Carolina  and  westward.    June  -August 
—  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  small,  yellowish. 

4.  N.  lacustre,  Gray.      Smooth ;    stem    sparingly   branched  ;    immersed 
leaves  pinnatcly  divided   into  very  numerous  capillary  segments,  emersed  ones 
lanceolate,  serrate  ;  silique  1 -celled,  obovate,  pointed  with  the  slender  style,  shorter 
than  the  spreading  pedicel.  —  Rivers  and  cool  springs,  West  Florida,  thence 
northward  and  westward.     July.  —  Stem  l°-3°  long.     Flowers  conspicuous, 
white. 

5.  N.  officinale,  R.  Br,     (WATKR-CRKSS.)     Stems  spreading  and  root- 
ing ;  leaves  pinnate,  with  the  leaflets  roundish  or  oblong  and  nearly  entire ; 
silique   linear    (6'' -8"    long),   on    slender  spreading   pedicels;    petals    white, 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  —  Ditches,  £c.,  Florida  and  northward.     Intro- 
duced. 

2.     IODANTHUS,     Ton-.   &   Gnu. 

Silique  linear,  elongated,  terete  ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in  a  single  row 
in  each  cell,  not  margined.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Claws  of  the  violet-purple 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx.  —A  smooth  perennial,  with  ovate-oblong  pointed 
and  toothed  leaves,  the  lowest  sometimes  lyrate-pinnatifid',  and  showy  flowers 
in  panicled  racemes. 

1.  I.  hesperidoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Hesperis  pinnatifida,  Mtchx.)  — 
Banks  of  rivers,  Tennessee  and  northward.  May  and  June. —  Stem  l°-3° 
high.  Pods  1'  or  more  long,  curving  upward. 

3.    CARDAMINE,    L. 

Silique  linear,  flattened ;  the  valves  nerveless,  usually  opening  elastically  from 
the  base.  Seeds  several,  wingless,  disposed  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  sus- 
pended by  filiform  stalks.  Cotyledons  accnmbent.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  often  un- 
divided Flowers  purple  or  white. 

*    Perennials. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia,  DC       Smooth;   root  fibrous;    stem    erect,   simple, 
soon  bearing  from  the  root  or  upper  axils  long  and  leafy  runners  ;  leaves  oval 
or  orbicular,  often  cordate,  wavy  or  toothed,  the  lowest  long-petioled  and  some- 
times sparingly  pinmvtind  ;    silique   subulate,    spreading  ;    seeds  oval.  —  Cool 
springs,  in  the  upper  districts  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  6'  -12' 
high.     Runners  at  length  2°  -3°  long.     Flowers  conspicuous,  white. 

2.  C.   rhomboidea,   DC       Smooth ;  root  tuberous ;  stem  simple,  erect, 
without  runners ;  leaves  long-petioled,  round-cordate,  with  wavy  margins ;  the 
uppermost  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  sessile ;  silique  linear-lanceolate,  pointed  with 
the  slender  style ,  seeds  round-oval.  —  Cool  springs.  West  Florida  and  north- 
ward.    April  and  May.  —  Stem  12' -18'  high.     Flowers  white,  larger  than  in 
Xo.  1 . 

8 


•26  cRUCiFERji.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

*  *   Annuals. 

3.  C.  spathulata,  Michx      "Radical  leaves  petiolate,  spathulate,  entire, 
pubescent  with  branching  hairs ;  stem-leaves  linear      Stem  decumbent,  silique 
linear,  straight,  spreading  and  slightly  reflexed,  pointed  with  the  sessile  stigma." 
(DC.)  —  High  mountains  of  Carolina  (Mickaux).     (•*) 

4.  C.  Ludoviciana,  Hook.      Low;    stems  branching  and  hairy  at  the 
base ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  numerous  oblong  or  linear  sparingly 
toothed  lobes,  those  of  the  root  tufted ;  silique  broadly  linear,  erect-spreading, 
pointed  with  the  sessile  stigma;  seeds  orbicular,  margined.  —  Waste  places  near 
dwellings,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  westward.     March  and  April.  —  Stems 
4' -6' high.     Flowers  small,  white. 

5.  C.  hirsuta,  L.     Smooth  or  hairy ;  stem  erect  (1°- 2°  high),  branching; 
leaves  pinnatifid,  with  numerous  oval  or  oblong  sparingly  toothed  lobes,  those 
of  the  upper  leaves  linear  and  entire ;  silique  narrow-linear,  erect,  pointed  with 
the  nearly  sessile  stigma ;  seeds  oval,  minute,  marginless  —  Var.  VIRGINICA. 
(C.  Virginica,  Michx.)     Smaller  (6' -10'  high);  lobes  of  the  leaves  linear  or 
filiform. — Wet  (the  variety  in  dry)  soil,  Florida  and  northward.     March  and 
April.  —  Flowers  small,  white. 

4.     DENTARIA,    L.     TOOTIIWORT. 

Silique  lanceolate,  flattened.  Seeds  ovate,  disposed  in  a  single  row  in  each 
cell,  on  flattened  stalks,  not  margined.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  fleshy 
roots,  and  simple  stems,  bearing  at  the  summit  2-3  palmately-divided  leaves, 
and  a  single  raceme  of  large  white  or  purple  flowers.  Radical  leaves  on  long 
petioles. 

1.  D.  diphylla,  Michx.     Root  not  jointed ;  stem-leaves  2,  opposite  or  near- 
ly so,  ternately  divided;  leaflets  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed; 
those  of  the  root  similar ;  racemes  many-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flow- 
ers white.  —  Rich  shady  woods,  along  the  mountains  and  northward.     April.  — 
Stem  8' -12'  high.     Root  pungent. 

2.  D.    laciniata,    Muhl.     Root  jointed ;  stem-leaves  mostly  3,  whorled, 
ternately  divided;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear,  lobed  and  toothed;  the  lateral 
ones  2-parted ,  those  of  the  root  similar  or  sometimes  wanting ;  racemes  few  - 
many-flowered,  often  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  white  or  pale  purple.  — 
Banks  of  rivers  in  shady  places,  Florida  and  northward.     Feb.  -  April.  —  Stem 
4' -12' high. 

3.  D.  heterophylla,  Nutt.     Root  jointed;  stem-leaves  2,  small,  opposite, 
3-parted  ;  leaflets  linear,  toothed  or  entire  ;  root-leaves  ternate,  with  large  ovate 
crcriately-lobed  and  toothed  leaflets ;  racemes  few-flowered ;  flowers  rather  small, 
purple.  —  Shady  woods,  North  Carolina  and  northward.     April.  —  Stem  6'  - 12' 
high.. 

4.  D.  multiflda,  Muhl.     Root  tuberous ;  stem-leaves  mostly  3,  whorled, 
2  -3-ternately  divided  into  very  narrow  segments  ;  flowers  white.  —  Shady  woods 
in  the  upper  districts,  Alabama  and  northward.     Stems  6' -8'  high.      Leaves 
often  as  finely  divided  as  those  of  the  Carrot,  sometimes  approaching  some  of 
the  forms  of  No.  2,  but  with  smaller  flowers,  and  longer  petioles  and  pedicels. 


CRUCIVERA:.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  -27 

5.    LEAVENWORTHIA,     Ton-. 

Silique  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  compressed,  often  contracted  between  the 
seeds.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  orbicular,  flat,  winged.  Embryo 
straight  or  nearly  so.  —  Small  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  short  1  -  few-flow- 
ered stems,  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  yellow,  white,  or  purplish  flowers,  on  elongated 
pedicels. 

1.  L.  aurea,  Torr.     Leaves  mostly  radical,  with  4  -  8  oblong  toothed  lobes, 
the  terminal  one  larger  and  rounded;  raceme  at  length  4-10-flowered;  style 
manifest ;  embryo  straight.  —  On  flat  rocks  in  the  upper  districts  of  Alabama 
and  westward.  —  Plant  2'  -  6'  high.     Flowers  yellow. 

2.  L.  Michauxii,  TOIT.     Leaves  as  in  No.  1 ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  on 
radical  peduncles ;  style  almost  none  ;  embryo  slightly  curved.     ( Cardamine  uni- 
flora,  Michx.)  —  Eocks,  Alabama  and  Tennessee.  —  Flowers  purplish  or  white. 

6.    ARABIS,    L. 

Silique  elongated,  linear,  flattened ;  valves  1 -nerved.  Seeds  numerous,  in  a 
single  row  in  each  cell,  roundish,  usually  winged  or  margined.  Cotyledons  ac- 
cumbent.  —  Chiefly  annual  or  biennial  herbs.  Radical  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  ; 
those  of  the  stem  sessile  and  often  cordate  or  sagittate  at  the  base.  Flowers 
white  or  rose-colored,  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  A.  hirsuta,    Scop,     liough-hairy ;    stems  mostly  simple,  erect,  rigid, 
very  leafy ;  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  mostly  entire ;  those  of  the  stem 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  clasping,  sparingly  toothed;  silique  pedicelled,  narrow- 
linear,  erect,  pointed  with  the  sessile  stigma  ;  seeds  narrow-margined.  —  Rocky  or 
sterile  soil,  Tennessee  and  northward.     May.     ®  —  Stems  l°-2°  high,  often 
several  from  one  root.     Leaves  i'  - 1 '  long.     Flowers  small,  the  greenish-white 
petals  rather  longer  than  the  calyx. 

2.  A.  patens,  Sulliv.     Downy  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  (l°-2°  high)  ; 
stem-leaves  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  coarsely  toothed  or  the  uppermost  entire,  half- 
clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base ;  petals  (bright-white)  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading ;  silique  slender  and  curving  upward,  tipped 
with  a  distinct  style.  —  Rocky  banks  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 
May.—  Silique  lJ'-2'  long. 

3.  A.  deutata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Pubescent  and  roughish;  stems  slender, 
diffusely  branched,  erect  or  ascending ;  leaves  obtuse,  unequally  and  sharply 
toothed,  the  lowest  (2' -5'  long)  oblong-obovate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole; 
the  others  smaller,  oblong,  clasping  and  auriculate  at  the  base ;  racemes  at  length 
elongated ;  siliques  scattered,  narrow-linear,  widely  spreading,  on  short  pedicels ; 
petals  whitish,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Tennessee  and  northward.   May. 
—Plant  about  1°  high.     Silique  1'  long. 

4.  A.  lyrata,  L.     Stem  smooth,  branching  from  the  base;  radical  leaves 
tufted,  pinnatifid,  ciliate,  those  of  the  stem  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire ;  silique 
pedicelled,  very  narrow,  erect-spreading,  pointed  with  the  short  style ;  seeds  with- 
out margins. —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  northward.     April -June. — 
Stems  4'-  10'  high.     Flowers  white,  the  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 


CRUCIFERA:.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

5.  A.  Canadensis,  L.     Stem  stout,  simple,  nearly  smooth  above ;  leaves 
thin,  downy,  lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  sessile  by  a  narrow  base,  the  lowest 
coarsely  or  pinnatifid-toothed ;  siliques  curved,  drooping,  on  rough  pedicels ; 
seeds  winged.     (A.  falcata,  Michx.)  —  Dry  or  rocky  places  in  the  upper  districts. 
May  and  June.  —  Stems  2°  -  3°  high.     Silique  2'  -  3'  long.    Flowers   white. 
Petals  oblong-linear,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  hairy  calyx. 

6.  A.  laevigata,  DC.     Smooth  and  glaucous;   stem  erect;  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  sagittate  and  clasping  at  the  base ; 
pedicels  short;  petals   (whitish)  narrow,  slightly  exserted ;  silique  elongated, 
narrow-linear,  recurved-spreading ;  seed  winged. — Rocky  places,  North  Caro- 
lina, Tennessee,  and  northward.      May.  —  Stem   l°-2°  high.     Silique  2' -3' 


7.     SISYMBRIUM,     L.     HEDGE-MUSTARD. 

Silique  linear  or  oblong,  terete  or  somewhat  angled,  with  1  -3-nerved  valves. 
Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  margmless.  Cotyledons  linear-oblong, 
incumbent.  —  Herbs  with  simple  or  pinnately  divided  leaves.  Flowers  in  ra- 
cemes, small,  white  or  yellow. 

1.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.    Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary ;  stem  simple  or 
sparingly  branched;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  with  small  mostly  toothed  lobes;  ra- 
remes  at  length  elongated ;  silique  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicel.     (Carda- 
mine  ?   multifida,  DC.) — Waste  ground,  Florida,   northward   and   westward. 
March  and  April.     (T) —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Flowers  small,  greenish-white. 

2.  S.  Thaliana,  Gaud.     Stem  slender,  branching,  hairy  at  the  base ;  leaves 
hairy,  toothed  or  entire,  the  lowest  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  tufted,  the  others 
small  and  scattered  ;  siliques  linear,  erect-spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedi- 
cels. —  Rocks  and  sterile  soil,   Georgia  and  northward.     Introduced.     March 
and  April.     @  —  Stem  4'  -  8'  high.     Flowers  white. 

3.  S.  offieinale,  Scop.     Stem  tall  (2°  -3°),  branching,  and  with  the  run- 
i-inate  leaves  pubescent ;  silique  subulate,  nearly  sessile,  appressed  to  the  rachis. 
—  Waste  grounds  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.     Introduced.     May  - 
Sept.     (D  —  Flowers  pale  yellow. 

8.     WAREA,    Nntt. 

Silique  linear,  flattened,  long-stalked,  recurved;  the  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds 
in  a  single  row  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  oblong,  flat,  incumbent.  —  Smooth 
and  erect  branching  annuals.  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  showy,  in  corymb-like 
racemes.  Petals  long-clawed,  white  or  purple. 

1.  W.  amplexifolia,  Nutt.     Leaves  oval  and  slightly  clasping;  petals 
oval,  bright-purple ;  silique  linear.  —  Saud  hills,  Florida.     September.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high. 

2.  "W.  CUneifolia,  Nutt.     Leaves  wedge-lanceolate ;  petals  obovate,  white 
or  rarely  purple  ;    silique  narrow-linear.  —  Sand  hills,  Florida  and    Georgia. 
September.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 


OKUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD   FAMILY.)  29 

9.    DRABA,    L. 

Silicic  oblong-  or  oval,  flattened  parallel  with  the  broad  partition.  Seeds  nu- 
merous in  two  rows  in  each  cell,  compressed,  wingless.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

—  Small  herbs  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  yellow  or  white  flowers  iu  ter- 
ininal  racemes. 

§  1.   DRABA.  — Petals  entire. 

1.  D.  brachycarpa,  Nutt.     Annual;  minutely  downy  ,  stems  leafy,  sim- 
ple or  branched  ;  radical  leaves  round-ovate,  stalked,  those  of  the  stem  oblong- 
linear  ;  silicle  oval,  a,s  long  as  the  pedicel.  — Middle  districts  of  Georgia,  in  dry 
soil,  and  westward.     March  and  April.  —  Stem  2'  -  6'  high.    Silicle  2"- 3"  long. 
Flowers  white. 

2.  D.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Annual ;  stems  leafy  and  hispid  at  the  base, 
smooth  above ;   leaves  tufted,  spatulate-obovate,  hispid  ;   silicle  linear-oblong, 
two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  pedicel.  —  Sandy  fields,  Georgia  and  north- 
ward.     February  -  April.  —  Stems  1'- 3' high.     Silicle  4" -6"  long.     Flowers 
white. 

3.  D.  CUneifolia,  Nutt.     Annual ;    leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped,  or  the 
lowest  spatulate,  toothed  ;  raceme  somewhat  elongated  in  fruit  (!'  -3'),  at  length 
equalling  the  naked  peduncle  ;  petals  emarginate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ; 
silicles  oblong-linear,  minutely  hairy,  longer  than  the  horizontal  pedicels.  —  West 
Florida  (Nutt.ull)  and  westward.     March  and  April. 

4.  D.  ramosissima,  Desv.     Perennial  ;  stems  diffuse,  pubescent ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  oblanceolate  and  crowded,  coarsely  toothed  ;   ra- 
cemes corymbose-branched  ;  silicle  lanceolate,  flat,  twisted,  hairy  ;  style  slender. 

—  Mountains   of  North   Carolina  and   northward.    April  and  May.  —  Stems 
4'  -  8'  long.     Flowers  white, 

§  2.  EBOPHILA.  —  Petals  '2-cleft. 

5.  D.  verna,  L.     Stems  naked,  slender  (2'  -4'  high) ;  leaves  radical,  ob- 
long ;  silicles  oblong,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  scattered  ;  flowers  small, 
white.  —  Waste  places,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     Introduced.     (J). 

10.     VESICABIA,     Lam. 

Silicle  globular  and  inflated,  or  more  or  less  flattened  parallel  to  the  orbicular 
partition  ;  the  hemispherical  or  convex  thin  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  few  or  sev- 
eral, flat.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Filaments  toothless.  —  Low  herbs,  pubescent 
or  hoary  with  stellate  hairs.  Flowers  mostly  yellow. 

1-  V.  Lescurii,  Gray.  Somewhat  pubescent,  but  green  ;  stems  dif- 
fusely ascending  from  a  biennial  root ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  sparingly  toothed, 
those  of  the  stem  half-clasping  by  a  sagittate  base ;  racemes  elongated,  many- 
flowered  ;  pedicels  ascending  ;  filaments  inflated  at  the  base  ;  style  half  the 
length  of  the  hispid  orbicular  or  broadly  oval  flattened  silicle  ;  seeds  wing-mar- 
gined, one  to  four  in  each  cell.  —  Hills  near  Nashville,  Tennessee.  April  and 
May.  —  Flowers  golden  yellow. 


30  (jRuciFERjK.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

11.  CAMELINA,     Grant/.. 

Silicic  ovoid  or  pear-shaped,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  partition  ;  valves 
1-nerved.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  Style  slender.  — 
Flowers  small,  yellow. 

1.  C.  sativa,  Crantz.  Leaves  alternate,  sagittate;  silicic  large.  —  Fields, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  Introduced.  ®. 

12.  SENEBIERA,    Poir. 

Silicic  didymous,  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ;  the  cells  glol>- 
ular,  1 -seeded,  crested  or  pitted,  indehiscent,  at  maturity  separating  from  the  par- 
tition. Cotyledons  incumbent.  —  Annual  or  biennial  diffuse  strong-scented  herbs, 
with  pinnately  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  minute  white  flowers,  in  short  ra- 
cemes, opposite  the  leaves.  Stamens  2,  4,  or  6. 

1.  S.  pinnatifida,  DC.     Stem  prostrate;    leaves ' deeply  pinnatifid,  with 
the  numerous  lobes  toothed  on  the  upper  edge  ;  silicic  pitted,  emarginate  at  both 
ends.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     March  -  May.  —  Racemes 
m  any -flowered . 

2.  S.  Coronopus,  Poir.     Stem  prostrate;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  with 
the  lobes  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid  ;    silicles  not  emarginate,   the  margins 
crested.  —  Waste  places.     Introduced.     March  and  April. 

13.    LEPIDIUM,    L.      PEPPERGRASS. 

Silicic  rounded  or  obcordate,  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ; 
valves  carinate  ;  cells  1 -seeded.  Cotyledons  accumbent  and  incumbent.  Petals 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2,  4,  or  6.  —  Leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnately 
divided.  Flowers  minute,  in  terminal  racemes. 

1 .  L.  Virginicum,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  much  branched  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  sharply  toothed,  the  lowest  tapering  and  mostly  pinnatifid  toward  the 
base ;  silicic  orbicular,  wingless ;  cotyledons  accumbent ;  stamens  mostly  two. 
—  Waste  places,  very  common.  March  -  June.  ®  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high. 

14.    CAPSELLA,    Vent.     SHEPHERD'S  PI;RSE. 

Silicic  triangular-wedge-shaped,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition, 
many-seeded  ;  valves  wingless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  —  An  annual  herb, 
with  the  radical  leaves  clustered  and  pinnatifid ;  those  of  the  stem  clasping  and 
often  entire.  Racemes  elongated.  Silicic  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicel. 
Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  Bursa-pastoris,  Mcench.  —  Waste  ground,  Florida  and  northward. 
March  and  April.  Introduced. 

15.    CAKILE,    Tourn. 

Silicle  2-jointed  ;  the  joints  thick,  1 -celled,  1 -seeded.  Seed  of  the  upper  joint 
erect,  of  the  lower  suspended.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Fleshy  sea-side  annu- 
als, with  pinnatifid  or  lobcd  leaves,  and  white  or  purple  flowers  in  racemes  op- 
posite the  leaves. 


CAPPARIDACE.E.     (CAPER  FAMILY.)  31 

1.  C.  maritima,  Scop,  var.  sequalis.  Smooth;  stem  much  branched, 
prostrate ;  leaves  oblong,  irregularly  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  narrowed  intc  a  petiole 
as  long  as  the  limb  ;  flowering  racemes  short  and  corymb-like,  fruiting  ones 
elongated ;  petals  wedge-obovate,  emarginatc  ;  mature  silicic  linear,  8-ribbed, 
the  upper  joint  ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  compressed,  beak-pointed,  one  third 
longer  than  the  cylindrical  lower  one  ;  cotyledons  linear,  3-angled.  (C.  sequa- 
lis,  L'Her.)  — Drifting  sands  along  the  coast.  May -August.  —  Steins  l°-2° 
long.  Flowers  pale  purple. 


ORDER  13.     CAPPARIDACE^E.      (CAPER  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  acrid  watery  juice,  alternate,  simple  or 
palmately-compound  leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous  flowers.  Stipules 
spiny  or  wanting.  —  Sepals  4,  imbricated  or  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals 
4.  mostly  clawed.  Stamens  6  or  numerous.  Ovary  1-celled  :  ovules  am- 
phitropous  or  carnpylotropous,  attached  to  the  two  parietal  placentae. 
Fruit  silique-like,  and  2-valved  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  reniform,  without 
albumen.  Embryo  curved. 

Synopsis. 

*     Calyx  4  -sepalous.  —  Herbs. 

1.  POLAN1SIA.     Stamens  8    32,  free.    Torus  short.     Style  filiform. 

2.  CLEOME.     Stamens  6.  free.    Torus  short.     Stigma  sessile. 

3.  GYNANDROPSIS.     Stamens  6.     Filaments  partly  united  with  the  stipe  of  the  ovary. 

*    *    Calyx  4-parted.  —  Shrubs. 

4.  CAPPAKIS.     Stamens  numerous,  free.     Leaves  entire. 

1.    POLANISIA,    Eaf. 

Petals  clawed.  Stamens  8-32  :  filaments  free,  unequal,  filiform.  Torus 
short,  bearing  a  truncated  or  emarginatc  gland  on  the  upper  side.  Ovary  sessile 
or  short-stipitatc.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  silique-like,  many-seeded.  —  Annual 
clammy  herbs,  with  palmately  trifoliolate  petioled  leaves,  and  racemose  flowers. 

1.  P.  tenuifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  slender,  erect,  branching  ;  leaflets 
filiform,  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  petals  oval,  entire,  short-clawed,  unequal ;  sta- 
mens 12-15;  capsule  linear,  smooth,  short-stipitate,  pointed  with  the  persistent 
style  ;  seeds  minute,  circular.  —  Georgia  (Le  Conte)  and  South  Florida  (Blodgett). 
—  Stem  l°-2°  high  Flowers  white. 

2.     CLEOME,    L. 

Petals  long-clawed,  nearly  equal,  entire.  Stamens  6.  Filaments  filiform, 
elongated,  1-3  often  shorter,  rarely  all  abbreviated.  Torus  short,  hemispherical. 
Stigma  sessile.  Capsule  silique-like,  stipitate  or  almost  sessile,  many-seeded.  — 
Herbs  with  palmately  3  -  7-foliohvte  leaves,  and  bracted  racemose  flowers.  Stip- 
ules, when  present,  spiny. 


32  VIOL  ACE-*:.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  pungens,  Willd.  Clammy-pubescent;  leaves  5  -  7-foliate,  long- 
petioled;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate  ;  lower  bracts  trifoliolate,  the  upprr 
ones  simple,  cordate-ovate  ;  stipules  spiny  ;  capsule  smooth,  shorter  than  the  elon- 
gated stipe  ;  seeds  rugose.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  and  westward.  May- 
August.  Introduced,  g)  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Petioles  more  or  less  spiny. 
Flowers  showy,  purple,  changing  to  white. 

3.    GYNANDROPSIS,    DC. 

Petals  clawed,  imbricated  or  open  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6 ;  the  filaments  ad- 
nate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  elongated  stipe  of  the  ovary.  Stigma  sessile. 
Capsule  silique-like,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  with  palraately  3  -  5-foliolate  leaves, 
and  racemose  bracted  flowers. 

1.  G.  pentaphylla,  DC.  Clammy-pubescent;  leaves  5-foliate,  the  lower 
ones  and  bracts  3-foliolate  ;  leaflets  oblong-obovate,  nearly  entire ;  flowers  white, 
open  in  the  bud ;  capsules  hispid ;  seeds  warty.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  Naturalized.  May -August,  (i) — Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

4.    CAPPABIS,    L.      CAPER-TREE. 

Sepals  partly  united,  imbricated  or  valvate  in  the  bud,  often  glandular  at  the 
base.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous.  Torus  small.  Ovary 
long-stipitate.  Stigma  sessile.  Fruit  fleshy,  globose  or  silique-like,  many- 
seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  entire  coriaceous  leaves,  spin^  or  adnate 
stipules,  and  mostly  showy  flowers. 

1.  C.  JamaicensiS,  Jacq      Leaves   oblong,    emarginate,  smooth   above, 
the  lower  surface,  like  the  flowers  and  flattened  branches,  dotted  and  covered 
with  minute  scales ;  flowers  terminal,  by  pairs,  on  short  4-anglcd  peduncles ; 
sepals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  oval  white  petals  ; 
filaments  20-24,  long,  villous  at  the  base;  capsule  long  (6'- 8'),  cylindrical, 
torulose,  downy,  long-stipitate.     (Colicodendron  anccps,  Shuttl.)  —  South  Flor- 
ida. —  Shrub  8°-  10°  high. 

2.  C.  cynophallophora,  L.     Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  reticulate-veined, 
glabrous  like  the  flowers  and  branches ;  peduncles  4-angled,  few-flowered ;  se- 
pals rounded,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate  white  petals ; 
filaments  very  long  (2'),  smooth  ;  capsule  (6'- 8'  long)  smooth,  torulose,  short- 
etipitate,  pulpy  within.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  6°  -  8°  high. 


ORDER  14.     VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET   FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  involute  in  the  bud.  Stip- 
ules  persistent.  Flowers  irregular,  axillary,  on  bracted  peduncles,  nod- 
ding. Sepals  5,  persistent,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  5,  hypogynous, 
obliquely  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals, 
connivent.  Anthers  adnate,  introrse.  Style  single.  Capsule  1 -celled, 
loculicidally  3-valved,  many-seeded :  valves  each  bearing  a  placenta  in 
the  middle.  Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen. 


VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  33 

1.    VIOLA,    Tonrn.      VIOLET.     HEART'S-BASB. 

Sepals  nearly  equal,  produced  at  the  base  into  a  free  appendage.  Petals  un- 
equal, the  lower  one  produced  into  a  sac  or  spur  at  the  base.  Stamens  short ; 
the  broad  filaments  membranaceous  and  prolonged  above  the  anthers  ;  the  two 
anterior  ones  spurred  on  the  back.  Stigma  often  beaked.  —  Low  herbs.  Pe- 
duncles 1 -flowered. 

4  1 .  Leaves  and  peduncles  arising  from  a  subterranean  rhizoma,  without  apparent 
stems:  perennials,  flower  ing  in  early  spring,  the  later  flowers  apetalous. 

*  Flowers  blue  or  purple. 

1.  V.  CUCUllata,    Ait.     Smooth  or  pubescent ;    leaves  long-petioled,  all 
undivided,  varying  from  cordate-ovate  to  reniform,  serrate,  the  sides  at  the  base 
involute  when  young ;  the  later  ones  acutish ;  lateral  petals  bearded  ;  stigma 
beakless.  — Low  ground,  common. — Flowers  blue,  often  variegated  with  white. 

2.  V.  palmata,  L.     Downy  or  hairy,  rarely  smooth ;  earliest  leaves  entire, 
cordate  or  reniform;    later  ones  variously  3- 9-lobed,  the  central  lobe  always 
largest,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  lateral  ones  spreading ;  flowers  large,  with  the 
lateral  and  lower  petals  bearded.  —  Dry  soil,  common.  —  Flowers  purple  or 
blue. 

3.  V.  villosa,  Walt.     Downy ;  leaves  prostrate,  short-petioled,  orbicular  or 
broadly  cordate,   crenate,   purple- veined  ;    peduncles  mostly  shorter  than   the 
leaves,  flowers  small.  — Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
—  Flowers  pale  blue. 

4.  V.  sagittata,  Ait.     Smoothish;  leaves  cordate-oblong,  acute,  toothed 
and  somewhat  sagittate  at  the  base,  the  earliest  ones  rounded,  short-petioled ; 
lateral  petals  bearded.  —  Damp  pastures  in  the  upper  districts  and  northward.  — 
Flowers  larger  than  in  the  last,  deep  blue. 

5.  V.  pedata,  L.     Smoothish  ;  leaves  all  7  -  9-parted,  the  divisions  linear- 
lanceolate,   entire  or  toothed,   narrowed  downward ;    petals  beardless.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts,  and  northward.  —  Flowers  large, 
deep  blue  or  purple. 

*   *  Flowers  white. 

6.  V.  primulsefolia,  L.     Smooth  or  hairy ;  leaves  oblong,  mostly  acute, 
crenate,  cordate  or  abruptly  decurrent  on  the  winged  petiole  ;  petals  often  acute, 
the  lower  ones  bearded  and  striped  with  purple.  —  Low  grounds,  common.  — 
Rhizoma  slender,  and  commonly  bearing  long  leafy  runners.     Flowers  small. 

7.  V.  lanceolata,  L.     Smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
narrowed  into  the  long  and  winged  petioles  ;  flowers  beardless.  —  Low  pine  bar- 
rens.    Florida  and  northward.  —  Rhizoma  like  the  last. 

8.  V.  blanda,  Willd.    Minutely  pubescent;  rhizoma  slender ;  leaves  small, 
orbicular-cordate,  crenate,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  flowers  small,  beardless, 
sweet-scented,  the  lower  petal  striped  with  purple.  —  Low  ground  and  meadows, 
North   Carolina  and  northward.  —  Petioles  slender,  wingless.      Leaves  rarcly 
aoute. 


34  ViOLACE-iE.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

*    *    *  Flowers  yelluir. 

9.  V.  rotundifolia,  Michx.      Nearly  smooth  ;    leaves   broadly   cordate, 
longer  than  the  short  petioles;  lateral  petals  bearded.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina  and  northward.  —  Rhizoma  slender,  bearing  runners.     Leaves  flat  on 
the  ground.     Petals  striped  with  purple. 

§  2.  Leaves  and  flowers  borne  on  manifest  stems  :  perennials. 
*    Stems  leafy  throughout. 

10.  V.  Muhlenbergii,  Torr.    Primary  stems  erect,  the  later  ones  pros- 
trate ;  leaves  broadly  cordate  or  reniform,  crenate  and  roughened  with  minute 
elevated  points,  the  uppermost  acute ;   stipules  fringed  ;  spur  obtuse,  half  as  long 
as  the  pale  purple  petals  ;  lateral  petals  bearded.  —  Dump  shades  in  the  upper 
districts  and  northward. 

Var.  multicaulis,  Torr.  £  Gray.  Stems  all-  prostrate  and  creeping ; 
leaves  smaller,  roundish,  obscurely  crenate,  purple-veined.  —  Dry  rocks  and  hills 
in  the  lower  districts.  March  and  April.  —  Steins  slender,  4'  -6'  long. 

11.  V.  Striata,  Ait.     Stems   ascending  ;   leaves   cordate,   serrate,   rough- 
ened as   in   No.  10,  the  uppermost  often  acute ;    stipules  large,  fringed ;    spur 
thick,  shorter  than  the  large  cream-colored  petals ;  lateral  petals  bearded,  the 
lower  striped  with  purple.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  northward.     April. — 
Stems  10'  -  12'  high.     Peduncles  elongated. 

12.  V.  Canadensis,  L.     Tall ;  leaves  large,  broadly  cordate,  acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate,  longer  than  the  peduncles  ;  stipules  nearly  entire ;  spur  very 
short ;  petals  white,  externally  purplish,  the  lateral  ones  bearded.  —  Rich  soil 
along   the  mountains  of  North    Carolina  and   northward.     May  -  August.  — 
Stems   l°-2°  high. 

*    *  Stems  leafy  at  tlte  summit :  stipules  entire. 

13.  V.  hastata,  Michx.     Smooth  or  hairy ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  hastate - 
3-lobed,  or  the  lower  ones  3-parted  (V.  tripartite,  Ell.),  serrate  and  commonly 
acute  ;   flowers  small,   yellow ;  lateral  petals  bearded,  the  lowest  striped  with 
purple  ;  spur  very  short.  —  Shaded  hill-sides,  Florida  and   northward.     April 
and  May.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  high.     Stipules  small. 

14.  V.  pubcscens,  Ait.      Downy  or  woolly  ;    leaves   broadly   cordate, 
coarsely  serrate,  mostly  acute  ;  stipules  large  ;  spur  very  short  ;  flowers  yellow, 
the  lower  petals  veined  with  purple,  bearded.  —  Dry  rocky  soil  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts, and  northward.*  April.  —  Stems  6'  - 1 2'  high.    Capsules  sometimes  villous. 

1  §  3.  Stems  leafy  :   root  annual. 

15.  V.  tricolor,    L.,  var.  arvensis,    DC.      Stems   branching  ;    lowest 
leaves  roundish,  the  upper  lanceolate,  entire  ;  stipules  leafy,  pinnatifid  ;  flowers 
small,  yellow  and  purple,  —  Cultivated  ground.    Introduced.  —  Stem  6' high. 

2.     SOLEA,     Ging. 

Sepals  not  produced  at  the  base.  Petals  unequal,  the  lowest  one  gibbous  at 
the  base  and  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  others  smaller.  Stamens  with  the  filaments 
united  and  produced  above  the  anthers,  the  two  lower  ones  glandular  at  the 


K.       (KOCK-KOSK    FAMILY.)  35 

base.  Style  hooked  at  the  summit.  —  An  upright  simple  hairy  perennial  herb, 
with  numerous  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  and  entire  leaves,  and  1-3  short- 
stalked  greenish  nodding  flowers  in  each  axil. 

1.  S.  COncolor,  Ging. —  Mountains  of  Carolina  and  northward,  in  deep 
shades.  June  :uid  July.  (Viola  i-onroior,  ^»rsA.)  —..  Stem  1°  -  2°  high,  Leaves 
short-petioled. 


OBDER  lo.     CISTACE^.     (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  regular  mostly  polyandrou* 
flowers.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent,  the  two  outer  ones  smaller,  the  three  inner 
twisted  in  the  bud.  Petals  mostly  5,  twisted  contrary  to  the  sepals  in  the 
bud,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  few  or  numerous,  distinct,  hypogynous 
Anthers  innate.  Ovary  1-celled.  Style  single.  Capsules  3-5-valved, 
bearing  as  many  parietal  placentas  each  in  the  middle  of  the  valve,  few  or 
many-seeded.  Seeds  orthotropous.  Embryo  curved,  in  mealy  albumen 

Synopsis. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM.     Style  none.     Stigma  capitate.    Embryo  nearly  annular. 

2.  LECHEA.    Style  none.    Stigmas  plumose.    Embryo  nearly  straight. 

3.  IIUDSONIA.    Style  filiform      Stigma  minute.    Embryo  coiled. 

1.    HELIANTHEMUM,    Tourn.      KOCK-ROSE. 

Petals  5,  corrugated  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting.  Stigma  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  capitate,  3-lobed.  Capsule  3-valved.  Embryo  curved  nearly  into  a  ring.  — 
Low  herbs  or  partly  shrubby  plants,  with  fugacious  yellow  flowers. 

*  Flowers  perfect :  petals  conspicuous :  stamens  indefinite :  capsule  many-seeded. 

1.  H.  Carolinianum,  Michx.     Hirsute;    leaves  lanceolate,  denticulate, 
acute,  short-petioled,  the  lowest  obovate,  crowded  ;  flowers  large,  solitary,  borne 
above  the  axils.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  westward- 
March   and   April.  —  Stems    6' -12'   high,   ascending    from    a   shrubby  base. 
Flowers  1'  wide. 

2.  H.  arenicola,   sp.  n.     Hoary  ;  leaves  small,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire, 
with  the  sides  revolute ;  flowers  solitary,  or  2  -  4  in  terminal  umbellate  clusters, 
on  slender  pedicels.  —  Drifting  sands  near  the  coast,  West  Florida.     March  and 
April. — Stems   shrubby   and  branched  at  the  base,  all  but  the  short  (2' -6') 
flowering  stems  buried  in  the  sand.     Flowers  £'  wide. 

*    *  Flowers  of  two  kinds:  the  earliest  as  in  the  last  section,  the  later  ones  smaller, 
clustered,  with  small  petals,  or  none,  fewer  stamens,  and  few-seeded  capsules, 

3.  H.  COrymbosum,  Michx.     Tomentose,  stems  erect,  shrubby  at  the 
base  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  hoary  beneath,  with  the  sides  revolute  ; 
flowers  nearly  sessile  in  a  cymose  cluster  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  the  perfect 
ones  long-peduncled ;  sepals  woolly.  —  Dry  sands  near  the  coast,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     April.  —  Stems  1°  high.     Capsule  smooth. 


36  DROSEKACE^E.       (SUNDEW    FAMILY.) 

4.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.  Stems  erect,  at  first  nearly  simple,  downy  or 
smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  downy,  or  nearly  smooth  above ;  flowers  axillary, 
the  perfect  ones  large,  solitary,  the  later  apetalous  ones  clustered  or  sometimes 
wanting.  (H.  rosmarinifolium,  Ph.  ?  H.  ramuliflorum,  Michx.) — Dry  sterile 
soil,  Florida  and  northward.  April.  —  Stems  1°  high.  Perfect  flowers  an 
inch  wide. 

2.    LECHEA,    L. 

Petals  3,  persistent,  not  longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  3  -  12.  Stigmas  .3, 
sessile,  plumose.  Capsule  globose,  3-valved,  incompletely  3-celled,  6-seeded. 
Embryo  slightly  curved.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  small  greenish  flowers  in 
racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  L.  major,  Michx.     Villous;  leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  el-, 
liptical,  those  on  the  prostrate  radical  branches  roundish  ;  flowers  on  short  pedi- 
cels, densely  crowded  in  short  simple  or  compound  axillary  racemes.    (L.  villosa, 
EH.)  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  Florida  and  northward.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  2° 
high,  brandling  toward  the  summit.     Capsules  as  large  as  a  pin's  head. 

2.  L.  minor,  Lam.     Rough  with    appressed   scattered  hairs  ;   the  young 
branches  and  calyx  more  or  less  hoary ;  stems  paniculately  branched  above ; 
leaves  scattered,  linear ;  flowers  loosely  racemose,  on  distinct,  often  appressed 
pedicels.     (L.  racemulosa  and  L.  tenuifolia,  Michx.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  common. 
July  and  August.  —  Stems  i°  -  2°  high.     Capsules  larger  than  in  No.  1 .     Rad- 
ical branches  often  wanting. 

3.    HUDSONIA,    L. 

"Petals  5,  larger  than  the  sepals,  fugacious.  Stamens  9  -  30.  Style  filiform. 
Stigma  minute.  Capsule  oblong,  1 -celled,  3-valved,  with  2-6  erect  seeds  at- 
tached near  their  base.  Embryo  coiled.  —  Low  tufted  shrubs,  with  minute  hoary, 
subulate,  imbricated  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  at  the  summit  of  the  branches. 

1.  H.  montana,  Nutt.  Stems  2' -4'  high;  leaves  loosely  imbricated; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  calyx  campanulate;  sepals  acuminate.  —  Table 
Rock,  North  Carolina. 


ORDER  16.     DROSERACE^E.     (SUNDEW  FAMILY.) 

Low  glandular-hairy  marsh  herbs,  with  circinate  tufted  radical  leaves, 
and  regular  hypogynous  white  or  purplish  flowers,  borne  on  a  naked  scape. 
Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  withering.  Stamens  5- 15,  distinct :  an- 
thers extrorse.  Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled,  with  3  or  5  parietal  pla- 
centae. Styles  separate  or  united.  Capsule  loculicidally  3-5-valved. 
Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    DBOSEBA,    L.      SUNDEW. 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3-5,  deeply  2-parted  ;  the  divisions  2  -  many-lobed.  Cap- 
sule 3-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Leaves  dewy  with  glandular  hairs.  Scape  often 
forking.  Flowers  racemose,  secund. 


I'ARNASSIACK^E.       (PARNASSIA    FAMILY.)  37 

1.  D.  flliformis,  Kaf.      llhizoma  thick,  creeping;  leaves  erect,  filiform, 
elongated,  smooth  at  the  base  ;  scape  smooth,  many-flowered ;  flowers  large, 
bright  purple  ;  calyx  hairy  ;  seeds  oblong,  dotted.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida 
and  northward.     April.     ty  — •  Scapes  1° - 1^°  high.    Flowers  1'or  more  wide. 

2.  D.  longifolia,  L.     Rhizoma  long  and  slender ;  leaves  linear-spatulate, 
gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  and  smooth  petiole,  the  upper  ones  erect ; 
scape   smooth,  declined  at  the   base,    8  -  12-flowered  ;    calyx   obovate  ;   seeds 
oblong.     (D.  foliosa,  Ell.)  —  Sandy  swamps,   oftencr  in   water,   Florida  and 
northward.     May  and  June.     1J.  —  Scapes  4' -6' high.     Flowers  small,  white. 

3.  D.  capillaris,  Poir.     Rhizoma  short  or  none;   leaves  spatulate,  nar- 
rowed into  the  long  and  smoothish  petiole  ;  scape  slender,  smooth,  erect,  9  -  20- 
flowered  ;  calyx  obovate  ;  seeds  oval,  finely  furrowed  and  granular.     (D.  brevi- 
folia,  var.  major,  Hook. )  —  Boggy  ponds,  Apalachicola,  Florida,  to  South  Car- 
olina (Base.).    April  and  May.    @  or  1J.  —  Scape  6'- 15'  high.     Leaves  2'-3' 
long.     Flowers  pale  rose-color. 

4.  D.  rotundifolia,  L.     Rhizoma  none  ;  leaves  orbicular,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  the  hairy  petiole  ;  scape  erect,  smooth,  6  —  10-flowered  ;  calyx  ovoid ; 
seeds  covered  with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat.  —  Mossy  swamps,  Florida  and 
northward.      May   and   June.      (D  —  Scapes   6'  -  9'  high.      Leaves   2'   long. 
Flowers  white. 

5.  D.   brevifolia,    Pursh.      Glandular-pubescent   throughout ;    rhizoma 
none  ;  leaves   short,   wedge-shaped  ;    scape   erect,  3  —  6-flowered  ;  calyx  oval ; 
seeds  ovoid,  minutely  glandular.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.    April,    (j)  —  Scapes  3' -6' high.     Leaves  J'long.     Flowers  £'  wide, 
white. 

2.    DION^IA,    Ellis.      FLY-TRAP. 

Stamens  10-15.  Styles  united.  Stigmas  5,  fimbriate.  Capsule  1-celled, 
opening  irregularly.  Placenta  at  the  base  of  the  cell,  many-seeded.  —  A  smooth 
perennial  herb,  with  the  habit  of  Drosera.  Leaves  spreading,  on  broadly-winged, 
spatulate  petioles,  with  the  limb  orbicular,  notched  at  both  ends,  and  fringed  on 
the  margins  with  strong  bristles  ;  sensitive !  Flowers  in  a  terminal  umbel-like 
cvme,  white,  bracted. 

1.  D.  museipula,  Ellis.  —  Sandy  bogs  in  the  pine  barrens  of  North  Car- 
olina and  the  adjacent  parts  of  South  Carolina.  April  and  May.  —  Scape  1° 
high,  8  -  10-flowered.  Flowers  1'  wide.  —  For  an  interesting  account  of  this 
remarkable  plant,  see  Curtis's  Plants  of  Wilmington,  in  the  Boston  Journal 
of  Natural  History,  Vol.  I.  1834. 


ORDER  17.     PARNASSIACEJE.      (PARNASSIA  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  ovate  or  reniform  chiefly  radical  and 
entire  leaves,  on  long  petioles,  and  large  solitary  flowers  terminating  the 
grape-like,  1 -leaved  stem.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent.     Petals  5,  ovate  or  obo- 
4 


38  IIYPERICACEjE.       (ST.    JOHN'S-WORT    FAMILY.) 

vate,  veiny,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Fertile  stamens  5,  alter- 
nating with  the  petals  :  anthers  introrse.  Sterile  ones  in  sets  of  3  -  1 3 
more  or  less  united  filaments,  placed  opposite  each  petal.  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  3-4  parietal  placentae.  Stigmas  3-4,  sessile,  placed  over  the  pla- 
centae. Capsule  loculicidally  3-4-valved  at  the  apex,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  anatropous,  winged,  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight,  cylindrical. 

1.    PARNASSIA,    Tourn.      GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS. 
Characters  same  as  the  order. 

1.  P.  Caroliniana,  Michx.    Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  cordate-ovate;  can- 
line  one  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  clasping ;  petals  oval,  sessile,  with  impressed 
greenish  veins  ;  sterile  stamens  by  threes,  distinct  almost  to  the  base,  2-3  times 
as  long  as  the  recurved  fertile  ones.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida  and  northward.     Oc- 
tober and  November.  —  Stem  12'  -  18'  high.     Flowers  1'  wide. 

2.  P.  asarifolia,  Vent.     Leaves  reniform ;    cauline  one  near  the  middle 
of  the  stem,  clasping;  petals  broadly  ovate,  short-clawed;  sterile  stamens  by 
threes.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.    August  and  September.  —  Flow. 
<TS  larger  than  in  No.  1. 


OHDKK  18.    HYPERICACE^E.     (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  dotted  leaves,  without  stipules, 
and  regular  hypogynous,  mostly  yellow  flowers.  —  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  4-5,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
deciduous.  Stamens  mostly  numerous,  and  often  united  at  the  base  into 
3-5  sets :  anthers  introrse.  Styles  2-5,  often  united,  persistent.  Cap- 
sule 1-celled,  with  strictly  parietal  placentae,  or  2  -  5-celled  by  the  meeting 
of  the  placentae  at  the  axis,  septicidally  2  -  5-valved.  Seeds  very  numer- 
ous, minute,  anatropous,  without  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*    Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 

1.  ASCYRUM.     Sepals  and  (yellow)  petals  4. 

2.  IIYPERICtJM.  Sepals  and  (yellow)  petals  5.     Stamens  without  interposed  glands. 

*   *   Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  KLODEA.     Sepals  and  (rose-colored)  petals  5.     A  gland  between  the  sets  of  stamens. 

1.    ASCYRUM,    L.      ST.  PETER'S-WORT. 

Sepals  4.  the  two  outer  ones  much  larger  (except  No.  5).  Petals  4,  convolute 
in  the  bud,  oblique.  Stamens  numerous.  Styles  2-4,  distinct  or  united.  Cap- 
sules 2-4-valved,  1 -Celled,  with  2-4  parietal  placentae.  —  Smooth  shrubs  with 
2-edged  branches.  Flowers  mostly  solitary,  yellow. 

*  Pedicels  2-bracted  :   styles  shorter  than  the  ovan/. 

1.  A.  Crux-Andreae,  L.  Leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the 
base ;  outer  sepals  oval,  rather  obtuse,  the  inner  ones  minute ;  petals  oblong, 


HYPEKICACE^E.       (ST.    JOHN's-WOKT    FAMILY.)  39 

often  acute,  approximate  in  pairs ;  styles  2 ;  capsule  as  long  as  the  sepals.  — 
Sterile  soil,  Florida  and  northward.  June  -  September.  —  Shrub  1°-  3°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long.  Branches  opposite. 

2.  A.  Stans,  Michx.     Leaves   oval-oblong,   obtuse,   closely  sessile ;   outer 
sepals  orbicular-cordate,  obtuse ;  the  inner  ones  lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  obovate  ; 
styles  3  or  4  ;  capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals.  —  Var.  OBOVATUM,  Torr.  $•  Gray, 
is  u  dwarf  state,  with  obovate   leaves,  and  obtuse  inner  sepals.  —  Damp  soil, 
Florida  and  northward.     July-  September.  —  Shrub  2°-  3°  high.     Leaves  and 
flowers  larger  than  in  No.  1 . 

*  *  Pedicels  bractless  :  styles  longer  than  the  ovary. 

3.  A.  amplexicaule,  Michx.     Leaves   and   outer   sepals   cordate-ovate, 
clasping ;  inner  sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  outer  ones ;  petals  obovate  ; 
styles  3  ;  capsule  ovoid,  barely  half  as  long  as  the  sepals.  —  Damp  soil  near  the 
coast,  Florida,   Georgia,  and   westward.     April  -  September.  —  Shrub  2° -3° 
high.    Branches  many  times  forking. 

4.  A.  pumilum,  Michx.      Dwarf ;  leaves  oblong-oDovatc,  obtuse ;  outer 
sepals  round-ovate,  the  inner  ones  minute ;  petals  obovate ;  pedicels  long  and 
slender,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  styles  2,  united.  —  Dry  gravelly  soil,  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  westward.     March  and  April.  —  Stems  3' -6'  long,  diffuse.    Leaves  4"  -  fi" 
long. 

•">.  A.  microsepalum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  very  numerous,  small, 
oblong-linear,  narrowed  at  the  base,  obtuse  ;  flowers  somewhat  corymbose  ;  se- 
pals small  and  equal.  —  Flat  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  Alabama.  March  and 
April.. —  Shrub  bushy,  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  6"-  9"  long.  Flowers  1'  wide. 

2.    HYPERICUM,    L.      ST.  JOHN'S-WOKT. 

Sepals  5,  similar.  Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly 
numerous,  and  commonly  collected  in  3  -  5  sets,  without  intervening  glands. 
Styles  3  —  5,  distinct  or  united.  Capsule  1  -  5-celled.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Flow- 
ers mostly  cymose,  yellow. 

§  1 .  Stamens  numerous. 
*   Capsule  3-celled :  styles  united :  shrubs. 

1  •  H.  proltflcum,  L.  Branches  2-cdged,  the  barren  ones  elongated  ; 
leaves  lance-oblong,  obtuse  or  mucronate.  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  cymes  axillary 
and  terminal,  often  few-flowered;  capsule  oblong,  rarely  4 -5-celled.  —  Varies 
with  a  more  branching  stem,  smaller  and  narrower  leaves,  and  smaller  and  more 
numerous  flowers.  (H.  galioidcs,  Ph.) —  Swamps  and  banks  of  rivers  in  the 
middle  and  upper  districts.  July  and  August.  —  Shrub  2° -3°  high.  Leaves 
l'-2'  long,  paler  beneath. 

2.  H.  Buckleyi,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Low,  widely  branching  from  the  base ; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  paler  beneath ;  flowers  solitary,  ter- 
minal, on  rather  long  and  bracted  pedicels  ;  sepals  obovate  ;  style  and  stamens 
long  and  slender.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  —  Shrub  8'- 121 
high.  Flowers  1'  wide. 


40  HYPERICACE^E.       (ST.    JOHN'S-WORT    FAMILY.) 

*   *   Capsule  3-celled :  styles  separate  :  petals  black-dolled  :  lit-rbs. 

3.  H.  perforatum,  L.     Stem  much  branched,  slightly  2-edged  ;  eyme» 
corymbose,  many-flowered ;  leaves  elliptical  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with  pel- 
lucid  dots  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Old  fields,  sparingly  naturalized.     June-* 
August.  —  Stem  l°-2°high,  bearing  runners  at  the  base.     Flowers  1'  wide, 
deep  yellow. 

4.  H.  maculatum,  Walt.     Stem  terete,  sparingly  branched  above ;  leaves 
oblong-cordate,  obtuse,  clasping,  marked  with  pellucid  dots  ;  cymes  many-flow- 
ered, corymbose  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  ;  styles  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  — 
Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  1 '—  1  £'  long,  rigid.    Flow.ers  small. 

5.  H.  COrymb6sum,  Muhl.     Leaves  thin,  oblong,  slightly  clasping  ;  se- 
pals ovate  ;  styles  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  otherwise  nearly  as  the  last.  —  Moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina,  northward  and  westward.     July. —  Stem  1°  — 2°  high. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

*   *    *   Capsule  \-celled,  or  partially  3-celled  by  the  introversion  of  the  placenta'. 

•*-    Shrubs  :   leaves  evergreen. 

•w    Cymes  leafy. 

6.  H.  fasciculatum,  Lam.     Lowest  leaves  obovate,  the  others  narrow- 
linear,  with  revolute  margins,  and  numerous  smaller  ones  clustered  in  the  axils  ; 
cymes  mostly  3-flowered,  lateral  and  terminal ;  sepals  like  the  leaves,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  obovate  one-angled  petals.  —  Var.  ASPALATHOIDES  has  very  short 
(2" -3")  and  wider  leaves  and  sepals,  the  latter  one  third  as  long  as  the  smaller 
petals.  —  Margins  of  pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  west- 
ward.   July  and  August.  —  Shrub  2°  -6°  high.     Leaves  6" -12"  long,  con- 
spicuously dotted,  glossy.     Capsule  oblong-linear. 

7.  H.  galioid.es,  Lam.    Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  tin- 
base,  glossy  above,  rigid  ;  those  in  the  axils  clustered ;  cymes  lateral  and  ter- 
minal, few-flowered,  or  the  terminal  ones  compound  ;  sepals  equal,  linear,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  petals  ;   capsules  acute.  —  Pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina and  westward. 

Var.  ambigUUm.  (H.ambiguum,  Ell.  ?  Tarr.fr  Gray.)  Leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  mucronate,  pale  and  thin  ;  sepals  unequal,  lanceolate,  nan-owed  at  the  base, 
longer  than  the  petals.  —  River  swamps,  Florida.  July  and  August.  —  Stems 
2° -4°  high.  Branches  often  elongated.  Leaves  !'-!£'  long. 

8.  H.  myrtifolium,  Lam.     Leaves  cordate-oblong  and  partly  clasping, 
mostly  obtuse,  glaucous  ;  cymes  few-flowered,  terminal ;  sepals  leaf-like,  ovate, 
acute,  as  long  as  the  obovate  petals  ;  stamens  very  numerous;  capsule  conical- 
ovate.     (H.  glaucum,  Michx.)  —  Pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina 
and  westward.     May-  September.  —  Shrub  1°  -  2°  high,  with  spreading  tereto 
branches.     Leaves  thick,  1' long.     Flowers  I' wide. 

9.  H.  aureum,   Bartram.      Leaves  oblong,   mucronate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  wavy  on  the  margins,  glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  very  large,  mostly  solitary 
at  the  summit  of  the  2-edged  branches ;  sepals  leaf-like,  shorter  than  the  thick  and 
tardily  deciduous  petals  ;  stamens  very  numerous  ;  capsule  ovate,  much  smaller 


HYPERICACEJE.       (ST.   JOHN*8-WOBT    FAMILY.)  41 

than  the  calyx.  (II.  amoenum,  Pursh.)  —  Banks  of  tlie  Flint  River,  Georgia  to 
Tennessee,  and  westward.  June- August.  —  Stem  2°  high,  diffusely  branched. 
Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Flowers  2'  wide,  with  recurved  orange-colored  petals. 

*•*•    +*   Cymes  leafless,  bracted. 

10  H.  nudiflorum,  Michx.  Branches  4-anglcd  ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  paler  beneath  ;  cymes  terminal,  peduncled,  5—  15-flowered  ; 
bracts  subulate ;  buds  globose  ;  petals  oval,  twice  as  long  as  the  oval  sepals  ; 
capsule  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx. — Low  grounds,  Florida  and  northward. 
July  and  August.  —  Shrub  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  thin,  l'-2'  long.  Flowers 
.V  wide.  Petals  recurved. 

11.  H.  cistifolium,  Lain.    Brunches  2-edged  ;  leaves  rigid,  linear-oblong, 
sessile ;   cymes   terminal,   compound,   many-flowered ;    bracts   subulate ;    buds 
ovate  ;  petals  spreading,  obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong,  unequal  sepals  ; 
capsule  3-lobed,  ovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.      (H.  rosmarinifolium,  Ell.)  — 
Pine  barren  swamps,  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina  and  westward. 
July-  September.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  very  numerous,  1 '  long.    Flow- 
ers £'  wide.     Valves  of  the  capsule  strongly  impressed  on  the  back. 

12.  H.  fastigiatum,  Ell.     "  Branches  somewhat  compressed  ;  leaves  nar- 
row-lanceolate, very  acute  ;  corymbs  terminal,  many-flowered,  fastigiate  ;  styles 
united. — Pine  ban-ens  of  Scriven   County,  Georgia.     May -July. —  Shrub  3° 
high.     Leaves  3'  long,  narrowed  but  connate  at  the  base.     Flowers  very  numer- 
ous."    Elliott.     (*) 

•i-    •>-    Herbs  :    styles  distinct. 

13.  H.  graveolens,  Buckl.     Stem  smooth,  terete,  nearly  simple ;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  clasping  ;    cymes  lateral  and  terminal,  many-flowered ; 
petals  oblong-obovate,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals ;  stamens 
collected  in  three  sets,  as  long  the  petals  ;  styles  slender,  twice  as  long  as  the 
ovary.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
Leaves  2'  long.     Flowers  large. 

14.  H.  pilosum,  Walt.     Downy  ;    stem  terete,  mostly  simple,   slender ; 
leaves  small,  lance-ovate,  acute,  erect,  sessile ;  cymes  compound  ;  styles  short. 
(II.  simplex,  Mich.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  west- 
ward.   July  and  August.  ®  ?  — Stems  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  £'  long.     Flowers 
5" -6"  wide. 

15.  H.  angulosum,  Michx.     Smooth;  stem  4-angled,  branching ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  sessile ;  cymes  leafy,  many-flowered,  the  branches  often 
simple  ;  sepals  ovate,  shorter  than  the  petals,  longer  than  the  ovate  capsule.  — 
Varies  (H.  acutifolium,  Ell.)  with  larger  shining  leaves,  compound  and  nearly  leaf- 
less cymes,  and  more  crowded  flowers. — Pine  barren  ponds  (the  var.  in  dry 
soil),  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  westward.    June -August. —  Stem  2° -3° 
high.     Leaves  6"  -  12"  long.     Flowers  small.     Styles  longer  than  the  capsule. 

§  2.  Stamens  5-20  :  capsule  strictly  \-celled  :  styles  separate  :  annuals. 
*  Flowers  in  cymes. 

16.  H.  mutilum,  L.     Stems  slender,  branching  above,  4-angled,  leaves 
oblong  or  roundish,  obtuse,  clasping,  5-nerved  ;  cymes  leafy  at  the  base ;  sepals 

4* 


42  CLUSI.U'K.K.        (l-JALSAM-TRKK    FAMILY. ) 

lanceolate,  mostly  longer  than  the  small  petals,  and  equalling  the  (green)  ovoid 
capsule;  stamens  6-12.  (H.  parviflorum,  Mulil.  H.  quinquenervium,  Walt.) 
—  Ditches  and  low  grounds,  common.  June -August.  —  Stem  1°  high. 
Branches  of  the  cyme  filiform.  Flowers  very  small,  remote. 

17.  H.  Canadense,  L.     Stems  simple  or  branched,  4-angled ;  leaves  lin- 
ear or  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  acute,  sessile ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute, 
longer  than  the  petals,  shorter  than  the  oblong  (brown)  capsule.  —  Wet  sandy 
places,   Florida  and  northward.      June -Oct.  —  Stem  4' -12'  high,  with  the 
branches  erect.     Flowers  small,  copper-yellow.     Stamens  5  -  10. 

*  *  Flowers  scattered  on  the  slender  branches :  leaves  minute. 

18.  H.  Sarothra,  Michx.     Stem  much  branched  ;  branches  erect,  filiform  ; 
leaves  minute,  subulate,  bract-like ;  flowers  small,  sessile ;  sepals  scarcely  half 
as  long  as  the  lanceolate  purple  capsule.  —  Sandy  old  fields.     Florida  and  north- 
ward.    June-August.  —  Stems  6'-  12'  high.     Stamens  5  -  10. 

19.  H.  Drummondii,  Torr.  &  Gray      Stem  much  branched ;  leaves  lin- 
ear or  the  lower  ones  oblong,  acute,  appressed ;  sepals  barely  shorter  than  the 
ovate  capsule;  flowers  pcdicellcd.  —  Dry  barren  soil,  Florida,  South  Carolina, 
and  westward.     July  and  August.  —  Stems  and  branches  stouter  than  the  last. 
Stamens  10-20. 

3.     ELODEA,     Adans. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  equal-side*!,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  9, 
and  united  in  sets  of  three,  with  a  scale-like  gland  between  each  set.  Styles  3, 
distinct.  Capsule  3-cellcd,  3-valvcd,  many-seeded.  Smooth  perennial  herbs. 
Flowers  rose-color,  in  contracted  lateral  and  terminal  cymes. 

1.  E.  Virginica,  Nutt.     Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  cordate,  clasping,  con- 
spicuously dotted  beneath ;  stamens  united  below  the  middle.  —  Swamps,  Florida 
and  northward.     July  and  August.  —  Stems  terete,  1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  E.  petiolata,  Pursh.     Leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-peti- 
oled,  obscurely  dotted  beneath;  stamens  united  above  the  middle.  —  With  the 
preceding.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  2°  high. 


ORDER    19.     CL.USIACEJE.      (BALSAM-TREE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  yellow  juice,  opposite  coriaceous  entire 
dotless  leaves  articulated  with  the  stem,  and  regular  hypogynous  flowers. 
Sepals  3-6.  Petals  4-9.  Stamens  mostly  numerous,  distinct  or  variously 
united.  Ovary  1  -  many-celled,  few  -  many-ovuled.  Style  single,  often 
none.  Fruit  capsular,  baccate,  or  drupaceous.  Seeds  without  albumen. 
Embryo  straight.  Cotyledons  thick,  distinct  or  united. 

1.    CLUSIA,    L. 

Calyx  2-bracted,  of  6  imbricated,  colored  sepals.  Petals  4 -9.  Stamens  nu- 
merous, the  filaments  united  at  the  base  into  a  thick  and  fleshy  tube.  Ovary 


PORTULACACEJE.       f PURSLANE    FAMILY.)  43 

5-15-celled.  Ovules  numerous,  fixed  to  a  central  column.  Stigma  large, 
radiate-peltate.  Capsule  coriaceous,  globose-angled,  5-15-celled;  the  valves 
separating  from  the  central  column  at  maturity.  Seeds  numerous,  ovate.  — Par- 
asitical tropical  trees,  with  thick,  opposite,  entire  and  shining  leaves,  and  chiefly 
polygamous,  cymose,  showy  flowers. 

1.  C.  flava,  L.  Leaves  short-stalked,  obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  finely 
veined ;  flowers  polygamous,  single  or  by  threes,  on  short  axillary  and  terminal 
peduncles ;  sepals  rounded  ;  petals  4,  oval,  thick,  yellow  and  unequal ;  stamens 
short  and  thick;  stigma  about  12-rayed;  capsule  pear-shaped,  12-seeded,  the 
seeds  imbedded  in  soft  pulp.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree. 

2.     CANELLA,     P.  Brown. 

Sepals  3,  rounded,  concave,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  5,  hy- 
pogynous,  oblong,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  united  into  a 
tube.  Anthers  15  (21  Endl),  adnate,  linear.  Ovary  3-celled.  Style  cylindri- 
cal. Stigmas  3.  Berry  globose,  1 -3-celled,  mostly  2-seeded.  Seeds  globose- 
reniform.  Embryo  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  large  tree.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  obovate,  emarginate,  glabrous,  on  short 
petioles.  Racemes  compound,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  terminal.  Pedicels  1- 
flowered.  Flowers  small,  purple.  (The  proper  place  of  this  genus  is  undeter- 
mined, but  it  has  been  referred  to  this  order. ) 

1.  C.  alba,  Swartz. —  South  Florida.  August.  —  Tree  aromatic.  Leaves 
2'  long.  Berry  black. 


ORDER  20.     PORTUL,ACACEy"E.     (PURSLANE  FAMILY.) 

Succulent  plants,  with  entire  leaves  and  regular  hypogynous  or  peri- 
gynous  flowers.  Sepals  2  -  5.  Petals  3-6,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  some- 
times wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them,  or 
indefinite.  Styles  3 -6,  mostly  united  below,  stigmatic  along  the  inside. 
Capsule  1  -  5-celled,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  campylotropous,  erect 
from  the  base  of  the  cell,  or  attached  to  a  central  placenta.  Embryo  slen- 
der, curved  around  mealy  albumen.. 

Synopsis. 

*  Sepals  2.     Petals  5 -6. 

1.  CLAYTONIA.     Petals  and  stamens  5.     Capsule  3-valved,  3-  6-seeded. 

2.  TALINUM.     Petals  5.     Stamens  10 -  30.     Capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded. 
3    PORTULACA.     Petals  5 -6.     Stamens  8 -20.     Capsule  circumscissile. 

*  *  Sepals  5.    Petals  none. 
4.  SESUVIUM.     Stamens  5 -60,  inserted  on  the  calyx.    Capsule  circumscisgile. 

1.    CLAYTONIA,    L.     SPRING-BEAUTY. 

Sepals  2,  free,  persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
claws  of  the  petals.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valvcd,  3 -6-seeded.  — 


44  PORTULACACE^E.       (PURSLANE    FAMILY.) 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  simple  stem  bearing  two  opposite  leaves,  and  terminated 
with  a  loose  raceme  of  pale  rose-colored,  veiny  flowers. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.     Leaves  long  (3' -6'),  linear,  acutish ;  petals  mostly 
emarginate,   but   sometimes  acute.  —  Damp   rich  soil   in   the   upper  districts. 
March.  —  Plant  4'  -  10'  long. 

2.  C.  Caroliniana,    Michx.     Leaves  short   (l'-2'),  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong,  tapering  at  the  base,  obtuse  ;  petals  obtuse.  —  Mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina and  northward.     March  and  April.  —  Smaller  than  the  last. 

2.    TALINUM,    Adans. 

Sepals  2,  free,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  10-30.  Style 
3-lobed.  Capsule  3-celled  at  the  base,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Smooth  and 
fleshy  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  cymose  flowers. 

1.  T.  teretifolium,  Pursh.  Stem  thick,  leafy;  leaves  linear-cylindrical ; 
cymes  on  long  peduncles ;  petals  purple,  fugacious.  —  Rocks,  North  Carolina 
and  northward.  June  -  Aug.  1J.  —  Stems  2'  -  4'  long.  Peduncles  5'  -  8'  long. 


3.  PORTULACA,    Toum.    PURSLANE. 

Sepals  2,  united  and  cohering  with  the  ovary  below,  the  upper  portion  circum- 
scissile  and  deciduous  with  the  upper  part  of  the  capsule.  Petals  4-6,  inserted 
with  the  8-20  stamens  on  the  calyx.  Style  3-8-parted.  Capsule  globose, 
1-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Low,  fleshy  herbs,  with  terete  or  flat,  mostly  alternate 
leaves,  and  fugacious  yellow  or  purple  flowers. 

1.  P.  Oleracea,  L.     Leaves  flat,  cuneate,  naked  in  the  axils  ;  flowers  yel- 
low ;  stamens  10-12.  —  Cultivated  ground  everywhere.  —  Stem  prostrate. 

2.  P.  pilosa,  L.    Leaves  linear,  obtuse,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  in  the  axils  ; 
flowers  purple  ;  stamens  about  20.  —  Key  West,  Florida. 

4.  SESUVIUM,    L.      SEA  PURSLANE. 

Sepals  5,  free,  united  at  the  base,  persistent,  colored  within.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  5,  or  numerous,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Styles  3-5.  Capsule  3-5- 
cellcd,  many-seeded,  circumscissile.  —  Prostrate  and  fleshy  maritime  plants, 
with  nearly  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  purplish  flowers. 

1.  S.  portulacastrum,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong,   acute,   on 
winged  and  clasping  petioles ;  flowers  pedicelled  ;  sepals  fleshy,  lanceolate,  mu- 
cronate,  purple  within  ;   stamens  numerous.  —  Sandy  or  muddy  places  along 
the  coast,  Florida  and  northward.    May  -  December,     y.  —  Stems  diffuse,  creep- 
ing, forming  mats  which  are  sometimes  6°  in  diameter. 

2.  S.  pentandrum,  Ell.      Leaves   spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  on  slightly 
winged  and  clasping  petioles  ;  flowers  sessile  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  stamens 
5.  —  Muddy  saline  coves,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May  -  November.     (J)  ? 
—  Stems  (often  erect)  and  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^:.      (I'INK    FAMILY.)  45 


ORDER  21.     CARYOPHYLLACEJE.     (PINK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  tumid  joints,  entire  opposite  or  whorled,  often  connate  leaves, 
and  regular  hypogynous  or  perigynous  cymose  flowers.  Stipules  dry  and 
scarious,  or  none.  —  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals 
4-5,  often  stamen-like  or  none.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  op- 
posite them  (except  Mollugo) ,  or  twice  as  many,  or  by  abortion  fewer. 
Ovary  free,  1  -  5-celled,  with  the  amphitropous  or  campylotropous  ovules 
attached  to  a  central  placenta.  Styles  2-5,  distinct  or  partly  united, 
stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  valvate  or  indehiscent,  1  -  many- 
seeded.  Embryo  curved,  or  forming  a  ring  around  mealy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     ILLECEBRE.E.     Sepals  distinct  or  united  below.     Petals  often  stamen- 
like  or  wanting.  —  Leaves  with  scarious  stipules. 

*  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-seeded  (utricle). 

1.  PARONYCHIA.    Sepals  united  at  the  base.    Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals. 

Style  long.     Utricle  included. 

2.  ANYCHIA.    Sepals  distinct      Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals.     Style  very 

short.     Utricle  partly  exserted. 

3.  SIPHONYCIIIA.    Sepals  united  into  a  tube  below  the  middle.     Stamens  inserted  on  the 

tube  of  the  calyx.     Style  long. 

*  *    Fruit  valvate,  few  -  many-seeded. 

•(-  Leaves  opposite. 

4.  STIPULICIDA.     Stem-leaves  minute  ;  the  lowest  spatulate.     Flowers  in  terminal  clusters. 

5.  SPERGULARIA.     Leaves  all  linear.    Flowers  solitary,  axillary. 

•>-   -i-  Leaves  whorled. 
6-  SPERGULA.    Styles  5.    Stamens  5 -10.    Capsule  5-valved. 

7.  POLYCARPON.     Styles  3.     Stamens  3 -5.    Capsule  3- valved. 

TRIBE  II.     MOLLVGIIVE/E.     Stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals,  when  of  the  same 
number  ;  when  three,  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  —  Stipules  none. 

8.  MOLLUGO.    Capsule  3-celled.     Leaves  whorled. 

TRIBE  III.     AL.SHVE.E.     Sepals   separate  or  nearly  so.     Stamens  opposite  the  sepals 
when  of  the  same  number.     Ovary  sessile.  —  Stipules  none. 

*    Valves  of  the  capsule  as  many  as  the  styles. 

9.  S AGINA.     Styles  and  valves  4-5. 

10.  ALSINE.     Styles  and  valves  3. 

*    *     Valves  or  teeth  of  the  capsule  twice  as  many  as  the  styles. 

11.  ARENARIA.     Valves  of  the  capsule  2-4,  each  soon  2-cleft-     Petals  entire. 

12.  STELLARIA.    Valves  of  the  capsule  6  - 10.    Petals  2-cleft. 

13.  CERASTIUM.    Capsule  8  -  10-toothed. 

TRIBE  IV.     SIL.EXEJE.     Sepals  united  into  a  tube.    Petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  the 
stipe  of  the  ovary.  —  Stipules  none. 

14.  SILENE.     Styles  3.     Capsule  6-toothed. 

15.  SAPONARIA.     Styles  2.     Capsule  4  toothed. 

16.  AGROSTEMMA.     Styles  5.     Capsule  5-toothed. 


46  CARYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK    FAMILY.) 

1.    PARONYCHIA,     Tourn. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  concave  and  mucronate  or  awncd  at  the  apex. 
Petals  bristle-like  or  tooth-like,  alternate  with  the  5  stamens,  and  inserted  with 
them  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Style  long,  2-cleft.  Utricle  included.  Seed 
rcsupinate.  Kadicle  superior  or  ascending.  —  Low  herbs,  with  conspicuous  sil- 
very stipules,  and  minute  flowers  in  loose  or  compact  cymes. 

1:  P.  dichotoma,  Nutt.  Smooth;  stems  slender,  erect;  leaves  linear- 
subulate;  those  of  the  barren  stems  imbricated;  cymes  fastigiate,  diffuse;  se- 
pals linear,  3-ribbed,  slender-pointed;  petals  minute,  bristle-like.  (Anychia 
argyrocoma,  Eli)  —  Rocks  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
July-Nov.  }|.— Stems  6' -12'  high. 

2.  P.  argyrocoma,  Nutt.     Minutely  pubescent ;  stems  tufted,  ascending ; 
leaves  linear,  acute;  c vines  capitate,  the  flowers  concealed  by  the  large  silvery 
stipules;  sepals  lanceolate,  hairy,  slender-pointed ;  petals  minute,  tooth-like. — 
Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.     July -Sept.     1J.  —  Stems  6'-lo' 
high.     Stipules  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

3.  P.  herniarioides,  Nutt.     Eough-pubesccnt ;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely- 
branched;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  mucronate  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile ; 
sepals  subulate,  with  a  short  and  spreading   point.      (Anychia   herniarioides, 
Miduc.)  — Dry  sand  ridges  in  the  middle  districts,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina. 
July  -  Oct.     Q  —  Stems  4'  -  6'  long.     Leaves  3"  -  4"  long. 

4.  P.  Baldwin!!.     Finely  pubescent ;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely-branched ; 
branches  alternate,  one-sided,  filiform ;    leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  cymes  diffuse,  naked ;  sepals  oblong,  3-ribbed, 
ciliate,  short-pointed ;  petals  bristle-like,  as  long  as  the  stamens ;  utricle  equal- 
ling or  rather  longer  than  the  sepals;  style  2-cleft  to  the  middle.     (Anyehia 
Baldwinii,  Torr.  $•  (Iruy.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  and  Georgia.     July -Oct. 
(£  and  (2) —  Stems  H°-3°  long.     Upper  leaves  sometimes  alternate. 

2.    ANYCHIA,    Michx. 

Sepals  5,  distinct,  slightly  mucronate  at  the  apex.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
2  —  3,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calvx.  Style  very  short.  Stigmas  spreading. 
Utricle  exseited.  Seed  erect.  Radicle  inferior.  —  An  erect  slender  annual, 
with  forking  setaceous  spreading  branches.  Leaves  thin,  oblong,  obtuse,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base.  Flowers  minute,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  forks  of  the 
branches,  greenish. 

1.  A.  dichotoma,  Michx.  (Queria  Canadensis,  L.)  —  Barren  hills,  South 
Carolina  and  northward.  July  and  August.  —  Stem  4'  -  10'  high. 

3.     SIPHONYCHIA,     Ton.  &  Gray. 

Sepals  5,  united  to  the  middle,  concave  and  petal-like  above,  obtuse  or  mu- 
cronate. Petals  5,  bristle-like,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Style  slender,  2-cleft.  Utricle  included.  Seed  resupinate.  Radicle 
superior.  —  Erect  or  diffusely  prostrate  herbs.  Cymes  dense-flowered.  Flowers 
white. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK    FAMILY.)  47 

1.  S.  Americana,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  prostrate,  diffuse,  pubescent  in 
lines;  leaves  lanceolate,  nan-owed  at  the  base;  the  radical  ones  larger  and 
crowded ;  flowers  obovate,  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  and  clustered  at  the 
end  of  the  branches ;  sepals  rounded  and  incurved  at  the  apex,  the  tube  bristly 
with  hooked  hairs;  petals  minute.     (Herniaria  Americana,  Nutt.     Paronychia 
urceolata,  Shuttl)  —  Sandy  banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and 
westward.     June -Oct.     (1)  or  (2) — Stems  l°-3°  long.      Leaves  sometimes 
falcate  and  incmsted  with  brownish  particles.     Stipules  small. 

2.  S.  diffusa,  n.  sp.    Pubescent;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely-branched;  leaves 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  flowers  small,  in  compact,  rectangular 
cymes,  terminating  all  the  branches  ;  sepals  linear,  slightly  concave  and  mucro- 
nate  at  the  apex,  the  tube  bristly  with  hooked  hairs;  petals  bristle-like. — Dry 
sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida.     June -Oct.     ® — Stems  I6  long.     Stipules  con- 
spicuous, on  young  plants  half  as  long  as  the  leaves,  at  length  2-parted.     Cymes 
very  numerous. 

3.  S.  erecta,  n.  sp.     Stems  smooth,  clustered,  erect,  rigid,  mostly  simple ; 
leaves  erect,  linear,  acute,  pubescent  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  barren  stems 
imbricated ;  cyme  compound,  rectangular,  fastigiate,  compact ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
smooth,  acutish,  or  obscurely  mucronate  at  the  apex,  the  tube  smooth  and  fur- 
rowed; petals  bristle-like,  half  as  long  as  the  stamens.  —  Sands  along  the  west 
coast  of  Florida.     June -Nov.     y. — Root  woody.     Stems  6' -12' high.     Stip- 
ules half  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

4.  S.  Rugelii.     Annual ;  stem  erect,  successively  forking,  clothed  with  a 
short  and  rather  dense  pubescence,  as  also  the  leaves  and  bracts ;  leaves  oblance- 
olate,  abruptly  pointed,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  ones  linear ;  stip- 
ules 4  -  J  as  long  as  the  leaves,  soon  2  -  4-parted ;  cymes  numerous,  terminal, 
rather  loosely  flowered ;  calyx-tube  short,  pubescent,  the  linear-lanceolate  divis- 
ions conspicuously  mucronate,  white ;  petals  bristle-like  ;  style  included.     (Pa- 
ronychia Eugelii,  Shuttl.)  —  East  Florida.  —  Stems  1°  high,  at  length  diffuse  ? 

4.  STIPTJLICIDA,    Michx. 

Sepals  5,  emarginate,  white-margined.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  2-toothcd  near 
the  base,  longer  than  the  sepals,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  3,  opposite  the 
inner  sepals.  Style  very  short,  3-parted.  Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  many- 
seeded.  —  A  small  perennial,  with  an  erect  forking  stem.  Stem-leaves  minute, 
subulate,  with  adnate  pectinate  stipules.  Radical  leaves  spatulate,  clustered, 
growing  from  a  tuft  of  bristly  stipules.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  clusters. 

1.  S.  setacea,  Michx.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina. April  -June.  —  Stem  3'  -  6'  high,  the  branches  spreading  and  curving. 

5.  SPERGULARIA,    Pers. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  oval,  entire.  Stamens  2-10.  Styles  3-5.  Capsule 
3  -  5-valved ;  the  valves  when  o,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  —  A  low  maritime 
herb,  with  opposite  fleshy  leaves,  and  conspicuous  scarious  stipules.  Flowers 
axillary,  solitary,  rose-colored. 


48  CARYOPHYLLACF^E.       (PINK    FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  rubra,  Pers.  —  Sands  or  marshes  along  the  coast,  Florida  and  north. 
ward.  April  and  May.  (l)  —  Stems  prostrate,  much  branched.  Leaves  linear, 
longer  than  the  joints.  Seed  with  or  without  a  membranaceous  margin. 

6.    SPERGULA,    L.     SPURREY. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5.  Capsule  5-valved, 
the  valves  opposite  the  sepals.  Embryo  forming  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  — 
Leaves  whorled.  Flowers  cymose,  white. 

1.  S.  arvensis,  L.  Stem  erect;  leaves  fleshy,  narrow-linear,  several  in  a 
whorl;  cyme  loose,  long-peduncled ;  fruiting  pedicels  reflexed  ;  stamens  10; 
seeds  rough.  —  Cultivated  fields,  Florida  and  northward  :  introduced.  (J) . 

7.    POLYCARPON,    L. 

Sepals  5,  carinate.  Petals  5,  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Stamens 
3  -  5.  Styles  3,  very  short.  Capsule  3-valved.  —  Low  annuals,  with  whorled 
leaves,  and  minute  flowers,  in  terminal  cymes. 

1.  P.  tetraphyllum,  L.  Stems  (3' -6')  forking,  diffuse;  leaves  spatu- 
late-obovate,  the  lower  ones  4  in  a  whorl,  the  upper  opposite;  sepals  acute; 
stipules  conspicuous.  —  Near  Charleston.  Introduced.  May  and  June. 

8.    MOLLUGO,    L. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  or  3  and 
alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Styles  3,  short.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-celled, 
many-seeded.  —  Prostrate  diffusely-branched  annuals.  Leaves  whorled.  Flow- 
ers white,  on  slender  axillary  peduncles. 

1  •  M.  verticillata,  L.  Smooth  ;  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  unequal,  in 
whorls  of  4  -  8  ;  fruiting  peduncles  reflexed ;  stamens  3.  —  Cultivated  ground, 
common.  Introduced.  May  -  August. 

9.    VAGINA,    L. 

Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  entire,  or  wanting.  Stamens  4  - 10.  Styles  4-5, 
alternate  with  the  sepals.  Capsule  4  -  5-valved ;  the  valves  entire,  opposite  the 
sepals.  —  Small  herbs,  with  filiform  forking  stems,  subulate  leaves,  and  solitary 
flowers. 

1.  S.  Elliottii,  Fenzl.  Smooth;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  tufted  ;  pedun- 
cles erect ;  petals  and  sepals  5,  equal,  obtuse  ;  stamens  10.  (Spergula  decum- 
bens,  Ell.)  —  Damp  cultivated  ground,  common.  April -June.  (T  —  Stems 
2'  -  6'  high.  Peduncles  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  sharp-pointed  leaves. 

10.    ALSINE,    Tourn. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3.  Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  the 
valves  entire,  opposite  the  inner  sepals.  —  Low  slender  herbs,  with  linear  or  sub- 
ulate leaves,  and  white  cymose  or  solitary  flowers. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK   FAMILY.)  4'J 

1.  A.  squarrosa,  Fenzl.     Stems  tufted;   leaves  subulate,  rigid,  those  of 
the  glandular  flowering   stems   distant,  of  the  sterile  stems  imbricated,  with 
spreading  tips  ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  capsule.    (Arenaria  squar- 
rosa, Michx.)  —  Dry  sand-hills,  West  Florida  and  northward.     April  and  May. 
y.  —  Stems  6'  -  10'  high.     Cymes  few-flowered.     Pedicels  rigid. 

2.  A.  glabra,  Gray.     Smooth  ;  stems  filiform,  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves- 
tender,  narrow-linear,  obtuse,  spreading  ;  cyme  few-flowered,  spreading  ;  sepals 
oblong,  obtuse,  faintly  3-ribbed,  as  long  as  the  capsule.    (Arenaria  glabra,  Michx.) 
—  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.    July.   y.  ?—  Stems  tufted,  4'  -6'  high.    Cymes 
leafy.    Pedicels  setaceous.    Leaves  £'-!'  long. 

3.  A.  patula,  Gray.    Minutely  pubescent;  stem  filiform,  diffusely  branched 
from  the  base ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  spreading ;  cyme  spreading,  few  -  many- 
flowered  ;  pedicels  very  slender ;  petals  spatulate,  emarginate,  twice  the  length 
of  the  lanceolate  acute  3-5-nerved  sepals.     (Arenaria  patula,  Michx.)  — Rocks 
around  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  and  northward. —  Stems  6' -10'  high. 

4.  A.  Michauxii,  Fenzl.    Smooth;  stems  tufted,  erector  diffuse,  straight; 
leaves  linear-subulate,  erect,  spreading  or  recurved,  much  clustered  in  the  axils ; 
cymes  spreading  or  contracted  ;  petals  oblong-obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  rigid 
ovate  acute  3-ribbed  sepals.    (Arenaria  stricta,  Michx.)  —  Rocks  and  barren  soil, 
Georgia  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Stems  3'  -  10'  high. 

5.  A.  brevifolia.      Sltems    smooth,    not    tufted,    erect,   filiform,  simple, 
2-5-flowered;   leaves  minute  (l"-2"),  erect,  lance-subulate;    sepals  oblong, 
obtuse,  as  long  as  the  capsule ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.     (Arenaria 
brevifolia,  Nutt. )  —  Rocks  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia.     (J)  —  Stems  2'  -  4' 
long,  bearing  3  or  4  pairs  of  leaves.     Flowers  small,  on  filiform  peduncles. 

11.    ARENARIA,    L.      SANDWORT. 

Petals  1-5,  or  none.  Styles  2-4.  Capsule  opening  above  by  as  many 
valves  as  there  are  styles,  each  valve  soon  splitting  into  two  pieces.  Otherwise 
like  Alsine. 

1.  A.  diffusa,  Ell.    Downy;  stem  elonga^d,  prostrate,  alternately  short- 
branched  ;    leaves  lanceolate  ;    peduncles   longer  than  the  leaves,  lateral,  re- 
flexed  in  fruit ;  petals  1-5,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  often  wanting.     (Stellaria 
elongata,  Nutt.     Micropetalon  lanuginosum,  Pers.)  —  Shady  banks,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina  and  westward.    May-  October.     1J.  —  Stems  l°-4°  long. 

2.  A.  serpyllifolia,  L.     Downy  ;  stems  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  small, 
ovate,  acute,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  flowers  cymose ;  petals  much 
shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  sepals.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  and  north- 
ward.   Introduced.    April  and  May.    (D  —  Stems  6'- 12'  long..  Leaves  y  long. 

12.    STELLARIA,    L.      CHICKWEED.     STARWORT. 

Sepals  4  -  5.  Petals  4-5,  2-cleft,  or  2-parted.  Stamens  3-10.  Styles  3-5, 
opposite  the  sepals.  Capsule  1 -celled,  opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there 
are  styles,  many-seeded.  —  Stems  weak.  Flowers  white,  on  terminal  peduncles, 
becoming  lateral  in  fruit. 

5 


50  CARYOPHYLLACEyE.       (PINK    FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  pubera,  Miclix.     Perennial;  stems  erect  or  diffuse,  forking,  hairy  in 
lines  ;  leaves  oblong,  acutish,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile  ;  petals  longer  than 
the  sepals.  —  Shady  rocks  in  the  upper  districts  and  northward.      April  and 
May.  —  Stems  6'- 12'  high.     Flowers  showy. 

2.  S.  media,  Smith.    Annual ;  stems  prostrate,  forking,  pubescent  in  lines ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  the  lower  ones  petioled  ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
sepals.  —  Yards  and  gardens.     March  and  April.     Introduced. 

3.  S.  prostrata,  Baldw.     Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  stems  forking,  prostrate  ; 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  all  on  slender  petioles,  the  lower  ones  often  cordate ;  petals 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  seeds  rough-edged.  —  Damp  shades,  Georgia,  Flor- 
ida, and  westward.      March  and  April.     Q)  —  Stems  l°-2°  long.     Petiole 
mostly  longer  than  the  limb. 

4.  S.  uniflora,  Walt.     Smooth  ;  stems  erect  from  a  prostrate  base ;  leaves 
remote,  narrow-linear,  sessile  ;  peduncles  very  long  (2' -4'),  erect ;  petals  obcor- 
date,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  River  swamps,   South   Carolina  and  Nortli 
Carolina.     May.      ®  ?  —  Stems  6' -12'  high.      Leaves  1'  long.  —  Perhaps  a 
species  of  Alsine. 

13.    CERASTIUM,    L.      MOUSE-EAR. 

Sepals  4 -5.  Petals  4 -5,  obcordate  or  2-cleft.  Stamens  10.  Styles  4-5. 
Capsule  cylindrical,  8  -  10-toothed,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs.  Flowers  white,  soli- 
tary or  cymose,  peduncled. 

*  Petals  not  longer  than  the  sepals. 

1.  C.  VUlgatum,  L.     Villous  and  somewhat  clammy  ;  stems  ascending  ; 
leaves  oval,  remote,  the  lowest  obovate  ;  cymes  crowded  in  the  bud,  spreading  in 
fruit  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  peduncles,  and  half  as  long  as  the 
slender  capsule.  —  Fields,   Florida  and   northward.     April   and  May.     ®  — 
Stems  6' -12'  high. 

2.  C.  visCOSUm,  L.     Hairy  and  clammy  ;  stems  ascending  ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  obtuse,  the  lowest  wedge-shaped ;  cymes  loose  in  the  bud  ;  sepals  oblong- 
ovate,   obtuse,  shorter  than  the  peduncles.  —  Fields,   Florida  and   northward. 
April  and  May.     (J)  —  Flowers  and  capsules  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

*  *  Petals  longer  than  the  sejKils. 

3.  C.  arvense,  L.    Hairy  or  downy ;  stems  numerous,  naked  above ;  leaves 
narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate ;  cymes  rather  few-flowered  ;  petals  obcordate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  sepals.  —  Rocky  or  dry  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper 
districts.     May  and  June.     1J. — Stems  6' -12' high.     Leaves  seldom  1'  long. 
Flowers  £'  wide.     Capsule  rather  longer  than  the  calyx. 

4.  C.  nutans,  Raf.     Clammy-pubescent ;  stems  tufted,  furrowed  ;    loaves 
lanceolate  ;    cymes  ample,  many-flowered  ;    petals  oblong,  cmarginate,  rather 
longer  than  the  oblong  sepals.  —  Low  grounds,  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee, 
and  northward.     ®  —  Stems  1°  high.     Peduncles  long.     Capsule  curved,  three 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 


CARYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK    FAMILY.)  51 

14.    SILENE,    L.      CATCHFLY. 

Sepals  united  into  a  5-toothed  tube.  Petals  5,  long-clawed,  inserted  with  the 
10  stamens  on  the  stipe  of  the  ovary,  commonly  crowned  with  two  scales  at  the 
base  of  the  limb.  Styles  3.  Capsule  1 -celled,  or  3-celled  at  the  base,  opening 
by  6  teeth,  many-seeded.  —  Leaves  mostly  connate.  Flowers  cymose,  often 
showy.  - 

*    Perennials  :  flowers  showy. 
•*-    Petals  gash-fimbriate,  crownless. 

1.  S.  Stellata,   Ait.      Leaves   in  whorls  of  four,  lance-ovate,  acuminate, 
the  uppermost  opposite  ;  flowers  white,  in  a  large  spreading  panicle  ;  calyx  in- 
flated, boll-shaped.  —  Dry  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.     June- 
August.  —  Stems  2°  -  3°  high,  downy,  branching  above. 

2.  S.  OVata,  Pursh.      Rough-pubescent;    leaves   large   (4'-5;),   opposite, 
oblong-ovate,    acuminate ;   flowers  white,   in   a  contracted  lanceolate  panicle ; 
calyx   tubular.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina,     July.  —  Stems   stout, 
2ol4o  high. 

3.  S.  Baldwin!!,  Nutt.     Villous ;  stems  low,  slender,  bearing  runners  at 
the  creeping  base ;  leaves  opposite,  spatulate ;  the  upper  ones  oblong,  sessile ; 
cymes  few-flowered  ;  flowers  very  large,  white  or  pale  rose-color,  on  slender  ped- 
icels ;  calyx  tubular.  —  Low  shady  woods,   Georgia  and  Florida.     April  and 
May.  —  Stems  6'- 12'  high.     Leaves  thin.     Flowers  2'  wide. 

-i—    -i-    Petals  emarginate  or  2-cleft,  crowned. 

4.  S.  Virginica,  L.    Clammy-pubescent;  leaves  abruptly  pointed,  the  low- 
est ones  clustered,  spatulate-obovate,  on  fringed  petioles,  the  upper  small,  remote, 
lanceolate,  sessile  ;  cymes  loosely  few-flowered ;  calyx  tubular-club-shaped,  ob- 
long  and   nodding   in  fruit ;  petals  crimson,  lanceolate,  2-cleft.  —  Rich  open 
woods,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     June  and  July.  —  Stems  1°  — 2°  high. 
Flowers  1'  wide. 

5.  S.  regia,  Sims.     Viscid-pubescent  and  roughish ;  stem  tall  (3°  -  4°)  and 
erect, '  branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  acuminate ;    flowers 
large,  bright  scarlet,  short-stalked,  clustered  and  forming  a  strict  panicle;  calyx 
long,  cylindrical,  striate,  dilated  in  fruit ;  petals  oblanceolate,  generally  entire ; 
stamens  and  style  exserted.  —  Prairies  of  Alabama  and  westward.    July. 

6.  S.  rotundifolia,    Nutt.     Hairv  and  viscid ;    stems  weak,  decumbent, 
branched;  leaves  thin,  roundish,  abruptly  acuminate  at  each  end;  the  lowest 
obovate;    flowers  few,   large,  bright  scarlet;  calyx  cylindrical;  petals  2-cleft, 
with  the  lobes   cut-toothed.  —  Shady  rocky  banks,  Tennessee  and  northward. 
June  -  August.  —  Stems  2°  long.     Flowers  showy. 

7.  S.  Pennsylvanica,    Michx.      Clammy-pubescent;   stems  low,  clus- 
tered ;  lowest  leaves  spatulate-obovate,  the  upper  lance-oblong,  mostly  obtuse ; 
cymes  dense-flowered ;  calyx  club-shaped,  erect ;  petals  white  or  rose-color,  ob- 
ovate, emarginate  or  entire.  —  Rocky  hills,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts  and 
northward.     March  and  April.  —  Stems  6'  - 12'  high. 


52  •          MALVACEAE.        (MALLOW    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Anntials:  flowers  small,  crowned,  expanding  at  night. 

8.  S.  Antirrhina,  L.     Stem  slender,  smoothish,  clammy  below  the  upper 
joints ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  sessile,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole ; 
flowers   panicled ;    calyx   smooth ;   petals   obcordate,   rose-colored.  —  Dry  old 
fields,  Florida  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Stems  6'  -  2°  high,  simple  or 
branched.    Flowers  minute. 

9.  S.   quinquevulnera,   L.     Hairy ;  stem  branching ;  leaves   spatulatc, 
the  upper  ones  linear;  flowers  in  1-sided  racemes;  calyx  hairy;  petals  rounded, 
entire,  pink  or  crimson  with  a  paler  border.  —  Near  Charleston.     Naturalized. 

—  Stem  l°high. 

15.    SAPONAE.IA,    L.     SOAPWORT. 

Calyx  tubular,  terete,  5-toothed.  Petals  long-clawed.  Stamens  10.  Styles 
2.  Capsule  sessile  or  short-stiped,  1 -celled,  or  2-celled  at  the  base,  4-toothed  at 
the  apex.  —  Cymes  dense-flowered. 

1.  S.  officinalis,  L.  Perennial;  stems  stout,  erect,  smooth;  leaves  ovate, 
connate,  strongly  3-ribbcd ;  petals  crowned,  white  or  rose-color,  mostly  double. 

—  Waste  places.     Naturalized.  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  high. 

16.    AGROSTEMMA,    L.     CORN-COCKLE. 

Calyx  tubular,  with  5  elongated  linear  deciduous  lobes.  Petals  5,  entire, 
crownless.  Stamens  1-0.  Styles  5.  Capsule  1 -celled,  5-toothed. — Annual  or 
biennial  pubescent  herbs,  with  linear  leaves,  and  showy  purple  flowers  on  elon- 
gated peduncles. 

1.  A.  GithagO,  L.  Plant  (1°- 2°  high)  whitened  with  long  appressed 
hairs ;  stem  forking ;  petals  obovate,  cmarginate,  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx.  —  Grain  fields.  Introduced.  June  and  July.  Q)  —  Peduncles  4'  -  6' 
long.  Flowers  1'  wide. 


ORDER  22.     MALVACEAE.     (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

Mucilaginous  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  palmately  veined  alternate  stipulate 
leaves,  and  regular  monadelphous  flowers  on  jointed  peduncles.  —  Sepals 
5,  united  at  the  base,  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent,  often  with  a  calyx- 
like  involucel.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous,  united 
into  a  column  which  is  continuous  with  the  claws  of  the  petals:  anthers 
1-celled,  opening  transversely.  Ovaries  united  into  a  ring,  or  forming  a 
several-celled  capsule.  Styles  separate  or  united.  Seeds  kidney-shaped. 
Albumen  scarce  or  none.  Embryo  large,  curved,  with  leafy  cotyledons. 
Pubescence  commonly  stellate.  Pollen  grains  hispid. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.  M  AL.VEJE.  —  Carpels  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  1  -  few-seeded,  disposed  in  a  circle 
around  a  central  axis,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  axis  and  from  each  other.  An- 
thers borne  at  the  apex  of  the  column. 


MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.)  53 

*  Carpels  1 -seeded. 
*-  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  styles. 

1.  MALVA.    Carpels  beakless.    No  process  within. 

2.  CALLIRRHOE.    Carpels  beaked,  and  bearing  a  dorsal  process  above  the  seed  within. 

I-  t~  Stigmas  capitate. 

3.  MALVASTRUM.    Involucel  2 -3-leaved.    Ovule  peritropous-ascending.    Radicle  inferior. 

4.  SIDA.    Involucel  none.    Ovule  resupinate-pendulous.    Radicle  superior. 

*  *  Carpels  2  -  few-seeded. 

5.  ABUTILON.    Carpels  1-celled.     Involucel  none. 

6.  MODIOLA.    Carpels  transversely  2-ceIled.     Involucel  3-leaved. 

TRIBE.  II.  TJRENEJE.  —Carpels  half  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  separating  at  maturity. 
Anthers  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  column. 

7.  PAVONIA.    Carpels  5,  dry,  1-seeded.    Involucel  5  -  16-leaved. 

TRIBE  III.  HIBISCE ^E.  —  Carpels  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  united  and  forming  at  ma- 
turity  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Column  bearing  the  anthers  throughout,  or  from  above  the 
middle. 

8.  KOSTELETZKYA.     Cells  of  the  depressed  capsule  1-seeded. 

9.  HIBISCUS.     Cells  of  the  globose  or  oblong  capsule  few  -many -seeded. 

1.  MALVA,    L.     MALLOW. 

Involucel  3-leaved,  persistent.  Petals  obcordate.  Styles  9  -  20,  filiform,  stig- 
matic  on  the  inner  face.  Carpels  broadly  reniform,  beakless,  1-seeded,  indehis- 
cent,  disposed  in  a  circle  around  the  central  axis,  from  which  they  separate  at 
maturity.  Embryo  nearly  annular.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  round- 
ed. Flowers  axillary,  not  yellow. 

1.  M.  rotundifolia,  L.  Stems  several,  prostrate;  leaves  long-petioled, 
round-cordate,  crenate  and  crenately-lobed ;  flowers  single  or  clustered,  white 
veined  with  purple ;  carpels  even.  —  Around  dwellings.  Introduced,  ty. 

2.  CALLIRRHOE,    Nutt. 

Involucel  1  -3-lcavcd  and  persistentj  or  none.  Petals  wedge-shaped,  entire, 
or  crenate.  Styles  as  in  Malva.  Carpels  numerous,  with  a  short  and  naked 
beak,  and  a  ligulate  dorsal  process  below  the  beak  within.  Embryo  curved. 
Radicle  inferior.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  palmately-lobed,  or  angled.  Flow- 
ers showy,  purple  or  whitish. 

1.  C.    triangulata,    Gray.      Rough-pubescent;    stem  ascending  from  a 
perpendicular  rhizoma,  branching  above;  leaves  triangular,  coarsely  and  une- 
qually crenate,  the  lowest  ones  long-petioled  and  cordate,  the  upper  3  -  5-lobed ; 
flowers  approximate,  panicled,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  involucel  3-leaved,  the 
leaves  linear ;  carpels  at  length  2-valved.     (Malva  triangulata,  Leavenworih.)  — 
Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts  of  Alabama  to  North  Carolina  and  northwestward- 
July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Flowers  1 '  -  1  £'  wide,  purple. 

2.  C.  Papaver,  Gray.     Rough  with  scattered  appressed  and  rigid  hairs ; 
stems  low,  simple ;  leaves  3  -  5-parted ;  the  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  toothed 
or  entire ;  flowers  few,  solitary,  axillary,  long-peduncled  ;  involucel  1  -  3-leaved, 
or  none;  petals  finely  crenate ;  carpels  indehiscent.  —  Rich  open  woods.  Georgia, 

5* 


54  MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.) 

Florida,  and  westward.     May  -  September. —  Stems  1°  high.    Flowers  purple, 
2'  wide,  on  peduncles  which  are  sometimes  1°  long. 

3.  C.  alcseoid.es,  Gray.  Strigose-pubescent  ;  stems  slender  (1?  high); 
lower  leaves  triangular-cordate,  incised ;  the  upper  5  -  7-parted,  laciniatc,  the 
uppermost  divided  into  linear  segments  ;  flowers  corymbose,  on  slender  pedun- 
cles (rose-color  or  white)  ;  involucel  none  ;  carpels  obtusely  beaked,  crested  and 
strongly  wrinkled  on  the  back.  (Sida  alcaeoides,  Michx.)  — Barren  oak  lands, 
Tennessee. 

3.    MALVASTRUM,    Gray. 

Involucel  1-3-leaved  or  none.  Styles  5-20.  Stigmas  capitate.  Carpels 
beaked  or  beakless,  1-seeded.  Seed  ascending.  Embryo  curved  or  annular. 
Radicle  inferior.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  rough  with  rigid  hairs.  Flowers 
yellow. 

1.  M.  tricuspidatum,  Gray.     Perennial  or  shrubby;   stem  branching; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate,  acute,  petioled  ;  stipules  lanceolate ;  flow- 
ers in  leafy  spiked  racemes  ;  petals  obliquely  truncated  ;  carpels  10-12,  more  or 
less  distinctly  3-toothed  or  awned  at  the  apex.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stems  1°  high. 
Involucel  3-leaved. 

2.  M.  angUStum,  Gray.     Annual ;  stem  erect,  branching  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, sparingly  serrate,   short-pctioled ;  stipules    bristle-like  ;   flowers  axillary, 
mostly  solitary ;  involucel  setaceous,  2-3-leavcd;  carpels  5,  circular,  awnless, 
at  length  2-valved-     (Sida  hispida,  Pursh.  f  Ell.  ?)  —  South  Carolina  and  west- 
ward. —  Stems  6'- 12'  high.     Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit. 

4.    SIDA,    L. 

Involucel  none.  Calyx  angular.  Styles  5  -  15.  Stigmas  capitate.  Ovaries 
1 -celled.  Carpels  erect,  mostly  2-valved  and  2-beaked  at  the  apex,  separating 
at  maturity  from  each  other,  and  from  the  central  axis.  Seed  resupinate,  sus- 
pended, 3-angled.  Embryo  curved.  Radicle  superior.  —  Branching  herbs  or 
shrubs,  with  chiefly  undivided  leaves,  and  small  yellow  or  reddish  flowers  in 
their  axils. 

*  Leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  cordate  :   carpels  5. 

1.  S.  spinosa,  L.     Annual,  minutely  pubescent;   branches  erect;   leaves 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  the  slender  petioles  often  with  a  tubercular  spine  at 
the  base,  the  lower  ones  cordate ;  stipules  setaceous,  half  as  long  as  the  petioles  ; 
flowers  single  or  clustered,  on  short  erect  peduncles  ;  carpels  faintly  reticulated, 
each  pointed  with  two  erect  subulate  spines.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  and  north- 
ward.    July  -  September. —  Stems  1°- 2°  high.     Flowers  £'  wide,  yellow. 

2.  S.  supina,  L'Her.     Perennial,  tomentose ;   stems  divided  at  the  base 
into  slender  simple  ascending  or  prostrate  branches  ;  leaves  all  round-cordate, 
crenate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  hoary  beneath ;  the  slender  petioles  spineless  at 
the  base ;  stipules  minute,  subulate,  deciduous  ;  flowers  solitary ;  the  peduncles 
half  as  long  as  the  petioles  and  reflexed  in  fruit ;  carpels  downy,  reticulated, 
almost  beakless,  opening  irregularly  near  the  membranaceous  base.     (S.  ovata, 
Cav.     S.  procumbens,  Swartz.)  —  South  Florida.      October. —  Stems   6' -12* 


MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.)  55 

long;  leaves  J'-l'long;  the  limb  scarcely  longer  than  the  petiole.     Flowers 
yellow,  not  half  as  large  as  in  the  preceding. 

*   *  Leaves  not  cordate  :   carpels  7-12. 

3.  S.  Stipulata,  Cav.     Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  erect  or  curving  ;  leaves  and 
branches  distichous ;  leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong,  acute,  unequally  serrate,  on 
short  petioles ;  stipules  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the  petioles,  smooth,  per- 
sistent ;  flowers  single  or  clustered,  on  peduncles  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  pe- 
tioles ;  carpels  10,  strongly  reticulated,   pointed  with  two  short   and  incurved 
spines.      (S.  glabra,  Nutt.)  —  Waste   places  and   around   dwellings,   Florida. 
June  -  November.    (£)  or  y.  —  Stems  1°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Flow- 
ers 1'  wide,  vellow,  expanding  at  mid-day.     Petals  obliquely  obcordate. 

4.  S.  rhombifolia,  L.      Downy  ;    stems   erect,   much  branched  ;  leaves 
rhombic-oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  serrate,  short-petioled,  pale  beneath  ;  stip- 
ules setaceous,  longer  than  the  petioles,  caducous ;  peduncles  solitary,  more  than 
half  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  carpels  10-12,  even,  pointed  with  a  single  subulate 
spine,  indehiscent.  —  Around  dwellings,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  westward. 
July  -  October.     ®  —  Stems  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  2' -  3' long.     Flowers  yel- 
low, smaller  than  in  No.  3. 

5.  S.  ciliaris,  Cav.     Rough  with  appressed  rigid  hairs  ;  stems  prostrate ; 
leaves  elliptical,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  serrate  above  the  middle,  smooth  above, 
the  uppermost  approximate ;  stipules  setaceous,  and  like  the  calyx  fringed  with 
long  hairs ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  carpels  7, 
strongly  reticulated,  pointed  with  two  minute  barbed  spines.  —  Key  West.    1J.  — 
Stems  6'  long.    Leaves  £'  -  1'  long.     Flowers  small,  red. 

6.  S.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Perennial ;  stems  slender,  roughish,  erect, 
with  long  and  straight  branches  ;  leaves  smoothish,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute, 
serrate,  on  short  petioles ;  stipules  setaceous  ;  flowers  large,  single ;  peduncles 
longer  than  the  petioles  ;  carpels  10-  12,  strongly  reticulated,  truncate  or  slightly 
2-pointed.     (S.  gracilis,  Ell.,  not  of  Rick.)  —  Open  woods,  Florida  to  North  Car- 
olina and  westward.    July  -  October.  —  Stems  1°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  1'  -2'  long. 
Flowers  1 '  wide,  yellow. 

7.  S.  Lindheimeri,  Engcl.  &  Gray.     Stem  shrubby,  smooth,  slender,  much 
branched  ;  leaves  rigid,  narrow-linear,  obtuse,  serrate,  paler  and  downy  beneath, 
the  short  petioles  spineless  at  the  base ;  stipules  subulate,  persistent,  as  long  as 
the  petioles  ;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  carpels  10,  faintly  reticu- 
lated, pointed  with  two  short  and  broad  spines.  —  Key  West.  —  Stems  1°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Petals  barely  exceeding  the  calyx  in  length. 

5.    ABTJTILON,    Tourn.      INDIAN  MALLOW. 

Involucel  none.  Stigma  capitate.  Ovaries  5  or  more,  1-celled,  2-9-ovnled. 
Carpels  1  -  6-seeded,  partly  2-valved,  tardily  separating  from  each  other  or  from 
the  central  axis.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Leaves  cordate.  Flowers  yellow,  white, 
or  purplish. 

1.  A.  Avicennse,  GaM-tn.  Tomentose  ;  leaves  round-cordate,  acuminate, 
crenate  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-3  flowered,  shorter  than  the  long  petioles  ;  car- 


5G  MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.) 

pels  12-14,  hairy,  inflated,  truncate,  3-seeded,  with  two  long  and  spreading 
spines.  —  Waste  places  chiefly  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts.  Introduced.  (J) 
—  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.  Leaves  4'  -  6'  wide.  Flowers  orange-red. 

2.  A.  Hulseanum,  Torr.     Stem  hispidly  pilose  ;  leaves  orbicular-ovate, 
abruptly  acuminate,  velvety  beneath  with  a  whitish  pubescence,  roughish-tomen- 
tose  above,  crenate-dentate ;  peduncles  axillary  in  the  upper  leaves,  several- 
flowered  ;  styles  about  12.  — Tampa  Bay,  Florida.  — Leaves  3  inches  or  more 
in  diameter.     Flowers  l£'  in  diameter,  purplish  ;  pedicels  very  short. 

3.  A.  Jacquini,  Don.      Stem  erect  (2° -3°),  branching,  smooth  or  soft- 
downy;  leaves  long-petioled,  cordate  or  oblong-cordate,  acuminate,  uncquallv 
crenate,  velvety  on  both  surfaces  and  hoary  beneath,  or  roughish  above ;  pedun- 
cles solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  1-flowered,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles,  or  the 
upper  ones  longer  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate  or  oblong,  shorter  than  the  yellow 
petals  ;  carpelsS  - 10,  rigid,  hairy,  longer  than  the  calyx,  acute  or  beaked,  3-seeded. 
(A.  peraffine,  Shuttl.     Lavatera  Americana,  L.     Sida  abutiloides,  Jacq.     S.  lig- 
nosa,  Cav.)  —  South  Florida.  —  Flowers  9"-  12"  wide. 

4.  A.    crispum,    Gray.      Hoary-tomentosc ;    stem    sparingly  branched  ; 
leaves  round-cordate,  acuminate,  finely  crenate ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered, 
elongated,  filiform,  refracted  after  flowering ;  carpels  10,  beakless,  inflated,  cor- 
rugated, hispid,  2-seeded. — Key  West. —  Stem  slender,  l°-2°  high.     Leaves 
1 '  -  2'  long,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile.     Peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
Flowers  4"  -  6"  wide,  white. 

6.     MODIOLA,    Mcench. 

Involucel  3-leaved,  persistent.  Stamens  10-20.  Ovaries  14  -  20,  transversely 
2-celled,  each  cell  1-ovuled.  Stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  2-valved,  2-seeded,  sep- 
arating at  maturity  from  each  other  and  from  the  central  axis,  each  valve  tipped 
with  a  slender  spine.  — Prostrate  herbs,  with  palmately  divided  leaves,  and  small 
axillary  flowers. 

1.  M.  multifida,  Mcench.  Hirsute;  stems  diffuse;  leaves  long-petioled, 
cordate-ovate,  more  or  less  deeply  5  -  7-parted  ;  the  divisions  lobed  and  toothed ; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  carpels  hispid.  (Malva  Caroliniana,  L.)  — 
Waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  westward.  July  -  October.  1J.  — 
Stems  1  °  -2  °  long.  Earliest  leaves  orbicular,  undivided.  Petals  red,  as  long 
as  the  calyx. 

7.    PAVONIA,     Cav. 

Involucel  5-  15-lcaved,  persistent.  Ovaries  5,  1 -celled,  1-ovuled.  Stigmas  10, 
capitate.  Carpels  indehiscent  or  somewhat  2-valved,  naked  or  armed  at  the 
apex  with  three  hispid  awns,  separating  at  maturity.  Embryo  incurved.  Rad- 
icle inferior.  —  Chiefly  shrubs,  with  petioled  stipulate  leaves,  and  solitary  flow- 
ers on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  P.  Lecontei,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  much  branched,  roughish-pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  sagittate,  obtusely  toothed,  densely  pubescent 


MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.)  57 

and  hoary  beneath,  rough  above,  longer  than  the  petioles ;  involucel  of  5  -  6 
ovate  leaves,  which  are  slightly  united  at  the  base ;  carpels  obovate,  awnless, 
strongly  reticulate.  —  South  Georgia,  collected  by  Leconte.  —  Stem  4°  -  5°  high. 
Leaves  !•  long.  Flowers  large,  pale  red. 

8.    KOSTELETZKYA,    Presl.      ( HIBISCUS,  L.  in  part.) 
Capsule  depressed,  the  cells  1-seeded.  —  Otherwise  as  in  Hibiscus. 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Presl.  Rough-hairy  ;  stem  erect,  stout,  branching  ; 
lower  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  serrate,  mostly  3-lobed,  the  upper  ones  narrower 
and  usually  entire;  flowers  (purple)  in  terminal  racemes.  —  Var.  ALTHE^EFOLIA. 
( Hibiscus  altheaefolius,  Shuttl. )  Densely  stellate-pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary ; 
leaves  all  undivided,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  unequally  toothed- 
serrate  ;  racemes  dense-flowered  ;  capsule  hirsute.  —  Var.  SMILACIFOLIA.  (Hi- 
biscus smilacifolius,  Shuttl. )  Stem  more  slender,  smoothish  below ;  leaves  all 
hastate,  with  lanceolate  serrate  lobes  ;  racemes  few-flowered.  —  Marshes  and  low 
grounds  near  the  coast,  Florida  and  northward  (the  varieties  near  Manatee, 
South  Florida,  Rugel).  July  -  September,  y.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Flow- 
ers l|'-2'  wide. 

9.    HIBISCUS,    L.     ROSE-MALLOW. 

Involucel  many-leaved  or  many-cleft,  and,  like  the  calyx,  persistent.  Stigmas 
5,  peltate  or  capitate.  Capsule  globose  or  oblong,  5-celled,  loculicidally  5- 
valved,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  petioled  stipulate  leaves, 
^ind  large  showy  flowers,  on  axillary  peduncles. 

*  Leaves  of  the  involucel  forked. 

1.  H.  aculeatus,  Walt.     Muricate-hispid  ;  leaves  round-cordate,  divided 
into  3  -  5  coarsely  toothed  and  spreading  lobes,  the  upper  ones  narrower  and 
mostly  entire  ;  flowers  yellow,  with  a  purple  centre,  short-peduncled  ;  involucel 
10-  12-leaved  ;  capsule  hispid  ;  seeds  smooth.  — Margins  of  swamps  and  ponds, 
Florida   to    South    Carolina,  and  westward.     July.     1J.  —  Stems  2°  -  6°  high. 
Flowers  4'  wide. 

*   *  Leaves  of  the  involucel  entire. 
•»-   Perennial  herbs :  stipules  deciduous. 

2.  H.  Moscheutos,  L.     Tomentose;   leaves  broadly  ovate,   acuminate, 
toothed-serrate,  mostly  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at 
the  base,  hoary  beneath  ;  peduncles  often  partly  adnate  to  the  petioles  ;  flowers 
white  or  pale  rose-color  with  a  crimson  centre ;    seeds  smooth.  — *  Ponds  and 
marshes,   Georgia,   northward   and   westward.     July.  —  Stems   3°  -  5°  high. 
Leaves  3'  -5'  long.     Flowers  4'  -  5'  wide. 

3.  H.  incanus,  Wendl.    Leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  not  lobed, 
slightly  cordate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  hoary  on  both  sides ;  flowers  pale 
yellow  with  a  crimson  centre,  often  umbelled  ;    peduncles  mostly  free  from  the 
petioles  ;  capsule  and  seeds  smooth.  —  Ponds  and  marshes,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.    June  and  July.  —  Stems  2°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  6' 
long.     Flowers  6'  -  8'  wide. 


58  BYTTNEKIACE^E.       (BYTTNERIA    FAMILY.) 

4.  H.  grandiflorus,  Michx.     Tomentose;  leaves  round-ovate,  cordate, 
mostly  3-lobed,  toothed-seirate,  hoary  beneath  ;  flowers  very  large,  pale  rose- 
color  with  a  deep  red  centre  ;  peduncles  free  from  the  petioles  ;  capsule  velvety  ; 
seeds  smooth.  —  Marshes  near  the  coast,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.    July. 
—  Stems  several  from  one  root,  3°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  4 '-6'  long  and  nearly 
the  same  in  width.    Flowers  10'  -  12'  wide. 

5.  H.  Carolinianus,  Muhl.  ?  Ell.      Smooth  ;   leaves  cordate-ovate,  ncn- 
minate,  serrate,  sometimes  slightly  3-lobed  ;  flowers  puiple  ;  peduncles  slightly 
adhering  to  the  petioles  ;  seeds  hispid.  — On  Wilmington  Island,  Georgia.    July 
-September.  — Stems  4° -6°  high.    Leaves  4' -6' long.    Flowers  6' -  8'wide.  (*) 

.6.  H.  militaris,  Cav.  Smooth;  leaves  thin,  on  long  and  slender  petioles, 
sen-ate,  slightly  cordate,  the  lower  ones  roundish,  3  -  5-lobed,  the  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  somewhat  hastate,  with  rounded  lobes  ;  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  petioles ;  calyx  inflated ;  corolla  tubular-campanulate,  pale  rose-color 
with  a  red  centre ;  seeds  silky.  — River-banks  in  the  upper  districts,  and  westward. 
July  and  August.  —  Stems  3°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.  Corolla  2£'  long. 

7.  H.  COCCineu.8,  Walt.     Smooth  ;  stem  glaucous  ;  leaves  long-petioled, 
5-parted  to  the  base,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  remotely  toothed,  with  long-tapering 
entire  tips  ;  corolla  expanding,  bright  scarlet ;  petals  long-clawed  ;  seeds  pu- 
bescent.    (H.  speciosus,  Ait )  —  Deep  marshes  near  the  coast,  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  westward.     July  and  August.  —  Stems  4° -8°  high.     Leaves  6' -12' long. 
Corolla  6'  —  8'  wide.     Column  of  stamens  naked  below. 

-1—    •»-    Trees  or  shrubs  :   stipules  persistent. 

8.  H.   FloridanuS,    Shuttl.      Hispid  ;    leaves  small,  ovate,  obtuse,  cre- 
nate-serrate,  often  cordate,  and  slightly  3-lobed  ;    peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves ;   corolla  tubular-campanulate,  crimson ;    column  of  stamens  exserted  ; 
seeds  woolly.    ( Malvaviscus  Floridanus,  Nutt. )  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  4°  -  5° 
high,  branching.     Leaves  |'-1'  long.     Stipules  subulate.     Flowers  1'  long. 

9.  H.  tiliaceus,    L.     Leaves  orbicular-cordate,   acuminate,   slightly  cre- 
nate,  hoary-tomentose  beneath ;  stipules  large,  oblong,  clasping  ;  involucel  9  - 
10-toothed  ;  capsule  tomentosc  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  large  tree. 
Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.     Flowers  yellow  1 

H.  ESCULENTUS,  L.  (H.  Collinsianus,  Nutt.  ?)  is  the  garden  OKRA. 
H.  SYRIACUS,  L.,  the  ALTH^A,  is  everywhere  cultivated. 

To  this  family  belongs  the  COTTON-PLANT  (GOSSYPIUM,  L.),  the  numerous 
varieties  of  which  are  now  referred  to  two  species,  viz.  the  SHORT  STAPLE  or 
UPLAND  (G.  ALBUM,  Ham.),  and  the  LONG  STAPLE  or  SEA  ISLAND  (G.  NI- 
GRUM,  Ham.). 

ORDER  23.     BYTTNERIACE^.     (BYTTNERIA  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  trees  or  shrubs  differing  from  Malvacese  in  having  definite 
stamens,  of  which  those  opposite  the  petals  are  usually  sterile,  2-celled 
anthers,  with  smooth  pollen-grains,  and  a  straight  embryo-  —  Ovary 
3  -  5-celled,  rarely  1-celled. 


TILIACEyE.       (LINDEN    FAMILY.)  59 

1.    AYENIA,    L. 

Involucel  none.  Calyx  5-partcd.  Petals  on  long  capillary  claws,  connivcnt 
over  the  stigma.  Fertile  stamens  5,  alternating  with  1-2  sterile  ones,  their  fila- 
ments united  into  a  pedicellate  cup.  Style  single.  Stigma  5-angled.  Capsule 
5-lobed,  5-cellcd,  loculicidally  5-valved,  the  cells  1-seeded.  —  Low  shrubby  plants, 
with  minute  axillary  flowers.  Capsule  rough.  Albumen  none. 

1.  A.  pusilla,  L.  Stems  mostly  simple,  prostrate,  downy;  leaves  (4"- 
8"  long)  roundish  or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate;  peduncles  solitary,  reflexed  in 
fruit;  capsule  depressed,  muricate.  —  South  Florida.  1J. — Stems  6' -12' long. 
Flowers  purple. 

2.    WALTHERIA,    L. 

Involucel  3-leaved,  deciduous.  Calyx  5-clcft.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  united  below.  Ovary  1 -celled,  2-ovulcd.  Style  single. 
Stigma  penicillate  or  tuberculate.  Capsule  2-valved,  1-seeded.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  flow- 
ers in  axillary  clusters. 

1 .  W.  Americana,  L.  Stem  erect,  villous  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute 
or  obtuse,  serrate,  plicate,  tomentose  on  both  surfaces ;  heads  of  flowers  globose, 
stalked,  or  subsessile  and  shorter  than  the  petioles,  the  upper  ones  often  spiked ; 
calyx  hirsute ;  flowers  yellow.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  rigid. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long. 


ORDER  24.     TILTACE^E.     (LINDEN  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  with  deciduous  stipules.  Flow- 
ers axillary  or  extra-axillary,  hypogynous,  polyandrous.  Sepals  4-5, 
valvate  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  4-5,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  distinct  or  united  in  clusters  :  anthers  2-celled,  the  pollen 
grains  smooth.  Style  single.  Stigina  4-1 0-lobed.  Capsule  2  -  5-celled, 
1 -many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albu- 
men. Cotyledons  flat,  leafy. 

1.    TILIA,    Tourn.    LINDEN.    BASSWOOD. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous,  united  in  5 
clusters,  with  a  petal-like  appendage  (sterile  stamen)  opposite  each  petal.  Ovary 
5-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  1 -celled,  1-2- 
seeded.  —  Trees,  with  cordate  leaves,  and  several-flowered  axillary  peduncles, 
which  are  connate  below  with  a  large  ligulate  veiny  bract.  Flowers  cream-color. 

1.  T.  Americana,   L.     Leaves  smooth  and  green  on  both  surfaces,  ob- 
liquely cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia 
and  northward.     June.  —  A  large  tree.     Leaves  4'  -  5'  wide. 

2.  T.  pubescens,  Ait.     Leaves  hoary-tomentose  on  both  surfaces,  becom- 
ing smoothish  above,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  base,  mucronate-scrrate.  —  Rich 
soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    June.  —  Leaves  4' -5'  wide. 


60  CA.MELLIACFJE.       (CAMELLIA    FAMILY.; 

3.  T.  heterophylla,  Vent.  Leaves  larger  (6' -8'  wide),  deep  green 
above,  white-tomcntose  beneath.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  —  June  and 
July. 

2.    CORCHORUS,    L. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  numerous,  sep- 
arate. Style  slender.  Stigma  dilated,  crenulate.  Capsule  mostly  elongated, 
silique-like,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded-  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants, 
with  alternate  serrate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on  short  pedun 
cles  opposite  the  leaves.  Stipules  deciduous. 

1.  C.  siliquosus,  L.  Stem  much  branched,  hairy  in  lines;  leaves  ovate 
and  lanceolate,  smooth;  peduncles  1  -  2-flowered ;  stamens  numerous;  capsule 
linear,  compressed,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Near  Mobile,  Alabama,  and  Key 
West.  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  high.  Capsule  2'  long. 


ORDER  25.     CAMELLIACE^.     (CAMELLIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  hypo- 
gynous  polyamlrous  showy  flowers.  —  Sepals  and  petals  5-6,  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous,  united  at  the  base  into  a  ring,  or  into 
sets  placed  opposite  the  petals,  and  adnate  tp  their  bases :  anthers  2-celled, 
introrse.  Ovary  2-5-celled,  2  -  many-ovuled.  Styles  2-5,  distinct  or 
united.  Capsule  2-5-celled,  mostly  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Albumen 
scarce  or  none. 

1.     GORDONIA,    Ellis.    LOBLOLLY-BAY. 

Sepals  5,  roundish,  concave.  Petals  5,  thick,  obovate,  united  at  the  base. 
Stamens  united  into  5  sets.  Ovary  5-celled,  with  4-8  pendulous  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Styles  united.  Capsule  loculicidally  5-valvcd,  woody.  Seeds  angular  or 
winged.  Flowers  axillary. 

§  1.  GORDONIA  proper.  —  Stamens  short,  inserted  into  the  fleshy  5-lobedcup  which 
adheres  to  the  base  of  the  petals ;  capsule  ovoid,  5-valved.  —  Leaves  coriaceous,  peren- 
nial. Flowers  lonq-pcduncled. 

1.  G.  Lasianthus,  L.     Sepals  and  petals  silky;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
narrowed  into  a  petiole,  finely  sen-ate.  —  Swamps  in  the  lower  districts,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    July  and  August.  —  A  tree  30°  -  50°  high. 
Flowers  2'  wide,  white. 

§  2.  FRAXKI.INI A.  —  Stamens  long,  distinct,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  petals; 
capsule  glotose,  loculicidally  5-valved  above  the  middle,  and  septicidally  5-valved  below. 
—  Leaves  deciduous. 

2.  G.    pubescens,   L'Herit.     Sepals   and  petals   silky ;  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  sharply  serrate,  white  beneath  ;  flowers  short-peduncled.  —  Georgia  and 
Florida,  near  the  coast.  —  A  small  tree.     Flowers  3'  wide,  white. 


OLACACE/E.       (XIMENIA    FAMILY.)  Gl 

2.     STUARTIA,     Catesb. 

Sepals  5-6,  silky,  1  -  2-bracted.  Petals  5-6,  obovate,  crenulate,  silky.  Sta- 
mens united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petals.  Ovary 
5-celled,  with  two  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  5,  distinct  or  united. 
Capsule  ovoid,  woody,  5-valved  ;  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  alternate 
leaves,  and  large  white  or  cream-colored  flowers  on  short  axillary  peduncles. 

§  1 .  STUARTIA.  —  Styles  united  :   capsule  globose  :  seeds  not  margined. 

1 .  S.  Virginica,  Cav.      Sepals  5,   roundish ;    petals   5,   round-obovate  ; 
leaves  oval,  thin,  serrulate,  finely  pubescent.    (S.  Malachodendron,  L.)  — Shady 
woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    April  and  May.  —  Shrub  8°  - 
12°  high.     Flowers  2' -  3' wide.     Stamens  purple. 

§  2.   MALACHODENDRON.  —  Styles  separate  :    capsule  ovate,  acuminate  :    seeds 
margined. 

2.  S.  pentagyna,  L'Her.    Sepals  and  petals  5-6,  the  latter  obovate,  with 
jagged  edges  ;  leaves  oval,  acute.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina. 
May  -  July.  —  Shrub  similar  to  the  preceding,  the  leaves  and  flowers  rather 
larger,  and  longer  stamens. 

ORDER  26.     OL-ACACE^E.     (XIMENIA   FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  petioled  and  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  regular  hypogynous  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers,  in  axillary  ra- 
cemes or  corymbs.  —  Calyx  truncate  or  4  -  5-toothed,  persistent.  Petals 
4-5,  distinct  or  partly  united,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  twice 
as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted  into  their  bases:  anthers  introrse. 
Ovary  1  -  4-celled.  Ovules  few,  anatropous.  Style  single,  filiform.  Fruit 
drupaceous,  often  surrounded  with  the  enlarged  calyx,  1-celled,  1-seeded. 
Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    XIMENIA,    Plum. 

Calyx  small,  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  united  at  the  base,  villous  within.  Sta- 
mens 8.  Ovary  4-celled.  the  cells  3-4-ovuled.  Drupe  baccate;  not  enclosed 
in  the  calyx.  —  Thorny  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  coriaceous.  Flowers  axillary, 
single  or  corymbose. 

1.  X.  Americana,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  2-3  together,  oblong,  obtuse, 
short-petioled ;  peduncles  2  -  4-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  petals  thick, 
lanceolate,  spreading  above,  rusty-hairy  within.  —  Key  West.  —  Thorns  stout, 
£'  long.  Leaves  2'  long.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  Drupe  yellow,  roundish,  as 
large  as  a  plum.  Nut  white,  globose. 

ORDER  27.  •  AURANTIACE^E.      (ORANGE  FAMILY.) 

The   ORANGE,  LEMON,  and  LIME  (species  of  CITRUS,  L.}  are  com- 
monly cultivated  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Southern   States,  and  the 
6 


02  LIXACEJE.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

BITTER-SWEET  ORANGK  (C.  VULGARIS,  Risso)  is  completely  naturalized 
in  some  portions  of  South  Florida. 

The  PRIDE  OF  INDIA,  or  CHINA-TREK  (MELIA  AZEDERACH,  L.)  belongs 
to  the  allied  Order  MELIACEJE. 


ORDER  28.     CEDRELACEJE.      (MAHOGANY   FAMILY.) 

Lofty  trees,  with  hard  and  colored  wood,  pinnate  exstipulate  leaves,  and 
regular  hypogynous  panicled  flowers.  —  Sepals  3-5,  often  more  or  less 
united.  Petals  3-5,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as 
the  petals,  distinct  or  united  into  a  tube,  and  inserted  with  the  petals  into 
an  hypogynous  disk.  Ovary  3  -  5-celled,  with  few  or  many  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Style  single.  Capsule  woody,  3  -  5-celled,  3  -  5-valved,  the  valves 
at  length  separating  from  the  thick  angular  or  winged  axis.  Seed  anatro- 
pous,  winged.  Albumen  fleshy  or  none.  Cotyledons  leafy. 

1.    SWIETENIA,    L.     MAHOGANY. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  united  into  a  10-toothed  tube,  which 
encloses  the  10  anthers.  Style  short.  Stigma  5-rayed.  Capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved,  with  the  numerous  suspended  seeds  imbricated  in  two  rows  —  A  large 
tree,  with  hard  reddish-brown  wood.  Leaves  alternate,  abruptly  pinnate.  Leaf- 
lets 6-10,  opposite,  entire,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequal  at  the  base.  Flowers 
greenish-yellow,  in  axillary  panicles.  Capsule  ovate,  as  large  as  an  Orange. 

1.   S.  Mahogoni,  L.     South  Florida. 

ORDER  29.     LJNACE^E.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous 
racemose  or  panicled  flowers.  —  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  per- 
sistent. Petals  4-5,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  4-5, 
united  at  the  base.  Styles  4-5,  rarely  united.  Capsule  globose,  splitting 
into  five  2-seeded  carpels,  which  are  more  or  less  perfectly  2-celled  and 
2-valved.  Seeds  anatropous,  suspended.  Cotyledons  flat. 

1.    LINUM,    L.      FLAX. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5.  Capsule  partly  or  completely  10-celled, 
the  cells  1 -seeded  ;  seeds  compressed,  oily.  —  Stems  slender.  Leaves  narrow 
and  mostly  alternate.  Peduncle  1-flowered,  borne  above  or  opposite  the  leaves. 

1.  L.  Virginiamim,  L.  (WILD  FLAX.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  the 
lower  ones  opposite  and  obtuse  ;  flowers  scattered  in  corymbose  racemes  ;  sepals 
smooth,  ovate,  acute  ;  styles  distinct ;  capsule  depressed-globose,  10-celled.  — 
Varies  with  glandular  sepals,  larger  globose-ovate  capsules,  and  linear  leaves.  — 
Sterile  soil,  Florida  and  northward.  July.  U.  —  Stem  slender,  often  much 
branched,  2°  high.  Flowers  yellow. 


ZYGOPHYLLACE^E.       (BEAX-CAPER    FAMILY.)  63 

2.  L.  Boottii,  Planclion.    Leaves  linear,  acute ;  flowers  scattered  in  cymose 
racemes  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  fringed  with  glandular  hairs  ;  styles 
united  below  the  middle ;  capsule  imperfectly  10-celled,  globose.  —  Dry  soil, 
North  Carolina  and  northward.    July.  —  Stems  l°-2°high.     Flowers  larger 
than  in  Xo.  1,  sulphur-yellow. 

3.  L.  striatum,  Walt.     "  Flowers  terminal ;    leaves  subovate,  alternate, 
the  nerve  and  margins  decurrent  on  the.  stem  ;  stem  branched,  striate."  —  South 
Carolina,  Walter.     (  *} 


ORDER  30.     OXALIDACEJE.      (WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  sour  juice,  alternate  compound  leaves,  and  regular 
hypogynous  decandrous  flowers.  —  Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  per- 
sistent. Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  more  or  less 
united.  Styles  5,  distinct.  Ovary  5-celled.  Capsule  5-celled,  the  cells 
few-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  pendulous.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis 
of  fleshy  albumen.  Cotyledons  flat. 

1.    OXALIS,    L.      WOOD-SORREL. 

Capsule  5-lobed  ;  the  cells  loculicidally  dehiscent  on  the  back,  1  -few-seeded. 
Seed-coat  loose  and  separating.  —  Leaves  3-foliolate.  Leaflets  obcordatc. 

1.  O.  Violacea,  L.     (PURPLE  WOOD-SORREL.)     Stcmless  ;    root  tuber- 
ous ;  scapes  umbellately  4  -  6-flowcred  ;  flowers  purple,  nodding.  —  Rich  woods, 
West  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     May  and  June.  —  Scapes  and 
petioles  5'  -  9'  high. 

2.  O.  Acetosella,  L.    (WHITE  WOOD-SORRKL.)     Stemless ;  root  creep- 
ing ;  scape  1 -flowered  ;  flower  white,  veined  with  red.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina  and  northward.     June.  —  Scape  and  petioles  hairy,  2'-  5'  high. 

3.  O.  Stricta,  L.     (YELLOW  WOOD-SORREL.)     Stems  branching,  leafy; 
peduncles  axillary,  2  -  G-flowcred,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  yellow  ;  cap- 
sule elongated,  erect.  —  Dry  soil,  common  and  varying  greatly.     April  -  De- 
cember.    ®  and  ty  —  O.  recurva  and  0.  furcata,  £11.,  and  O.  Lyoni,  Ph.,  are 
forms  of  this. 


ORDER  31.    ZYGOPHYJ.LACEA:.     (BEAN-CAPER  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  hard  wood,  opposite  pinnate  dotless  stipu- 
late leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous  mostly  decandrous  flowers.  —  Sepals 
and  petals  5-6,  imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct, 
often  appendaged.  Ovary  2-12-celled,  with  the  styles  united.  Capsule 
composed  of  2-12  indehiscent  carpels,  which  separate  from  each  other 
and  often  from  a  central  axis  at  maturity.  Embryo  straight.  Cotyledons 
flat.  Radicle  superior. 


64  GERANIACE^E.       (GERANIUM    FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

1.  TRIBULUS.     Carpels  5,  transversely  few-celled,  few-seeded.     Herbs. 

2.  KALLSTROMIA.     Carpels  10, 1-celled,  1-seeded.     Herbs. 
a  GUAIACUM.    Carpels  2 -5,  compressed,  1-seeded.     Trees. 

1.    TRIBULUS,    L. 

Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  5-celled, 
with  3-5  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell.  Carpels  of  the  fruit  5,  spiny  on  the 
back,  transversely  divided  into  2-5  one-seeded  cells,  separating  at  maturity,  with- 
out a  central  axis.  Albumen  none.  —  Prostrate  herbs.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate. 
Peduncles  solitary,  1 -flowered. 

1 .  T.  cistoides,  L.  Leaves  unequal ;  leaflets  6-16,  linear-oblong,  mucro- 
nate,  silky  beneath ;  peduncles  as  long,  as  the  leaves  ;  flowers  large,  yellow.  — 
Key  West.  —  Stems  l°-2°  long,  hairy.  Petals  2-3  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx. 

2.    KALLSTROMIA,    Scop. 

Sepals  5  —  6,  persistent,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10-12.  Ovary  10- 
12-celled,  the  cells  1-ovuled.  Carpels  of  the  fruit  10-12,  separating  from  each 
other  and  from  the  central  axis.  Albumen  none.  —  Hairy  herbs,  with  the  habit 
of  TRIBULUS. 

1-  K.  maxima,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  nearly  equal;  leaflets  6-8,  ob- 
liquely oblong,  mucronate,  the  terminal  pair  larger;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves j  petals  as  long  as  the  bristly  calyx,  yellow;  carpels  rugose  on  the  back. 
—  Key  West  and  Savannah.  —  Stems  l°-2°  long. 

3.     GUAIACUM,    Plum. 

Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  with  naked  filaments.  Ovary  stalked, 
2 -5-celled,  the  cells  8-10-ovuled.  Carpels  of  the  fruit  2-5,  cgmpressed,  1- 
seeded.  Seed-coat  fleshy.  Embryo  straight  in  hard  thin  albumen.  —  Trees. 
Leaflets  reticulate.  Flowers  blue  or,  purple. 

1.  G.  sanctum,  L.  Branches  opposite  and  forking,  jointed,  pubescent 
when  young ;  leaflets  6  or  8,  obliquely  obovate  or  oblong,  mucronate,  entire ; 
peduncles  single  or  clustered  at  the  forks  of  the  branches.  1 -flowered,  shorter 
than  the  leaves ;  sepals  and  petals  obtuse  ;  flowers  blue.  —  South  Florida.  —  A 
small  tree  with  white  bark.  Flowers  £'  wide.  Fruit  obovate. 


ORDER  32.     GERANIACE^E.      (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  tumid  joints,  alternate  or  opposite  pal- 
mately  lobed  stipulate  leaves,  and  hypogynous  and  decandrous  flowers. 
—  Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the 
bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base  ;  the  5  exterior  ones 
shorter  and  often  sterile.  Ovaries  5,  2-ovuled,  and,  with  the  persistent 


BALSAMINACE^E.       (BALSAM    FAMILY.)  65 

styles,  adnate  to  an  elongated  central  axis,  from  which  they  separate  elas- 
tically  at  maturity.     Seed  solitary,  without  albumen.     P^mbryo  convolute. 

1.     GERANIUM,     Tourn.     CRANESBILL. 

Flowers  regular.  Stamens  perfect,  the  inner  ones  with  a  gland  at  the  base. 
Styles  at  maturity  separating  with  the  1 -seeded  carpels,  and  coiled  upward,  the 
inner  face  naked.  —  Herbs.  Stems  forking.  Leaves  palmately  lobed.  Pedun- 
cles 1  -  3-flowered. 

1 .  G.  maculatum,  L.     Perennial,  erect,  hairy ;  leaves  5  -  "-parted,  the 
divisions  acutely  lobed  and  toothed  ;  peduncles  1  -  2-flowered,  the  terminal  ones 
often  umbellate ;  petals  large,  entire,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  oblong  awned 
sepals.  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts  and  northward.     April  and  May. 
—  Root  tuberous,  very  astringent.      Stem  l°-2°  high.     Flowers  purple,   1' 
wide. 

2.  G.  Carolinianum,  L.    Annual,  generally  prostrate,  pubescent ;  leaves  ^ 
5  -  7-parted,  the  narrow  divisions  obtusgly  lobed  and  toothed  ;  peduncles  2-flow- 
ered ;  petals  emarginate,  as  long  as  the  ovate  awned  sepals.  —  Waste  places, 
common.     March  and  April.  —  Stems   forking,    6' -18'  long.      Flowers   pale 
purple. 


ORDER  33.     BALSAMINACE^E.     (BALSAM  FAMILY.) 

Smooth  and  succulent  annual  herbs,  with  undivided  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  irregular  hypogynous  pentandrous  flowers.  —  Sepals  5,  colored,  de- 
ciduous; the  two  inner  (and  upper)  ones  united,  the  lowest  large  and 
saccate.  Petals  4-5,  distinct  or  united.  Stamens  5,  coherent  above. 
Ovary  5-celled,  the  cells  2  -  several-ovuled.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupa- 
ceous. Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight,  with  thick 
cotyledons. 

1.     IMPATIENS,    L.    JEWEL-WEED. 

Lowest  sepal  saccate  and  spurred.  Petals  4,  united  by  pairs.  Filaments 
short,  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  face.  Capsule  5-celled,  bursting  elastically  into 
5  valves.  Placentae  central,  persistent.  —  Steins  branching,  somewhat  pellucid. 
—  Leaves  serrate.  Peduncles  axillary,  1  -  several-flowered.  Earliest  flowers 
fruiting  in  the  bud. 

1  I.  pallida,  Nutt.  (PALE  TOUCH-ME-NOT.)  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  ob- 
tusely serrate,  membranaceous  ;  flowers  pale  yellow ;  lower  sepal  slightly  spotted, 
dilated,  open,  tipped  with  a  short  recurved  spur.  —  Wet  shady  places,  Georgia 
and  northward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  2°  -  4°  high. 

2.  I.  fulva,  Nutt.      (SPOTTED   TOUCH-ME-NOT.)      Flowers  deep  orange; 
lower  sepal  conical,  conspicuously  spotted,  tipped  with  a  rather  long  recurved 
spur;  otherwise  like  No  1,  but  with  smaller  flowers.  —  Shady  swamps,  Florida 
and  northward.     July  -  Sept. 
6* 


66  KUTACE^.       (RUE    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  34.     RUTACE^E.      (RUE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  exstipulate  simple  or  compound  dotted 
leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous  perfect  or  unisexual  flowers.  —  Sepals  and 
petals  3-5.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Ovaries 
2-5,  distinct  or  united,  stipitate  or  sessile  on  a  glandular  disk.  Styles 
mostly  united.  Fruit  commonly  composed  of  separate  1 -celled  2-valved 
carpels.  Embryo  straight  or  curved,  mostly  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    ZANTHOXYLUM,    L.      PRICKLY  ASH. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Sepals  and  petals  3-5.  Stamens  3-5. 
Ovaries  2  -  5,  sessile  or  stipitate,  2-ovuled.  Carpels  2-valvcd,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seed 
smooth  and  shining.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  commonly  armed  with  stipular  prickles. 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  the  leaflets  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  Flowers 
small,  greenish.  j, 

1.  Z.  Carolinianum,  Lam.      (TOOTHACHE-TREE.)    Smooth;  branches 
and  commonly  the  petioles  armed  witli  long  prickles ;  leaves  alternate,  7-9- 
foliolatc;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  crenate-semilate,  unequal-sided,  shining  above ; 
panicles  terminal;  stamens  5;  carpels  3,  nearly  sessile.  —  Var.  FRUTICOSUM, 
Gray.     Shrubby ;  leaves  shorter,  ovate  or  oblong,  more  strongly  crenate  ;  ova- 
ries always  two.  —  Dry  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.   June.  —  A  small  tree,  with  the  pungent  bark  armed  with  warty  prickles. 

2.  Z.  3JT.oridan.um,  Nutt.     (SATIN-WOOD.)     Branches  and  petioles  un- 
armed ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate  on  the  fertile  plant,  and  elliptical,  obtuse 
or  emarginate  on  the  sterile,  slightly  crcnulate,  and  like  the  cymose  panicle  stel- 
late-pubescent ;    stamens  4  -  5  ;    carpels  1-2,  obovate,  stipitate  ;  seed  solitary, 
obovate,  black  and  shining. —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  l'-2'  long.      CVTne 
sessile,  divided  into  three  primary  branches.     Flowers  minute. 

3.  Z.   Pterota,  H.  B.  &  K.     Smooth  ;  branches  zigzag,  armed  with  short 
curved  prickles;    petiole  winged,  jointed;  leaflets  7 -9,  small,  obovate,  coria- 
ceous, crenate  above  the  middle,  sessile ;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  which  are 
single  or  by  pairs,  as  long  as  the  first  joint  of  the  petiole  ;  stamens  4  ;  ovaries 
2 ;  carpels  solitary,  globose,  pitted,  distinctly  stipitate.  —  South  Florida.  — Leaf- 
lets £'  - H'  long,  those  on  the  fertile  plant  narrower  and  smaller.     Caq^els  small, 
dotted. 

2.    PTELEA,    L.      HOP-TREE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  and  petals  4  -  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  4-5.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  two  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  short. 
Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded,  surrounded  by  a  broad  circular 
reticulated  wing.  —  Unarmed  shrubs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  small  greenish 
flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme. 

1.  P.  trifoliata,  L.  Pubescent;  leaves  long-petioled ;  leaflets  oval  or 
oblong,  mostly  acute,  obscurely  creuulate,  paler  beneath,  the  lateral  ones  unequal- 


BURSERACEiE.       (TORCH-WOOD    FAMILY.)  G7 

sided  ;  filaments  4-5,  densely  villous  below  the  middle,  longer  than  the  style  in 
the  sterile  flowers,  shorter  in  fertile  ones.  —  Rocky  banks,  Florida  and  northward. 
May  and  June.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high.  Leaflets  2'  -  4'  long.  Fruit  1 '  wide. 

2.  P.  mollis,    M.  A.  Curtis.      "Lateral   leaflets   oval,   the   terminal   ob- 
ovate,  with  an  abrupt  acute  point,  the  under  side,  with  the  petioles,  panicles,  and 
young  branches,  clothed  with  a  soft  whitish  silky  villus  ;  cymes  compact,  with 
short  branches ;  style  long ;  filaments  equalling  the  anthers."  —  Low  country 
of  North  and  South  Carolina  (Curb's). — Leaves  smaller  and  more  rigid  than 
in  No.  1,  the  style  twice  as  long.     Stamens  4. 

3.  P.  Baldwin!!,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Leaves  very  small,  glabrous  ;  leaflets 
sessile,  oval,  obtuse,  the  terminal  one  cuneiform  at  the  base  ;  flowers  tetrandrous  ; 
style  none.  —  East  Florida.  —  Shrub  1°  high,  with  numerous  short  and  scraggy 
branches.     Leaflets  1'  long.    Flowers  smaller  than  in  JS'o.  1. 


ORDER  35.     SIMARUBACEJE.      (QUASSIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  milky  juice,  pinnate  exstipulate  alternate 
and  dotless  leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers. 
—  Calyx  4  -  5-parted  or  4  -  5-toothed,  persistent.  Petals  4-5,  deciduous. 
Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  on  a  hypogy- 
nous disk.  Ovary  composed  of  4  -  5  distinct  or  united  carpels,  with  a  sol- 
itary anatropous  suspended  ovule  in  each.  Fruit  drupaceous,  1-seeded. 
Seeds  with  a  membranaceous  coat.  Albumen  none.  Radicle  superior, 
included  in  the  cotyledons. 

1.    SIMARTJBA,    Aublct.      QUASSIA. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.  Petals  4  —  5,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  8-10,  with  the  filaments  inserted  on  the  back  of  a  ciliate  scale. 
Ovaries  4-5,  surrounded  by  8-10  scale-like  rudiments  of  stamens.  Styles  con- 
nivent ;  the  stigmas  spreading.  Drupes  1-5.  —  Trees.  Leaves  abruptly  pin- 
nate, with  alternate  and  entire  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  lateral  and 
terminal  panicles. 

1.  S.  glauca,  DC.  Smooth  throughout;  flowers  dioecious;  stigmas  5, 
subulate,  spreading  ;  leaflets  4-8,  alternate  and  opposite,  coriaceous,  obovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  paler  bencatli ;  drupe  oval,  mostly  solitary.  —  South  Florida.  — 
A  large  tree. 


ORDER  36.     BURSERACE^E.      (Toucri-WooD  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  juice,  unequally  pinnate  or  trifoliolate 
commonly  dotted  leaves,  and  small  regular  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal 
racemes  or  panicles.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  1  -  f>-oelled  sessile  ovary, 
2  -  5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  2  -  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes,  and 


68  ANACARDIACE.E.       (CASHKW    FAMILY.) 

inserted  under  an  orbicular  or  annular  disk  at  the  bottom  of  the  calyx, 
mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  in- 
serted with  them  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovules  anatropous,  pendulous, 
mostly  two  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  1-5.  Fruit  drupaceous,  dry ;  the  peri- 
carp often  splitting  into  valves.  Albumen  none.  Radicle  superior. 

1.     BUHSERA,     Jacquin. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sterile  Fl.  Calyx  3  -  5-partcd.  Petals  3-5,  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  6 -10.  Disk  crenulate.  Fertile  Fl.  Calyx  3-parted. 
Petals  3.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  ovate,  3-celled.  Style  short:  stigma  3-lobed. 
Drupe  oblong,  1 -seeded ;  the  pericarp  3-valved.  Cotyledons  wrinkled. 

1.  B.  gummifera,  Jacquin.  Leaves  alternate,  3  -  9-foliolate,  long-peti- 
oled,  deciduous  ;  leaflets  stalked,  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  rounded  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  at  length  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  flowers  small, 
whitish,  in  axillary  racemes  ;  drupe  purplish.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  large  tree. 

2.    AMYRIS,    L.      TORCH-WOOD. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  4,  narrowed  at  the  base,  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  8,  shorter  than  the  petals,  hypogynous.  Ovary  1 -celled. 
Stigma  capitate.  Drupe  globose,  1-seeded.  Cotyledons  plano-convex.  —  Trees 
or  shrubs.  Leaves  3  -  7-foliolate,  opposite,  with  glandular  pellucid  dots.  Flow- 
ers panicled,  white. 

1 .  A.  Floridana,  Nutt.  Smooth  ;  leaves  petioled,  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets 
ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  on  slender  stalks  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  opposite  ;  drupe, 
like  the  flowers,  dotted. —  South  Florida.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaflets 
1 '-!;}'  long,  shining  above  Flowers  yellowish-white. 


ORDER  37.     ANACARDIACE^E.     (CASHEW  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  or  resinous  juice,  alternate  exstipulate  dot- 
less  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamous  regular  flowers.  —  Sepals  and 
petals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  or 
twice  as  many,  and  inserted  with  them  into  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary 
solitary,  with  a  single  ovule  ascending  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Style 
simple  or  3-cleft.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Seeds  without  albumen.  Radicle 
curved. 

1.     RHUS,    L.      SUMACH. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens  on  the  disk  which  sur- 
rounds the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stigmas  3.  Drupe  dry.  Radicle  superior,  in- 
curved. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  pinnate  or  trifoliolate,  rarely  simple. 
Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  spikes  or  panicles. 


ANACARDIACEJE.       (CASHEW    FAMILY.)  60 

*  Floivers  polygamous,  in  a  close  terminal  panicle :  drupe  red,  hairy :  leaves  pinnate. 

(Not  poisonous.) 

1.  R.  typhina,  L.    Branches,  petioles,  and  drapes  villous  ;  leaflets  17-21, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth,  pale  beneath.  —  Dry  hill-sides,  Mississippi 
to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     June  and  July.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

2.  R.  glabra,  L.      Smooth  and  glaucous;   leaflets  17-31,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  acuminate,  white  beneath.  —  Open  woods  in  dry  rich  soil,  West 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July.  —  A  shrub  6°  -  10°  high..    Peti- 
oles terete. 

3.  R.  copallina,  L.     (SUMACH.)     Branches  and  wing-margined  petioles 
tomentose  ;  leaflets  9-21,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly 
entire,  smooth  above,  paler  and  downy  beneath ;  panicle  often  large  and  spread- 
ing. —  Margins  of  fields  and  open  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
July  and  August.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

4.  R.  pumila,  Michx.     Low,  procumbent ;  branches  and  petioles  tomen- 
tose ;  leaflets  11-13,  oval  or  oblong,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  pale  and  tomentose 
beneath.  —  Pine  barrens,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  —  Branches  1°  high. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious,  in  loose  axillary  panicles  :  drupe  whitish,  smooth  :  leaves  pin- 

nate and  tnfo/iolate.  —  (Juice  poisonous.) 

5.  R.  venenata,  DC.    (Poisox  ELDER.)    Smooth;  leaves  pinnate ;  leaf- 
lets 7  - 13,  ovate  or  oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  ;  panicles  long- 
peduncled,  narrow,  erect.     (R.  Vernix,  L.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.     July.  —  A  shrub  8°  -  12°  high. 

6.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.     (POISON  OAK.    POISON  Ivy.)     Branches 
and  petioles  smooth  ;  leaves  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  ;  panicle 
small,  spreading. 

Var.  1.  quercifolium,  Michx.  Stems  low,  erect  ;  leaflets  mostly  vari- 
ously lobed.  —  Dry  pine  barrens. 

Var.  2.  radicans,  Torr.  Stems  climbing  by  rootlets ;  leaflets  toothed  or 
entire,  rarely  lobed,  more  or  less  pubescent.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.  July. 

*  *  *  Flowers  dioecious,  in  loose  panicles  :  drupe  oblong,  smooth,<  scarlet :  nut  char- 

taceous :  seeds  arillate :  leaves  pinnate. 

7.  R.  Metopium,  L.     Smooth;    leaflets  3-7,   coriaceous,    long-stalked, 
ovate  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  entire ;  panicle  narrow,  as  long  as  the  leaves ; 
calyx-lobes  yellowish-white ;  petals  and  stamens  5.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  tree 
15° -20°  high. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  dioecious,  in  short  bracted  spikes,  appearing  with  the  leaves :  drupe 

red,  hairy  :  leaves  trifoliolate. 

8.  R.  aromatica,  Ait.     Stem  low,  smooth ;  leaflets  ovate,  or  the  termi- 
nal one  obovate,  obtuse,  pubescent  when  young,  toothed  above  the  middle; 
spikes  single  or  clustered,  spreading.  —  Dry  open  woods,  West  Florida  to  Mis- 
sissippi, and  northward.     March  and  April.  —  Shrub  l°-2°  high.     Spikes  1' 
long.  —  Plant  aromatic,  not  poisonous. 


70  VITACE^E.     (VINE  FAMILY.) 

*****  Flowers  perfect,  in  an  open  panicle,  the  pedicels  mostly  abortive,  elongat- 
ing, and  plumose :  drupe  smooth. 

9.  R.  COtinoides,  Nutt.  Smooth ;  leaves  simple,  membranaceous,  oval, 
obtuse,  entire,  acute  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  long-petioled  ;  panicle  nearly 
sessile,  narrow,  with  erect  branches ;  flowers  minute.  —  Interior  of  Alabama, 
Buckley.  Leaves,  with  the  petiole,  3'  -  4'  long. 


ORDER  38.     VITACE^E.     (VINE  FAMILY.) 

Climbing  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  opposite  stipulate  leaves,  and  small 
greenish  flowers  in  panicled  clusters  opposite  the  leaves.  —  Calyx  minute, 
truncated.  Petals  4 -5,  hypogynous  or  perigynous,  valvate  in  the  bud, 
deciduous.  Stamens  4-5,  opposite  the  petals :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
2-celled,  with  2  erect  collateral  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  short  or  none : 
stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Berry  1-4-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  bony. 
Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  hard  or  fleshy  albumen.  Radicle  inferior. 
—  L/eaves  simple  or  compound.  Tendrils  opposite  the  leaves.  "Flowers 
perfect  or  polygamous, 

1.    VITIS,    L.     VIKE.     GRAI>E. 

Petals  distinct,  or  remaining  united  at  the  apex  and  separating  at  the  base, 
inserted  into  a  4-5-lobed  or  cup-shaped  disk  which  surrounds  the  ovary. 
§,1.    Cissbs.  —  Flowers  perfect:  petals  and  stamens  4-5  :    style   conspicuous: 
stigma  minute :  leaves  simple  or  compound. 

1.  V.  bipinnata,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Leaves  bipinnate,  smoothish;    leaflets 
small,  ovate,  sharply  toothed;   flowers  somewhat  cymose,  on  a  long   forking 
peduncle  ;  petals  4-5,  united  at  the  apex,  separating  at  the  base  ;  style  conical ; 
disk  4  -  5-lobed ;  berry  2  -  4-seeded.    ( Ampelopsis  bipinnata,  Michx.)  —  Margins 
of  swamps,  Florida  and  northward.    June  and  July.  —  Tendrils  none.    Leaflets 
1'long.    Berry  small,  black. 

2.  V.  acida,  L.     Branches  geniculate ;  leaves  trifoliolate,  thick  and  rigid ; 
leaflets  small,  cuneate-obovate,  sharply  toothed  at  the  apex;  flowers  in  com- 
pound umbels  ;  petals  4,  united  at  the  apex,  separating  at  the  base ;  style  slen- 
der; disk  cup-shaped,  entire;  berry  black,  1 -seeded.  —  Key  West.  —  Tendrils 
stout  and  elongated.     Leaflets  £'  long.      Branchlets  and  peduncles  flattened 
and  elongated.     Leaves  and  parts  of  the  panicle  separating  in  drying,  as  also  in 
the  next  species. 

3.  V.  incisa,  Nutt.      Smooth;   stem  climbing,  warty;   leaves  trifoliolate, 
very  thick  and  fleshy ;  leaflets  stalked,  wedge-shaped  and  entire  near  the  base, 
the  lateral  ones  2-lobed,  the  middle  3-lobed,  all  mucronate-toothed  or  serrate ; 
berry  (purple)  globose-ovate,  nodding,  pointed  with  the  conspicuous  slender  style, 
1 -seeded.  —  Sandy  shores  of  St.  Vincent's  Island,  West  Florida  and  westward. 
Trailing  in  November.  —  Stem  6° -12°  long.    Leaflets  l'-3'  long.     Panicles 

Berry  5''  -  6"  long.     Flowers  not  seen. 


VITACE^E.       (VINE    FAMILY.)  71 

4.  V.  indivisa,  Willd.    Leaves  simple,  undivided,  ovate,  truncate,  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  acuminate,  toothed-serrate,  pubescent ;  peduncles  forking ;  petals 
and  stamens  5  ;  style  slender;  disk  cup-shaped  ;  berry  1  —  3-seedcd.  —  Banks  of 
rivers,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     June.  —  Stem  climbing  high. 
Berry  small,  black. 

§  2.  VITIS.  —  Flowers  polygamous:  petals  5,  cohering  at  the  top,  free  at  the  base: 
stamens  5  :  style  short :  disk  thick,  5-lobed :  leaves  simple,  cordate,  entire  or  variously 
lobed. 

*  Leaves  and  branches  woolly. 

5.  V.  Labrusca,  L.     (Fox-GRAPE.)     Leaves  broadly  cordate,  angularly 
3 -5-lobed,  mucronatc-scrrate,  very  woolly  when  young,  at  length  smoothish 
above;  fertile  panicles  or  racemes  few-flowered;  berry  large. —  River-swamps, 
Mississippi  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Leaves  4'  -  6' 
wide.     Berry  \'  in  diameter,  purple  or  whitish,  pleasant-flavored. 

6.  V.    Caribsea,   DC      Leaves  round-cordate,  with  a  broad  and  shallow 
sinus,  entire  or  3-lobcd,  wavy-serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  soon  smooth  above, 
the  lower  surface,  like  the  bi'anches,  petioles,  and  panicles,  clothed  with  soft  ash- 
colored  down ;  panicles  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves ;  pedicels  smooth. 
(V.  coriacea,  Shuttl.  ?  a  form  with  smaller  and  more  rigid  leaves.)  —  South 
Florida.     Berry  J'  in  diameter. 

7.  V.   sestivalis,    Michx.     (SUMMER  GRAPE.)     Leaves  broadly  cordate, 
entire  or  3- 5-lobed,  or  on  young  plants  pinnatifid,  mucronate-serrate,  covered 
with  a  loose  cobwebby  down,  at  length  smooth  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides ;  pani- 
cles long,  many- flowered ;  berry  small.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.     June.  —  Stem  climbing  high.     Leaves  4' -7'  wide.     Panicle 
6' -12'  long,  compound.     Berry  deep  blue,  very  austere. 

*  *  Leaves  and  branches  smoothish. 

8.  V.  COrdifolia,  Michx.     (FROST  GRAPE.)      Leaves  thin,  broadly  cor- 
date, entire  or  slightly  3-lobed,  mucronate-serrate;  pubescence,  when  present, 
soon   vanishing ;    panicles  compound,    many-flowered  ;    berry  small.  —  River- 
swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Leaves  3'  -  6' 
wide.     Berry  almost  black,  very  acid.  —  A  form  with  broader  incisely  lobed  and 
toothed  leaves  is  V.  riparia,  Michx. 

9.  V.  VUlpina,  L.     (MUSCADINE.     BULLACE.)     Leaves  broadly  cordate, 
toothed-serrate,  smooth  and  glossy  on  both  sides,  or  rarely,  like  the  branches, 
pubescent,  the  sinus  at  the  base  broad  and  rounded,  or  narrow  and  acute  ;  panicle 
small;  berry  large.      (V.  rotundifolia,  Michx.)—  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.    June.  —  Stem  climbing  high,  with  pale  and 
smooth  bark.     Leaves  2' -3' wide.     Berry  £'-|'in  diameter,  purple,  pleasant- 
flavored.  —  A  form  with  smaller  leaves  and  berries,  the  latter  very  austere,  is 
sometimes  called  the  MUSTANG  GRAPE. 

2.    AMPELOPSIS,    Michx. 

Petals  distinct,  spreading,  concave.     Disk  none.  —  Leaves  digitate.    Flowers 
clustered,  in  corymbose  panicles. 


72  RHAMNACE/E.       (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  quinquefolia,  Michx.  (VIRGINIAN  CREEPER.;  —  Low  grounds, 
Florida  and  northward.  June.  —  Stem  climbing  by  lateral  tendrils.  Leaflets 
5,  oblong-obovate,  serrate  above  the  middle,  smooth.  Berry  small,  dark-blue. 


ORDER  39.     RHAMNACE^E.      (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  mostly  stipulate  leaves,  and  jmall  regular 
perigynous  greenish  or  whitish  flowers.  —  Sepals  4  -  5,  united  below,  val- 
vate  in  the  bud.  Petals  alternate  with  the  sepals,  concave  or  hooded, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them 
into  the  margin  of  a  fleshy  disk,  which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary 
i-4-celled,  with  a  solitary  erect  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style 
single.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Embryo  large,  in  the  axis  of  scanty  fleshy 
albumen.  Radicle  inferior. 

Synopsis. 

*  Drupe  baccate,  1  -  2-celled.    Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk. 

1.  SCUTIA.    Petals  5,  or  none.    Drupe  1-celled.     Calyx  adnate  to  the  hase  of  the  ovary. 

2.  BERCHEMIA.    Petals  5.    Drupe  2-celled.    Calyx  free. 

*  *  Drupe  baccate,  separating  into  2-4  nutlets. 

3.  SAGERETIA.    Leaves  opposite.    Nutlets  3.    Flowers  spiked. 

4.  RHAMNUS.     Leaves  alternate.     Seed  furrowed  on  the  back.    Flowers  clustered. 

5.  FRANOULA.    Leaves  alternate.    Seed  not  furrowed.    Flowers  umbelled. 

*  *  *  Drupe  at  length  dry,  separating  into  3  nutlets. 

6.  CEANOTHUS.    Flowers  coryinbed.     Calyx  white.     Nutlets  2-valved. 

7.  COLUBR1NA.    Flowers  cymose.     Calyx  green.    Nutlets  opening  at  the  inner  angle. 

8.  QOUAN1A.    Flowers  spiked.    Woody  vines. 

SCUTIA,    Commers. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical  or  pitcher-shaped,  with  5  acute  lobes.  Petals  5,  in- 
serted into  the  margin  of  the  disk,  short-clawed,  sometimes  wanting.  Ovary 
adhering  to  the  disk  below,  2  —  3-celled,  with  a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  cell. 
Style  single,  conical.  Stigma  2-3-lobed.  Fruit  1-celled,  or  separating  into 
2-3  one-seeded  nutlets.  Seeds  without  albumen.  Radicle  very  short.  —  Shrubs, 
with  alternate  or  opposite  coriaceous  entire  2-stipulate  leaves,  and  small  axillary 
flowers  in  simple  umbels. 

1  •  S.  ferrea,  Brongn.  Spineless  ;  mature  leaves  coriaceous,  opposite  or 
alternate,  elliptical  or  obovate,  emarginate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  short-petioled  ; 
stipules  by  pairs,  ovate,  minute ;  flowers  clustered,  axillary,  on  short  pedicels  ; 
calyx-tube  5-angled,  the  lobes  ovate  ;  ovary  immersed  in  the  thick  5-lobed  disk, 
2-celled,  with  an  ascending  ovule  in  each  cell ;  style  very  short ;  stigmas  2,  thick, 
erect ;  drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded.  (Rhamnus  ferreus,  Vahl.  Zizyphus  emargina- 
tus,  Swartz.)  —  South  Florida.  —  Branches  opposite,  whitish.  Leaves  pale, 
1  'long. 


A:.     (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.)  73 

2.    BERCHEMIA,    Neck.      SUPPLE-JACK. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  hemispherical.  Petals  5,  sessile,  concave,  as  long  as 
the  calyx.  Ovary  free,  2-celled,  half  immersed  in  the  fleshy  disk.  Styles  united. 
Stigmas  2.  Drupe  oblong,  2-celled,  2-seeded. — Erect  or  twining  shrubs,  with 
alternate  pinnately-veined  leaves,  with  minute  stipules,  and  small  greenish  axil- 
lary or  panicled  flowers. 

1-  B.  VOlubilis,  DC.  Stem  twining;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  wavy  on  the 
margins,  glossy  above,  the  simple  veins  oblique  ;  flowers  in  small  terminal  pan- 
icles ;  drupe  purple.  (Zizyphus  volubilis,  Willd.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.  June. 

3.    SAGERETIA,    Brongn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  hemispherical,  the  lobes  carinate  within.  Petals  obo- 
vate,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  concave.  Ovary  free,  3-celled.  Stigmas  3,  nearly 
sessile.  Drupe  baccate,  composed  of  three  even  1 -seeded  indehiscent  nutlets. 
Seeds  not  grooved.  Cotyledons  flat.  —  Slender  trailing  shrubs,  with  opposite 
branches  and  leaves,  and  minute  whitish  spiked  flowers. 

1.  S.  Michauxii,  Brongn.  Stem  vine-like  (6° -18°  long),  with  spine- 
like  spreading  branches ;  leaves  (!'  long)  nearly  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  finely  serrate,  smooth  and  shining,  persistent ;  spikes  slender,  interrupted, 
mostly  panicled ;  petals  minute  ;  drupe  dark-purple,  globose.  (Rhamnus  minu- 
tiflorus,  Michx. )  —  Dry  sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
.  September.  —  Drupes  pleasantly  acid. 

4.    RHAMNUS,   Tourn.      BUCKTHORN. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft,  the  tube  urceolate,  lined  with  a  thin  disk.  Petals  small,  ob- 
ovate,  concave,  often  wanting.  Ovary  free,  2  -  4-celled.  Styles  united  below. 
Stigmas  2-4.  Drupe  baccate,  composed  of  2-4  somewhat  dehiscent  nutlets. 
Seeds  grooved  on  the  back.  Raphe  dorsal.  Cotyledons  leafy,  revolute.  — 
Shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  finely  veined  leaves,  and  small  axillary  clustered 
polygamous  or  dkficious  greenish  flowers. 

1 .  R.  lanceolatus,  Pursh.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  or  those  of  the 
flowering  branches  oblong  and  obtuse,  serrulate  ;  flowers  clustered,  on  short  pedi- 
cels, with  long  styles,  or  the  more  fruitful  ones  scattered  on  longer  pedicels,  and 
with  short  styles  ;  petals  emarginate  ;  drupe  2-seeded.  —  Hills  and  river-banks, 
in  the  upper  districts,  Alabama  and  northward.  June.  —  A  tall  shrub.  Drupes 
black,  as  large  as  a  grain  of  pepper. 

5.    FRANGTJLA,    Tourn. 

Seeds  not  grooved.  Raphe  lateral.  —  Leaves  strongly  parallel-veined.  Flow- 
ers perfect.  Otherwise  as  in  Rhamnus. 

1.  F.  Caroliniana,  Gray.  (CAROLINA  BUCKTHORN.)  Leaves  oblong, 
wavy  and  finely  serrulate  on  the  margins,  the  slender  petioles  and  many-flowered 
short-stalked  umbels  pubescent ;  petals  5,  minute ;  stigmas  3 ;  drupe  globose, 

7 


74  RHAMNACE^fc.       (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.) 

3-seeded.     (Rhamnus  Carolinianus,  Walt.)  — Banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina  and  westward.    June.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.    Leaves  3'  -  4'  long. 

6.    CEANOTHUS,    L.      JERSEY  TEA. 

Calyx  colored,  5-cleft,  with  the  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  and  persistent,  the  lobes 
connivent,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  longer  than  the  calyx,  hooded,  long-clawed. 
Stamens  exserted.  Style  3-parted.  Drupe  dry,  composed  of  three  2-valved 
1 -seeded  nutlets.  Embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Cotyledons  flat.  —  Shrubby  plants, 
with  alternate  serrulate  minutely  stipulate  3-ribbed  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
lateral  and  terminal  corymbs  or  panicles. 

1.  C.  Americanus,  L.     Branches  pubescent ;  leaves  deciduous,  variable 
in  size,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  sharply  serrate,  more  or  less 
pubescent,  petioled  ;  peduncles  elongated,  mostly  2-leaved  above.  —  Dry  woods, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July. — Plant  shrubby,  l°-2°high. 
Leaves  3-ribbed,  varying  from  f '  (C.  intermedius,  Ell.)  to  3'  long,  often  nearly 
smooth  (C.  herbaceus,  Raf.).    Flowers  and  pedicels  white. 

2.  C.    microphyllus,   Michx.      Stem   erect,   diffusely   much-branched  ; 
leaves  perennial,  small,  obovate,  slightly  crenate,  3-ribbed,  glossy  above,  with 
scattered  hairs  beneath  ;  those  in  the  axils  clustered ;  corymbs  small,  terminal. 
—  Dry  barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia,  and  westward.     April  and  May.  —  Shrub 
l°-2°  high,   yellowish.    Leaves   2"- 3"  long.     Pedicels   and  flowers  white. 
Drupe  black. 

3.  C.  serpyllifolius,  Nutt.    Decumbent,  diffusely  branched  ;   branches 
filiform  ;  leaves  very  small,  ovate-elliptical,  serrulate,  obtuse,  the  lower  surface, 
as  well  as  the  petioles,  strigose  ;  peduncles  axillary ;  flowers  few,  in  a  simple 
corymbose  head.  —  Near   St.  Maiy's,   Georgia.  —  Leaves  3"  -  5"  long.      Pe- 
duncles 12-15-flowered. 

7.    COLUBRINA,    Rich. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  with  spreading  lobes.  Nutlets  opening  at  the  apex  and 
down  the  inner  angle.  Embryo  in  thin  albumen.  Otherwise  chiefly  as  in  Ce- 
anothus.  —  Tropical  shrubs,  with  alternate  parallel-veined  leaves,  and  small 
flowers  in  close  axillary  cymes. 

1.  C.  Americana,  Nutt.  Leaves  coriaceous,  ovate-oblong,  entire,  the 
lower  surface,  as  also  the  branches  and  calyx,  covered  with  a  dense  rust-colored 
pubescence  ;  cyme  small,  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  petals  spatulate,  emarginate, 
shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  drupe  3-lobed.  —  South  Florida,  —  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

Drupe  4"  in  diameter. 

» 

8.     GOUANIA,  Jacquin.      CHAW-STICK. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  lobes  spreading.  Petals  5, 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  and  inserted  into  the  sinuses  of  the  5-lobed  disk  which 
lines  its  tube,  hooded,  and  enclosing  the  short  stamens.  Ovary  3-celled,  3-ovuled. 
Style  3-cleft.  Drape  dry,  3-lobed  or  3-winged,  separating  from  the  central  axis 


CELASTRACE^E.       (STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.)  75 

into  three  valveless  nutlets.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  thin  albumen.  —  Tropical, 
chiefly  climbing  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  toothed  leaves,  and  perfect  or 
polygamous  flowers  in  terminal  spiked  clusters. 

1.  G.  Domingensis,  L.  Branches  pubescent;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  ta- 
pering into  an  obtuse  point,  serrate,  petioled  ;  spikes  elongated,  bearing  a  tendril 
at  the  base;  drupe  globose,  3-winged.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  2' - 4;  long. 
Flowers  minute,  yellow.  Lobes  of  the  disk  emarginate. 


ORDER  40.     CELASTRACE^E.     (STAFF-TREK   FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  with  simple  stipulate  leaves,  and  small  regular  flowers.  — 
Sepals  and  petals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-5,  alternate 
with  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  disk  which  fills  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx.  Ovary  free,  1  -  5-celled,  with  1  -  several  erect  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Styles  united.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupaceous.  Seeds  often 
arilled.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen.  —  Flowers  perfect  or 
polygamous. 

Synopsis. 

*    Fruit  a  1  -  2-seeded  drupe. 

1.  MYGINDA.     Ovary   4-celled.     Stigmas  4.      Drupe  1-seeded.     Leaves  opposite.     Flowers 

perfect. 

2.  SCIIJEFFERIA.     Ovary  2-celled.    Stigmas  2.     Drupe  2-seeded.     Leaves  alternate.     Flowers 

dioecious. 

*    *     Fruit  a  3  -  5-valved  capsule  :  seeds  arilled. 
3    KUOXYMUS.     Flowers  perfect,  in  axillary  cymes.     Calyx  flat.     Leaves  opposite. 

4.  CELASTRUS.    Flowers  polygamous,  in   terminal  racemes.     Calyx  cup-shaped.     Capsule 

globose.     Leaves  alternate. 

5.  MAYTENCS.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx  flat.     Capsule  3-angled.    Leaves  alternate. 

1.     MYGINDA,    Jacq. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4,  united  below.  Petals  4,  roundish.  Stamens  4. 
Ovary  4-cellcd,  with  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  short,  4-cleft. 
Drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Seed  erect.  Embryo  in  thin  albumen.  Cotyledons 
flat.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Tropical  shrubs,  with  small  opposite  coriaceous  leaves, 
and  minute  white  or  reddish  flowers  on  axillary  forking  peduncles. 

1.  M.  Rhacoma,  Swartz.    Branches  slender,  pubescent,  angled  ;  leaves  ob- 
long, obtuse,  crenate,  nearly  sessile,  paler  and  often  discolored  beneath  ;  pedun- 
cles filiform,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  cymosely  2  -4-flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  round, 
pubescent ;  petals  oval,  concave,  ciliate  ;  stigmas  spreading ;  drupe  obovate.  — 
South  Florida.  —  A  small  shrub.     Leaves  J'- 1'  long,  glabrous. 

2.  M.  ilicifolia,  Lam.     Brandies  terete,  pubescent ;  leaves  smooth,  round- 
ovate,  spiny-toothed,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  umbcl- 
lately  3  -  4-flowered  ;  calyx  4-toothed ;  petals  rounded  ;  drupe  obovate,  pointed 
with  the  persistent  style. —  South  Florida. — A  small  shrub.     Leaves  £'-:}' 
long. 


7G  CELASTRACE^E.       (STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.) 

3.  M.  1  latifolia,  Swartz.  Smooth  ;  branchlets  4-anglcd  ;  leaves  opposite, 
coriaceous,  obovate,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base 
into  a  short  petiole,  the  margins  revolute  and  obscurely  crenate  ;  cymes  axillary 
and  terminal,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  widely  spreading,  few-flowered,  or  in  the 
more  sterile  plant  many -flowered  ;  sepals  roundish,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong 
petals ;  disk  with  four  emarginate  lobes  alternating  with  the  stamens ;  ovary 
2-celIed,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell ;  stigma  sessile,  2-lobed  ; 
drupe  ovoid,  1 -seeded  ;  embryo  large,  in  thin  albumen.  —  South  Florida. — 
Shrub  8°  - 10°  high.  Leaves  1'  long. 

2.    SCIOEFFEIIIA,    Jacq. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  4,  barely  united  at  the  base,  rounded,  3-furrowed. 
Petals  4,  spatulate-oblong,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  4.  Ovary 
2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Drupe  dry,  2-celled,  2-seedcd.  Embryo  in  oily 
albumen.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  leaves  and  small 
greenish  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

1.  S.  frutescens,  Jacq.  Smooth;  leaves  obovatc-oblong,  entire,  acute  or 
obtuse ;  flowers  3  -  5  in  a  cluster,  the  slender  pedicels  arising  from  a  wart-like 
peduncle ;  drupe  globose.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree  with  hard  and  close- 
grained  wood.  Leaves  1^'  long,  pale  green. 

3.     ETJONYMUS,     L.     SPIXDI.K-TREE. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  flat,  4-5-cleft.  Petals  4-5,  spreading.  Stamens 
4  -  5,  very  short,  inserted  with  the  petals  under  the  broad  and  fleshy  disk  which 
surrounds  the  ovary.  Ovary  3  -  5-celled,  with  2  erect  or  resupinate  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Style  very  short.  Capsule  3 -5-celled,  loculicidally  3-5-valved. 
Seed  enclosed  in  a  red  pulpy  aril.  —  Erect  or  trailing  shrubs,  with  4-angled 
branches,  opposite  serrate  leaves,  and  greenish  or  purplish  flowers  in  axillary 
pcduncled  cymes. 

1.  E.    Americanus,    L.      (STRAWBERRY  BUSH.)      Flowers   greenish, 
pcntamerous  ;    peduncles  1  - 3-flowered  ;   capsule  warty;    leaves  short-petioled, 
varying  from  ovate  or  obovate   to   linear-lanceolate,  serrulate.  —  Low  shady 
woods,  Florida  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high.     Leaves 
l'-2'  long. 

2.  E.    atropUTpureilS,  Jacq.      Flowers  purple,  tetramerous ;  peduncles 
many-flowered ;  capsule  smooth ;  leaves  oblong,  on  rather  long  petioles,  serru- 
late. —  River-banks,  Florida  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Shrub  8°  - 12° 
high.     Leaves  2'  -  5'  long.     Flowers  dark  purple. 

4.     CELASTRUS,    L.     STAFF-TREE. 

Flowers  somewhat  dioecious.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the  edge  of  the  cup-shaped  fleshy  disk 
which  fills  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  abortive  in  the  fertile  flower.  Ovary  2-4- 
celled,  the  cells  2-ovuled.  Stvle  thick.  Capsule  globose,  commonly  3-celled 


STAPHYLEACE^E.       (ULADDER-NL'T    FAMILY.)  77 

and  3-valved.  Seeds  1  -  2  in  each  cell,  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  scarlet  aril.  Embryo 
in  the  axis  of  copious  fleshy  albumen.  —  Climbing  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  small  greenish  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes. 

1.  C.  scandens,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  obovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
smooth ;  racemes  terminating  the  branches,  nearly  simple ;  capsule  orange- 
colored. —  Woods  and  banks  of  streams  along  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.  June. 

5.     MAYTENUS,    Juss. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  flat,  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  very  short, 
inserted  with  the  petals  under  the  edge  of  the  flat  circular  disk  which  envelops 
the  ovary.  Ovary  2-3-cellcd,  with  a  solitary  erect  ovule  at  the  base  of  each 
cell.  Style  very  short  and  thick.  Stigma  2-3-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous, 
1  -3-celled,  loculicidally  2 -3-valved,  yellow  within.  Seeds  1-3,  enclosed  in  a 
thin  pulpy  aril.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  thin  fleshy  albumen.  — Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  opposite  or  alternate.  Flowers  chiefly  in  axillary  clusters. 

1.  M.  phyllanthoides,  Benth.  Leaves  fleshy,  alternate,  oblong-obo- 
vate,  obscurely  crenate  and  reticulate,  glabrous ;  flowers  minute,  clustered,  ap- 
parently perfect;  capsule  obovate,  3-angled,  1-celled,  1-3-sceded.  —  South 
Florida.  —  Leaves  1'—  1'  lon. 


ORDER  41.     STAPHYL-EACE^.     (BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY.) 

Erect  shrubs,  with  opposite  pinnate  stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular 
pontandrous  flowers.  —  Calyx  5-parted,  colored.  Petals  and  stamens  5, 
perigynous.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled.  Ovules  1-8  in  each  cell,  attached  to 
the  central  angle  of  the  cell.  Fruit,  capsular  or  baccate.  Seeds  bony, 
truncated  at  the  base.  Embrvo  straight  in  scanty  albumen. 


1.     STAPHYLEA,     L.    BLADDER-NUT. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  erect,  persistent.  Petals  obovate,  erect,  alternate 
with  the  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  inserted  with  the  petals  into 
the  edge  of  the  5-lobed  disk  which  fills  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  3-celled, 
the  cells  sometimes  separate  above,  6-8-ovuled.  Capsule  3-lobcd,  mcmbrana- 
ccous,  inflated,  few-seeded.  —  Leaflets  stipcllate.  Flowers  white,  in  drooping 
compound  racemes. 

1.  S.  trifolia,  L.  Leaves  trifoliolatc ;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
pubescent  beneath,  the  terminal  one  long-stalked ;  racemes  lateral  and  terminal ; 
styles  3,  connivcnt ;  capsule  reticulated,  I  -  3-seedcd.  —  Damp  woods,  North 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  northward.  May. —  Shrub  10°  high.  Capsules  2' 
long,  1'  in  diameter. 


78  SAPINDACEU*:.     (SOAP-BERRY  FAMILY.) 

ORDER  42.     SAPINDACE^E.     (SOAP-BERRY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  exstipulate  alternate  or  opposite 
leaves,  and  chiefly  irregular  and  7  -  9-androus  flowers,  imbricated  in  the 

Du(l. Calyx  4-5-lobed.     Petals  4 -5,  inserted  with  the  stamens  into  a 

hypogynous  or  somewhat  perigynous  disk.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 
Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  1  -  2-ovuled.  Seeds  without  albumen.  Embryo 
mostly  curved  or  convolute.  Cotyledons  incumbent,  fleshy. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     DODONE.K.  —Ovules  2-3  in  each  cell.     Embryo  spirally  coiled.     Cotyledons 
distinct.  — Leaves  alternate. 

1.  DODON^EA.     Ovules  2  in  each  cell.     Petals  none.     Capsule  2  -  4-winged. 

TRIBE  II.     SAPINDEJE.  —  Ovules  usually  solitary.    Embryo  curved  or  straight.     Coty- 
ledons distinct.  —  Leaves  alternate. 

2.  HYPELATE.     Ovules  2  -  3  in  each  cell.     Petals  4-5,  regular.     Fruit  drupaceous. 

3.  SAPINDUS.    Ovules  solitary.    Petals  5,  regular.    Fruit  baccate. 

4.  CARDIOSPERMUM.    Ovules  solitary.     Petals  4,  irregular.     Fruit  a  bladder-like  capsule. 
TRIBE  III.     HIPPOC  AST  A1VE  JE.  —  Ovules  2  in  each  cell.     Embryo  roundish.     Coty- 
ledons very  thick  and  partly  united.  —  Leaves  opposite. 

5.  .ESCULUS.    Calyx  5-lobed.    Petals  4-5,  unequal. —Leaves  digitate. 

1.    DODONJEA,    L. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  3-5-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
5-8:  anthers  thick,  on  short  filaments.  Ovary  3-4-celled,  with  2  ovules  in 
each  cell ;  the  upper  one  ascending,  the  lower  pendulous.  Styles  united.  Cap- 
sule membranaceous,  2  - 4-winged,  septicidally  2  -  4-valved,  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded. 
Embryo  spirally  coiled.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  chiefly  simple  leaves,  and  axil- 
lary or  terminal  whitish  or  greenish  flowers. 

1.  D.  viscosa,  L.  Leaves  viscid,  obovatc-oblong,  entire,  parallel-veined; 
racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  capsule  3-winged,  3- 
seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrubs  6°  - 10°  high.  Flowers  greenish. 

2.     HYPELATE,     P.  Browne. 

Calyx  3-5-parted.  Petals  4-5,  regular.  Stamens  6-10,  inserted  on  the 
inner  face  of  the  cup-shaped  disk  which  fills  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  2- 
celled,  with  2-3  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  united.  Stigma  2-lobed. 
Drupe  globose,  1  -  2-seeded.  Embryo  erect.  —  Trees  with  alternate  trifoliolate 
or  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  and  clustered  or  panicled  polygamous  flowers. 

1.  H.  trifoliata,  P.Browne.  Leaves  trifoliolate;  leaflets  obovatc,  coria- 
ceous, glabrous,  entire ;  panicles  corymbose,  slender,  axillary,  longer  than  the 
leaves,  few-flowered;  calyx  3-4-parted,  pubescent  within;  petals  4,  ciliate ; 
drupe  black,  1-seeded.  —  South  Florida. — A  small  tree,  with  brittle  branches. 
Leaflets  1'  long,  with  fine  oblique  parallel  veins.  Flowers  small,  white.  Sta- 
mens 6-8. 


SAPINDACE^E.       (SOAP-BERRY    FAMILY.)  79 

2.  H.  paniCUlata,  Don.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate ;  leaflets  2  or  4,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  smooth,  opposite  ;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal,  with  corn- 
pressed  branches ;  flowers  hoary-tomentose  ;  calyx-lobes  and  petals  4,  rounded  ; 
cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.  (Melicocca  paniculata,  Juss.?)  —  South  Florida.  — 
Branches  purplish,  dotted  with  white.  Leaflets  2'  -  3'  long. 

3.   SAPINDUS,    L.     SOAP-BEEET. 

Calyx  5-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  regular,  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  each 
within.  Stamens  8-10,  inserted  on  the  hypogynous  disk.  Styles  united.  Stig- 
mas 3.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  1-ovuled.  Fruit  baccate,  globose  or  2-3- 
lobed,  1  -  3-seeded.  Seeds  bony.  Embryo  incurved.  —  Trees,  with  abruptly 
pinnate  leaves,  and  small  polygamous  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes  or 
panicles. 

1.  S.  marginatus,  Wild.  Petioles  wingless;  leaflets  9-18,  opposite  or 
alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequal-sided,  strongly  veined  above ;  panicles  large, 
dense-flowered ;  fruit  globose.  —  Georgia  and  Florida,  near  the  coast,  and  west- 
ward. —  A  tree  20°  -  40°  high.  Flowers  white. 

4.    CARDIOSPEBMUM,    L. 

Sepals  4,  the  2  outer  ones  much  shorter.  Petals  4,  irregular,  each  with  a 
petal-like  scale  at  the  base  within  ;  those  of  the  2  outer  petals  entire,  the  others 
with  a  crested  appendage  on  the  inner  edge.  Stamens  8.  Disk  2-glandular. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  1-ovulcd.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-angled,  3-celled,  locu- 
licidally  3-valved,  inflated.  Seed  furnished  with  a  cordate  aril.  —  Herbs,  climb- 
ing by  tendrils.  Leaves  biternate. 

1.  C.  Halicacabum,  L.  —  South  Florida,  apparently  native,  and  not  un- 
common in  cultivation. — Annual.  Stem  slender.  Leaflets  ovate-lanceolate, 
incisely  lobed  and  toothed.  Capsule  pear-shaped,  1'  in  diameter. 

5.    ^JSCULUS,    L.    HORSECHESTNUT.    BUCKEYE. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  unequal.  Petals  4-  5,  unequal,  clawed.  Stamens  5-8,  usu- 
ally 7,  inserted  on  the  annular  hypogynous  disk.  Style  slender.  Ovary  3-celled, 
the  cells  2-ovuled.  Capsule  coriaceous,  1- 3-celled,  loculicidally  2 -3-valved, 
1  -  3-seeded.  Cotyledons  very  large  and  thick,  partly  united.  —  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  opposite  long-petioled  digitate  leaves,  and  showy  polygamous  flowers,  in 
terminal  panicles. 

§  1.   ^ESCULUS  proper.     Fruit  prickly. 

1.  M.  glabra,  Willd.    Stamens  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  erect  nearly 
equal  pale  yellow  petals  ;  panicle  oblong-ovate,  loosely  flowered ;  leaflets  5,  oval 
or  oblong,  acuminate,  unequally  serrulate,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath. 
(M.  pallida,  Willd.) — Banks  of  rivers,  Tennessee  and  northward.     May  and 
June.  —  A  small  tree  with  rough  strong-scented  bark.     Flowers  small. 

§  2.   PAVIA.     Fruit  smooth. 

2.  .SB.  Pavia,  L.     Stamens   slightly  exserted ;   claws  of  the  two   upper 


80  ACERACE^E.       (MAPLE    FAMILY.) 

petals  as  long  as  the  tubular  calyx ;  panicle  oblong ;  leaflets  5,  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  oval,  short-acuminate,  finely  serrate,  smooth,  or  nearly  so,  on  both 
surfaces  —  Rich  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  Marcli  -  May. 
—  A  shrub,  or  in  the  upper  districts,  a  small  tree.  Flowers  red. 

3.  JE.  flava,  Ait.     Stamens  included;  claws  of  the  lateral  petals  longer 
than  the  tubular-campanulate  calyx;  panicle  oblong,  pubescent ;  leaflets  5-7, 
obovate-oblong,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath. — Rich  soil,  in  the 
middle  and  upper  districts  of  Georgia  to  North  Carolina  and  northward.    April 
and  May.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.    Flowers  pale  yellow.    JE.  discolor,  Pursh, 
is  a  form  of  this  species  with  more  strongly  serrate  leaflets,  and  flesh-colored 
or  dull  purple  flowers. 

4.  JE.  parviflora,  Walt.     Stamens  3  times  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  claws 
of  the  nearly  similar  petals  longer  than  the  obconical  calyx  ;  panicle  racemose, 
very  long;  leaflets  5  - 7,  oval-obovate,  tomentose  beneath.     (M.  macrostachya, 
Michx.)  —  "Upper  districts  of  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.     April  and  May.  — 
Shrub  3°  -  9°  high.     Flowers  white.     Stamens  6  or  7. 


ORDER  43.     ACERACE^E.     (MAPLE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  palmately  lobed  or  pinnate  exstipulate 
leaves,  and  regular  mostly  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers,  with  an  imbri- 
cated aestivation.  —  Calyx  4  -  9-lobed.  Petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx,  or  none.  Stamens  4-12,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  a  hypogy- 
nous  disk.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  pendulous  amphitropous  ovules  in  each 
cell,  forming  in  fruit  a  double  2-seeded  samara.  Styles  2.  Seeds  with 
little  or  no  albumen.  Embryo  folded  or  spirally  coiled. 

1.     ACER,     L.    MAPLK. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Petals  usually  5-8,  or  none.  Stamens  4-12.  —  Leaves 
simple,  palmately  lobed.  Flowers  clustered  or  racemose. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

1.  A.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.  (STRIPED  MAPLE.)  Racemes  simple, 
drooping;  flowers  (15-25)  large  ;  petals  obovate  ;  leaves  slightly  cordate,  with 
3  acuminate  finely  serrate  lobes  ;  samara  large.  (A.  striatum,  Lam.) — Batiks 
of  mountain  streams,  Georgia  and  northward.  May.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree, 
with  striped  bark.  Flowers  greenish. 

2i  A.  spicatum,  Lam.  (MOUNTAIN  MAPLE.)  Racemes  compound, 
erect ;  flowers  small,  very  numerous ;  petals  linear-spatulate ;  leaves  cordate, 
3-lobed,  coarsely  serrate ;  samara  small.  —With  the  preceding.  —  Shrub  6°  - 10° 
high.  Leaves  pubescent  beneath. 

*   *  Flowers  on  long  and  drooping  umbellate  or  corymbose  pedicels,  developed  from 

lateral  and  terminal  buds. 

3.  A.  saccharinum,  Wang.  (SUGAR  MAPLE  )  'Leaves  cordate,  with 
3-5  acute  or  acuminate  sinuate-toothed  lobes,  paler  and  slightly  pubescent  be- 


MALPIGHIACE.E.       (MALPIGHIA    FAMILY.)  81 

ncath ;  flowers  umbcllate-corymbecl,  appearing  with  the  leaves ;  calyx  bell-shaped, 
fringed  on  the  margin,  nearly  as  long  as  the  stamens  ;  petals  none.  — Eich  soil, 
chiefly  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.  April  and  May.  —  A  large  tree. 
Leaves  3'  -5'  wide. 

Var.  Floridanum.  Leaves  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  with 
3-5  obtuse  and  obscurely  3-toothed  lobes  ;  flowers  umbellate,  appearing  before 
the  leaves  ;  calyx  short,  cup-shaped,  hairy,  one  third  as  long  as  the  stamens.  — 
Upland  woods,  Middle  Florida.  March  and  April. — A  small  tree.  Leaves, 
flowers,  and  fruit  scarcely  half  as  large  as  in  the  ordinaiy  form. 

*  *  *  Flowers  on  short  and  erect  clustered  pedicels,  developed  from  lateral  buds,  ami 
appearing  before  the  leaves  :  fruiting  pedicels  long  and  drooping. 

4.  A.  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.     (SILVER  MAPLE.)      Leaves  cordate,  3-5- 
lobed,  sharply  toothed  and  serrate,  white  beneath  ;  petals  none  ;  samara  large, 
woolly  when  young.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
February  and  March.  —  A  tree  30° -50°  high,  with  softwood.     Flowers  yel- 
lowish. * 

5.  A.  rubrum,   L.     (RED  or  SWAMP  MAPLE.)     Leaves   3-5-lobed,   or 
undivided,  smooth  or  pubescent,  either  cordate  or  rounded,  or  sometimes  acute 
at  the  base,  toothed  and  serrate,  white  beneath  ;  petals  oblong  or  linear  ;  samara 
small,  smooth.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    February  and 
March.  —  A  small  tree.     Flowers  and  fruit  red. 

2.    NEGUNDO,    Mcench.    ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  minute.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4-5,  hypogynous. 
—  A  small  tree,  with  smooth  green  bark.  Leaves  pinnately  3  -  5-folioIate,  the  leaf- 
lets ovate  or  oblong,  lobed  or  toothed.  Flowers  small,  greenish  ;  the  sterile  ones 
on  long  and  drooping  clustered  pedicels,  the  fertile  ones  racemose,  both  from 
lateral  buds  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves. 

1.  N.  aceroides,  Mcench.  (Acer  Negundo,  L.)  River-banks,  Florida 
and  northward.  March  and  April. 


ORDER  44.     MAL.PIGHIACEJE.     (MALPIGHIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  dotless  and  mostly  stipulate  leaves, 
and  regular  racemose  or  corymbose  flowers  on  usually  jointed  pedicels.  — 
Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes,  unguiculate, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  10,  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  inserted 
with  them  into  a  hypogynous  disk  :  anthers  roundish.  Ovary  solitary, 
mostly  3-lobed,  consisting  of  three  more  or  less  united  carpels.  Styles  3, 
distinct  or  united.  Fruit,  composed  of  one  to  three  1 -seeded  cells  or  car- 
pels. Seeds  pendulous,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  thick  or  leafy. 


82  POLYGALACE^E.       (MILKWORT   FAMILY.) 

1.    BYRSONIMA,    Rich. 

Calyx  with  10  glands  at  the  base  without.  Petals  5.  Stamens  monadelphous 
at  the  base.  Styles  3.  Fruit  drupaceous,  3-celled,  3-seeded.  —  Racemes  termi- 
nal, simple  or  branched. 

1.  B.  lucida,  Rich.  Smooth;  stem  much-branched;  leaves  coriaceous, 
wedge-obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  short-petioled,  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  vein- 
less  ;  racemes  erect,  bracted,  simple,  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves  ;  pedicels 
slender,  spreading ;  petals  yellow,  orbicular-cordate,  wavy,  long-clawed  ;  drupe 
smooth,  globose.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  1'  long.  Drupe 
as  large  as  a  grain  of  pepper. 


ORDER  45.     POL,YGALACE^3.     (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  and  irregular  hypogy- 
nous  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  flowers.  —  Anthers  1 -celled,  opening 
by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  pendulous 
ovule  in  each  cell.  Seeds  often  carunculate.  Embryo  straight  in  scanty 
albumen.  Radicle  superior. 

1.    POLYGALA,    L.     MILKWORT. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  unequal ;  the  two  lateral  ones  (icings)  larger  and  petal-like. 
Petals  3,  more  or  less  united ;  the  middle  one  (keel)  larger,  and  usually  crested  at 
the  apex.  Stamens  8,  rarely  6,  united  into  a  tube,  or  into  two  equal  sets,  and 
also  with  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Style  curved,  clavate.  Stigma  terminal  or 
lateral.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Seeds  suspended,  carunculate.  —  Chiefly 
herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  whorled.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes, 
rarely  axillary,  or  radical  and  imperfect. 

§  1 .  Flowers  in  globose  or  oblong  more  or  less  compact  spikes. 
*  Spikes  corymbose  :  biennials. 

1.  P.  Cymosa,  Walt.     Stem  tall,  simple ;  leaves  scattered,  linear,  acute, 
the   upper  bract-like,  the  lowest  long  (6' -9')  and  crowded;  corymbs  simple 
or  compound ;  wings  oblong,  abruptly  acute ;    seeds  minute,  globose-obovate, 
smooth  ;  caruncle  none.     (P.  corymbosa,  Ell.     P.  acutifolia,  Ton:  $•  Gray.     P. 
graminifolia,  Pair.     P.  attenuata,  Nult. )  —  Pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.    July.  —  Stems  2°  -  4°  high.    Corymbs  very  large  and 
compound,  or  small  and  simple.     Flowers  yellow,  turning  dark  green  in  drying. 
Plant  yellowish. 

2.  P.  ramosa,  Ell.     Stem  low,  simple,  or  branching  and  leafy  from  the 
base  to  the  summit ;  leaves  fleshy,  lanceolate,  acute,  scattered,  the  lowest  spatu- 
late-obovate,   obtuse,   crowded ;    corymbs  compound,  fastigiate  ;    wings   ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  ;   lobes  of  the  caruncle  small,  roundish,  embracing  the 
base  of  the  minute  oval  hairy  seed.     (P.  corymbosa,  Ntttt.     P.  cymosa,  Pair.)  — 
Low  open  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July-  Septem- 
ber. —  Stems  6'-  12' high.     Flowers  yellow,  turning  green  in  drying. 


POL-YGALACE^E.       (SflLKWOBT    FAMILY.)  83 

3.  P.  Baldwinii,  Nutt.    Stem  angled,  simple  ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  lowest  spatulatc ;  corymbs  compound ;  spikes  dense  ;  wings  ovate- 
lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender  point ;  seeds  very  small,  globose, 
hairy;  caruncle  minute.  — Low  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward. 
July  and  August.  —  Stem  1°-  H°  high.     Leaves  £•'—!'  long.     Flowers  white, 
fragrant. 

*  *  Spikes  solitary :   leaves  alternate. 
•*-  Flowers  yellow  :  biennials. 

4.  P.  lutea,  L.     (YELLOW  BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.)     Stem  simple  or  with 
spreading  branches  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lowest   clustered,    spatulate- 
obovate,  obtuse ;    spikes  dense,  globose  or  oblong  ;  wings  elliptical,  abruptly 
pointed  ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  obovate  sparse-hairy  seed. 
—  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     June  -  August.  — 
Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Flowers  orange-yellow. 

5.  P.  nana,  DC.     Low ;  stems  divided  at  the  base  into  several  short  pe- 
duncle-like branches  ;  leaves  chiefly  radical,  clustered,  spatulate  or  linear,  obtuse ; 
spikes  thick,  at  length  cylindrical,  the  earliest  ones  sessile ;  wings  ovate-lance- 
olate, acuminate ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  half  as  long  as  the  obovate  hairy  seed. 
(P.  viridescens,  Nutt.)  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina, 
and  westward,   flowering  throughout  the   year.  —  Steins  2' -4'  high.     Spikes 
1' -2' long.     Flowers  yellow. 

•"-  •»-  Flowers  purple  or  rose-color  :  annuals :  stems  branching, 

6.  P.  sanguinea,  L.     Leaves  oblong-linear,  acute ;  spikes  ovate  or  round- 
ish, obtuse ;  flowers  imbricated ;  wings  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  sessile :  lobes  of 
the  caruncle  rather  shorter  than  the  pear-shaped  sparse-hairy  seed.     (P.  pur- 
purea,  Nutt.) — Low  grounds,  North  Carolina  and  northward.     Julv  — Sept. — 
Stems  1°  high.     Flowers  reddish-purple.     Bracts  persistent. 

7.  P.  fastigiata,    Nutt.     Stems  slender,  at  first  simple;    leaves  narrow- 
linear,  acute ;  spikes  globose,  obtuse ;  wings  oblong-obovate  tapering  into  a  dis- 
tinct claw  at  the  base  ;  caruncle  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  sparse-hairy  pear- 
shaped  seed.     (P.   sanguinea,  Torr.  $•  Gray. )  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.      July -Oct.  —  Stems   10' -15'  high.     Leaves 
erect.     Flowers  small,  bright  rose-color.     Bracts  deciduous. 

8.  P.  Nuttallii,    Carey.    Leaves   short,   linear,   obtuse ;    spikes   oblong, 
acute,  dense ;  wings  short,  elliptical,  slightly  clawed ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  col- 
lateral, one  third  as  long  as  the  obovate  very  hairy  seed.     (P.  sanguinea,  Nutt. 
P.  ambigua,  Torr.  <$•  Gray.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  North  Carolina  and  northward. 
August.  —  Stem  4' -8' high,  the  branches  fastigiate.     Spikes  and  greenish  and 
purple  flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  7.     Bracts  persistent. 

9.  P.  Chapmanii,    Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  slender,  at  length  sparingly 
branched  ;  leaves  scattered,  narrow-linear,  acute ;  spikes  long,  lanceolate,  acute, 
loose-flowered ;  wings  obovate,  short-clawed ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  spreading,  as 
long  as  the  stalked  base  of  the  pear-shaped  very  hairy  seed.  —  Low  pine  barrens 
near  the  coast,  West  Florida,  and  westward.     June  -  August.  —  Stems  l°-lj° 
high.     Spikes  1'- 2' long.     Flowers  bright-purple.     Bracts  persistent. 


84  POLYGALACKJE.       (MILKWOUT    FAMILY.) 

10.  P.  incarnata,  L.     Stem  often  simple,  glaucous  ;  leaves  scattered,  lin- 
ear, fleshy,  sometimes  minute  and  subulate  ;   spikes  lanceolate,  acute,  dense- 
flowered  ;   petals  united  into  a  tube  which  is  twice  as  long  as  the  elliptical 
wings,  conspicuously  crested ;    caruncle   spongy,  as  loog  as  the  stalk  of  the 
oval  hairy  seed.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    June 
-  August.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high.    Bracts  deciduous.    Flowers  and  often  the  rachis 
purple. 

11.  P.  setacea,    Michx.     Stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  slender; 
leaves  minute,  scale-like ;  spikes  oblong,  dense-flowered,  acute ;  wings  oblong, 
acute,  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  caruncle  and  seeds  as  in  No.  10.  —  Low  pine  bar- 
rens, Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.      May- July.  —  Stem  1°  high. 
Spikes  £'  -  1'  long.     Flowers  pale  rose-color  or  whitish.     Bracts  deciduous. 

*  *  *  Spikes  solitary :  leaves  whorled :  flowers  purple. 

12.  P.  cruciata,  L.     Stem  erect,  4-angled,  simple  or  branched;    leaves 
in  fours,  linear  or  oblong-linear,  thick,  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  alternate ;  spikes 
large,  ovate,  becoming  cylindrical,  short-peduncled  ;  wings  ovate,  tapering  into 
a  long  subulate  point ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  linear,  collateral,  as  long  as  the 
smoothish  oval  seed.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward.   July  -  Oct.  —  Stem  6'  - 12'  high.     Spikes  1'  -  2'  long,  |'  thick.     Flowers 
pale  rose-color.    Bracts  persistent. 

13.  P.  brevifolia,  Nutt.     Stem  weak,  4-angled,  with  long  and  spreading 
branches ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  the  lower  ones  in  fours ;  spikes 
small,  ovate,  long-peduncled ;  wings  lanceolate-ovate,  barely  pointed ;  caruncle 
as  long  as  the  obovate  hairy  seed.  —  Bogs,  Florida  and  northward.     July- 
Oct.  —  Stem  1°-  l£°  long.     Spikes  scarcely  half  as  large  as  in  the  preceding. 
Flowers  reddish-purple.     Bracts  persistent. 

14.  P.  Hookeri,    Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  short,  weak,  much  branched,  4- 
angled ;  leaves  in  fours,  short,  linear,   acutish ;  spikes  long-peduncled,  ovate-  • 
lanceolate,   acuminate,   loose-flowered;    wings  erect,    lanceolate-ovate,    acute; 
caruncle  as  long   as   the  ovoid   sparse-hairy  and  viscid   seed.  —  Low  grassy 
pine  barrens,  West  Florida  and  westward.    July -Sept. — Stems  6' -10' high. 
Leaves  4"  -  6"  long  ;   those  of  the  branches   mostly  alternate.    Flowers  pale 
rose-color.     Bracts  persistent. 

§  2.  Flowers  in  slender  racemes  or  spikes. 
*  Leaves  alternate :  perennials  or  biennials. 

15.  P.  grandifiora,  Walt.     Pubescent;  stems  branching ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late ;  flowers  large,  crestless,  scattered  in  long  racemes ;  fruiting  pedicels  droop- 
ing ;  wings  large,  orbicular,  erect ;  caruncle  enclosing  the  stalk  of  the  oblong 
hairy  seed.     (P.  pubescens,  Muhl.)  —  Varies  with  smoothish  linear  leaves,  and 
smaller  flowers.     (P.  flabellata,  Shuttl.)  —  Dry  light  soil,  Florida  to  South  Car- 
olina, and  westward.    July -Sept     y.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Racemes  3'- 6'  long, 
often  lateral  by  the  prolongation  of  the  stem.     Flowers  bright  purple,  turning 
greenish. 

16.  P.  polygama,    Walt.      Smooth;   stems   numerous,   simple;    leaves 
oblong-linear,  the  lowest  spatulate  or  obovate ;  flowers  of  two  kinds,  viz.  one 


(lIII.KWORT    FAMILY.)  85 

kind  showy  and  perfect,  borne  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme,  the  other  imperfect, 
but  fruiting,  in  radical  (rarely  axillary)  spikes;  wings  obovatc ;  caruncle  half 
as  long  as  the  obovatc  very  hairy  seed.  (P.  rubella,  Mulil.)  —  Wet  or  dry 
sandy  ban-ens,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  May  and  June.  (2)  — 
Stems  6'-  12'  high,  very  leafy.  Racemes  2' -6'  long.  Flowers  purple. 

17.  P.  Senega,  L.     (SENECA  SNAKEROOT.)     Stems  several  from  a  thick 
woody  root,  erect  or  ascending,  simple  or  branching  above ;  leaves  numerous, 
lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  acute  (!'  long) ;  spike  cylindrical,  pedunclcd;  wings 
round-obovate,  as  long  as  the  capsule ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  linear,  as  long  as 
the  obovatc  hairy  seed.  — Var.  I.ATIFOLIA,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stem  taller  ( 1  °  -  1  i°) ; 
leaves  large  (2' -4'  long),  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each 
end.  —  Dry  rocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  North  Carolina  and  northward  ; 
the  variety  in  Tennessee,  and  northward.     May  and  June.     1J.  —  Stems  8'  - 12' 
high.     Spikes  1 '- H' long.     Flowers  greenish-white. 

18.  P.  alba,  Nutt.     Stems  several  from  a  somewhat  woody  root,  erect  or 
ascending,  angular,  at  length  branched  above ;  leaves  linear,  narrowed  toward 
the  base,  acute,  or  lowest  ones  obtuse ;  spike  long-peduncled,  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate ;  flowers  short-pedicellcd ;  wings  oval,  rather  longer  than  the  capsule  ; 
lobes  of  the  caruncle  shorter  than  the  oblong-obovate  very  hairy  seed.    (P.  bicolor, 
A'unth.)  —  Interior  of  Alabama,  Buckley,  and  westward.  —  Stems  ^°-l°high. 
Spikes  1'- 3' long.    Flowers  white.     Bracts  deciduous. 

*  *  Leaves  whorled :  flowers  small,  greenish  or  white,  in  slender  spikes. 

19.  P.  Boykinii,  Nutt.     Perennial;   stems  numerous,  angled,  simple   or 
sparingly  branched ;  leaves  4  -  5  in  a  whorl,  the  lower  ones  oblong-obovate,  the 
upper  lanceolate  and  scattered ;  spike  linear,  long-peduncled ;  wings  obovate,  as 
long  as  the  capsule ;  caruncle  half  as  long  as  the  oblong-obovate  curved  and 
very  hairy  seed.  — Rich  calcareous  soil,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.    May- 
July.     1J. — Stems  1°- 2°  high.     Leaves  1 '  long.     Spikes  2' -3' long.     Flowers 
white. 

20.  P.  verticillata,  L.     Annual;  stems  low,  4-angled,  much  branched ; 
leaves  4  -  5  in  a  whorl,  linear,  acute,  the  upper  ones  scattered ;  spikes  lanceolate ; 
wings  roundish,  as  long  as  the  capsule  ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  half  as  long  as  the 
oblong  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
June  -Aug.  —  Stem  4'  -  8'  high.     Spikes  i'  -  1'  long.     Flowers  greenish-white. 

21.  P.  leptOStachys,  Shuttl.     Annual;  stems  filiform  or  setaceous,  sim- 
ple, or  branched  above,  straight ;  leaves  remote,  4-5  in  a  whorl,  narrpw-linear 
or  filiform,  acute  ;    spike  linear,  long-peduncled  ;   wings  oval,  nearly   sessile, 
smaller  than  the  capsule  ;  caruncle  half  as  long  as  the  smooth  curved  clavate- 
obovate  seed.  —  Dry  sand  hills,  Florida.     May- August. —  Stems  10'-15'  high. 
Flowers  greenish. 

§  3.    Flowers  axillary,  and  with  imperfect  radical  ones,  as  in  No.  16. 

22.  P.  paucifolia,  L.     Perennial ;  flowering  stems  erect,  simple,  leafy  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  large,  ova(e,  alternate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  lower 
ones  bract-like  ;  flowers  (1-3)  pedunclcd,  crested,  very  large  ;  wings  obovate; 

8 


86  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

lobes  of  the  caruncle  subulate,  varying  in  length  ;  seeds  hairy ;  radical  spikes 
bractcd.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  northward.  May. —  Stems  4' -6' high, 
from  a  long  prostrate  base.  Flowers  |'  long,  purple. 

ORDER  46.     KRAMERIACEvE.      (RHATANY  FAMILY.) 

Silky-pubescent  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  diffuse  stems,  alternate  leaves,  and 
irregular  hypogynous  purplish  flowers,  on  axillary  2-braeted  and  jointed 
peduncles.  —  Sepals  5,  colored,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  shorter  than  the 
sepals;  the  3  posterior  ones,  long-clawed,  often  united;  the  2  anterior 
broad,  sessile  and  fleshy.  Stamens  4,  the  posterior  ones  distinct  or  united. 
Anthers  2-celled,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovary  1-celled,  2-ovuled. 
Fruit  1-seeded,  woody,  indehiscent,  armed  with  hispid  prickles.  Albumen 
none.  Radicle  concealed  in  the  cotyledons. 

1.    KRAMERIA,    Loefl. 

Characters  of  the  order. 

1.  K.  lanceolata,  Torr.  Herbaceous;  stems  slender,  prostrate,  mostly 
branching  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves, 
leafy-bracted  above  the  middle ;  claws  of  the  posterior  petals,  and  stamens, 
united;  fruit  globose,  downy,  armed  with  few  strong  spreading  spines.  —  Tampa 
Bay,  South  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Root  long  and  woody.  Stems  1°  long. 

ORDER  47.     LEGUMIIVOSJE.     (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  chiefly  compound  alternate  stipulate  leaves, 
and  papilionaceous  or  regular  perigynous  or  hypogynous  flowers.  —  Sepals 
•5,  more  or  less  united.  Petals  5,  rarely  fewer,  or  none.  Stamens  mona- 
delphous,  diadelphous,  or  distinct.  Ovary  simple,  free,  forming  a  legume 
in  fruit.  Seeds  without  albumen.  Leaves  almost  always  with  entire  mar- 
gins. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  PAPILIONACE^E.  Corolla  of  5  (rarely  fewer)  irreg- 
ular petals,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx,  rarely  perigynous,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  mostly  papilionaceous ;  viz.  one  upper  and  exterior, 
termed  the  vexillum  or  standard ;  two  lateral,  called  wings :  and  two  lower 
and  interior,  oftener  united  by  their  contiguous  margins,  forming  together 
the  keel.  Stamens  10  (rarely  5),  separate,  monadelphous,  or  diadelphous 
(9  &  1,  or  5  &  5).  Legume  1-celled  (sometimes  partly  2-celled  by  the  in- 
troversion of  the  sutures),  or  several-celled  by  transverse  partitions.  Style 
simple.  Cotyledons  thick. 

TRIBE  I.  LOTEJE.  Corolla  papilionaceous.  Stamens  10  (except  No.  8).  Legume  con- 
tinuous (not  jointed).  Cotyledons  leafy  in  germination.  —  Stems  (except  No.  12)  not 
twining,  nor  climbing. 


LEGCMINOSJE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  87 

»    Stamens  monadelphous  :  anthers  of  2  forms.     Leaves  simple,  or  palmately  compound. 

1.  CROTALARIA.     Calyx  5-lobed.     Legume  inflated.    Upper  stipules  decurrent. 

2.  LUPINUS.     Calyx  2-lipped.    Legume  flattened.    Stipules  not  decurrent. 

*  *    Stamens  diadelphous  :  anthers  alike.     Leaves  trifoliolate,  rarely  palmate  or  pinnate,  the 

earliest  ones  alternate. 

3.  MEDICAGO.      Legume   membranaceous,   curved   or    coiled,  1  -  many-seeded.      Flowers 

racemed. 

4.  MELILOTUS.      Legume   coriaceous,  straight,  rugose   or  veined,  1-4-seeded.      Flowers 

racemed  or  spiked. 

5.  TRIFOLIUM.     Legume  smooth,  membranaceous,  1  -  4-seeded.    Flowers  capitate. 
ti.   HOSACKIA.     Legume  straight,  many-seeded.    Peduncle  1  -  3-flowered. 

*  *  *    Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.      Legume  mostly  1-seeded  and   indehiscent. 

Plants  dotted  with  small  dark  glands.    Earliest  leaves  opposite. 

H-  Legume  included  in  the  calyx. 

V.  PSORALEA.  Corolla  papilionaceous.  Stamens  10,  diadelphous :  half  of  the  anthers  often 
imperfect. 

8.  PETALOSTEMOX.    Stamens5,  united  into  a  cleft  tube,  and  adnate  to  the  claws  of  four  of 

the  nearly  regular  petals. 

9.  DALEA.     Stamens  9  or  10,  the  tube  partly  adnate  to  the  claws  of  the  petals. 

•i-  •<-  Legume  exserted. 

10.  AMORPIIA.    Stamens  10,  monadelphous.    Wings  and  keel  none. 

*  *  *  *    Stamens  mostly  diadelphous.     Legume  1  -  many -seeded,  1-celled,  2-valved.     Leaves 

pinnate. 
•i-  Trees  or  shrubs. 

11.  ROBIXIA.    Legume  flat  and  thin,  margined  on  one  edge.    Trees  or  shrubs. 

12.  \VISTARIA.     Legume  nearly  terete,  coriaceous,  contracted  between  the  seeds.    Twining 

shrubs. 

i-  i-  Ilerbs. 

13.  TEPHROSIA.     Calyx  5-cleft.    Vexillum  large.   Legume  compressed,  many-seeded.    Leaves 

unequally  pinnate. 

14.  1XDIGOFERA.      Calyx  minute,  5-cleft.      Vexillum   small.      Legume  terete  or  angled, 

2  -  many-seeded.     Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

15.  GLOTTIDIUM.     Calyx  truncate.    Legume  oblong,  2-seeded.    Leaves  abruptly  pinnate. 

16.  SESBANIA.    Calyx  5-toothed.     Legume  very  long  and  slender,  many-seeded.    Leaves 

abruptly  pinnate. 

*****    Stamens  diadelphous.     Legume  2-celled  lengthwise,  or  1-celled,  with  one  of  the 
sutures  turned  inward.    Leaves  pinnate. 

17.  ASTRAGALUS.     Stamens  10,  diadelphous.    Legume  tumid. 

TRIBE  II.  VICIE.?E.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  2-valved,  not  jointed. 
Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination.  —  Climbing  vines  ; 
the  petioles  of  the  pinnate  leaves  ending  in  a  tendril. 

18.  VICIA.     Style  filiform,  bearded  at  the  apex,  or  on  the  side  facing  the  keel. 

19.  LATHYRCS.     Style  flattened,  bearded  on  the  side  facing  the  vexillum. 

TRIBE  III.  HEDYSAREjE.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Legume  sepa- 
rating transversely  into  1-seeded  indehiscent  reticulated  joints,  or  1-jointed.  —  Stems  not 
twining. 

*   Flowers  yellow. 

20.  JESCHYXOMEXE.    Leaves  pinnate.    Stamens  diadelphous  (5  &  5).    Flowers  perfect. 

21.  ZORNIA.     Leaves  palmately  compound.     Legume  2  -  5- jointed.    Flowers  perfect. 

22.  STYLOSANTHES.    Leaves  trifoliolate.     Anthers  of  2  forms.    Flowers  monoecious. 

23.  CHAPMAXXIA.     Leaves  pinnate.    Anthers  alike.     Flowers  monoecious. 

*  »    Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

24.  LESPEDEZA.     Legume  1-jointed.    Peduncles  axillary. 


88  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

25.  UESMODIUM.     Legume  2 -6-jointed,  bristly.     Racemes  terminal. 

TKIBE  IV.  PHASEOL-E^E.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9  &  I/.  Leg- 
ume 2-valved,  not  jointed.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy  ;  usually  raised  above  ground 
in  germination.  —  Chiefly  twining  vines. 

*    Ovary  1  -  2-ovuled. 

26.  RHYNCHOSIA.    Legume  oblong.    Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  trifoliolate. 

*    #   Ovary  few  or  many-ovuled. 
+-  Keel  spirally  twisted 

27.  APIOS.    Leaves  pinnate,  not  stipellate. 

28.  PHASEOLUS.    Leaves  trifoliolate,  stipellate. 

•t-  *-  Keel  straight.     Leaves  trifoliolate  (except  one  species  of  Galactia). 
++  Legume  terete,  torulose. 

29.  VIGNA.    Flowers  yellow.    Vexillum  roundish.     Stems  twining. 

30.  ERYTHRINA.    Flowers  scarlet.     Vexillum  narrow,  elongated.     Stems  erect. 

++  ++  Legume  flattened. 
=   Bracts  opposite.     Vexillum  very  large. 

31.  CLITORIA.    Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.     Vexillum  spurless  at  the  base. 

32.  CENTROSEMA.    Calyx  short,  5-cleft.    Vexillum  spurred  at  the  base. 

=    =   Bracts  alternate. 

33.  AMPHICARPJEA.     Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.    Flowers  of  two  kinds.     Bracts  persistent. 
31.  GALACTIA.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Bracts  deciduous.    Legume  linear. 

35.  CANAVALIA.     Stamens  monadelphous.     Calyx  bilabiate.    Hilum  linear.    Legume  three- 

ridged  on  the  back. 

36.  DOLICHOS.     Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).     Calyx  5-cleft.     Hilum  oval. 

TRIBE  V.  DALBERGIEJE.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Legume 
indehiscent.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  —  Trees  or  shrubs. 

37.  PISCIDIA.     Legume  compressed,  4-winged.    Leaves  pinnate. 

TRIBE  VI.  SOPHOKE.E.  Stamens  10,  separate.  Legume  not  jointed.  —  Erect  herbs, 
shrubs,  or  trees. 

*    Legume  dehiscent. 

38.  BAPTISIA.    Stamens  deciduous.     Legume  inflated,  stipitate,  few-seeded.     Leaves  simple 

or  trifoliolate. 

39.  THERMOPSIS.      Stamens  persistent.      Legume   nearly  sessile,   flattened,   many-seeded. 

Leaves  trifoliolate. 

40.  CLADRASTIS.    Stamens  persistent.    Legume  flat,  few-seeded.     Leaves  pinnate.    Tree. 

*    *    Legume  indehiscent. 

41.  SOPIIORA.    Legume  moniliform.     Leaves  pinnate.     Shrubs. 

SUBOKDKR  II.  CLESALPINIE2E.  Corolla  irregular  and  somewhat 
papilionaceous,  or  almost  regular,  imbricated  in  the  bud  \  the  upper  petal 
interior.  Stamens  separate.  Embryo  straight. 

42.  CERCIS.    Flowers  perfect,  somewhat  papilionaceous.     Calyx  5-toothed.    Leaves  simp'e. 

43.  CASSIA.     Flowers  perfect,  irregular.     Calyx  deeply  5-parted.    Anthers  dissimilar.    Leaves 

pinnate. 

44.  GLEDITSCHIA.     Flowers  polygamous,  almost  regular.     Calyx  3  -  5-parted.     Leaves  pin- 

nate and  bipinnate. 

SUBORDKR  III.  MIMOSEJE.  .Corolla  regular,  hypogynous,  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct  or  vmited,  often  very  numerous,  inserted  with 
the  petals.  Embryo  straight.  —  Leaves  pinnate  or  2  -  3-pmnate.  Flow- 
ers polygamous. 


LEGUMINOS/E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  89 

*    Flowers  perfect  and  staminate.     Petals  united. 

45.  MIMOSA.     Filaments  distinct.     Legume  jointed,  flat. 

46.  SCHRANKIA.     Filaments  distinct.     Legume  not  jointed,  echinate. 

47.  PITHECOLOBIUM.     Filaments  united  into  a  tube  below.     Legume  broad  and  flat,  mealy 

or  pulpy  within. 

*    *    Flowers  perfect  and  neutral.     Petals  distinct. 

48.  DESMANTHUS.     Sterile  filaments  filiform.    Legume  linear,  many-seeded. 

49.  NEPTUNIA.     Sterile  filaments  flat  or  petal-like.     Legume  oblong,  few-seeded. 


SUBORDER  I.     PAPIL.IONACEJE.     PULSE  FAMILY. 
1.    CROT AL ARIA,    L.      BATTLE-BOX. 

Calyx  5-lobcd.  Vexillum  cordate  :  keel  falcate.  Stamens  monadclphous. 
Anthers  alternately  oblong  and  roundish.  Capsule  inflated,  oblong,  many- 
seeded.  —  Low  herbs,  with  simple  leaves  ;  the  upper  ones  with  broad  dccurrent 
inversely  sagittate  stipules.  Racemes  opposite  the  leaves.  Flowers  yellow. 
Legumes  dark-purple. 

1.  C.  sagittalis,  L.     Annual  ;   stems  low,  branching,   shaggy  with  rust- 
colored  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  oval  or  oblong,  hairy  ;  r,acemes 
short,  2  -  3-flowered.  —  Barren  sandy  soil,  Florida  and  northward.     June  and 
July.  —  Stem  3'  -  6'  high.     Racemes  2'  -  3'  long. 

2.  C.  ovalis,  Pursh.     Perennial ;  stems  several,  branching,  prostrate  or  as- 
cending, rough  with  appressed  hairs ;  leaves  short-petiolcd,  oval  or  oblong,  hairy  ; 
racemes  long,  3-  6-flowcrcd. —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.     May-July. — Stem  6'-12'high.     Racemes  4'-6'long.     Flowers 
distant. 

3.  C.  Purshii,  DC.     Perennial;  stems  slender,  erect,  roughened  with  scat- 
tered appressed  hairs  ;  leaves  thick,  smooth  above,  the  lower  ones  oblong,  the 
upper  linear ;  racemes  long,  5  -  10-flowcred.  —  Flat  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  12'-  18'  high.     Ra- 
cemes 6' -12' long.     Flowers  distant. 

2.    LUPINUS,    Toum.    LUPINE. 

Calyx  2-lippcd,  5-toothed.  Vexillum  with  the  sides  reflexed.  Keel  falcate, 
acute.  Stamens  monadelphous,  with  alternate  anthers  oblong  and  roundish. 
Capsule  oblong,  compressed,  many-seeded  ;  the  seeds  often  separated  by  cellular 
partitions.  —  Herbs,  with  simple  or  palmatcly  5  -  many-foliolate  leaves,  and 
showy  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

1 .  L.  perennis,  L.     Stem  pubescent,  erect ;  leaves  palmately  7  -  9-folio- 
latc  ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  more  or  less  hairy  ;  stipules  minute  ;  ra- 
cemes long,  loosely  many-flowered ;  flowers  purplish  or  purplish-blue,  rarely 
white.  —  Var.  GEACILIS  (L.  gracilis,  Nutt.)  is  a  more  slender  and  hairy  form, 
with  smaller  and  narrower,  often  acute  leaflets.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.     April  and  May.     1J.  —  Stem  1°-  l£°  high. 

2.  L.  villosus,  Willd.  —  Biennial ;  villous  and  hoary ;  stems  thick,  pros- 
trate or  ascending ;  leaves  simple,  lanceolate-oblong,  mostly  acute,  long-petioled ; 

8* 


yO  LKGUMINOSJS.       ( PULSE    FAMILY.) 

stipules  linear-subulate,  elongated,  adnate  below  to  the  petioles  ;  racemes  erect, 
densely  many-flowered  ;  flowers  pale  red,  the  vexillum  dark  purple  in  the 
centre ;  legume  very  woolly.  —  Dry  sandy  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
April.  —  Stems  l°-2°  long.  Leaves  (with  the  petiole)  6' -8'  long. 

3.  L.  dilfusus,  Nutt.  Perennial ;  silky-tomentose  and  hoary  ;  stems  pros- 
trate or  erect,  much  branched  ;  leaves  simple,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  short- 
petioled  ;  stipules  short,  often  wanting  on  the  branches ;  racemes  many-flowered  ; 
flowers  blue,  the  vexillum  dark  purple  in  the  centre;  legume  woolly. — Dry 
sand-ridges,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  April  and  May.  —  Stems  1°-  2°  high. 
Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

3.    MEDICAGO,    L. 

Calyx  5-clcft ;  the  lobes  subulate  or  setaceous.  Corolla  deciduous.  Vexillum 
longer  than  the  partly  united  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  & 
1),  equal.  Style  smooth.  Legume  falcate  or  coiled,  1  -many-seeded. —  Herbs 
or  shrubs.  Leaves  trifoliolatc.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles,  mostly  incised. 
Flowers  yellow,  in  axillary  spikes. 

1.  M.  lupulina,  L.  Pubescent;  stem  procumbent  ;  leaflets  obovate, 
toothed  ;  stipules  nearly  entire ;  spikes  globose,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  mi- 
nute;  legumes  reniform,  1-seeded,  black.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  and  north- 
ward. Introduced.  ©  —  Stem  l°-2°  long. 

4.    MELILOTUS,    Tourn.       MELILOT.     SWEET  CLOVER. 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  long  and  equal.  Corolla  deciduous.  Wings  and 
keel  cohering.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  ovoid,  coriaceous, 
veiny  or  rugose,  longer  than  the  calyx,  1-4-seeded,  scarcely  dehiscent. — 
Smooth  herbs.  Leaves  trifoliolate.  Leaflets  often  toothed.  Stipules  adnate  to 
the  petioles.  Flowers  yellow  or  white,  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  M.  officinalis,  Willd.  Stem  erect,  branching  ;  leaflets  ohovate-oblong, 
toothed  ;  flowers  yellow;  A-cxillum  striped  with  brown,  as  long  as  the  keel  and 
wings  ;  legume  obovate,  rugose.  —  Cultivated  ground.  Introduced.  ®  and  (f) 
—  Stems  l°-3°  high.  Legumes  drooping,  2-sccdcd. 

'2.  M.  alba,  Lam.  Stem  erect,  branching;  leaflets  oblong,  truncate,  ser- 
rate; racemes  elongated ;  flowers  white ;  vcxillum  longer  than  the  wings  and  keel ; 
legumes  ovate,  rugose,  1 -seeded.  (M.  leucantha,  Koch.)  —  Cultivated  grounds. 
Introduced.  Q  —  Legumes  drooping. 

5.     TRIFOLIUM,    L.       CLOVKK. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  teeth  subulate  or  setaceous.  Corolla  withering  or  persist- 
ent ;  the  keel  shorter  than  the  wings,  and  united  with  them  by  their  claws.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  smooth,  membranaceous,  1  -6-seeded,  often 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent.  —  Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaves 
trifoliolatc,  the  leaflets  mostly  toothed.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles.  Flow- 
ers (in  our  species)  capitate. 


LEGUMIXOS-dE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  91 

*  Fruiting  calyx  erect. 

1.  T.  pratense,  L.     (RED  CLOVER.)     Hairy;  stems  erect;    leaflets  ob- 
long-ovate or  oval,  often  emarginate,   slightly  serrulate ;  heads  large,  ovate  ; 
calyx-teeth  setaceous,  hairy;   flowers  purple. — Around  dwellings.     Introduced, 
hut   scarcely  naturalized,   at  least   in  the  low  country. — Stems  l°-2°high. 
Leaves  usually  marked  with  a  pale  3-angled  spot  above. 

2.  T.  arvense,  L.     (RABBIT-FOOT   CLOVER.)     Softly  pubescent ;   stems 
erect ;  leaflets  linear-oblong,  minutely  3-toothed ;  heads  oblong ;  calyx-teeth  se- 
taceous, plumose  ;  corolla  white,  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  wings.  —  Old  fields, 
chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     Introduced.     Q)  —  Stems  8'  -  12'  high. 

*  *  Fruiting  calyx  reflexed, 

3.  T.  reflexum,  L.    (BUFFALO  CLOVER.)    Pubescent;  stems  ascending ; 
leaflets  roundish  or  obcordate,  toothed,  the  uppermost  oblong ;  heads  globose  ; 
calyx-tube  very  short,  the  subulate  teeth  long  and  hairy ;  vexillum  broadly  ov.ate, 
purple;  the  wings  and  keel  white;  legume  3-5-seeded.  —  Waste  places  and 
pastures,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     April  and  May.    (I)  and 
(D  —  Stems  6'  - 1 2'  long.     Heads  large. 

4.  T.  repens,  L.     (WHITE  CLOVER.)      Smooth;   stems  creeping;  leaf- 
lets roundish  or  obcordate  ;  heads  globose,  long-peduncled  ;  calyx-teeth  short ; 
flowers  white  ;  legume  4-seeded.  —  Pastures  and  around  dwellings.     Introduced. 
May.     1|.  —  Stems  6' -12'  long. 

5.  T.  procumbens,  L.    Pubescent;  stems  slender,  erect  or  procumbent ; 
leaflets    small,  thin,  obovate  or  obcordate,  toothed,    the  middle  one  stalked ; 
heads  small,  ovate;  flowers  yellow;  legume  1 -seeded.  —  Waste  places  ;  more 
common  in  the  upper  districts.     Introduced.     ®  —  Stems  6'-  12'  long. 

6.  T.  Carolinianum,  Michx.     Pubescent ;  stems  tufted,  prostrate ;  leaf- 
lets small,  obcordate,  slightly  toothed  ;  heads  roundish,  long-peduncled  ;  flowers 
white,  tinged  with  purple  ;  vexillum  acute ;  legume  4-seeded.  —  Fields  and  pas- 
tures,  Florida  to   North    Carolina,    and  westward.     March  and  April.     1J.  — 
Stems  6'  - 10'  long ;  in  shady  places  erect. 

6.     HOSACKIA,    Dongl. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Vexillnm  as  long  as  the.  keel  and  spreading  wings.  Stamens 
diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  cylindrical  or  compressed,  smooth,  wingless, 
many-seeded.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  trifoliolatc  or  pinnate.  Stipules  mostly  minute 
and  gland-like.  Peduncles  1  -  several-flowered. 

1  H.  Purshiana,  Benth.  Hairy;  stem  much  branched ;  leaves  trifolio- 
late,  with  oblong  leaflets ;  peduncle  1 -flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  keel 
acute ;  bracts  simple  ;  legume  linear,  nearly  terete.  —  North  Carolina.  —  Stem 
12'—  15'  high.  Flowers  rose-color. 

7.    PSORALEA,    L. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  the  lobes  acute.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
partly  monadelphous  :  half  of  the  anthers  often  imperfect.  Legume  often 


92  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PL'LSE    FAMILY.) 

wrinkled,  1-seeded,  indehisccnt,  included  in  the  calyx.  —  Perennial  usually 
glandular  herbs.  Stipules  cohering  with  the  petioles.  Flowers  axillary  or  ter- 
minal, purplish  or  white,  racemose  or  spiked. 

*  Leaves  1  -  3-foliolate. 

1.  P.  virgata,  Nutt.     Smoothish;  stem  virgate,  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves 
very  remote,  1-  (or  the  lowest  2-3-)  foliolate  ;  leaflets  linear  or  oblong-linear, 
obtuse,  the  lower  ones  broader  and  long-petioled  ;  stipules  setaceous ;  peduncles 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  spikes  dense,  cylindrical ;  bracts  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, and,  like  the  calyx,  glandular  and  hairy  ;  corolla  violet.  —  Near  St.  Mary's, 
Georgia,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Florida.     July.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaflets 
2' -5'  long. 

2.  P.  melilotoides,  Michx.     Glandular  and  sparingly  pubescent ;  leaves 
trifoliolatc  ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptical ;  stipules  subulate  ;  spikes  ob- 
long, on  peduncles  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate, 
veiny;  corolla  violet ;  legume  rugose.  —  Var.  1.    (P.  eglandulosa,  Ell.)    Gland- 
less  or  nearly  so  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  and,  like  the  calyx,  villous.  —  Dry  soil, 
Florida  to  Tennessee,  and  westward.     May  and  June.  —  Stem   l°-2°  high. 
Leaflets  I' -2'  long. 

3.  P.  Onobrychis,  Nutt.     Pubescent ;  leaves  trifoliolate ;  leaflets  ovate, 
acuminate  ;  racemes  elongated,  somewhat  sccund  ;  calyx  glandular,  the  teeth 
small,  obtuse,  equal ;    legume  ovate,  murk-ate,  wrinkled  transversely.  —  Near 
Spartanburg,  South  Carolina.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.     Leaves 
very  large. 

4.  P.  canescens,  Michx.     Hoary-pubescent ;  lower  leaves  trifoliolatc,  the 
upper  simple,  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  olxjvatc,  glandular ;  racemes  longer  than 
the  leaves,  few-flowered  ;  calyx  inflated  ;  flowers  blue,  turning  greenish  ;  legume 
even.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Cai'olina.     April  and  May.  —  Stem 
bushy,  2°  high.     Resembles  a  Baptisia. 

*  *  Learcs  palmateli/  5  -  7 -foliolate. 

5.  P.  Lupinellus,  Michx.     Smooth;  stem  slender,  declining,  sparingly 
branched  ;    leaflets  filiform ;    racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  loose-flowered  ; 
flowers  violet ;  legumes  rugose.  (P.  Floridana,  Shuttl.)  — Dry  pine  barrens,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina.    May  and  June. —  Stem  2°  long.    Leaflets  2' -3' long. 

6.  P.  SUbacaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Nearly  stemless  ;    peduncles,  petioles, 
and  calyx  white  with  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  7-foliolatc,  long-petioled  ;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong,  smoothish  above,  fringed  on  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath  ; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  rigid  ;  spikes  dense,  ovate  or  oblong ;  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate  ;  calyx-teeth  obtuse.  —  Rocky  hills,  near  Nashville,  Tennessee. 
April  and  May.  —  Leaflets  1'  long.     Peduncles  4'  -  6'  long.    Flowers  numerous, 
purple. 

*  *  *  Leaves  pinnate. 

7.  P.  multijuga,  Ell.     Stem  branching  ;  leaflets  numerous  (9- 10  pairs), 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  pubescent ;  spikes  oblong  ;  bracts  small,  membrana- 
ceous,  without  glands.  —  Abbeville  District,  South  Carolina.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high. 
Leaflets  small.     Bracts  half  as  long  as  the  calvx.     Flowers  violet. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  93 

8.    PETALOSTEMON,    Michx. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Petals  almost  regular,  on  filiform 
claws,  four  of  them  united  with  the  tube  of  stamens,  the  fifth  free,  cordate  or 
oblong,  folded.  Stamens  5,  united  into  a  cleft  tube.  Ovary  2-ovuled.  Legume 
indehisccnt,  1  -seeded,  included  in  the  calyx.  —  Perennial  glandular  herbs,  with 
unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purple  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or 
heads. 

*  Spikes  solitary. 

1.  P.  gracile,  Nutt.      Stems  decumbent,  virgate;    leaflets  5-7,  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse ;  spikes  oval,  becoming  cylindrical  in  fruit,  peduncled  ;  vexillum 
broadly  cordate  — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  westward.     August.  —  Stems 
2°  long.     Leaflets  £'  long.     Flowers  white. 

2.  P.  carneum,  Michx.     Stems  erect,  much  branched,  very  leafy ;  leaf- 
lets 5-7,  linear,  acute ;  spikes  oblong,  long-peduncled ;  vexillum  oblong.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil.     Florida  and  Georgia,  westward.  —  Stems  2°  -  3°  high.     Flowers 
white  or  reddish. 

*  *  Spikes  corymbose. 

3.  P.  corymbosum,  Michx.     Stems  clustered,  erect,  very  leafy ;  leaflets 
3-7,  filiform;  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous,  plumose ;  vexillum  oblong. — Va- 
ries with  more  numerous  (11-15)  oblong  leaflets  which  are  commonly  emargi- 
nate  at  the  apex.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward ; 
the  variety  in  the  low  country  of  South  Carolina,  Curtis.     Sept.  and  Oct.  — 
Stems  2°  high.     Flowers  white. 

9.    DALEA,    L. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  ;  petals  clawed ;  four  of 
them  united  with  the  tube  of  stamens  below  the  middle,  the  fifth  (vexillum)  free, 
cordate,  and  inserted  into  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  10,  united  into  a 
cleft  tube.  Legume  1-seeded,  membranaceous,  indehiscent,  included  in  the  calyx. 
—  Mostly  glandular  herbs,  with  spiked  or  capitate  flowers. 

1.  D.  alopecuroides,  Willd.  Stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  pinnate,  with 
numerous  linear-oblong  leaflets  ;  spikes  dense,  cylindrical,  silky-villous  ;  corolla 
small,  pale  violet,  the  vexillum  white.  —  Rich  soil,  Alabama,  northward  and 
westward.  July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

10.    AMORPHA,    L. 

Calyx  obconical,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Vexillum  straight,  concave.  Wings 
and  keel  none.  Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base,  exserted.  Legume  1-2- 
seedcd,  oblong,  curved,  glandular-roughened,  indehiscent  or  nearly  so.  —  Shrubs, 
with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  numerous  leaflets  which  are  punctate  with 
pellucid  dots.  Flowers  blue  or  white,  in  slender  racemes  or  spikes. 

1.  A.  fruticosa,  L.  Pubescent;  leaves  petioled ;  leaflets  15-21,  oblong, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  sparingly  dotted  ;  flowers  racemed,  blue  ;  calyx-teeth  very 
short,  nearly  equal,  pubescent ;  legume  1  -  2-seedcd.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida 


'J-t  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Shrub  6°  - 1 5°  high.    Leaf- 
lets !'-!£'  long.    Racemes  mostly  panicled. 

2.  A.   herbacea,  Walt.     Pubescent  or  glabrous;   leaves  short-petioled ; 
leaflets  15-35,  rigid,  oval  or  oblong,  conspicuously  dotted;  racemes  spicate,  sin- 
gle or  panicled ;  calyx-teeth  villous ;  the  two  upper  ones  short  and  obtuse,  the 
lower  more  or  less  elongated  and  acute  ;  legume  1 -seeded.     (A.  pumila,  Michx. 
A.  pubescens,  Willd.     A.  Caroliniana,  Croom.) — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.    June  and  July.  —  Shrub  2°  -  4°  high,  with  pur- 
ple branches.    Leaflets  smaller  and  more  crowded  than  in  No.  1.    Flowers  blue 
or  white. 

3.  A.  canescens,    Nutt.     Hoary-tomentose ;  leaves   sessile ;   leaflets   nu- 
merous, small,  elliptical,  crowded  ;  spikes  short,  panicled,  dense-flowered  ;  calyx- 
teeth  acute,  nearly  equal;    legume   1 -seeded. —  Near  Augusta,  Georgia,  and 
westward.    July  and  August.  —  Shrub  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  bright  blue. 

11.    ROBINTA,    L.      LOCUST. 

Calyx  short,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  the  two  upper  teeth  shorter  and  more  or  less 
united.  Vexillum  large,  roundish  ;  keel  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  & 
1).  Style  bearded  on  the  side  facing  the  vexillum.  Legume  compressed,  many- 
seeded,  the  seed-bearing  suture  margined.  Seeds  flat.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often 
with  stipular  spines,  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  showy  white  or  rose-colored 
flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  R.    Pseudacacia,    L.      (Loccsr.     FALSE   ACACIA.)      Smoothish  ; 
spines  small  on  the  older  branches,  straight;  leaflets  9-17,  oblong-ovate,  or 
elliptical ;  racemes  pendulous,  oblong,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  white ;  legume 
4-6-seeded.  —  Rich  soil,  in  the  upper  districts.     April  and  May.  — A  tree  30°- 
60°  high,  with  hard  and  durable  wood.     Racemes  3' -5' long.     Calyx  spotted. 
Legume  smooth.     Flowers  fragrant. 

2.  R.  viscosa,  Vent.    Brandies,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  legumes  glandular- 
viscid  ;  spines  very  small ;  leaflets  11  -25,  ovate  and  oblong,  obtuse  or  slightly 
wrdate  at  the  base,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath,  tipped  with  a  short  bristle  ; 
flowers  crowded  in  roundish  erect  racemes,  rose-color  ;  legume  3  -  5-seeded.  — 
Banks  of  streams,  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.     May  and  June. 
—  A  tree  20°  -  40°  high.     Flowers  inodorous. 

3.  R.  hispida,  L.    Branches,  &c.  more  or  less  bristly  ;  stipules  very  slen- 
der and  bristle-like,  deciduous;  leaflets  11-18,  smooth,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  tipped  with  a  long  bristle  ;  flowers  large, 
in  a  loose  and  mostly  pendulous  raceme,  bright  rose-color.  —  Mountains  of  Geor- 
gia and  North  Carolina,  both  the  ordinary  form  and  the  var.  ROSE  A,  Pursh,  with 
pubescent  branches  and  few-flowered  racemes.     May.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high. 

Var.  Elliottii.  Branches,  &c.  pubescent ;  stipular  spines  very  stout,  spread- 
ing or  recurved.  (R.  hispida,  var.  rosca,  Ell.) — Pine  barrens  in  the  central 
parts  of  Georgia  and  southward.  —  Shrub  3°  -  5°  high,  with  thick  and  rigid 
branches.  A  still  smaller  form,  scarcely  a  foot  high  (var.  nana,  Ell.),  is  found 
at  Columbia,  South  Carolina. 


LKGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  9") 

12.    WISTARIA,    Nutt. 

Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lippcd  ;  the  upper  lip  broad,  2-cleft,  the  lower 
3-cleft.  Vexillum  large,  with  2  parallel  ridges  at  the  base.  Stamens  diadclphous 
(9&1).  Legume  coriaceous,  nearly  terete,  contracted  between  the  seeds,  at 
length  2-valved.  —  Twining  shrubs,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  showy 
purple  flowers,  in  a  crowded  raceme 

1.  W.  frutescens,  DC.  Young  leaves  and  branches  silky-pubescent; 
leaflets  9-13,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong;  stipels  none;  racemes  on  short 
branches,  dense-flowered.  (Thyrsanthus  frutescens,  Ell.)  — Margins  of  swamps,. 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Mississippi.  April  and  May.  —  Leaflets 
1'long.  Racemes  4' -6' long,  2' -3' in  diameter.  Legume  1  -  several-seeded. 
Bracts  large,  caducous. 

13.     TEPHROSIA,    Pers. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Vexillum  large,  roundish,  spread- 
ing or  reflexcd,  usually  white  within,  and  reddish  or  purple  and  silky  without ; 
keel  obtuse,  cohering  with  the  wings.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 
Style  smooth  or  laterally  bearded.  Legume  compressed,  linear,  many-seeded.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  with  the  leaflets  opposite  mucro- 
nate  and  straight-veined,  and  white  or  purplish  flowers. 

*  Flowers  sinylu  or  by  pairs  in  the  axils  of  lite  leaves;  the  uppermost  often  crowded  in 

a  dense  raceme. 

1.  T.  Virginiana,    Pcrs.      (GOAT'S    RUE.)      Soft-hairy   and   somewhat 
hoary;  stems  very  leafy,  clustered,  erect,  simple;  leaflets  11-25,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  smoothish  above  ;  flowers  yellowish-white  tinged 
with  purple.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     June 
and  July.  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  high,  from  long  and  slender  roots.     Flowers  showy. 

*  *    Flowers  in  lonrj-peduncled  racemes  opposite   the   leaves  :    rcxiltum  pubescent 

external/i/. 

2.  T.  spicata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Hirsute  or  villous  with  rusty  hairs  ;  stems 
simple  or  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  scattered,  short-petiolcd ;    leaflets  9  -  15, 
oval  or  cuneate-oblong,  rounded  and  strongly  mucronate  at  the  apex,  smooth, 
ish  above;  racemes  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,   6  -  10-flowered  ;    lobes 
of  the  calyx  linear-subulate  ;  flowers  large,  white  and  purple.     (T.  paucifolia, 
Nutt.     Galcga  villosa,  Michx.)     Varies  with  linear,  acute,  and  rcflexed  leaflets, 
the  odd  one  elongated.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
June  and  July.  —  Stems  1°  -2°  long. 

3.  T.  hispidula,  Pursh.     Hoary-pubescent  or  smoothish  ;  stems  slender, 
terete,  erect  or  procumbent ;  petiole  shorter  than  the  lowest  leaflets  ;  leaflets  1 1  - 
15,  small  (4" -6"  long), oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  often  smooth  above  ;  peduncles 
slender,  terete,  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves,  2-4-flowered;  flowers  small, 
purple.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    June  and 
July.  —  Stems  6'- 18'  long. 

4.  T.  Chrysophylla,  Pursh.     Prostrate,  rusty  pubescent ;  stems  diffusely 
branched;  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  short  (l'-l|'  long)  ;  leaflets  (yellowish) 


96  LEGUMINOS-E.       (I'Ul.SK    FAMILY.) 

5-7,  cuncate-obovatc,  obtuse  or  emarginatc,  smooth  above ;  peduncles  longer 
tban  the  leaves,  terete,  2  -  3-flowercd  ;  calyx-teeth  short,  acute.  —  Varies  with 
smaller  (£'- 1'  long)  leaves  and  flowers,  the  latter  mostly  solitary  on  the  short 
peduncles.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Stems  6'- 
18'  long. 

5.  T.  ambigua,  M.  A.  Curtis.    Hoary-pubescent,  or  nearly  smooth  ;  stems 
decumbent,  angled  ;  leaves  scattered,  long-petioled  (5'  -  6'  long) ;  leaflets  7-15, 
distant,  wedge-oblong,  truncate  or  emarginate   at   the   apex,  paler  and   often 

.smooth  above,  purplish  and  strongly  veined  beneath  ;  peduncles  flattened,  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  leaves,  few-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  short,  acute ;  flowers 
white  and  purple.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June  and 
July. 

6.  T.  angUStissima,  Shuttl.    Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  stems  slen- 
der, prostrate,  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  10- 15,  linear, 
acute,  mostly  opposite ;  racemes  very  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing 
2-4  small  scattered  flowers ;  calyx  slightly  pubescent,  with  triangular-ovate 
acute  teeth.  —  South  Florida,  Rugel.  —  Stem  1°  long.    Leaflets  8" -12"  long, 
1"  wide,  spreading.     Corolla,  about  3"  long. 

14.    INDIGOPERA,    L.      INDIGO. 

Calyx  5-clcft.  Vexillum  roundish.  Keel  with  a  subulate  spur  on  each  side, 
often  elastically  reflexcd.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  1 -many- 
seeded.  Seeds  usually  truncated  at  each  end,  often  separated  by  membrana- 
ccous  partitions.  —  Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  white,  brownish,  or 
purplish  axillary  flowers.  Legumes  drooping. 

*  Racemes  lonyer  than  the  leaves.  —  Indigenous  species. 

1.  I.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Smoothish  ;  stem  erect,  tall,  branching  ;  leaf- 
lets 10-15,  obovate  or  oblong;   racemes  many-flowered;    calyx-teeth   short, 
acute;  flowers  vellowish-brown ;  legume  oblong,  veiny,  2-seeded. — Dry  pine 
barrens,   Florida  to  Nortlf  Carolina.     July  and  August.     1|.  —  Stem   3°  -  5° 
high.     Flowers  small.     Legume  4"  -  5"  long. 

2.  I.  leptosepala,  Nutt.     Rough  hairy  ;  stem  decumbent ;  leaflets  7-9, 
obovate-oblong  or  cuncate ;  racemes  6-1 5-flowcred ;  calyx-teeth  slender-subu- 
late ;  flowers  pale-scarlet ;  legume  linear,  even,  6  -  9-seeded.  —  Georgia,  Nuttall, 
South  Florida,    Blodyett,  and   westward. —  Stem    2° -3°  long.      Legume  1^' 
long,  straight. 

*  *  Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  Introduced  species. 

3.  I.  tinctoria,  L.     Stem  erect;  leaflets  9-11,  oval,  pubescent  beneath; 
legume  terete,  torulose,  curved.  —  Waste  places.     August. 

4.  I.  Anil,  L.     Stem  erect;  leaflets  7  - 15,  oval ;  l«jgume  compressed,  even, 
thickened  at  each  suture.  —  Waste  places. 

These  two  species  were  formerly  cultivated  in  some  of  the  States,  and  em- 
ployed in  the  manufacture  of  indigo. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  97 

15.     GLOTTIDIUM,    Desv. 

Calyx  campanulate,  obliquely  truncate,  5-toothed.  Vexillum  short,  uniform. 
Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Style  short,  incurved  at  the  apex.  Stigma 
acute.  Legume  oblong,  stipitate,  compressed  ;  the  membranaceous  endocarp 
at  length  separating  from  the  coriaceous  epicarp,  and  enclosing  the  two  oblong 
seeds.  —A  tall  smooth-branching  annual,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  and  yel- 
low flowers  in  axillary  often  compound  racemes. 

1.  G.  Floridanum,  DC.  (Sesbania  vesicaria,  Spreng.) — Damp  soil, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  8°  high.  Leaf- 
lets numerous,  oblong-linear.  Legume  1 '  -  2'  long.  Plant  yellowish-green. 

16.     SESBANIA,    Pers. 

Calyx  2-bracted,  campanulate,  equally  5-toothed.  Vexillum  roundish.  Keel 
obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1) ;  the  tube  toothed  at  the  base.  Legume 
slender,  elongated,  knotted.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate.  Leaf- 
lets numerous.  Flowers  yellow  or  reddish,  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  S.  macrocarpa,  Muhl.  Annual,  smooth  ;  leaflets  oblong- linear,  ob- 
tuse, mucronatc ;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1  - 4-flowered  ;  legume  curved, 
compressed,  4-sided,  many-seeded.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and 
westward.  August  and  September.  —  Stem  5° -12°  high.  Legume  8' -12' 
long,  pendulous.  Flowers  yellow  and  red,  dotted  with  purple. 

17.     ASTRAGALUS,     L.    MILK-VETCH. 

Calyx  5-toothed ;  the  2  upper  teeth  separated.  Vexillum  as  long  as  the  wings 
and  obtuse  keel.  Stamens  10,  diadelphous.  Legume  commonly  turgid,  few  - 
many-seeded,  usually  partly  or  completely  2-celled  by  the  introversion  of  one  or 
both  of  the  sutures.  —  Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  axillary  spiked 
or  racemose  flowers. 

*  Legume  partly  or  completely  2-celled  by  the  introversion  of  the  dorsal  suture. 

1.  A.  Cauadensis,  L.     Tall,  pubescent ;  leaflets  21 -31,  oblong,  obtuse  ; 
stipules  ovate,  clasping ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  closely  many-flowered  ; 
calyx-teeth   subulate;  legume   inflated,   oval,   terete,   2-celled.  —  Mountains   of 
Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    June-August,     ty  —  Stem  2°-3° 
high.     Leaflets  !'-!£'  long.     Flowers  f  •'  long,  pale  yellow. 

2.  A.  glaber,  Michx.     Stem  tall,  nearly  smooth;  leaflets  15-25,  oblong- 
linear,  pubescent  beneath ;  stipules  minute,  spreading ;  spikes  longer  than  the 
leaves,  loosely  many-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  broad  and  short ;  legume  curved,  ob- 
long, flattened  edgewise,  2-celled.  —  Drv  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    April.      U  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaflets  6"  -  8"  long.     Flowers  white. 

3.  A.   obcordatUS,    Ell.     Smoothish ;    stems   prostrate  ;    leaflets   small, 
17-25,  obcordate ;    peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  loosely  8-15-flowered; 
legumes   crescent-shaped,  compressed,  veiny,  partly  2-celled.  —  Dry  sandy  bar- 
rens, Florida,  and  the  lower  parts  of  Georgia.    April  -  June.     1J. — Stems  6'  -1C' 
long.     Leaflets  3"  -  4"  long.     Flowers  pale  purple. 


98  LKGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

4.  A.    Tennesseensis,    Gray.     Villous  with  white   hairs ;    stems  pros- 
trate or  ascending  ;  leaflets  about  20,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  emar- 
ginate,  smooth   above,  more  or  less  hairy  beneath ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate, 
adnate  to  the  petioles  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  racemes  somewhat  capi- 
tate, 10-15-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  legume 
oblong,  curved,  thick  and  fleshy,  reticulate-rugose  when  dry,  2-cellcd,  many- 
seeded,  at  length  smoothish.  —  Hills  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  Lesquereux,  and 
Lagrange,  Alabama,  Prof.  Hatch.     March  and  April,      y. — Stems  4' -  6' long. 
Flowers  8"  -  9"  long,  apparently  purple. 

*  *  Legume  l-celled;  the  ventral  suture  thickened  and  sometimes  slightly  jnJJexed. 

5.  A.  villoSUS,  Michx.     Villous   and   hoary ;    stems    prostrate ;    leaflets 
about  13,  oval  or  oblong,  commonly  emarginate  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  peduncles 
as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  racemes  ovate,  dense-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  longer  than 
the  tube-   legume  oblong,  curved,  3-angled,   even,  1-celled.     (Phaca  villosa, 
Nutt.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     April  and  May.     1J.  — 
Stems  4'  -  6'  long.     Flowers  small,  dull  yellow. 

18.     VICIA,     Tourn.     VETCH.     TARE. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-clcft,  the  two  upper  teeth  usually  shorter.  Style  filiform, 
hairy  at  the  apex,  or  on  the  side  facing  the  keel.  Legume  2  -  many-seeded,  2- 
valved.  Seeds  orbicular.  Cotyledons  thick.  —  Slender  climbing  herbs.  Leaves 
pinnate ;  the  petiole  terminating  in  a  tendril.  Stipules  mostly  semi-sagittate. 
Flowers  axillary. 

*  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1  -  2-Jloivered. 

1.  V.  sativa,  L.     (VETCII  or  TAKE.)     Pubescent;  stem  simple;  leaflets 
10-12,  varying  from  obovatc-oblong  to  linear,  emarginate;  flowers  by  pairs, 
nearly  sessile,  pale  purple  ;  legume  linear,  several-seeded.  —  Cultivated  grounds- 
Introduced.     ®  —  Corolla  ^'  long.     Stem  l°-2°  long. 

2.  V.  micrantha,  Nutt.     Smooth ;  leaflets  4-6,  linear,  obtuse  or  barely 
acute ;  peduncles  1  -  2-flowcrcd ;  flowers  minute,  pale  blue ;  legume  sabre-shaped, 
4-10-sccded.  —  Banks  of  rivers  and  shaded  places,  West  Florida  to  North  Ala- 
bama, and  westward.     April,     (j)  —  Stems  2°  -  3°  long.     Seeds  black. 

*  *  Peduncles  commonly  lonqer  than  the  leaves,  3  -  many -flowered. 

3.  V.  hirsuta,  Koch.     Hairy ;    leaflets    12-14,   oblong-linear,   truncate  ; 
peduncles  3  -  6-flowcrcd,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  calyx-teeth  equal ;  flowers 
small,  bluish-white ;  legume  short,  oblong,  2-sceded.     (V.  Mitchelli,  Raf.     Er- 
vum  hirsutum,  L.)  —  Cultivated  ground.     Introduced.     April  and  May. 

4.  V.  acutifolia,  Ell.     Smooth  ;  leaflets  about  4,  linear  or  rarely  oblong, 
acute  or  truncate  ;    peduncles  4  -  8-flowered,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves  ; 
flowers  pale  blue,  the  keel  tipped  with  purple  ;  legume  linear,  4  -  8-sceded.  — 
Damp  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida  and  Georgia.     March  -  May.      ty  —  Stems 
angled,  2°  -  4°  long,  branching. 

5.  V.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Smoothish;  leaflets  8-12,  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  barely  acute ;  stipules  small,  subulate;  peduncles  many-flow- 


LKGUMINOS^E.       (I'ULSE    FAMILY.)  09 

eroil ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube ;  flowers  nearly  white,  the  keel  tipped 
•with  blue ;  legume  oblong,  several-seeded.  —  Dry  open  woods,  chiefly  in  the 
upper  districts.  April  and  May.  ty  —  Stems  3°  -  4°  long,1  branching.  Flowers 
4"  -  6"  long. 

19.    LATHYRUS,    L. 

Style  flattened,  bearded  on  the  side  facing  the  vcxillum.  Otherwise  as  in 
Vicia. 

1.  L.  pusillus,  Ell.     Annual;  leaflets  2,  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  stipules 
sagittate  ;  peduncles  elongated,  1  -  2-flowered  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate-seta- 
ceous, nearly  equal;    legume  long,   10 -15-sceded.  —  Near  Charleston,   Soutli 
Carolina,  and  westward.     May.  —  A  small  and  slender  vine.     Flowers  purple. 

2.  L.  venosus,  Muhl.     Perennial;    stem  stout;    leaflets   10-14,  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse;  stipules  lanceolate;  peduncles   10 -20-flowercd ;   flowers  large, 
purple ;  calyx-teeth  very  unequal.  —  Shady  banks,  Georgia  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  angled,  2°  -3°  long.     Leaflets  2'  -  3'  long. 
Flowers  $'  long. 

3.  L.  myrtifolius,    Muhl.     Perennial ;  stem  slender,  4-angled ;    leaflets 
4-6,  oblong,  obtuse ;  stipules  large,  ovate,  entire  ;  peduncles  3  —  6-flowered  ; 
flowers  pale  purple;  calyx-teeth  unequal. — Banks  of  rivers,  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.     July  and  August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  long,  often  wing-angled. 
Leaflets  1^'long. 

20.    JESCHYNOMENE,    L. 

Calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Petals  equal :  vcxillum  roundish.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous  (5  &  5).  Legume  compressed,  stipitate,  separating  trans- 
versely into  3  or  more  1 -seeded  indehiscent  joints.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers. 

1.  .33.  hispida,  Willd.     Annual;  stem  erect,  muricate-hispid  ;  leaflets  nu- 
merous, oblong-linear  ;  peduncles  3  -  5-flowered  ;  legume  straight,  linear,  even 
along  the   upper  suture,  wavy  on  the  lower,  6 -10-jointed,  the  joints  nearly 
square,  hispid.  — Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     August. — 
Stem  2° -4°  high. 

2.  .33.  Viscidula,  Michx.     Perennial;  stem  slender,  prostrate,  viscid- 
pubescent;  leaves  small;  leaflets  7-9,  obovate,  reticulate- veined;  peduncles 
3-4-flowered,  the  pedicels  long  and  spreading;  stipules  and  bracts  ovate; 
legume  2  -  3-jointed,  the  joints  half -orbicular,  hispid.  —  Sandy  places  along 
the  coast,  Florida  and  Georgia.     August  and  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  long. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Flowers  small. 

21.     ZORNIA,     Gmel. 

Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Coi-olla  inserted 
into  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  monadelphous,  alternately  shorter  :  anthers 
alternately  oblong  and  globose.  Legume  compressed,  with  2-5  roundish  hispid 
joints. — Herbs.  Leaves  palmately  2- 4-foliolate.  Stipules  sagittate.  Flowers 
yellow,  in  axillary  large-bractcd  racemes. 


100  LEGUMIXOS-K.       (I'l'LSK    FAMILY.) 

1.  Z.  tetraphylla,  Michx.  Perennial,  smooth  or  downy  ;  leaflets  4,  lance- 
olate  or  oblong-obovatc  ;  racemes  3  -  9-flowered,  much  longer  than  the  leaves  ; 
the  flowers  distant  and  almost  concealed  by  the  large  ovate  bracts  ;  legume  his- 
pid, 3- 4-jointed. —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
June  — August. —  Stem  2°  long,  prostrate. 

22.     STYLOSANTHES,     Swart/.. 

Flowers  of  two  kinds  :  one  kind  perfect,  but  sterile  ;  the  other  destitute  of 
calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  and  fertile.  Calvx  2-bracted,  2-lipped,  5-clcft ;  the 
tube  long  and  slender.  Corolla  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Keel  en- 
tire at  the  apex.  Stamens  monadelphous,  with  the  alternate  anthers  linear  and 
ovate.  Style  of  the  fertile  flower  hooked.  Legume  veiny,  1  -  2-jointed,  the  lower 
joint  empty.  —  Low  herbs.  Leaves  trifoliolate.  Stipules  united  with  the  peti- 
oles. Flowers  in  a  short  and  dense  terminal  spike. 

1.  S.  elatior,  Swartz.  Perennial;  stem  mostly  erect,  6' -12'  high,  pu- 
bescent in  lines,  or  sometimes  hispid ;  leaflets  rigid,  lanceolate,  strongly  veined ; 
stipules  sheathing ;  spike  few-flowered ;  bracts  bristly;  flowers  yellow.  (S.  liis- 
pida,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  northward.  June  -  August. 

23.    CHAPMANNIA,    Ton-.  &  Gray. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Stylosanthes.  Corolla  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Keel  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Anthers  alike,  oblong.  Legume  hispid,  1-3- 
jointed.  —  A  viscid  and  hirsute  branching  herb,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves, 
small  and  free  stipules,  and  small  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  C.  Ploridana,  Torr.  &  Gray. —  East  Florida.  May.  — Stem  slender, 
2° -3°  high.  Leaflets  3-7,  oblong.  Racemes  often  branching,  few-flowered. 

24.    LESPEDEZA,    Michx.      BUSH-CLOVER. 

Calyx  2-bractcd,  5-clcft ;  the  teeth  subulate.  Corolla  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  calyx.  Stamens  diadclphous  (9  &  1).  Anthers  alike.  Legume  small,  len- 
ticular, indehiscent,  1 -seeded.— Perennial  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and 
small  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes. 

*  Flowers  of  two  kinds,  vis.  perfect,  but  mostly  sterile,  borne  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
and  fertile,  but  destitute  of  corolla  and  stamens ;  the  latter  commonly  in  sessile  clus- 
ters :  corolla  purple,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1.  L.  repens,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  slender,  prostrate  ;  leaflets  small,  oval, 
mostly  emarginate,  the  petiole  very  short,  or  as  long  as  the  lateral  leaflets  ;  ra- 
cemes few-flowered,  on  filiform  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  legume 
roundish.     (L.  procumbens,  Michx.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.     August.  —  Plant  l°-2°  long,  smooth  or  tomentose. 

2.  L.  Violacea,  Pers.     Stem  erect  or  spreading  ;  leaflets  varying  from  el- 
liptical to  linear,  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs  beneath  ;   fertile   flowers   in 
axillary  clusters  ;  legume  ovate,  smooth,  or  with  scattered  appressed  hairs,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx. 


LKGUMINOSjE.       CPULSE    FAMILY.)  101 

Var.  divergens.  (L.  divergens,  Pursh.)  Stems  diffuse ;  leaflets  oval  or  ob- 
long ;  peduncles  filiform,  few-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves,  and  bearing 
chiefly  sterile  flowers. 

Var.  sessiliflora.  (L.  sessiliflora,  Michx.  L.  violacea,  Ell.)  Stem  erect ; 
leaflets  oblong ;  flowers  mostly  fertile,  in  dense  and  nearly  sessile  clusters  which 
are  much  crowded  near  the  summit  of  the  branches. 

Var.  reticulata.  (L.  reticulata,  Pers.)  Stem  erect;  leaves  linear-oblong  ; 
flowers  clustered  as  in  the  preceding  variety. 

Dry  barren  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  August.  —  Stem 
2° -3°  high.  Leaflets  pale  beneath.  Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

3.  L.  Stuvei,  Nutt.     Stem  erect,  branching,  softly-pubescent ;  leaflets  oval 
or  roundish,  tomentose  or  silky  on  both  surfaces,  or  only  beneath,  longer  than 
the  petiole ;  racemes  axillary,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  nearly 
all  perfect  and  fertile ;  legume  longer  than  the  calyx,  ovate,  villous.  —  Dry 
sterile  soil,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     August.  —  Interme- 
diate between  No.  2  and  No.  4. 

*  *  Flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile  :   corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx,  yellowish-white,  the 
vexlllum  spotted  with  purple :  legume  included  in  the  calyx. 

4.  L.  hirta,  Ell.     Stem  erect,  pubescent  or  villous  ;  leaflets  oval  or  round- 
ish, longer  than  the  petiole,  pubescent  beneath  or  on  both  sides ;  spikes  dense,  on 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  calyx-teeth  linear-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the 
ovate  pubescent  legume.  —  Dry  ban-en  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward.    August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

5.  L.  capitata,  Michx.      Stem   mostly  simple,   softly  pubescent,   erect ; 
leaves  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  varying  from  oblong  to  linear,  silky  on  both  sides, 
or  only  beneath  ;  calyx  .hairy,  longer  than  the  oval  villous  legume.     (L.  frutcs- 
cens  and  L.  angustifolia,  Ell.)  — Dry  or  damp  sterile  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

25.    DESMODIUM,    DC.      (HEDYSARUM,  L.,  Ell.) 

Flowers  all  similar  and  perfect.  Calyx  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  emarginate 
or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Corolla  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Stamens 
diadelphous  (9  &1),  or  more  or  less  monadelphous.  Legume  flattened,  2-6- 
jointed.  —  Chiefly  perennial  branching  herbs.  Leaves  trifoliolate,  petioled,  stip- 
ulate ;  the  leaflets  petiolulate  and  stipellate.  Flowers  small,  purple  or  whitish,  in 
terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Legumes  hispid  with  hooked  hairs. 

§  1 .   Stamens  monadelphous  below :  legumes  conspicuously  stipitate,  2  —  ^-jointed,  the 

joints  half-obovate,  concave  on  the  back. 

1.  D.  pauciflorum,  Nutt.  Stem  low,  ascending,  mostly  simple,  leafy; 
leaves  scattered,  long-petioled  ;  leaflets  thin,  acute,  ciliate,  pale  beneath,  the  lat- 
eral ones  ovate,  the  terminal  one  rhombic-ovate  ;  stipules  minute  ;  racemes  ter- 
minal, 4  -  8-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to 
Tennessee,  and  northward.  August.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaflets  l'-2'  long. 
Corolla  pale-purple  or  white. 
9* 


102  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

2.  D.  acuminatum,  DC.     Stem  pubescent,  leafy  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
large,  long-petioled  ;  leaflets  smoothish,  ovate  or  roundish,  acuminate  ;  raceme 
or  panicle  terminal,  long-peduncled,  many-flowered.  —  Rich  shady  soil,  Florida 
to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and  August.  —  Plant  2° -3°  high.     Leaf- 
lets thin,  2'-  4'  long. 

3.  D.  nudiflorum,  DC.     Stem  smooth,  short,  leafy  at  the  summit ;  pan- 
icle ascending  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  naked,  or  with  one  or  two  leaves  near 
the  base,  much  longer  than  the  stem ;  leaves  long-petioled,  smooth  ;  leaflets 
ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  white  beneath ;  legume   long-stipitate.  —  Rich  woods, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high. 
Racemes  simple  or  compound,  on  peduncles  2°  -  3°  high. 

§  2.    Stamens  diadelphous :  legume  sessile  or  short  stipitate, 

*  Stipules  large,  ovate  (except  No.   8),  acuminate,  persistent:  leijume  3-G-jointed, 
the  joints  convex  on  the  upper  suture,  rounded  on  the  lower  one. 

4.  D.  canescens,  DC.     Stem   tall,   rough-hairy,    striate  ;   leaflets   ovate, 
mostly  acute,  very  rough,  especially  beneath ;  panicle  large,  very  hairv  ;  bracts 
large,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  joints  of  the  legume  3-5,  connected  by  a  broad  neck. 
(Hedysarum  scaberrimum,  Ell.)  — Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     July  and  August.  —  Plant  3°  -  5°  high,  much  branched,  pale  green. 
Leaflets  1^'  — 3'  long.     Flowers  large. 

5.  D.  molle,  DC.  ?     Stem  tall,  much  branched,  softly  pubescent ;  leaflets 
rhombic  or  elliptical,  obtuse  and  often  emarginate,  tomentose  beneath,  rough 
above;  racemes  paniclcd,  slender;  flowers  2-3  together,  on  slender  pedicels; 
legume  nearly  sessile,  black ;  the  small  joints  oval  or  rhombic,  equally  con- 
vex on  both  sutures. —Waste  places,  Middle  Florida.    Sept.  — Stem  3° -5° 
high.     Leaflets  3' -  4' lone:.     Legume  1'  long,  pendulous.     Flowers  small. 

6.  D.  CUSpidatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  smooth, 
ovate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate  ;  panicle  mostly  simple,  elongated  ;  flowers 
and  bracts  large  ;  legume  4  -  6-jointed,  the  joints  rhombic-oblong,  connected  by  a 
broad  neck.    (H.  bractcosum,  Michx.)  — Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high.     Leaflets  3' -5'  long. 
Legume  l£'-2'  long. 

7.  D.  viridiflorum,  Beck.     Stem  stout,  tomentose,  rough  above ;  leaves 
large ;  leaflets  ovate  or  roundish,  obtuse,  very  rough  above,  pale  and  velvety 
beneath  j  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  rather  small ;  panicle  large,  leafless  ;  legume 
3  -4-jointed,  on  a  stipe  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  joints  half  orbicular,  con- 
nected by  a  narrow  neck.  —  Rich  open  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward.    August.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Leaflets  2'  -  4'  long.     Corolla  turning 
greenish. 

8.  D.  Floridanum,  n.  sp.    Stem  short,  rigid,  very  rough;  lower  leaves  1- 
foliolate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  very  rough  above,  pubescent 
and  strongly  reticulate  beneath  ;  stipules  lance-subulate  ;  panicle  elongated,  spar- 
ingly branched,  leafless;  legume  2 -4-jointed,  the  stipe  shorter  than  the  calyx  ; 
joints  obliquely  obovatc.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Apalachicola,  Florida.    July  and 
August. — Proper  stem   1°  high,  the  panicle  2° -3°.     Leaflets  2'  -3' long,  the 
stipules  and  stipels  rigid.     Bracts  and  flowers  small. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  103 

9.  D.  rotundifolium,  DC.     Stem  long,  trailing,  hairy ;  leaflets  orbicu- 
lar, pubescent ;  stipules  ovate,  large,  reflexed  ;   racemes  simple,  the  terminal 
ones  paniclcd ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube  ;  legume  2  -  4-jointed, 
very  adhesive,  the  large  joints  half-rhombic.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  Mis- 
sissippi, and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  long.     Flowers  showy,  occa- 
sionally yellowish-white. 

*  *  Stipules  subulate,  deciduous :  legume  3  -  5-jointed,  nearly  straight  on  the  upper 

suture,  the  joints  triangular,  rarely  rounded  on  the  lower  suture. 

10.  D.  Canadense,  DC.     Stem  erect,  hairy;  leaves  short-petioled ;  leaf- 
lets oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  hairy ;   panicle  leafy ;  flowers  and  bracts 
large  ;  legume  with  3-4  rather  large  obtusely  3-angled  joints.  —  Dry  woods, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  furrowed.     Up- 
per leaves  subsessile. 

11.  D.  Dillenii,  Darl.     Stem  erect,  furrowed,  hairy;  leaflets   oblong  or 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  smoothish  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath  ;   panicle 
large,  leafless,  rough ;  joints  of  the  legume  3-4,  triangular.     ( II.  Marilandi- 
cnm,  Ell.) — Open  woods,  Florida  and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  2° -3° 
high.     Leaflets  1'— 2'  long.     Bracts  and  flowers  small. 

12.  D.  glabellum,    DC.     Stem   erect,   nearly   glabrous;   leaflets   small, 
ovate,  obtuse,  scabrous-pubescent  on  both  sides  ;  joints  of  the  legume  about  4, 
triangular,  minutely  hispid.  —  In  shady  places,  North  and  South  Carolina.  — 
Resembles  D.  Marilandicum  in  foliage  and  D.  paniculatum  in  fruit. 

13.  D.  laevigatum,  DC.     Stem  smooth,  terete ;  leaflets  thick,  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, smooth,  or  slightly  pubescent  and  paler  beneath  ;  panicle  leafless,  rough  ; 
joints  of  the  legume  3-4,  triangular.      (H.  rhombifolium,  Ell.)  —  Dry  rich 
soil,   Florida  to   Mississippi,  and   northward.     August.  —  Stem   2° -4°   high. 
Leaflets  l'-2'  long,  the  lateral  ones  occasionally  wanting. 

14.  D.  paniculatum,  DC.     Stem  slender,  mostly  smooth,  with  long  and 
virgate   branches ;   leaflets   varying   from  oblong   to  linear-lanceolate,   obtuse, 
smooth   or  slightly   pubescent ;  legume   3  -  5-jointcd,   the  joints   triangular.  — 
Shady  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4° 
high.    Leaflets  rather  rigid. 

*  *  *  Stipules  subulate,  deciduous:  legume  2-3-jointed;  the  joints  small,  oval,  or 

obliquely-obovate :  flowers  small. 

15.  D.  tenuifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem   slender,  erect,  rough-pubes- 
cent above  ;  leaflets  linear,  reticulated,  obtuse,  smooth  abovea  keeled,  much  longer 
than  the  short  petiole ;  panicle  leafless,  very  rough  ;  flowers  small ;  legume  ses- 
sile, mostly  2-jointed.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July  and 
August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Leaflets  2'  -  3'  long. 

16.  D.  Strictum,  DC.     Stem  erect,  mostly  simple,  straight  and  slender, 
smooth  or  roughish  ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles ;  leaflets  narrowly  linear,  rather 
obtuse,  coriaceous,  reticulated,  nearly  smooth  ;  panicle  virgate,  few-flowered ;  the 
pedicels  very  slender  ;  legume  stipitate,  1  -3-jointed.  — Pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.     July- Sept.  — Stem  2° -4°  high.     Leaflets  1^'- 3' 
long. 


104  LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

17.  D.  Mar  Handle  urn,    Boott      Stem   erect,  smooth,  mostly  simple; 
leaflets  small,  ovate  or  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  commonly  short- 
er than  the  petiole;  panicle  rough;  legume  mostly  2-jointed.  —  (H.  obtusum, 
Ell.)  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  and  northward.    August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
Leaflets  rarely  more  than  1 '  long,  sometimes  oblong. 

18.  D.  Ciliare,  DC.     Very  much  like  No.  17,  but  the  stem  and  leaves 
rough-hairy,  and  the  (sometimes  acute)  leaflets  longer  than  the  short  petiole.  — 
With  the  preceding. 

19.  D.  rigidum,  DC.     Stem  erect,  branched,  rough-pubescent  ;    leaflets 
(pale)  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  rough  above,  hairy  beneath,  strongly  reticulated 
on  both   sides;  panicle  ample,  leafy  below;  legume  mostly  3-jointed.  —  Dry 
woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     August.  —  Stems  2°  -  3° 
high.     Leaflets  1'- 3' long.     Joints  of  the  legume  largest  of  this  section. 

20.  D.  lineatum,  DC.     Stem  prostrate,  slender,  smooth  ;  leaflets  oval  or 
roundish,  smooth  ;  racemes  elongated,  axillary  and  terminal,  simple  or  panicu- 
late, rough  ;  legume  2  -3-jointed.  —  Open  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.     August.  —  Stem  1°  —  2°  long.     Leaflets  seldom  more 
than  1'  long.    Racemes  1°-  2°  long. 


26.    RHYNCHOSIA,  DC. 

Calyx  2-lipped,  with  the  upper  lip  2-cleft  and  the  lower  3-parted,  or  nearly 
•equally  4-parted.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Style  smooth,  subulate.  Leg- 
ume oblong  or  scymitar-shaped,  mostly  1  -2-seeded.  Seeds  carunculate.  — Erect 
or  twining  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  1  or  3-foliolate,  mostly  softly-pubescent  and  resi- 
nous-dotted leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers. 

*  Stems  twining,  or  low  and  erect :  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

•H-  Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  4-cleft ;  the  teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  the 
lowest  one  longest :  stems  twinina. 

1.  R.  minima,  DC.      Tomentose  ;    leaflets   small,   roundisli   or   broadly 
rhombic,  barely  acute,  dotted  beneath  ;  stipules  subulate  ;  racemes  filiform,  much 
longer  than  the  leaves,  loosely  G  - 1 2-flowered  ;  flowers  minute,  reflexed ;  legume 
scymitar-shaped.     (Glycine   reflexa,  Ell.)—  Damp  soil  along   the   coast,   Key 
West  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.     July.  —  Leaflets  £'  - 1 '  long. 

2.  B.  parvifolia,  DC.     Velvety  throughout ;    leaflets  ovate,  oblong,  or 
obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  ones  acute,  hoary  and  strongly  reticulate 
beneath,  longer  than  the  petiole ;  stipules  small,  lanceolate ;  racemes  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  leaves,  slender,  loosely  3  -  5-flowered  ;  lowest  tooth  of  the 
calyx  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  others  ;  legume  oblong,  obtuse,  clothed  with 
soft  down  and  longer  hairs  intermixed,  2-3-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem 
1°  _  20  long.     Leaflets  1'  long. 

3.  R.  Caribffia,  DC.    Velvety  throughout  ;   stem  prostrate  or  twining  ; 
leaflets  thin,  ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate  ;  stipules  ovate  ;  racemes  slender, 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  loosely  3  -  5-flowered ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  nearly 


LEGUMINOS-iE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  1U;> 

equal;  legume  seymitar-shaped,  acute.  —  South  Florida. —  Stem  2° -3°  long. 
Leaflets  1^'-  2'  long.  Kacemes  l'-2' long.  Flowers  small.  Legume  !'-!£' 
long,  tapering  at  the  base. 

••-  •*-  Calyx  4-parted,   nearly  us  long  as  the  corolla,  the  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate, 
nearly  equal :  steins  twining  or  erect. 

4.  B,.  menispermoidea,  DC.     Stems  several  from  one  root,  prostrate 
or  twining,  downy ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate  ;  leaflets  solitary,  rcniform,  tomen- 
tose ;  peduncles  rarely  as  long  as  the  petiole,  with  few  crowded  flowers  at  the 
summit;  calyx  deeply  parted,  the  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  lobes  nearly 
equal ;  legume  oblong,  acute,  tomentose,  2-seeded.  —  Charlotte  Harbor,  South 
Florida,  Blodgett.  —  Stems  2° -3°  long.     Leaflets  l'-2'  in  diameter. 

5.  R.  tomentosa,  Torr.  £  Gray.    Leaflets  1  or  3,  roundish  or  ovate ;  ra- 
cemes dense-flowered ;  legume  oblong. 

Var.  monophylla,  Torr.  £  Gray.  Pubescent ;  stem  low  (3'  -  6'),  erect ; 
leaflets  mostly  solitary,  reniform  or  orbicular ;  racemes  very  short,  the  upper- 
most clustered.  (Glycine  simplicifolia,  Ell.) 

Var.  erecta,  Ton-.  &  Gray.  Velvety;  stem  erect  (l°-l£°);  leaflets  3, 
oblong  or  roundish,  sometimes  acute  ;  racemes  many-flowered,  the  terminal  one 
often  elongated.  (G.  erecta  and  G-  mollissima,  Ell.) 

Var.  volubilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Hairy ;  stem  twining,  angled  ;  lowest  leaves 
simple,  the  upper  ones  trifoliolate ;  leaflets  3,  roundish  or  ovate,  often  angular 
on  the  margins  ;  racemes  very  short,  few-flowered.  (G.  tomentosa,  Ell.) 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Mississippi.  June  — 
August. 

*  *  Stem  tall,  erect,  with  long  virgate  branches  :  flowers  solitary  or  by  pairs,  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves  :  calyx  deeply  4-cleft,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

6.  B,.  galactoid.es..     Stem   bushy,  purplish,   closely   pubescent ;   leaves 
very  small,  almost  sessile ;  leaflets  3,  oval  or  obovate,  rigid,  reticulate,  pubes- 
cent ;  flowers  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  yellow,  the  vexillum  reddish  exter- 
nally;   legume   oblong,   2-seeded.     (Pitcheria  galactoides,  Nutt.) — Dry  sand 
ridges,   Florida   and  Alabama.     June.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaflets  3"- 9" 
long.     Legume  f '  long. 

27.    APIOS,    Boerh. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the  lowest  one 
longest.  Vexillum  very  broad,  reflexed  ;  the  keel  at  length  twisted.  Stamens 
diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  nearly  terete,  many-seeded.  —  A  smooth  peren- 
nial twining  herb,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  brownish-purple  flowers  in 
dense  axillary  racemes. 

1.  A.  tuberosa,  Moench. —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward. July  and  August.  —  Boot  bearing  small  edible  tubers.  Stem  twining 
high.  Leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  Racemes  often  by  pairs,  shorter 
than  the  leaves.  Seeds  black,  separated  by  loose  cellular  tissue. 


106  LEGUMINOS-S.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

28.    PHASEOLUS,    L.      KIDNEY-BEAN. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  the  two  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united.  Keel  of  the  corolla 
spirally  coiled  or  twisted.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  linear  or  falcate, 
few  -  many-seeded.  —  Twining  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  stipellate 
leaves.  Flowers  commonly  large,  racemed,  or  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
axillary  peduncles. 

*  Flowers  scattered  in  long  racemes  :  legumes  sci/mitar-shaped. 
1  •   P.  perennis,  Walt.     Stem  climbing,  pubescent ;  leaflets  ovate,  acute, 
entire,  membranaceous  ;  racemes  often  branching,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves.  — 
Low  woods  and  margins  of  fields,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July 
and  August.     1J.  —  Leaflets  2' -4'  long.     Flowers  purple. 

2.  P.  sinuatUS,  Nutt.    Stem  prostrate,  smoothish  ;  leaflets  small  (!' long), 
roundish  or  3-lobcd,  strongly  reticulate,  rather  rigid  ;  racemes  6  —  8  times  as  long 
as  the  leaves,  solitary,  simple.  —  Dry  sand  ridges  in  the  pine  barrens.     Florida. 
July  and  August.     1J.  —  Stem  8°-  12°  long.     Flowers  pale  purple. 

*  *  Flowers  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  peduncles  :  letjume  linear,  nearly  terete  : 
seed  scurfy.     (STROPHOSTYLES,  Ell.). 

3.  P.  diversifolius,  Pcrs.     Annual ;  stems  prostrate  or  trailing,  rough- 
hairy  ;  leaflets  ovate,  entire  or  2  -  3-lobcd  ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
—  Sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     June  -  September. — 
Stems  2°  -  4°  long.     Corolla  purple,  withering  greenish. 

4.  P.  helvolus,  L.     Perennial,  smooth  or  hairy  ;  stems  prostrate,  leaflets 
varying  from  ovate  to  oblong-linear,  rarely  3-lobcd ;  peduncles  3-6  times  as 
long  as  the  leaves.  —  Woods  and  margins  of  fields,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     June  -  September.  —  Corolla  pale  purple. 

29.    VIGNA,     SAVI. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  broader,  entire  or  2-cleft.  VexHlum  depressed- 
orbicular,  with  thickened  knobs  near  the  base.  Keel  not  twisted.  Stamens  in- 
cluded in  the  keel,  diadelphous,  and  with  the  style  bent  upward.  Style  hairy 
above,  appcndagcd  below  the  stigma.  Legume  nearly  terete,  somewhat  torulose, 
the  seeds  separated  by  cellular  tissue.  —  Twining  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves, 
and  racemose  axillary  flowers. 

1.  V.  glabra,  SAVI.  Annual,  hirsute  ;  leaflets  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  ; 
racemes  on  stout  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  yellow,  crowded  ; 
legume  hirsute.  (Dolichos  lutcolus,  Jacrj.)  —  Brackish  marshes,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina,  and  west  to  Mississippi.  July  -  September. 

30.    ERYTHRINA,    L. 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  truncate,  toothless.  Vexillum  narrow,  straight, 
elongated.  Keel  and  wings  very  small.  Stamens  and  style  partly  exserted. 
Legume  stipitate,  torulose,  partly  dehiscent.  —  Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs, 
often  armed  with  prickles.  Leaves  trifoliolate,  the  terminal  leaflet  long-petiolu- 
late.  Flowers  showy,  scarlet,  in  long  racemes. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  107 

1 .  E.  herbacea,  L.  Stems  herbaceous,  several  from  a  very  thick  root, 
prickly,  the  flowering  ones  mostly  leafless ;  leaves  long-petioled  ;  leaflets  ovate 
or  somewhat  hastate  ;  vexillum  lanceolate,  folded  ;  seeds  scarlet.  —  Light  sandy 
soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Mississippi.  April  and  May.  — 
Stems  2° -4°  high.  Eacemes  l°-2°  long.  Flowers  2' long.  Legume  open- 
ing by  one  suture  opposite  the  seeds. 

31.    CLITORIA,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Vexillum  very  large,  spurless  on  the  back,  obovate, 
emarginate.  Keel  shorter  than  the  wings.  Stamens  monadelphous  below. 
Style  curved,  hairy.  Legume  stipitate,  linear-oblong,  torulose,  veinless.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  very  large  purple  flowers  on  axillary 
peduncles.  Bracts  opposite. 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  Smooth;  stem  erect  or  twining  ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
pale  beneath ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1  -  3-flowered  ;  legume  3-4- 
seeded.  —  Dry  soil.  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July  and  August.  — 
Stem  l°-3°  long.  Flowers  2'  long,  pale  purple.  Bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Legume  1^'- 2' long. 

32.     CENTROSEMA,    DC. 

Calyx  short,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  lobes  more  or  less  united.  Vexillum  very 
large,  spurred  on  the  back,  orbicular,  emarginate.  Keel  nearly  as  long  as  the 
wings.  Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Style  smooth.  Legume  nearly  sessile, 
linear,  compressed,  the  sutures  thickened,  the  valves  lined  with  an  intra-margi- 
nal  vein.  —  Twining  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  very  large  purple  flowers 
on  short  axillary  peduncles.  Bracts  opposite. 

1.  C.  Virginiana,  Bcnth.  Rough  with  a  short  hooked  pubescence ;  stem 
very  slender,  much  branched ;  leaflets  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  strongly  reticu- 
late ;  peduncles  single  or  by  pairs,  1  -  4-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  barely 
exceeding  the  ovate  bracts ;  vexillum  adhesive  ;  legume  slender,  elongated, 
curved,  many-seeded.  (Clitoria  Virginiana,  Willd.) — Dry  soil,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.  June  -  September.  —  Flowers  l£'  long.  Legume 
4'  -  6'  long. 

33.    AMPHICARPJEA,    Ell. 

Flowers  of  2  kinds  ;  those  on  the  upper  racemes  perfect,  but  mostly  abortive, 
those  near  the  base  of  the  stem  or  on  the  prostrate  branches  apetalous,  but 
fruitful.  Calyx  tubular,  4  -  5-toothed.  Vexillum  obovate  and  partly  enclosing 
the  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous,  or  in  the  fertile  flowers  distinct  or 
wanting.  Fertile  legume  obovate,  fleshy,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Twining  annual  or 
perennial  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves.  Flowers  white  or  purplish,  in  simple 
or  compound  axillary  racemes. 

1.  A.  monoica,  Nutt.  Hairy;  stems  much  branched;  leaflets  rhombic- 
ovate  ;  sterile  racemes  single  or  by  pairs,  often  compound,  nodding  ;  bracts  stri- 


108  LEGUMINOS^S.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

ate  ;  calyx-teeth  short,  triangular  ;  fertile  legumes  hairy.  (A.  monoica  and  A. 
sarmentosa,  Ell.) — Rich  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  August 
and  Sept. 

34.     GALACTIA,    P.  Browne 

Calyx  4-toothed,  the  upper  one  broadest.  Vexillum  oblong  or  obovate,  re- 
flexed  in  flower.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  more  or  less  compressed, 
2-valved,  few  -  many-seeded.  —  Prostrate  or  twining,  rarely  erect,  perennial  herbs, 
with  chiefly  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  mostly  small  purplish  or  white  flowers  in  ax- 
illary racemes.  Bracts  alternate  and  deciduous.  Leaflets  stipellate. 

*  Leaves  trifoliolate,  with  the  leaflets  stalked :  stems  twining  or  prostrate. 

1.  G.  spiciformis,    Torr.  £  Gray.     Stem  twining,  minutely  pubescent; 
leaflets  (!'  long)  thick  and  rigid,  oblong-oval, obtuse  or  emarginate  at  both  ends, 
smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  spike-like,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves,  the  nearly  sessile,  mostly  solitary  flowers  scattered  on  the  common  pedun- 
cle nearly  to  its  base ;  corolla  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  acuminate  hairy  calyx- 
lobes  ;  legume  coriaceous,  compressed,  falcate,  thickened  at  the  sutures,  sprinkled 
with  short  appressed  hairs,  6  -  10-seeded.  — Varies  with  a  stouter  more  pubescent 
and  almost  villous  stem,  larger  ( l£'  -  2'),  thinner,  and  mostly  acute  leaflets,  longer 
and  stouter  many-flowered  racemes,  and  nearly  straight  legumes.    (G.  brevistyla, 
Schlect.)  —  South  Florida.     Aug.  and  Sept. 

2.  G.  pilosa,  Ell.    Stem  twining,  pubescent  or  smoothish,  much  branched  ; 
leaflets  thin,  varying  from  oval  to  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  rounded  or  emarginute 
at  both  ends,  pubescent  and  paler  beneath,  often  smooth  above ;  racemes  slender, 
commonly  longer  than  the  leaves,  sometimes  4-6  times  as  long ;  flowers  single 
or  2  - 3  together,  scattered  on  the  common  peduncle,  distinctly  pedicelled,  acu- 
minate in  the  bud  ;  calyx  sparse-hairy  or  smoothish,  the  acuminate  lobes  much 
shorter  than  the  purple  corolla ;  legume  nearly  straight,  somewhat  compressed, 
covered  with  short  appressed  hairs,  10-seeded.     (G.  mollis,  Nutt.     G.  Macreei, 
M.  A.  Curtis.) — Dry  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and 
August.  —  Stem  often  elongated.     Leaflets  £'-l'long.     Racemes  occasionally 
2-3  together. 

3.  G.  mollis,  Michx.     Villous  and  somewhat  hoary ;  stems  mostly  pros- 
trate and  simple  ;  leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  both  ends,  or 
the  upper  ones  acute ;  racemes  single,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves,  the 
short-pedicelled  flowers  approximate  near  the  summit  of  the  stout  peduncle, 
acute  in  the  bud  ;  calyx,  like  the  straight  10-seeded  compressed  legume,  very  vil- 
lous and  hoary.     (G.  pilosa,  Nutt.) — Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.     July  and  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  long.     Leaflets  1 ' 
long.     Corolla  reddish  purple,  one  third  longer  than  the  acute  calyx-lobes. 

4.  G.  Ploridana,   Torr.   &   Gray.      Hoary-pubescent ;    stems   prostrate ; 
leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  rarely  acute,  reticulate ;  racemes  simple  or  branched, 
often  by  pairs,  many-flowered,  rarely  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  large,  ap- 
proximate; legume  flat,  10-seeded. — Var.  microphylla:  every  way  smaller,  the 
leaflets  (^'-|'   long)  acute  or  emarginate,  the  few  flowers  almost  sessile  in  axil- 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  109 

larv  clusters.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  near  the  west  coast  of  Florida.  June- 
August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  long.  Leaflets  1 '  -  2'  long.  Flowers  largest  of  all. 

5.  G.  glabella,   Michx.      Stem  prostrate,  minutely  pubescent  ;    leaflets 
rather  rigid,  on  short  petioles,  oblong,  rarely  acute,  smooth  and  shining  above, 
slightly  hairy  beneath ;  racemes  seldom  as  long  as  the  leaves,  3  -  6-flowered ; 
style  elongated ;  legume  slightly  falcate,  at  length  smoothish,  4  -  6-seeded.  — 
Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and  August.— 
Stems  2°  -  3°  long.    Leaflets  1' long.     Flowers  large,  reddish-purple. 

*  *  Leaves  trifoliolute,  with  nearly  sessile  leaflets :  stems  erect. 

6.  G.  brachypoda,  Torr.&Gray.     Stems  slender,  branching,  and,  as  well 
as  the  leaves  and  peduncles,  smoothish ;  leaves  long  petioled ;  leaflets  oblong, 
obtuse  ;  flowers  few,  somewhat  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  slender  peduncle ; 
calyx  woolly.  —  Dry  sandy  ridges  in  the  pine  barrens  of  Middle  Florida.    July 
and  August.  —  Stems  1°  -  1£°  high.    Leaflets  shorter  than  the  petiole.    Flowers 
small,  purple. 

7.  G.  sessiliflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  short,  smooth,  simple;  leaflets 
.  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  flowers  crowded  in  nearly 

sessile  axillary  clusters ;  calyx  hairy.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.  June- August.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  high.  Flowers  white.  Legume  ob- 
long-linear, tomentosc,  6  —  8-scedcd. 

*  *  *  Leaves  pinnate :  stems  tunning. 

8.  G.  Elliottii,  Nutt.     Leaflets  7-9,  elliptical-oblong,  emarginate,  nearly 
smooth  and  shining  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  longer  than  the  leaves, 
few-flowered  near  the  summit  of  the  peduncle  ;  corolla  white  tinged  with  red  ; 
legume  compressed,  villous,  falcate,  3-  5-sccded. — Dry  soil,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina,  near  the  coast.     May  and  June.  —  Plant  sometimes  silky  throughout. 

35.    CA3STAVALIA,    DC. 

Calyx  tubular,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  larger,  with  2  rounded  lobes,  the  lower 
entire  or  2-cleft.  Vexillum  large,  orbicular,  with  2  ridges  within  ;  keel  incurved. 
Stamens  monadelphous.  Legume  oblong-linear,  compressed  ;  the  valves  with  a 
longitudinal  ridge  near  the  thickened  upper  suture.  Seeds  separated  by  inter- 
posed cellular  tissue  :  hilum  linear.  —  Prostrate  or  twining  herbs,  with  trifoliolatc 
leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  C.  obtusifolia,  DC.  Smoothish;  stem  long,  prostrate*;  leaflets  thick, 
oval  or  orbicular,  pointless  ;  racemes  stout,  longer  than  the  leaves,  6  -  8-flowered ; 
flowers  rose-color;  legume  6-seeded.  (C.  rosea  and  C.  miniata,  DC.)  —  Sandy 
shores  of  St.  Vincent's  Island,  Florida,  and  southward.  July  — Sept. — Stem 
10° -15°  long.  Leaflets  3' long.  Legume  4' -5' long,  1' wide.  Seeds  brown. 

36.    DOLICHOS,    L. 

Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  of  two  more  or  less 
united  teeth,  the  lower  3-cleft.     Vexillum  callous  near  the  base.     Keel  more  or 
less  falcate.     Stamens  diadelphous,  the  free  stamen  spurred  at  the.  base.     Style 
10 


110  LEGUMINOS./E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

bearded.    Legume  flattened.    Seeds  compressed,  with  a  small  and  oval  hilum. 
—  Twining  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  axillary  racemose  flowers. 

1.  D.  multifiorus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Perennial,  pubescent;  leaflets  thin, 
large,  orbicular,  abruptly  acute ;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  many  and 
densely  flowered  at  the  summit  of  the -stout  peduncle  ;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx 
entire ;  keel  nearly  straight ;  legume  4  -  5-seeded.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  near  Mil- 
ledgeville,  Georgia,  and  westward.  June  and  July.  —  Stem  5° -10°  long. 
Leaflets  3'  -  6'  in  diameter.  Flowers  purple.  Legume  2'  long,  £'  wide. 

37.     PISCIDIA,     L.     JAMAICA  DOGWOOD. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothcd.  Keel  obtuse  Vcxillum  rounded.  Stamens 
diadelphous  at  the  base,  monadclphous  above.  Style  filiform,  smooth.  Legume 
stipitate,  linear,  contracted  between  the  seeds,  furnished  with  four  membranaceous 
longitudinal  wings.  Seeds  compressed.  —  Tropical  trees.  Leaves  unequally- 
pinnate.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles. 

1.  P.  Erythrina,  L.  Young  branches,  leaves,  and  panicle  silky  and 
hoary,  at  length  smoothish ;  leaflets  7-9,  oblong  or  obovatc,  abruptly  acute, 
straight-veined,  distinctly  petiolulate ;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal,  many- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  upper  teeth  of  the  calyx  partly  united ;  leg- 
ume 6-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  March  and  April. — A  small  tree.  Leaves 
deciduous.  Corolla  white,  lined  with  red  veins.  Legume  2'  long,  the  broad 
wings  wavy. 

08.    BAPTISIA,     Vent. 

Calyx  campanulate,  4-cleft ;  the  upper  lobe  broader  and  mostly  emarginate. 
Vexillum  roundish,  with  the  sides  rcflcxed  ;  wings  and  keel  straight.  Stamens 
10,  distinct,  shorter  than  the  wings,  deciduous.  Legume  stipitate,  oval  or  ob- 
long, inflated,  few-seeded,  pointed  with  the  persistent  style  —  Erect  widclv- 
branching  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  simple  or  palmately  trifoliolate,  withering- 
persistent.  Stipules  deciduous  or  persistent,  rarely  wanting.  Flowers  showy 
in  terminal  racemes,  rarely  axillary  and  solitary. 

*  Leaves  simple,  sessile,  or  perfoliate. 

1.  B.  simplicifolia,  Groom.    Smooth ;  leaves  large,  sessile,  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse;  stipules  none;  racemes  numerous,  terminal,  many-floored,  sessile  or 
short-peduncled ;  ovary  villous  and  hoary  ;    legume  small,  ovate,  coriaceous, 
smooth.  —  Dry  pine  barrens  near  Quincy,  Middle  Florida.     July. —  Stem  much 
branched,   2° -3°   high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Flowers   rather  small,  yellow. 
Plant  dries  black. 

2.  B.    perfoliata,    Brown.       Smooth  ;  leaves  perfoliate,    oval  or  orbicu- 
lar, glaucous ;  stipules  none  ;    flower  axillary,   solitary  ;  legume   small,  ovate, 
coriaceous.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  in  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia  and  South  Car- 
olina.    May.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Flowers  small,  yellow  ; 
vexillum  orbicular,  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  wings  and  keel.     Ovary  and 
style  smooth. 


LKGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  Ill 

3  B.  microphylla,  Nutt.  Leaves  sessile,  roundish,  cuneate  at  the  base, 
the  upper  ones  somewhat  clasping ;  stipules  leafy,  rounded,  the  upper  ones 
united  with  the  leaves ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  short  pedicels  ,  legume 
roundish.  Nult.  —  Alabama  and  West  Florida.  —  Leaves  less  than  an  inch  long. 
Flowers  unknown. 

*  *  Leaves  trifoliolate,  petioled. 
i-    Flowers  yellow. 

4.  B.  lanceolata,  Ell.  Pubescent  when  young,  at  length  smoothish  ; 
leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile ;  leaflets  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  obovate,  thick,  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  stipules  and  bracts 
small  and  caducous  ;  flowers  large,  solitary  in  the  axils,  and  in  short  terminal 
racemes,  sliort-pediccllcd ;  ovary  villous ;  legume  ovate  or  globose,  coriaceous, 
slender-pointed.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
April  and  May.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Leaflets  1' -2' long.  Plant  turns  black  iu 
drying. 

•r>.  B.  villosa,  Kil.  Pubescent  ;  leaves  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  oblong  and 
obovate,  tapering  at  the  base,  becoming  smooth  above  ;  lower  stipules  and  lance- 
olate bracts  persistent ;  racemes  many-flowered,  declining ;  ovary  villous  ;  leg- 
ume smoothish,  coriaceous,  oblong,  strongly  beaked.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  North 
Carolina.  May.  —  Stem  stout,  2°  high.  Leaves  and  flowers  larger  than  in 
No.  4,  the  latter  on  slender  pedicels.  Plant  turns  black  in  drying. 

6.  B.  megacarpa,  Chapm.     Stem  smooth,  with  slender  widely  spreading 
branches  ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles ;  leaflets  thin,  elliptical  or  obovate,  minutely 
pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  and  bracts  caducous  ;  racemes  numer- 
ous, terminal  and  opposite  the  leaves,  few-flowered  ;  flowers  large,  pale  yellow, 
on  slender  drooping  pedicels  ;  ovary  smooth  ;  legume  large,  thin,  ovoid,  slender- 
pointed.  —  Light  rich  soil,  Gadsden  County,  Middle  Florida,  and  along  the  Flint 
River,  near  Albany,    Georgia.     May. —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaflets    lA'-2' 
long.     Legume  !'-!£'  long.     Plant  unchanged  in  drying. 

7.  B.  tinctoria,  R.  Brown.     Smooth;  branches  slender,  elongated ;  leaves 
small,  on  short  petioles,  the  tipper  ones  nearly  sessile  ;  leaflets  wedgc-obovate  ; 
stipules  and  bracts  minute,  caducous  ;  racemes  numerous,  short,  few-flowered  ; 
flowers  small,  on  short  and  bractless  pedicels  ;  ovary  smooth ;  legume  small, 
roundish,  slender-pointed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Georgia  to  Tennessee,  and  north- 
ward.    May  and  June.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaflets  \<  - 1 '  long.     Plant  usually 
becomes  blackish  in  drying. 

8.  B.  Stipulacea,  Ravenel.     Smooth  ;  branches  spreading ;  leaves  small, 
short-petioled,  2  -  3-foliolate,  the  upper  ones  mostly  simple  and  partly  clasping  ; 
leaflets  round-obovate,  cuneate  at  the  base ;  stipules  and  bracts  large,  round- 
cordate,  persistent ;  flowers  numerous,  small,  axillary,  the  upper  ones  racemose  , 
pedicels  short  and  bractless  ;  ovary  smooth,  or  slightly  pubescent  on  the  edges  ; 
legume  small,  ovoid,  slender-pointed. —  Sand-hills,  near  Aiken,  South  Carolina, 
Ravenel.     June  and  July. —  Stem  2° -3°   high.     Leaflets   £'-!'   long.    Plant 
nearly  unchanged  in  drying.     Apparently  allied  to  No.  3. 

9.  B.  Leconteij  Torr.  &  Gray.      Pubescent  ;   stem   diffusely  branched  ; 
leaves  small,  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  ;  stipules  subulate  and  ca- 


112  LEGUMINOS^E.       ( PULSE    FAMILY.) 

ducous,  or  the  lower  ones  larger  and  persistent;  racemes  numerous,  short,  few- 
flowered,  somewhat  leafy  at  the  base  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  persistent ; 
flowers  small,  on  long  2-bracted  pedicels  ;  ovary  villous  ;  legume  small,  ovoid, 
slender-pointed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  and  the  southern  parts  of  Georgia. 
May  and  June.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Leaflets  1'  long.  Plant  unchanged  in 
drying. 

10.  B.  Serense,  M.A.Curtis.     Very  smooth,  branching ;  leaves  petioled  ; 
leaflets  oblong-obovate,  cuneate  ;  flowers  in  a  long  loose  central  raceme,  and  in 
short  racemes  terminating  the  branches  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx  in  fruit ; 
segments  of  the  calyx  villous  on  the  inside  ;  legume  oblong,  inflated,  the  stipe 
longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Society  Hill,  South  Carolina,  Curtis.     May  and  June. 
—  Stem  diffusely  branched,  1°- 2°  high.     Leaflets   1'  long.     Legume  8"  long. 
Allied  to  No.  7  and  No.  11.     Plant  unchanged  in  drying. 

-i—  •»-  Flowers  white. 

11.  B.  alba,  E.  Brown.     Smooth  and  glaucous  ;  branches  slender,  flexu- 
ous,  horizontal ;  leaves  all  distinctly  petioled  ;  leaflets  thin,  cuneate-lanceolate  or 
oblong,  obtuse  ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute,  caducous  ;  raceme  usually  solitary, 
central,  very  long,  those  on  the  branches  few-flowered ;  legume  cylindrical.  — 
Damp  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     April.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high,  often  purple.     Leaflets  1'  long.     Racemes  1°  — 3°  long.     Corolla  ^'  long. 
Plant  unchanged  in  drying. 

12.  B.  leucantha,    Torr.  &   Gray.      Smooth   and   glaucous  ;    branches 
spreading  j  leaves  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  oblong  and  obovate,  obtuse ;  stipules 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles,  deciduous ;  racemes  central,  and  terminating 
the  branches,  long,  many-flowered  ;  ovary  smooth  ;  legume  large,  oblong,  much 
inflated,  long-stipitate.  —  River-banks,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward. 
March  and  April.  —  A  stouter  plant  than  the  preceding,  with  larger  leaves  and 
flowers,  changing  blackish  in  drying.     Legumes  1^'  long. 

13.  B.  leucophsea,    Nutt.      Hairy   or   smoothish  ;    stem   stout,  angled  ; 
leaves  short-pctioled ;  leaflets  varying  from  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  rigid,  re- 
ticulate, soon  smooth  above ;  stipules  and  bracts  leafy,  ovate-lanceolate,  per- 
sistent; racemes  stout,  declined,  1 -sided  ;  flowers  large,  yellowish-white,  on  long 
and  slender  erect  pedicels.;  ovary  villous ;  legume  ovoid,  long-pointed.     (B. 
bracteata,  Mufit.)  —  Dry  rich  oak  woods,  Wrightsboro,  Georgia,  and  westward. 
April. —  Stem  low,  with  widely  spreading  branches.     Racemes  4' -12'  long. 
Flowers  1'  long,  the  vexillum  spotted  with  brown.    Plant  turns  black  m  drying. 

j-  .4-  -i-  Flowers  blue. 

14.  B.  australis,  II.  Brown      Smooth  ;  leaves  all  short-petiolcd  ;  leaflets 
cuneate-obovate  ;  stipules  leafy,  lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  ra- 
cemes large,  erect,  many-flowered;  flowers   (indigo  blue)  very  large;  bracts 
deciduous;  legume  oblong.     (B.  ca;rulea,  Nutt.) — Banks  of  rivers,   Georgia 
(Pursh),  and  westward.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Flowers  1' or 
more  long.    Legume  2'  long.     Plant  unchanged  in  drying. 


LEGUMINOSjE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  113 

39.    THERMOPSIS,    R.  Brown. 

Stamens  mostly  persistent.  Legume  linear  or  oblong-linear,  nearly  sessile, 
flattened,  many-seeded.  Stipules  leafy,  persistent.  Otherwise  chiefly  as  in 
Baptisia.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  T.  Caroliniana,  M.  A  Curtis.     Stem  stout,  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves 
long-petioled  ;  leaflets  membranaceous,  obovate-oblong,  silky  beneath ;  stipules 
very  large,  ovate  or  oblong,  clasping;  racemes  elongated,  villous,  erect,  rigid,  many- 
flowered  ;  flowers  on  short  pedicels  ;   bracts  ovate,  deciduous  ;  legumes  oblong- 
linear,  erect,  straight,  villous  and  hoary,  10-  12-seeded.  —  Mountains  of  North  Car 
olina.    May -July. —  Stem  3° -5°  high.    Raceme  6' -12' long.    Legume  2'  long; 

2.  T.  fraxinifolia,  M   A   Curtis.     Stem  branching,  slender,  smoothish  ; 
leaves  long-petioled  ;  leaflets  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  acute,  smooth 
above,  glaucous  and  slightly  pubescent  beneath  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  much  shorter 
than  the  petioles  ,  racemes  erect,  glabrous  ;  flowers  on  slender  spreading  pedi- 
cels ;    bracts  small,  lanceolate,  persistent ;    legume  linear,  falcate,  pubescent, 
spreading,  short-stipitate,  1 0-seeded.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  —  Stem 
2°  high.     Legume  3'  long. 

3.  T.  mollis,  M.A.Curtis.     Pubescent;  stem  diffusely  branched ;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong ;  stipules  leafy,  oblong-ovate,  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  racemes 
declined  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  and  lanceolate  bracts  ;  legume  linear, 
flat,   short-stipitate.     (Baptisia  mollis,  Michx.)  —  Rocky  woods  in  the  middle 
districts  of  North  Carolina.     April  and  May. —  Stem  2°  high.     Legume  2' -3' 
long,  many-seeded. 

40.    CLADRASTIS,    Raf.      YELLOW-WOOD. 

Calyx  5-toothed ;  the  nearly  equal  teeth  short  and  obtuse.  Vexillum  large, 
roundish,  rcflexed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  oblong  wings  and  separate  keel- 
petals.  Stamens  10,  distinct ;  filaments  slender,  incurved  above.  Legume  short- 
stipitate,  linear,  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6-seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  — A  small 
tree,  with  yellow  wood,  pinnate  leaves,  and  large  white  flowers  in  terminal  droop- 
ing panicled  racemes. 

1.  C.  tinctoria,  Raf.  (Virgilia  lutea,  Michx.)  —  Hill-sides,  in  rich  soil, 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky  May.  —  Leaflets  7-11,  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  smooth, 
parallel-veined,  3' —4' long ;  the  common  petiole  tumid  at  the  base.  Stipules 
none  Racemes  1°  long.  Flowers  1'  long. 

41.     SOPHORA,    L. 

Calyx  campanuiatc,  obliquely  truncated  or  5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  free  or 
cohering  at  the  base.  Style  smooth.  Legume  moniliform,  wingless,  many- 
seeded,  indehiscent  Seeds  subglobose.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  unequally  pin- 
nate leaves.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes. 

1.  S.  tomentosa,  L.  Hoary -tomentosc ;  leaflets  11-17,  oblong,  coria- 
ceous, becoming  smooth  above  ;  raceme  elongated  ;  calyx  minutely  5-toothed. 
—  South  Florida,  near  the  coast  — Shrub  4° -6°  high.  Flowers  showy,  yel- 
low. Legume  stipitate,  5'  long. 

10* 


1  1  4  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  II.     CjESAL.PINIE.flE.     BRASILETTO  FAMILY. 

42.  CEBCIS,  L.    RED-BUD. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  all  distinct,  the  vexillum  shorter  tliau 
the  wings.  Stamens  10,  distinct.  Legume  oblong,  compressed,  many-seeded  ; 
the  upper  suture  winged.  —  Trees,  with  broadly-cordate  simple  stipulate  leaves, 
and  reddish-purple  clustered  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Rich  soil,  Florida  to  Mississipi,  and  northward 
February  and  March. — Tree  15° -20°  high.  Flowers  very  numerous,  from 
lateral  buds. 

43.  CASSIA,     L.       SENNA. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Petals  5,  unequal.  Stamens  5-  10.  An- 
thers mostly  of  different  forms,  opening  by  two  terminal  pores.  Legume  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  often  separated  by  cross  partitions.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves 
abruptly  pinnate.  Flowers  yellow. 

*    Stamens   10,    unequal :    jxirt   of  the   anthers  abortive :    sepals  obtuse :    stipules 
deciduous. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  L.    Annual,  smoothish  ;  stem  stout,  branching ;  leaf- 
lets about  10,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  petiole  with  a  globular  gland  at 
the  base;  racemes  2-4-flowered,  the  upper  ones  crowded.  — Waste  places,  com- 
mon.—  Stem  l°-5°high.     Legume  linear,  erect,  compressed,  slightly  curved, 
3' -4' long. 

2.  C.  obtusifolia,  L.     Annual,  roughish  ;  stem  slender,  leaflets  6,  cune- 
atc-obovate,  with  a  tooth-like  gland  between  the  lowest  pair  ;  flowers  by  pairs ; 
legume   narrow-linear,  4-angled,   recurved.  —  Waste   places,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward      Stem  1° -4°  high.    Legume  6'  - 10' long. 

3.  C.  Marilandica,    L.     Perennial,  smoothish;  leaflets  12-18,  oblong, 
acute ;  petiole  with  a  club-shaped  gland  near  the  base ;  racemes  several-flowered, 
the  upper  ones  crowded,  forming  a  compact  panicle  ;  legume  linear,  slightly 
curved.  —  Rich  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward      August.  —  Stem 
3° -4°  high.     Legume  3'  -4'  long. 

4.  C.  angustisiliqua,  Lam.?     Smooth   or  nearly  so;   stem  branched; 
leaflets  6  - 10,   oblong,  mucronate,  very  oblique  at  the  base,  hairy  at  the  base 
beneath,  with  a  globular  gland  on  the  petiole  or  between  the  lowest  pair  of  leaf- 
lets ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  sepals  oblong-obovate  ; 
petals  yellow,  veiny ;  perfect   anthers  oblong,  the  larger  ones  curved  ;  legume 
(3'_4'  long)  broadly  linear,  flat,  straight  or  somewhat  falcate,  many-seeded 
—  South  Florida.     Feb. — Leaflets  9" -12"  long.     Legumes  4'' wide. 

5.  C.  biflora,  L.     Shrubby ;  leaflets  4-10,  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
mucronate,  with  an  obovoid  gland  between  the  lowest  pair  ;  racemes  2  -  4-flo\v- 
ered,  often  by  pairs,  slender,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  fertile  anthers  5  ;  legume 
linear,  flat,  straight  or  somewhat  falcate,  smooth,  many-seeded  — Key  West.  — 
Leaflets  1'  long.     Legume  3'  long,  2"  wide. 


LKGUMINOS^E.       (I'ULSK    FAMILY.)  115 

*  *  Stamens  5-10:  anthers  all  perfect :  sepals  acute:  stipules  persistent. 

6.  C.  Chamsecrista,  L.     Annual ;  stem  smooth  or  rusty-hairy ;  leaflets 
small,  numerous,  linear-oblong,  mucronate ;  stipules  acuminate,  nerved  ;  flowers 
borne  above  the  axils,  large,  clustered,  on  long  pedicels  ;  anthers  10  ;  style  slen- 
der ;  legume  linear,  nearly  straight.  —  Dry  barren  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     July  and  August.  —  Stem  1°-  li°  high.    Part  of  the  petals  often 
purple  at  the  base. 

7.  C.  nictitans,  L.    Annual ;  pubescent;  leaflets  numerous,  oblong-linear; 
stipules  and  bracts  subulate  ;  flowers  small,  2  -  3  in  a  cluster  above  the  axils,  on 
short  pedicels  ;  petals  unequal ;  stamens  5,  nearly  equal. 

Var.  aspera.  ( C.  aspera,  Ell.)  Hirsute;  stamens  7-9,  very  unequal;  ovary 
very  hairy  ;  flowers  larger.  —  Dry  old  fields,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.  August.  —  Stem  1°  high,  often  prostrate.  Leaflets  about  40,  sensr- 
tive,  like  those  of  the  preceding  species.  , 

44.     GLEDITSCHIA,    L.    HONEY-LOCUST. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-5,  united  at  the  base,  spreading.  Petals  as 
many,  or  less  by  the  union  of  the  2  lower  ones.  Stamens  3  -  5,  distinct,  inserted 
with  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Legume  stipitate,  flat,  1  -  many-seed- 
ed. Seeds  compressed.  —  Thorny  trees.  Leaves  abruptly  I  -  2-pinnate,  with 
oblong  serrate  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  short  spikes. 

1  •  G.  triacanthos,  L.  Leaflets  lanceolate-oblong ;  thorns  mostly  com- 
pound ;  legume  very  long,  many-seeded,  pulpy  within.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida 
to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  June  and  July.  —  A  large  tree.  Legume  12'—  18' 
long,  1'  wide,  twisted. 

2.  G.  monosperma,  Walt.  Leaflets  ovate  or  oblong  ;  thorns  mostly 
simple ;  legume  short,  obliquely  oval,  1-seeded,  not  pulpy.  — Deep  river  swamps, 
Florida  to  Tennessee,  and  westward.  July.  —  A  small  tree.  Legume  1'  long. 


SUBORDER  III.     MIITIOSEJE.     MIMOSA  FAMILY. 

45.     MIMOSA,     L.     SENSITIVE-PLANT. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  minute,  4-5-toothed.  Petals  united  into  a 
4-5-cleft  tubular-campanulate  corolla.  Stamens  4- 15,  distinct,  much  exsert- 
ed.  Legume  compressed,  mostly  jointed,  1  -  many-seeded  ;  the,  broad  valves 
separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  margins.  —  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees. 
Leaves  bipinnate,  sensitive.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color,  capitate  or  spiked,  on 
axillary  peduncles. 

1  •  M.  Strigillosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Herbaceous  and  rough  with  scattered 
appressed  rigid  hairs ;  stem  prostrate  ;  leaves  long-petioled  ;  pinna}  5-6  pairs ; 
leaflets  10-14  pairs,  oblong-linear;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  heads  of 
flowers  elliptical ;  legume  oval  or  oblong,  1  -  3-jointed,  hispid.  —  Banks  of  rivers, 
East  Florida,  and  westward.  July  and  August.  —  Flowers  rose-color. 


116  LEGUMINOS/E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

M.  PUDICA,  L.,  the  oommon  SENSITIVE-PLANT,  is  partially  naturalized  in 
some  localities. 

46.     SCHRANKIA,     Willd. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  minute.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 8-10,  distinct,  exserted.  Legume  not  jointed,  prickly,  1-celled,  many- 
seeded  ;  the  narrow  valves  separating  at  maturity  from  the  broad  margins.  — 
Perennial  prostrate  prickly  herbs,  with  bipinnate  sensitive  leaves,  and  purple 
flowers  in  globose  axillary  peduncled  heads. 

1.  S.  uncinata,  Willd.     Stem,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  legumes   thickly 
beset  with  short  and  thick  recurved  prickles  ;  pinna;  5-6  pairs  ;  leaflets  26  -  30, 
elliptical,  reticulated   with  elevated  veins   beneath;  peduncles  mostly  solitary, 
usually  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  legume  oblong-linear,  with  a  short  acuminate 
point,  about  as  long  as  the  peduncle  ;  seeds  elliptical.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida, 
and  westward.    June -August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  long.     Legume  2'  long. 

2.  S.  angUStata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem,  &c.  armed  with  scattered  weak 
recurved  prickles  ;  pinnae  4-6  pairs  ;  leaflets  about  30,  linear-elliptical,  veinless, 
or  nearly  so,  on  both  sides  ;  peduncles  single  or  by  pairs,  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves ;  legume  narrow-linear,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  peduncle,  ending  in  a 
long  subulate  smoothish  point. 

Var.  ?  brachycarpa.  Stem,  &c.  as  in  No.  1 ;  leaflets  oblong-linear ;  pedun- 
cles single  or  2  -  4  in  a  cluster,  the  upper  ones  longer  than  the  leaves ;  legumes 
(2' -3'  long)  broadly  linear,  abruptly  slender-pointed,  densely  armed  with  strong 
often  branching  prickles,  about  as  long  as  the  peduncle. —  Dry  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  long. 
Legumes  4'- 5'  long. 

47.    PITHECOLOBIUM,    Martins. 

Flowers  perfect,  rarely  polygamous.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  4-5-toothed. 
Corolla  tubular-funnel-shaped,  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  10  or  more,  long  exserted, 
monadelphous  near  the  base.  Style  filiform.  Legume  broadly  linear,  com- 
pressed, contorted  or  falcate,  transversely  partitioned,  mealy  or  pulpy  within. 
Seeds  lenticular.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  armed  with  stipular  spines.  Leaves 
pinnate  or  bipinnate.  Flowers  chiefly  capitate,  axillary  and  terminal. 

1.  P.  Unguis-Cati,  Benth.     Unarmed  or  spiny ;   leaves  bipinnate;  leaf- 
lets 4,  thin,  broadly  and  obliquely  obovate,  the  partial  petioles  much  shorter  than 
the  common  one  ;  heads  globose,  in  a  loose  raceme  ;  calyx-teeth  short,  ciliate  ; 
corolla  yellowish,  smooth  ;  stamens  crisped,  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  ovary 
smooth.    (Inga  Unguis-Cati,  Willd.)  —  South   Florida.  —  Leaflets  1'  - 1  £'  long, 
light  green.     (Legume  spirally  twisted,  5  -  6-seeded,  white,  and  fleshy  within. 
McFadyen.) 

2.  P.   Guadalupense.     Unarmed  ;    leaves   bipinnate  ;    leaflets  4,  coria- 
ceous, obliquely  oblong  or  obovate,  the  common  and  partial  petioles  nearly 
equal ;  peduncles  solitary,  axillary,  longer  than  the  leaves,  or  the  upper  ones 
racemose  ;  calyx  and  corolla  pubescent ;  stamens  30  or  more,  3-4  times  as  long 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  117 

as  the  corolla;  ovary  pubescent;  legume  smooth,  falcate  or  hooked.  (Inga 
Guadalupensis,  Dest;. )  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaflets  1 '  long,  deep  green.  Legume 
2' -4'  long.  Flowers  yellowish. 

48.    DESMANTHUS,    Willd. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  of  5  oblong-spatulate  pet- 
als, or  tubular  and  5-cleft.  Stamens  5-10.  Filaments  of  the  lower  flowers 
filiform,  sterile.  Legume  linear,  continuous,  2-valved.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
abruptly  bipinnate  leaves,  and  heads  or  spikes  of  white  flowers  borne  on  axillary 
peduncles.  Leaves  sensitive. 

1.  D.  depressus,  Humb.  &  Bonpl.      Stems  slender,  prostrate,  sprinkled 
with  hairs,  shrubby  at  the  base  ;  pinnae  2  pairs  ;  leaflets  oblong-linear,  very  ob- 
tuse, oblique  and  almost  truncate  at  the  base,  hairy  on  the  margins  ;  peduncles 
2-4-flowered,  the  two  upper  flowers  (sometimes  all)  perfect;  stamens  10;  leg- 
ume linear,  many-seeded ;  seeds  angular,  compressed.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stems 
l°-2°long.     Legume  !'-!£'  long. 

2.  D.  diflfusus,  Willd.     Stem  somewhat  shrubby,  prostrate ;  pinnae  4-5 
pairs  ;   spikes  few-flowered,  capitate ;   flowers   pentandrous  ;   legume  narrowly 
linear.  —  Key  West.  —  Legume  2'  long. 

3.  D.  virgatus,   Willd.      Stem  erect,   rather  rigid,   smoothish,   angled  ; 
pinna?  1  -  7-pairs ;  leaflets  numerous,  oblong-linear  ;  a  rather  large  ovate  gland 
below  the  lowest  pinnaj ;  heads  few-flowered;  stamens  10  ;  legume  straight,  lin- 
ear,' 10  -  30-seeded.    (D.  strictus,  Bertol.)  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

49.    NEPTUNLA,  Lour. 

Sterile  filaments  flat,  membranaceous  or  petal-like.  Legume  oblong,  few- 
seeded  ;  otherwise  like  Desmanthus. 

1.  N.  lutea,  Benth.  Stems  ascending,  rough  with  short  rigid  hairs;  pinna? 
4-5  pairs  ;  leaflets  numerous,  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  fringed  on  the  margins, 
veiny  beneath ;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves, 
rough,  minutely  bracted  ;  heads  oval  or  oblong,  many-flowered,  nodding ;  petals 
distinct;  sterile  filaments  8-10,  yellow,  spatulate-linear ;  fertile  ones  10,  white  ; 
legume  5  -  8-seeded.  —  Damp  soil  near  the  coast,  Key  W'est  to  Alabama,  and 
westward.  June.  1J.  — Stems  2' -3' long. 


ORDER  48.     ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  and  regular 
flowers. —  Calyx  of  3-8  (mostly  5)  more  or  less  united  sepals,  and  often 
with  as  many  bracts.  Petals  as  many  (rarely  none),  inserted  with  the 
few  or  numerous  distinct  stamens  on  the  edge  of  the  disk  which  lines  the 
tube  of  the  calyx,  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Ovaries  1  -  several, 
free,  or  more  or  less  united  with  the  calyx  and  with  each  other,  1  -  few- 


118  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

ovuled.     Seeds  anatropous,  and,  with  few  exceptions,  without  albumen. 
Embryo  straight,  with  large  and  thick  cotyledons.     Fruit  various. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  CHRYSOBALANEvE.  Calyx  bractless,  free  from 
the  solitary  ovary.  Style  single,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
Ovules  erect.  Fruit  a  drupe.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple. 

1.  CHRYSOBALANUS.     Calyx-limb  persistent.     Stone  grooved.     Low  shrubs. 

SUBORDER  II.  AMYGDALEJE.  Calyx  bractless,  free  from  the  sol- 
itary ovary.  Style  single,  terminal.  Ovules  suspended.  Fruit  a  drupe. 
Leaves  simple. 

2.  PRUNUS.     Calyx-limb  deciduous.     Stone  even,  or  grooved  on  the  margins. 

SUBORDER  HI.  ROSACE^E.  Calyx  3  -  5-cleft,  the  lobes  often  alte-- 
nating  with  as  many  bracts,  free  from  the  1  -  several  ovaries.  Style 
lateral  or  terminal.  Fruit  a  1  -  10-seeded  follicle,  or  a  1 -seeded  ache- 
nium.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  mostly  lobed  or  compound. 

*    Fruit  a  1  -  10-seeded  follicle. 

3.  SPIR.&A.     Petals  obovate  or  roundish,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

5.  GILLENIA.     Petals  linear-lanceolate,  convolute  in  the  bud. 

*  *  Fruit  a  1-seeded  achenium. 
•"-  Fruiting  calyx  dry,  the  lobes  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.    Achenia  few,  or  numerous  and 

collected  into  a  head. 
•M.    Calyx-tube  contracted  at  the  throat  (except  No.  4).    Achenia  1-4. 

4.  NEVTOSIA.     Petals  none.     Stamens  indefinite.    Calyx-lobes  serrate. 

6.  AGRIMONIA.    Petals  5.    Stamens  5 -15.     Calyx  bristly. 

7.  SANQUISORBA.     Petals  none.    Stamens  4.     Style  terminal. 

8.  ALCHEMILLA.    Petals  none.     Stamens  1-4.    Style  lateral. 

•M-  +f  Calyx  open,  bracted.     Stamens  and  dry  achenia  numerous,  the  latter  rarely  2-4. 
=  Seeds  erect. 

9.  GEUM.     Style  persistent.    Achenia  numerous. 

10.  WALDSTEINIA.    Style  deciduous.    Achenia  2 -6. 

=  =  Seeds  suspended  or  ascending. 

11.  POTENTILLA.    Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  dry. 

12.  FRAGARIA.    Receptacle  conical,  enlarged  and  fleshy  in  fruit. 

•M-  ++  ++  Calyx  open,  bractless.     Stamens  and  juicy  achenia  numerous. 

13.  RUBUS.    Achenia  crowded  on  the  conical  receptacle. 

*-  1-  Calyx-tube  fleshy,  urn-shaped  ;  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Achenia  numerous, 
inserted  on  the  receptacle  which  lines  the  inside  of  the  calyx-tube. 

14.  ROSA.    Achenia  dry  and  hairy.    Prickly  shrubs. 

SUBORDER  IV.     POME^E.     Calyx  including'  and  cohering  with  the 
1-5  ovaries,  very  thick  and  fleshy  in  fruit. 

15.  CRAT^GUS.    Fruit  of  1  -5  bony  1-seeded  nutlets. 

16.  PYRUS.     Fruit  of  2  -  5  cartilaginous  or  inembranaceous  2-seeded  cells. 

17.  AMELANCHIER.    Fruit  of  3  -  5  two-seeded  cells  ;  seeds  separated  by  a  false  partition. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  119 

1.    CHRYSOBALANUS,    L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  about  20 ;  the  in- 
ner ones  often  shorter  and  sterile.  Ovary  with  2  collateral  erect  ovules ;  the 
style  arising  from  its  base.  Drupe  1-seeded ;  the  stone  grooved.  —  Low  unarmed 
shrubs.  Leaves  nearly  sessile,  entire,  with  minute  stipules.  Flowers  small,  in 
axillary  or  terminal  paniculate  cymes. 

1.  C.  oblongifolius,  Michx.  Leaves  somewhat  coriaceous,  oblong,  nar- 
rowed downward,  mucronate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  hoary-pubescent  beneath, 
deciduous  ;  cymes  terminal,  racemose,  many-flowered ;  calyx  pubescent ;  sta- 
mens and  ovary  smooth  ;  drupe  ovoid.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida,  Ala- 
bama and  Georgia.  May.  —  Stems  creeping,  the  flowering  branches  6'  - 12'  high. 
Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.  Flowers  greenish-white,  mostly  abortive. 

2-  C.  Icaco,  L.  (  COCOA  PLUM.)  Leaves  short-petioled,  round-obovater 
mostly  emarginate,  smooth,  coriaceous  ;  cymes  axillary,  few-flowered,  shorter  than 
the  leaves  ;  calyx  pubescent  and  hoary ;  stamens  and  ovary  hairy  ;  drupe  large 
roundish.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high,  the  stem  and  branches  rough- 
ened with  small  white  tubercles.  Leaves  2'  long,  li'  wide.  Drupe  yellow,  pur 
pie,  or  black. 

2.     PRUNTJS,     L.     PI,I:M.    CHERRY. 

Calyx  5-clcft,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  15-30.  Ovary 
with  2  collateral  suspended  ovules.  Style  terminal.  Drupe  fleshy;  the  stone 
even.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple.  Flowers  white. 

$  1.  PRUNUS.  (PLUM.)  —  Drupe  glaucous:  stone  more  or  less  compressed :  leaves 
convolute  in  the  bud :  flowers  in  lateral  cluster's,  appearing  before  tlte  leaves : 
branches  often  spiny. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marsh.    Leaves  thick,  ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  acu- 
minate, rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath,  sharply  ser- 
rate, on  glandular  petioles  ;  drupe  large,  globose.     (P.  hiemalis,  Ell.)  —  Woods, 
Florida  to   Mississippi,  and   northward.     March   and   April.  —  A   small  tree. 
Leaves  2' -3' long,  smooth  when  old.     Flowers  very  numerous.     Plum  reddish, 
g'-  1'  in  diameter,  pleasantly  acid,  ripening  in  September. 

2.  P.  umbellata,  Ell.     Leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at 
both  ends,  or  the  upper  ones  rounded  at  the  base,  finely  and  sharply  serrate, 
smooth  or  soft-downy  beneath ;  calyx-teeth  emarginate,  pubescent ;  drupe  glo- 
bose ;  stone  slightly  compressed.  —  Dry  light  soil,  Florida  and  Alabama  to  South 
Carolina.    February  and  March.  —  A  shrub   or  small  tree.     Branches  purple, 
shining.     Leaves  I'-l^'  long.     Plum  rarely  £'  in  diameter,  dark-purplish  or 
black,  sour  and  bitter,  ripening  in  August. 

3.  P.    Chicasa,    Michx.      Leaves   thin,   lanceolate   or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  smooth,  minutely  and  sharply  serrate,  with  the  teeth  glandular  and  in- 
curved ;  flowers  short-ped uncled ;  calyx  smooth ;  drupe  yellowish-red,  globose. 
—  Old  fields,  forming  thickets.    March.  —  A  shrub   or  small  tree.    Leaves 


120  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

l£'  —  2'  long.     Plum  about  £'  in  diameter,  thin-skinned  and  of  an  agreeable 
flavor. 

$  2.    CERASUS.     (CHERRY .)  — Drupe  not  glaucous :  stone  globular  or  slightly  com- 
pressed: leaves  folded  in  the  bud,  deciduous,  —  Spineless  shrubs  or  trees. 
*  Flowers  clustered. 

4.  P.  Pennsylvania,  L.    Leaves  thin, ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely 
and  sharply  serrate,  green  and  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  flowers  several  in  a  cluster, 
on  long  peduncles  ;  drupe  globose,  light  red.  —  Rocky  woods,  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.     May.  —  A  small  tree.     Fruit  small  and  sour. 

*  *  Flowers  in  racemes  terminating  leafy  branches. 

5.  P.  serotina,  Ehrhart.     Leaves   smooth,   varying  from   oval  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  sen-ate,  with  the  teeth  callous  and  ap- 
pressed ;  racemes   long,   spreading  ;    drupe  globose,  purplish-black.  —  Woods, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  A  tree  20°  -  60°  high. 

6.  P.  Virginiana,  L.     Smooth  throughout,  or  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves,  branches,  and  racemes  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  thin,  oval,  oblong 
or  obovate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate ;  racemes 
rather  short  and  erect ;  drupe  red.    (P.  hirsuta,  Ell.  ?)  — Light  sandy  soil,  Geor- 
gia and  northward.     April.  —  Shrub  3°  -9°  high.     Leaves  l'-3'  long.     Drupe 
astringent. 

$  3.  LAUROCERASCS.    (  CHERRY-LAUREL  )  —  Drupe  not  glaucous :  stone  globular : 

Jlowers  in  racemes  from  th'e  axils  of  evergreen  leaves. 

7.*  P.  Caroliniana,  Ait.  (MocK  ORANGE.)  Leaves  coriaceous,  smooth 
and  glossy,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  entire  ;  racemes  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  white  ;  drupe  ovoid,  soon  dry,  black.  — Banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.  February  and  March.  —  A  small  tree. 

3.     SPIR^IA,     L.     MEADOW-SWEET. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  roundish,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
10-50.  Follicles  3 -  12,  1  -  10-seeded.  Styles  terminal.  —  Shrubs  or  perennial 
herbs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color,  sometimes 
dioecious. 

*  Sltrubit :  Jlowers  perfect. 
•;-    Flowers  corymbose. 

1.  S.  opulifolia,  L.      Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  cordate,  3-lobed,  doubly 
crenate-serratc,  smooth ;    corymbs  umbellate,  terminating  the  short  branches, 
mostly  pubescent ;  follicle  smooth,  inflated,  2-4-seeded.  —  Var.  FKRRI  <;IXKA, 
Nutt.     Leaves   smaller    (I'  long),  slightly   lobed,  covered,  like   the   branches, 
corymbs,  and  follicles,  with  a  dense  brownish  pubescence.  —  Banks  of  streams, 
Florida  and  Alabama  (the  variety)  to  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 
April  and  May.  —  Shrub  3° -5°  high,  the  old  bark  separating  m  tluu  layers. 
Flowers  white. 

-i-   •<-   Flowers  panicled. 

2.  S.  tomentosa,  L.     Leaves  simple,  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  the  lower 
surface,  like  the  branches  and  close  panicle,  covered  with  a  dense,  rust-colored 


ROSACE^E.       (HOSE    FAMILY.)  121 

pubescence ;  follicles  5,  not  inflated,  tomentose,  several-seeded.  —  Low  grounds 
in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  June  and  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.  Flowers  small,  pale  purple. 

3.  S.    salicifolia,    L.  •    Smooth ;  panicle  dense-flowered ;   leaves  varying 
from  lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate ;  follicles  not  in- 
flated,'smooth,  several-seeded.  —  With  the  preceding.     June  and  July. —  Stem 
2°-5°high.     Flowers  white. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs :  leaves  lobed  or  compound. 

4.  S.  lobata,  Murr.     Flowers  perfect,  in  long-peduncled  paniculate  cymes ; 
leaves  coarse,  pinnately  lobed,  the  terminal  lobe  very  large,  reniform,  7  —  9-parted, 
with  the  divisions  incisely  toothed  and  serrate;  stipules  reniform,  persistent; 
follicles  6-8,   1  -  2-seeded.  —  Swamps  along  the  mountains  of  Georgia   and 
North  Carolina,  northward.    June  and  July.  —  Stem  smooth,  5°  -  8°  high.     Up- 
per leaves  3-lobed  and  sessile ;  the  lowest  ones  on  long  petioles.     Flowers  rose- 
<?olor.     Petals  and  sepals  often  in  fours. 

5.  S.    Aruncu.8,    L.      Flowers  dioecious,  in  elongated  filiform   panicled 
racemes ;    leaves  thrice-pinnate ;    leaflets  thin,   lanceolate-oblong,   sharply   and 
doubly  serrate ;  stipules  minute  or  wanting ;  follicles  3  -  5,  several-seeded,  re- 
flexed.  —  Woods  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     June.  —  Stem 
tall  and  slender.     Flowers  minute,  white. 

4.     NEVIUSIA,     Gray. 

Calyx  bractless,  spreading,  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  leaf-like,  incisely  serrate 
and  persistent.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  in  several  rows  on 
the  thin  disk  which  lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx ;  filaments  filiform.  Ovaries 
2  —  4,  sessile:  style  nearly  terminal,  filiform.  Ovule  single,  pendulous,  anatro- 
pons.  Achenia  drupaceous.  Cotyledons  oval,  flat.  Embryo  included  in  thin 
fleshy  albumen.  Radicle  superior,  inflexed-accumbent.  —  A  shrub,  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  free  bristle-awl-shaped  stipules,  and  single  or  clustered  terminal 
flowers  on  slender  peduncles. 

1.  N.  Alabamensis,  Gray.  —  Shady  cliffs  near  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama. 
Rev.  R.  D.  Nevius.  —  Shrub  2°  -  5°  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
short-petioled,  membranaceous,  ovate  or  oblong,  doubly  serrate,  l'-2£'  long. 
Flowers  very  numerous  and  showy. 

5.     GILLENIA,    Moench.    INDIAN  PHYSIC. 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  linear-lanceolate,  unequal, 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10  -  20.  Fol- 
licles 5,  included  in  the  calyx,  2-4-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  thin, 
trifoliolate  ;  the  leaflets  sharply  and  doubly  serrate.  Flowers  white  or  rose- 
<olor,  in  loose  few-flowered  corymbs. 

1.    G.   trifoliata,   Moench.     Stipules  small,  subulate,  entire;   leaflets  ob- 
long, acuminate,  rather  coarsely  serrate;    lower  peduncles  elongated,  flowers 
11 


122  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

white.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  northern  parts  of  Alabama,  and  northward.     June. 
—  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

2.  G.  Stipulacea,  Nutt.  Stipules  leafy,  ovate,  serrate;  leaflets  lanceo- 
late, coarsely  serrate,  or  the  lowest  incisely  lobed ;  flowers  rose-color.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Alabama,  and  northward.  June.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

6.    AGRIMONIA,     Tourn.    AGRIMONY. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  top-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  and  armed  with 
hooked  bristles.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5-15,  inserted  on  the  throat  cf  the  calyx. 
Achenia  2,  included  in  the  grooved  and  indurated  calyx-tube.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  leafy  toothed  stipules,  and  small  yellow  flowers 
in  long  spiked  racemes.  Fruit  nodding. 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  L.     Stem  hairy;  leaflets  3-7,  with  smaller  ones  below 
or  intermixed,  oblong-obovate,  hairy,  sometimes  white-downy  beneath,  coarsely 
serrate ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  Mis- 
sissippi, and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

2.  A.  parviflora,  Ait.     Stem  and  petioles  hirsute;   leaflets  9-15,  with 
smaller  ones  between,  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  roughish  above,  pubescent 
beneath.  — Low  ground,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts,  Mississippi  to  North  Car- 
olina, and  northward.     August.  — Flowers  and  fruit  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  A.  incisa,    Torr.  &   Gray.      Stem,  petioles,  and  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves  clothed  with  soft  down  and  long  hairs  intermixed ;  leaflets  7-9,  small 
(!'  long),  oblong  or  obovate,  coarsely  serrate,  with  smaller  ones  between;  sta- 
mens 5.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida,  Alabama,  and  Georgia.     August.  —  Stem 
2°  high.     Flowers  small. 

7.    SANGUISORBA,    L. 

Calyx  4-parted,  the  tube  4-angled.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4,  the  filaments 
xisually  thickened  upward.  Style  terminal,  slender.  Stigma  pencil-form. 
Achenia  1-2,  included  in  the  4-winged  indurated  calyx-tube.  —  Herbs,  with 
unequally  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  close  heads  or  spikes. 

1.  S.  Canadcnsis,  L.  Smooth;  leaflets  numerous,  stalked,  cordate- 
ovate  or  oblong,  serrate ;  spikes  long-peduncled,  cylindrical,  elongated  in  fruit ; 
stamens  flattened.  —  Wet  meadows,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  Georgia, 
and  northward.  September.  1J.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Lowest  leaves  on  long 
petioles.  Flowers  white. 

8.    ALCHEMILLA,     Tourn. 

Calyx  4 - 5-parted,  and  with  as  many  alternate  bracts;  the  tube  obconical, 
contracted  at  the  throat.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1  -  4.  Style  lateral.  Stigma 
capitate.  Achenia  1-4,  included  in  the  persistent  calyx-tube.  —  Small  herbs, 
with  palmately  divided  leaves,  and  minute  greenish  flowers,  in  corymbs  or  clus- 
ters. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  123 

1.  A.  arvensis,  L.  Annual,  hairy;  stem  (l'-8'high)  leafy;  leaves  3- 
parted,  the  divisions  wedge-shaped,  3  -  5-lobed ;  flowers  in  axillary  sessile  clus- 
ters ;  fertile  stamens  1-2.  —  Waste  places,  North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  In- 
troduced. —  Stem  branching  .from  the  base.  Leaves  4" -6"  long. 

9.    GEUM,    L.    AVENS. 

Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft,  and  usually  with  as  many  bracts  at  the 
sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  and  achenia  numerous,  the  latter  crowded  on  the 
conical  or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle.  Styles  terminal,  long,  persistent,  jointed 
and  hairy,  or  straight  and  smoothish.  Seeds  erect. —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pin- 
nately  divided  leaves.  Flowers  yellow,  white,  or  purple. 

1.  G.  album,  Gmelin.    Smoothish  or  downy ;  stem  slender,  with  spreading 
branches  ;  radical  leaves  pinnate,  or  the  earliest  ones  nearly  simple  and  rounded ; 
stem-leaves  3-parted,  lobed  or  toothed ;  petals  white,  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  style 
jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,  the  smooth  lower  portion  persistent  and  hooked ; 
receptacle  and  ovaries  bristly-hairy.  —  Rich  woods,  Georgia  and  northward.  April 
and  May.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

2.  G.  geniculatum,  Michx.     Hairy  ;  leaves  pinnate,  3-parted  or  3-lobed, 
the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile  ;  leaflets  or  lobes  thin,  ovate  and  obovate,  toothed 
and  serrate ;  style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  upper  portion  plumose 
and  nearly  persistent,  the  lower  pubescent,  or  smooth  above  ;  heads  of  the  hairy 
achenia  sessile.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.      July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Flowers  white,  veiny. 

3.  G.  radiatum,  Michx.     Hirsute;  stem  short  (6' -12'),  often  branching; 
lowest  leaves   pinnate,    the   terminal   leaflet  large,  reniform,  obscurely  lobcd, 
doubly  toothed,  the  lateral  ones  few  and  small ;  stem-leaves  scattered,  small, 
sharply  toothed,  sessile ;  flowers  large ;  petals  obcordate,  yellow ;  style  straight 
and  wholly  persistent,  hairy  at  the  base ;  heads  of  achenia  sessile.  —  Highest 
mountains  of  North  Carolina.     July.  —  Flowers  1 '  wide. 

10.    WALDSTEINIA,    Willd. 

Calyx  obconical,  5-cleft,  with  as  many  alternate  bracts.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
numerous,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Achenia  2-6,  dry  or  some- 
what fleshy.  Style  terminal,  filiform,  separating  from  the  achenium  by  a  joint. 
Seeds  erect.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  radical  and  roundish  lobed 
leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  on  scape-like  steins. 

1.  W.  fragarioides,  Tratt.     Smooth  or  hairy;  leaves  long-petioled,  tri- 
foliolate  or  3-parted,  with  broadly  cuneate  and  crenately  toothed  leaflets  ;    scape 
as  long  as  the  leaves,  bracted,  many-flowered  ;  achenia  4-6,  minutely  hairy.  — 
Mountain-woods,  Georgia  and  northward.     May  and  June. —  Stem  and  leaves 
4'  -  6'  high.     Petals  larger  than  the  calyx. 

2.  W.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Hairy ;  leaves  cordate,  crenately  3  -  5-lobed  ; 
scape  filiform,  bracted,  4 - 8-flowered  ;  achenia  mostly  2,  hoary;  petals  rather 


124  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

shorter  than  the  calyx.  (Dalibarda  lobata,  Ba/dw.) — Banks  of  the  Flint  and 
Chattahoochee  rivers,  in  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia,  not  common.  May 
and  June.  —  Scape  and  leaves  4' -8'  high. 

11.    POTENTILLA,    L.     CINQUEFOIL. 

Calyx  flat,  5-cleft,  with  as  many  bracts.     Petals  5,  obcordatc  or  roundish. 
Stamens  numerous.     Style  lateral  or  terminal,  deciduous.     Achenia  collected 
in  a  head  on  the  dry  and  pubescent  receptacle.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with 
variously  divided  leaves.     Flowers  solitary  or  cyniose. 
*  Style  terminal,  or  nearly  so. 

1-  P-  Norvegica,  L.  Annual,  hairy;  stem  erect,  branched;  leaves  pal- 
mately  3-foliolate,  the  leaflets  obovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  ; 
flowers  pale  yellow,  in  leafy  cymes ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Waste 
places.  Introduced,  and  sparingly  naturalized.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  P.  Canadensis,  L.     Perennial,  hairy  ;    stem  prostrate  or  ascending, 
simple ;  leaves  palmately  5-folioIate ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  coarsely  serrate  ; 
flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  long  filiform  peduncles  ;  petals  yellow,  obcordatc, 
as  long  as  the  calyx.     (P.  simplex,  Michx.) — Meadows  in  the  upper  districts, 
Mississippi   to   North  Carolina,   and  northward.     July   and   August.  —  Stem 
l°-3°  long. 

*  *  Style  lateral. 

3.  P.  tridentata,  Ait.     Stem  somewhat  shrubby  at  the  base,  erect  or  as- 
cending, pubescent ;    leaves  rigid,  trifoliolate,  cuncate-oblong,  3-toothed  at  the 
apex  ;  flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  cyme. —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
July.  —  Stem  5'  -  10'  high.     Achenia  and  receptacle  very  hairy. 

12.    FRAGARIA,    Tourn.      STRAWBERRY. 

Flowers  like  Potentilla,  but  the  dry  achenia  borne  on  the  enlarged,  at  length 
pulpy  and  scarlet  receptacle.  Style  lateral.  —  Perennial  herbs  with  creeping 
runners.  Leaves  radical,  trifoliolate.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  cymes. 

1.  F.  Virginiana,  Ehrhart.  Hairy ;  leaflets  oblong,  coarsely  serrate  : 
scape  few-flowered ;  fruit  roundish,  the  achenia  imbedded  in  the  deeply  pitted 
receptacle.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  March  and 
April.  —  Scapes  4'  -  6'  high. 

13.     RITBUS,     L.    BRIER.    BRAMBLE. 

Calyx  concave  or  flattish,  5-parted,  without  bracts.  Petals  5,  deciduous. 
Stamens  numerous.  Achenia  juicy,  crowded  on  the  conical  or  cylindrical  re- 
ceptacle. Style  nearly  terminal,  deciduous  —  Perennial  or  shrubby  and  mostly 
prickly  plants,  with  lobed  or  compound  petioled  leaves,  and  white  or  reddish 
flowers. 

*  Heads  of  achenia  hemispherical,  deciduous  :  receptacle  dry. 

1.  R.  odoratus,  L.  Shrubby,  not  prickly;  the  branches,  petioles,  and 
corymbs  hispid  with  glandular  hairs  ;  leaves  large,  broadly  ovate,  3-lobed,  or 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  125 

the  lowest  ones  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  toothed  and  serrate ;  calyx- 
lobes  caudate  ;  flowers  large,  rose-color;  fruit  reddish.  —  Rocky  woods  on  the 
mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  June  -  August.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high. 
Flowers  2'  in  diameter. 

2.  R.  occidentalis,  L.      Glaucous  ;    stem  prickly,   but  otherwise  very 
smooth,  bending  ;  leaves  3  -  5-foliolate  ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely 
serrate  or  sparingly  toothed,  white-downy  beneath  ;  petals  white,  shorter  than  the 
reflexed  short-caudate  hoary  calyx-lobes ;  fruit  black.  —  Borders  of  woods  along 
the  mountains,  Georgia  and  northward.     May.  —  Stem  biennial,  5°  -  8°  long. 

*  *  Heads  ofacJienia  oval  or  oblong,  persistent :  receptacle  juicy. 

3.  R.  villosus,  Ait.     Tall,  shrubby;   stem  erect  or  bending,  armed,  like 
petioles  and  peduncles,  with  stout  recurved  prickles,  the  branches  and  3-7-folio- 
late  leaves  soft-hairy  or  nearly  smooth ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  doubly  ser- 
rate ;   racemes  leafy  below,  bracted  above  ;    sepals  acuminate,  much  shorter 
than  the  obovate  white  petals  ;  fruit  large,  oblong,  black.  —  Swampy  thickets, 
common.     April.  —  Stem  4°  -  10°  high. 

4.  R.  cuneifolius,  Pursh.     Shrubby,  armed  with  stout  prickles;  stem 
erect ;  branches  and  leaves  tomentose  ;  leaves  trifoliolate,  with  the  leaflets  cune- 
ate-obovate,  unequally  serrate  towards  the  summit,  tomentose  and  white  beneath ; 
racemes  few-flowered  ;  petals  white  ;  fruit  ovoid,  black.  —  Old  fields,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     April.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  and  fruit 
smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

5.  R.  trivialis,  Michx.     Shrubby,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  re- 
curved prickles  and  bristly  hairs ;  stem  prostrate,  slender ;  leaves  3  -  5-foliolate, 
partly  persistent ;  leaflets  smooth,  oblong-ovate  or  obovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate ; 
racemes  few-flowered,  leafy  below,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  large, 
white  ;  fruit  black.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
April. 

6.  R.  hispidus,  L.     Somewhat  shrubby,  and  armed  with  weak  bristle-like 
prickles ;  stem  slender,  prostrate  ;  leaves  trifoliolate,  persistent ;  leaflets  obovate, 
obtuse,  coarsely  serrate,  smooth ;  racemes  many-flowered,  slender,  longer  than 
the  leaves  ;  flowers  small,  white ;  fruit  of  few  large  and  black  achenia.     (R.  obo- 
valis,  Michx.)  —  Cold  shady  swamps  among  the  mountains,  Georgia  and  north- 
ward.    May  and  June.  —  Fruit  sour. 

14.     ROSA,     Tourn.     ROSE. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  urn-shaped  tube  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Ovaries 
numerous,  haiiy,  inserted  on  the  thin  receptacle  that  lines  the  inner  surface  of  the 
calyx-tube.  Styles  nearly  included.  Achenia  bony.  —  Prickly  shrubs.  Leaves 
unequally  pinnate.  Stipules  united  with  the  petioles.  Flowers  showy. 

*  Styles  cohering,  exserted. 

1.   R.  setigera,  Michx.    Stem  long,  reclining,  smooth  ;  leaflets  3  -  5,  ovate, 
acuminate  or  acute,  serrate,  shining  above  ;  petioles,  peduncles,  and  calyx  glan- 
11* 


126  ROSACES.  .  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

dular ;  corymb  few-flowered ;  petals  obcorclate  ;  fruit  globose,  smooth.  —  Borders 
of  swamps,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  June. —  Stem  10° -15° 
long.  Flowers  2' -3' wide,  red. 

*  *  Styles  distinct,  included :  flowers  red  or  ivhite. 

2.  R.  Carolina,  L.     Stem  erect,  smooth,  armed  with  stout  recurved  stipu- 
lar  prickles ;  leaflets  5-9,  oblong  or  elliptical,  acute,  finely  serrate,  dull  and 
smoothish  above,  the  lower  surface  paler,  or,  like  the  prickly  petioles  and  cau- 
date calyx-lobes,   tomentose ;    flowers   single   or  corymbose  ;    calyx-tube   and 
peduncles  glandular-hispid.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.   June.  —  Stem  4°  -  6°  high,  commonly  purplish.    Fruit  depressed-globose, 
glandular. 

3.  R.  lucida,  Ehrhart.     Stem  low,  erect,  armed  with  bristles   and   stout 
stipular  prickles  ;  leaflets  mostly  5,  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, smooth  and  shining  above,  paler  and  often  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  ; 
flowers  solitary,  or  2-3  together;  peduncles  and  calyx  glandular,  the  latter 
with  foliaceous,  often  incised  lobes.    (R.  parviflora,  Ell.)  — Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward,  mostly  in  dry  soil,  common.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  l°-3° 
high.    A  variable  species.     Stem  sometimes  smooth. 

4.  R.  rubiginosa,  L.     (EGLANTINE.)    Stem  erect  or  curving,  armed  with 
very  stout  prickles  ;  leaflets  5-7,  oval  or  obovate,  serrate,  glandular  beneath ; 
flowers   mostly  solitary,  on   hispid  peduncles ;  fruit  obovate.     (R.  suaveolens, 
Pursh.)  —  Waste  places  in  the  upper  districts :  introduced.    Branches  yellowish- 
green.     Leaves  fragrant. 

5.  R.    laevigata,    Michx.      (CHEROKEE    ROSE.)       Stem   long,   trailing, 
smooth,  the  branches  armed  with  very  stout  and  curved  prickles ;  leaves  ever- 
green, mostly  trifoliolate ;  leaflets  smooth  and  shining,  lanceolate,  the  midrib  his- 
pid ;  stipules  deciduous ;  flowers  large,  solitary,  white ;  calyx  very  bristly.  — 
Common  in  cultivation. 

15.     CRAT^IGUS,    L.     HAWTHORN. 

Calyx  urn-shaped ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  orbicular,  concave. 
Stamens  few  or  many.  Styles  1-5,  distinct.  Fruit  fleshy,  containing  1  -  5 
bony  nutlets.  —  Thorny  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  simple,  serrate  or  variously 
lobed.  Flowers  white,  axillary  and  solitary,  or  in  corymbs  terminating  short 
lateral  branches.  Stipules  on  the  young  branches  linear,  or  lunate  and  ser- 
rate. 

*   Corymbs  compound,  many-Jlowcred. 
•*-   Fruit  small,  not  larger  than  a  pea. 

1.  C.  spathulata,  Michx.  Young  branches  tomentose,  otherwise  nearly 
smooth  and  glandless  throughout ;  leaves  small,  spatulate,  crenate  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  those  on  the  young  shoots  larger  and  incisely  lobed ;  calyx-lobes  very 
short ;  styles  5  ;  fruit  very  small,  red.  —  River-banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  west  to  Mississippi.  April.  —  A  small  tree.  Corymbs  sometimes  slightly 
pubescent.  Stipules  lunate  on  the  young  branches. 


ROSACEyE.       (ROSE    FAMILY.)  127 

2.  C.  apiifolia,  Michx      Young  branches,  leaves,  and  corymbs  whitened 
with  soft  hairs  ;  leaves  small,  deltoid,  pinnately  5  -  7-lobed,  sharply  toothed, 
nearly  smooth  when  old,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base  ;  styles  1-3,  filiform  ; 
fruit  globular,  red.  —  River  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
March  and  April.  — A  small  -tree.     Leaves  £'- 1'  long. 

3.  C.  COrdata,  Ait.     Young  branches,  leaves,  and  corymbs  softly  pubes- 
cent, soon  smoothish  ;  leaves  large,  deltoid-ovate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  long-petioled,  3  -  5-lobed  and  serrate  ;  spines  slender ;  fruit  globose,  red.  — 
River-banks  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.     May  and  June.  — 
A  small  tree.     Leaves  1 '- 3' long.     Styles  5. 

4.  C.  arborescens,  Ell.     Smooth ;  leaves  thin,  oval  or  elliptical,  acute 
at  both  ends,  finely  serrate,  sometimes  obscurely  toothed  near  the  apex,  on  slen- 
der nearly  glandless  petioles ;  corymbs  very  numerous  ;  styles  5  ;  fruit  ovoid, 
red.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Georgia  and  Florida,  west  to  Mississippi.     March  and 
April.  —  A  small  tree,  with  ash-colored  branches.     Spines  stout  or  wanting. 
Leaves  1'  -2'  long,  entire  at  the  base,  sometimes  hairy  in  the  axils  of  the  veins 
beneath. 

•i-  i-  Fruit  large  (i'  - 1'  long) ;  leaves,  frc.  mostly  glandular. 

5.  C.  Crus-galli,  L.    Leaves  thick,  oblong-obovate,  smooth,  shining  above, 
finely  serrate  from  near  the  glandless  base  ;  those  on  the  young  branches  some- 
times slightly  lobed ;  spines  long  and  stout,  or  sometimes  wanting ;  corymbs 
smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  styles  1  -  3  ;  fruit  pear-shaped  or  globose,  red.  —  Woods, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  A  shrub  or  small 
tree. 

6.  C.  COCCinea,  L.     Smooth  ;  leaves  thin,  roundish-ovate,  with  3-5  short 
and  sharply  serrate  lobes  on  each  side,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  slender  petiole, 
strongly  straight-veined  ;  those  on  the  young  branches  often  truncate  or  slightly 
cordate  at  the  base,  and  more  strongly  lobed  ;  spines  stout ;  styles  3  -  5  ;  fruit 
large,  globose  or  pear-shaped,  bright  red.     (C.  viridis,  L.     C.  populifolia,  Ell.) 
—  Open  dry  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  — 
A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  1'  -  2'  long,  bright  green. 

7.  C.  tomentosa,  L.     Leaves  large  (3' -5' long),  broadly  ovate  or  oval, 
finely  serrate,  and  slightly  lobed  above  the  middle,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a 
short  margined  petiole,  pubescent,  especially  beneath,  the  veins  straight  and 
impressed  ;    corymbs   large,    tomentose  ;    styles   1  -  3  ;    fruit  pear-shaped,   os- 
ange-red. 

Var.  punctata,  Gray.  (C.  punctata,  Jacq.)  Leaves  smaller  and  smoother, 
more  strongly  furrowed  by  the  impressed  veins,  and  more  tapering  at  the  base  ; 
fruit  globose,  dull  red,  dotted  with  white.  —  Woods  and  swampy  thickets  in  the 
upper  districts,  Georgia  and  Alabama,  and  northward.  May.  —  A  shrub  or 
small  tree.  Flowers  and  fruit  large. 

*  *   Corymbs  simple,  1  -  ^-flowered. 

8.  C.  sestivalis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Glandless ;   leaves  rigid,  pubescent,  be- 
coming  smooth   above,   and   rusty-pubescent  on   the  veins   beneath,  cuneate- 
obovate,  creuate  above   the   middle,    tapering  into   a  short  petiole ;   corymbs 


128  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

smooth,  3  -  5-flowered ;  styles  4-5;  fruit  large,  globose,  red.  —  Varies  (C.  lu- 
cida,  Ell.)  with  smaller  (!'),  thinner,  and  smooth  leaves,  which  are  glossy  above. 
—  Margins  of  pine-barren  ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward. 
March  and  April.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.  Fruit  juicy,  edible. 

9.  C.  flava,  Ait.     Glandular;  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  serrate  and  slightly 
lobed  near  the  apex,  smooth,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole;  corymbs  smooth, 
1  -  4-flowered  ;  styles  4  -  5  ;  flowers  and  pear-shaped  fruit  large.  —  Shady  sandy 
places,  Florida  t9  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     May.  —  Tree  15°  -  20°  high. 
Leaves  2' -3'  long.     Fruit  greenish-yellow. 

10.  C.  glandulosa,  Michx.    Branchlets,  leaves,  and   corymbs  whitened 
with  soft  hairs  ;  leaves  opaque,  cuneate,  entire  or  glandular-serrate,  tapering  into 
a  slender  petiole,  becoming  smoothish  ;  those  on  the  young  branches  often  spar- 
ingly lobed;  corymbs  3-6-flowered,  unilateral  ;  styles  5  ;  fruit  small,  globose, 
red.     (C.  elliptica,  Ait.) — Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and 
westward.    April.  —  A  small  tree,  with  coarse  bark,  and  long  recurved  branches. 
Leaves  1'  long.    Fruit  3"  -  4"  long. 

11.  C.  parvifolia,  Ait.     Leaves  obovate,   scarcely  petioled,   serrate,  the 
lower  surface,  like  the  branchlets  and  calyx,  pubescent ;  spines  numerous,  long 
and  slender ;  flowers  mostly  solitary  ;  calyx-lobes  large,  serrate  ;  styles  5  ;  fruit 
large,  globose  or  pear-shaped,  somewhat  hairy.  —  Sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  A  much  branched  shrub,  3°  -  5°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long. 

16.    PYRUS,    L.      PEAR.    APPLE. 

Calyx  urn-shaped,  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous.  Styles  2-5.  Fruit 
fleshy  or  baccate,  containing  2-5  cartilaginous,  2-seeded  carpels.  —  Trees  or 
shrubs.  Flowers  cymose  or  corymbose. 

*  Leaves  simple,  glandular  :  fruit  depressed  at  the  base. 

1.  P.  coronaria,  L.    Leaves  on  long  and  slender  petioles,  ovate,  round- 
ed, or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  angled  or  lobed,  serrate,  smooth ;  corymbs 
simple,  few-flowered ;  flowers  rose-color,  very  fragrant ;  styles  woolly  and  united 
at  the  base.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.    April.  —  A  small  tree.    Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

2.  P.  angustifolia,  Ait.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at  the  base, 
serrate,  short-petioled  ;  corymbs  simple,  few-flowered ;  flowers  rose-color,  very 
fragrant ;  styles  smooth,  distinct.  —  Open  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     April.  —  A  small  tree.     Fruit  very  sour. 

*  *  Learns  simple,  the  midrib  glandular  above :  fruit  baccate,  globose. 

3.  P.  arbutifolia,  L.     Leaves  oval-oblong  or  somewhat  obovate,  abruptly 
acute  or  mucronate,  smooth  above,  except  the  midrib,  finely  serrate ;  styles  vil- 
lous  at  the  base. 

Var.  erythrocarpa.  Stem  tall  (5°-10°);  branchlets,  cymes,  and  lower 
surface  of  the  large  (2'  -  4')  leaves  tomentose  and  hoary  ;  petals  and  anthers  red- 
dish ;  berries  red.  (Aroma  arbutifolia,  Ell.) 


CALYCANTHACE^E.       (CAROLINA -ALLSPICE    FAMILY.)  129 

Var.  melanocarpa.  Stem  low  (2° -4°);  hranchlets,  cymes,  and  leaves 
smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  small ;  petals  white  ;  berries  black.  (Aronia  me- 
lanocarpa, Ell. )  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  March  and 
April. 

*  *  *  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  :  cymes  compound  :  fruit  baccate. 

4.  P.  Americana,  DC.  Leaflets  13-15,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate 
above  the  middle,  soon  smooth  ;  cymes  large,  dense ;  berry  small,  globose  or 
pear-shaped,  scarlet.  (Sorbns  microcarpa,  Pursh.)  —  Highest  mountains  of 
North  Carolina.  May  and  June.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Fruit  acid. 


17.    AMELANCHIER,    Medic. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong.  Stamens  numerous,  short.  Styles  5,  more 
or  less  united.  Fruit  baccate,  containing  3-5  cartilaginous  2-seeded  carpels ; 
seeds  separated  by  a  fiilse  partition.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple 
leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L,  var.  Botryapium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branches, 
leaves,  and  racemes  tomentose  when  young,  soon  smooth ;  leaves  elliptical,  ab- 
ruptly acute,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  often  slightly  cordate  ;  racemes  slender, 
appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  petals  four  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, purplish.  (Aronia  Botryapium,  Ell.)  — Woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.  February  and  March.  —  A  small  tree,  with  smooth  whitish  bark. 

Var.  rotundifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Shrubby  ;  leaves  roundish-oval,  some- 
what acuminate,  sharply  serrate;  racemes  6-  10-flowered ;  petals  small,  nar- 
rowlv  oblong.  (Aronia  ovalis,  Ell.) — Low  grounds,  chiefly  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts, Georgia  and  northward.  March.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3°  high. 


The  cultivated  representatives  of  this  order  arc  the  PLUM  (PRUNUS  DOMES- 
TICUS,  L.),  APRICOT  (P.  ARMENIACA,  L.),  CHERRIES  (P.  AVIUM  and  P.  CE- 
RASUS,  Z.),  PEACH  (PERSICA  VULGARIS,  Mill.),  APPLE  (PYRUS  MALUS,  L.), 
PEAR  (P.  COMMUNIS,  L.},  QUINCE  (CYDONIA  VULGARIS,  Pers.),  and  the 
ALMOND  (AMYGDALUS). 


ORDER    49.      CALYCANTHACE^E.      (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE 
FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  with  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  without  stipules  or  pellucid 
dots.  —  Sepals  and  petals  numerous  and  alike,  united  below  into  an  ob- 
oonieal  fleshy  cup,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous,  short, 
inserted  within  the  petals,  the  inner  ones  often  sterile.  Anthers  adnate, 
extrorse.  Ovaries  several,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  and  inserted  on 
its  inner  face,  becoming  1 -seeded  achenia  in  fruit.  Seeds  anatropous, 
without  albumen.  Cotyledons  convolute. 


130  MYRTACE^E.       (MYRTLE    FAMILY.) 

1.    CALYCANTHUS,    L.     SWEET-SCENTED  SHRCB. 

Calyx-tube  closed,  leafy-bracted ;  the  lobes  and  petals  in  several  rows,  lanceo- 
late, somewhat  fleshy.  Stamens  deciduous.  Mature  fruit  dry,  pear-shaped, 
enclosing  the  large  achenia.  —  Aromatic  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  forking  branch- 
es, short-petiolcd  deciduous  leaves,  and  large  brownish-purple  terminal  flowers. 

1.  C.  floridus,  L.    Branchlets,  petioles,  and  peduncles  hoary-pubescent; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  very  rough  on  the  upper 
surface,  tomentose  and  hoary  beneath ;  sepals  and  petals  linear-lanceolate,  acute. 

—  Banks  of  streams  in  the  upper  districts,  North  Carolina  to  Mississippi.    April. 

—  Shrub  4° -8°  high.     Leaves  2' -3'  long.     Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  very  fra- 
grant. 

2.  C.  laevigatus,    Willd.     Branchlets,  petioles,  and  peduncles  pubescent 
or  smoothish ;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  rough  on 
the  upper  surface,  paler  and  nearly  smooth  beneath  ;  sepals  and  petals  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute.     (C.  inodorus,  Ell.,  leaves  very  rough  above,  but  shining; 
flowers  inodorous.)  —  Banks  of  streams,  chiefly  in  the  low  country,  Florida, 
Georgia,  and  westward.     March  and  April.  —  Shrub  4° -8°  high.     Leaves  2'- 
3'  long.     Flowers  1^'  in  diameter. 

3.  C.  glaucus,  Willd.     Branchlets,  petioles,  and  peduncles  smooth ;  leaves 
large,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  green  and  roughish  on  the  upper 
surface,  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath ;  flowers  large,  the  sepals  and  petals  lan- 
ceolate, and  abruptly  sharp-pointed.  —  Low  shady  woods  along  the  mountains 
of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.     May  and  June.  —  Shrub  6°  -  8°  high.     Leaves 
rather  rigid,  4' -7'  long.     Flowers  l£'-2'  in  diameter. 


The  POMEGRANATE    (PUNICA   GBANATUM,  L.)  belongs  to  the  allied  order 
GRANATEJE. 


ORDER  50.     MYRTACE^.     (MYRTLE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  entire,  dotted  and  commonly 
with  an  intra-marginal  vein.  Stipules  none.  —  Calyx  4  -  G-cleft,  valvate 
in  the  bud,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  compound  ovary.  Petals  4-6, 
inserted  with  the  numerous  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  sometimes 
wanting.  Filaments  long,  free,  or  variously  combined.  Anthers  introrse, 
roundish,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Style  solitary.  Seeds  without  albu- 
men, fixed  to  a  central  placenta. 

1.     EUGENIA,     Micheli.    ALLSPICE. 

Calyx -tube  roundish,  the  limb  4-cleft.  Petals  4.  Stamens  distinct.  Ovary 
2  -  3-celled,  with  several  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  baccate,  roundish,  1  -  2-celled, 
1-2-seeded.  Cotyledons  thick  and  united.  Radicle  very  short. —  Flowers 
white,  axillary,  solitary,  cymose,  or  clustered,  2-bracted. 


MELASTOMACE^E.       (MELASTOMA    FAMILY.)  131 

*  Flowers  in  axillary  cymes. 

1.  E.    dichotoma,  DC.     Leaves  oblong-obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
ligid,  and,  like  the  branches,  roughened  with  appressed  hairs,  at  length  smooth- 
ish,  the  margins  revolute  ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  3  -  7-flowered, 
the  central  flowers  sessile ;  calyx -tube  obconical,  2-bracted,  downy  and  hqary. 
the  lobes  roundish,  spreading ;  petals  orbicular,  ciliate ;  stamens  numerous.  — 
South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.    Leaves  1'  long.    Branches  compressed. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  or  umbellate. 

2.  E.  procera,  Poir.     Smooth;  leaves  ovate,  tapering  but  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  peduncles  solitary  or 
2-4  together,  filiform,  not  half  the  length  of  the  leaves,  1 -flowered;  calyx-tube 
hemispherical;  petals  orbicular,  ciliate  ;  berry  globose,  1 -seeded. —  South  Flor- 
ida.    May.  —  A  small  tree.     Leaves  1^'-  2'  long.     Flowers  conspicuous,  white 
and  fragrant.     Berry  as  large  as  a  grain  of  pepper. 

*  *  *  Flowers  minute,  in  very  short  duster-like  racemes. 

3.  E.  monticola,  DC.     Smooth ;  leaves  coriaceous,  ovate-oblong,  some- 
what tapering  towards  the  apex,  but  obtuse  or  emarginate,  contracted  at  the  base 
into  a  distinct  petiole ;  racemes  clustered,  several-flowered,  shorter  than  the  peti- 
ole ;  stamens  numerous ;  berry  globose.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high. 
Branches  compressed.    Leaves  2'  long.     Flowers  white.    Berries  abundant,  as 
large  as  a  grain  of  pepper,  black. 

4.  E.    buxifolia,  Willd.  ?      Leaves  smooth,  coriaceous,  obovate-oblong, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  short-petioled  ;  racemes  single  or  clustered,  few-flowered, 
about  as  long  as  the  petiole  ;  flowers  minute ;  stamens  few  (9  - 12)  or  numerous  ; 
berry  1  -  3-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Varies  much  in  the  size  of  the  leaves  and 
berries,  length  of  the  petiole,  and  number  of  stamens,  and  probably  includes  two 
or  more  species. 

2.    CALYPTRANTHES,    Swam. 

Calyx-tube  obovate ;  the  limb  entire,  opening  across  like  a  lid,  deciduous. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary  2  —  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Berry  1 -celled,  1-4-seeded.  Seeds  roundish:  testa  smooth.  Embryo 
curved ;  the  long  and  slender  radicle  coiled  around  the  distinct  unequal  folded 
and  contorted  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  or  trees.  Peduncles  axillary,  many-flow- 
ered. 

1.  C.  Chytraculia,  Swartz.  Leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate but  obtuse,  pubescent,  becoming  smooth  above ;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves,  cymose-panicled,  tomentose;  flowers  minute;  berry  dry,  globose,  1-2- 
seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree. 


ORDER    51.     MELASTOMACE^E.       (MELASTOMA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  opposite  3  -  9-ribbed  leaves,  without  dots 
or  stipules,  and  showy  flowers.  —  Calyx  urn-shaped,  4  -  6-lobeCt,  pet-silent 


132      MELASTOMACEA:.  (MELASTOMA  FAMILY.; 

cohering  with  the  ovary  below,  or  with  its  angles.  Petals  4-6,  twisted  in 
the  bud,  inserted  with  the  4  -12  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  An- 
thers adnate,  often  appendaged,  usually  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Ovary 
3  -  6-celled.  Ovules  numerous,  attached  to  the  central  placentae.  Style 
solitary.  Fruit  baccate  and  indehiscent,  or  capsular  and  loculicidally  de- 
hiscent. Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen. 

1.     RHEXIA,     L.     DEER-GRASS. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  and  narrowed  above  the  ovary,  4-cleft.  Petals  4,  round- 
ish, deciduous.  Stamens  8.  Anthers  1 -celled,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Capsule  4-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  3  -  5-ribbed.  Flow- 
ers cymose,  terminal. 

*  Anthers  long,  linear,  curving  upward,  saccate  at  the  base,  and  commonly  furnished 
vrith  a  bristle-like  appendage  at  the  insertion  of  the  filaments  :  flowers  purple  or 
whitish. 

1.  R.  Mariana,  L.     Bristly;  stem   branched,  terete   or  6-angled  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  short-petioled,  bristly  serrate ;  calyx  mostly  smooth,  cylindri- 
cal in  flower,  the  neck  in  fruit  as  long  as  the  globose  capsular  portion  ;  flowers 
purple.  —  Varies  with  narrower,  often  linear  leaves,  and  smaller  whitish  flowers. 
(R.  lanceolata,  Walt.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July 
-Sept.  — Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  3-ribbed.    Flowers  l£'-2'  wide,  hairy 
externally. 

2.  R.  Virginica,  L.    Bristly ;  stem  4-angled,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  ovate 
and  ovate-lanceolate,  barely  acute,  sessile,  bristly  serrate,  the  lowest  rounded  ; 
neck  of  the  bristly  fruiting  calyx  shorter  than  the  capsular  portion ;  the  lobes 
ovate,  acuminate.  —  Swamps,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts,  Mississippi,  and 
northward.      July   and  August.  —  Stem   6' -12'   high.      Leaves   3 -5-ribbed. 
Flowers  purple. 

3.  R.  stricta,  Pursh.     Stem  tall,  smooth,  4-winged,  bearded  at  the  joints  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-ribbed,  bristly  ser- 
rate, sessile ;  cyme  compound ;  calyx  smooth,  urn-shaped,  the  lobes  lanceolate. 
—  Margins  of  ponds  in  the  pine  barrens.    Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.    July 
and  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.    Leaves  rugose,  the  lateral  ribs  obscure. 
Flowers  purple. 

4.  R.  glabella,    Michx.       Stem  terete,   smooth,   mostly  simple;  leaves 
lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  or  slightly  serrulate,  thick,  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  calyx 
-smooth  or  bristly ;  flowers  large,  bright  purple.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Mississippi.    June  -  August.  —  Root  spongy.    Stem 
2° -3°  high.    Leaves  sweetish. 

*  *  Anthers  short,  oblong,  erect,  not  appendaged :  neck  of  the  calyx  short. 
1-   Flowers  purple :  leaves  small,  ovate  or  roundish,  bristly  serrulate. 

5.  R.  ciliosa,  Michx.    Stem  simple,  smooth,  4-angled  above ;  leaves  bristly 
on  the  upper  surface,  3-ribbed ;    cyme  few-flowered,  leafy ;  calyx  smooth.  — 
Bogs  in  the  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and 


LYTHRACEyE.       (LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.)  133 

August.      Stem    l°-lj°    high.      Leaves  rarely  1'  long.      Flowers  l'-lj'   in 
diameter. 

6.  R.  serrulata,  Nutt.  Low ;  stem  simple,  4-angled,  smooth ;  leaves 
smooth  above  ;  calyx  glandular-bristly ;  cyme  leafy,  1  -  6-flowered.  —  Open  flat 
pine  barrens,  near  the  coast,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  July  and  August. 
—  Stem  2'  -6'  high.  Leaves  and  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 


7.  R.  lutea,  Walt.  Stem  at  length  much  branched,  4-angled,  bristly ; 
leaves  smoothish,  bristly  serrulate,  the  lower  ones  obovate  and  obtuse,  the  upper 
lanceolate  and  acute  ;  cymes  numerous ;  calyx  short  and  smooth  ;  flowers 
small. — Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July 
and  August.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Petals  more  persistent  than  those  of  the  other 
species. 


ORDER  52.     LYTHRACE^E.     (LOOSESTRIFE   FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  and  entire  leaves,  without  stip- 
ules. Flowers  mostly  axillary.  —  Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  4  -  7-toothed, 
free  from  the  2  -  4-celled  ovary.  Petals  as  many  as  the  teeth  of  the  calyx 
and  inserted  into  its  throat,  deciduous,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  petals,  or  2-4  times  as  many,  inserted  below  the  petals. 
Anthers  short,  introrse.  Style  solitary.  Capsule  enclosed  in  the  calyx, 
1  -  4-celled,  few  or  many-seeded.  Placentae  central.  Seeds  anatropous, 
without  albumen.  —  Sinuses  of  the  calyx  often  appendaged.  Stigma  capi- 
tate, or  rarely  2-lobed. 

Synopsis. 

*  Calyx  regular. 

1.  HYPOBRYCHIA.    Calyx  hemispherical.    Petals  none.    Stigma  2-lobed.    Capsule  2-celled, 

2.  AMMANNIA.    Calyx  campanulate.    Stigma  capitate.     Capsule  4-celled. 

3.  LYTHHUM.    Calyx  cylindrical,  striate.     Capsule  oblong,  2-celled. 

4.  NES^EA.     Calyx  short,  even.     Capsule  globose,  3- 5-celled-    Stamens  10. 

*   *   Calyx  gibbous  at  the  base. 

5.  CUPIIEA.     Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed.     Stamens  mostly  12.     Capsule  early  ruptured. 


1.    HYPOBRYCHIA,    M.  A.  Curtis. 

Calyx  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  4-lobed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  2-4. 
Style  very  short:  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  globose,  2-celled. — A  submerged 
aquatic  herb,  with  long  filiform  stems,  opposite  crowded  pellucid  linear  leaves, 
and  minute  sessile  axillary  flowers. 

1.    H.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  —  Ponds  and  still  water,  West  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     June-  Aug.  —Stems  l°-2°  long.     Leaves  1' 
long,  acute.     Flowers  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 
12 


134  LYTHRACE^E.       (LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.) 

2.    AMMANWTA,    Houston. 

Calyx  globular  or  campanulate,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  the  sinuses  commonly 
furnished  with  a  small  horn-shaped  appendage.  Petals  4,  small,  deciduous, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4,  short.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  globular, 
4-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Low  smooth  annual  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  aiul 
solitary  or  clustered  axillary  flowers. 

1.  A.  humilis,  Michx.     Stem  branching  from  the  base  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  flowers  solitary  ;  style  very  short ;  petals  4,  purplish.  — 
Varies  with  the  leaves  dilated  and  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  and  the  lower 
flowers  clustered.     (A.  ramosior,  Mic/ix.)  —  Ditches  and  muddy  places,  Florida 
to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     August  and  September.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  high. 

2.  A.  OCCidentalis,  DC-     Stem  nearly  simple,  ascending,  rooting  at  the 
base  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  flowers  solitary,  apetalous  ; 
calyx  8-toothed. 

Var.  pygmsea.  Stem  very  short  (£'-!'  long);  sinuses  of  the  calyx  aj>- 
pendaged,  emarginate,  as  long  as  the  teeth  ;  style  short.  —  Key  West,  Dr. 
13lodgett.  —  Leaves  obtuse.  Stem  1  -  6-flowercd. 

3.    LYTHRUM,    L.      LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  4  -  7-toothed,  usually  with  minute  appendages  in  the 
sinuses.  Petals  4-7.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  twice  as  many,  in- 
serted on  the  lower  part  of  the  calyx,  nearly  equal.  Capsule  oblong,  2-celled, 
many-seeded.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  purple  or 
whitish  flowers. 

1.  L.  alatum,  Pursh.     Smooth;    stem   and   virgate   branches  4-angled; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  opposite,  the  uppermost  alternate,  and 
shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  petals  and  stamens  6.  —  Varies  with  branches  shorter, 
leaves  larger  (2'  long),  broadly  lanceolate,  sometimes  whorled,  the  uppermost 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     (L.  lanceolatum,  Ell.)  —  Swamps  and  river-banks, 
Florida   and   northward.     July  -  September.  —  Stem   2° -4°   high.      Flowers 
violet-purple. 

2.  L.  lineare,  L.     Smooth  ;    stem  4-angled,  much  branched  •  leaves  all 
opposite,    linear ;    flowers   small,  whitish  ;    petals   and   stamens   6.  —  Brackish 
marshes,  Florida  and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Calyx-teeth 
short. 

4.     NES^A,     Commerson. 

Calyx  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  with  4-7  erect  teeth,  and  as  many  longer 
and  spreading  horn-like  appendages  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  4-7.  Stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Capsule  globose,  3  -  4-celled.  —  Perennial  herbs 
or  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  clustered  pedicelled 
flowers  in  their  axils. 

1.  N.  verticillata,  H.  B.K.  Shrubby  ;  stems  pubescent,  recurved ;  leaves 
opposite  and  whorled,  lanceolate,  tomentose  beneath  ;  peduncles  short,  3  or 


RHIZOPHOKACE^.       (MANGROVE    FAMILY.)  135 

several-flowered ;  petals  5,  showy ;  stamens  10,  the  alternate  ones  shorter. 
(Decodon  verticillatum,  Ell.)  —  Marshes  and  margins  of  ponds,  Florida  and. 
northward.  August.  —  Stems  3°  -  4°  long.  Flowers  purple. 

5.     CTJPHEA,    Jacq. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side, 
6-toothed,  and  usually  with  as  many  little  appendages  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  6, 
unequal.  Stamens  11-12,  unequal.  Ovary  with  a  gland  at  the  base  next  the 
spur  of  the  calyx.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  1  -  2-celled,  few- 
seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  branching  stems  and  purplish  flowers. 

1.  C.  viscosissima,  Jacq.     Annual,  clammy-pubescent;  leaves  thin,  op- 
posite, ovate-lanceolate,  long-pctioled,  rough ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  borne  be- 
tween the  petioles,  solitary ;  petals  violet-purple  ;  stamens  12.  —  Upper  districts 
of  Georgia,  and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  1°  high. 

2.  C.  aspera,  n.  sp.     Perennial ;  muricate-hispid  and  clammy ;  leaves  3-4 
in  a  whorl,  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  borne 
between  the  petioles  (whorled) ;  petals  white  or  pale-purple ;  stamens  11.  — Low 
pine  barrens,  St.  Joseph's,  Florida.     Stem  l°-l£°  high.    Leaves  1'long,  rigid. 
Root  bearing  small  tubers. 

The  CRAPE  MYRTLE  (LAGERSTIUEMIA  IXDICA,  L.),  originally  from  Eastern 
Asia,  is  common  in  cultivation. 


ORDER  .33.     RHIZOPHORACE./E.      (MAXGROVE    FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  growing  in  maritime  swamps,  with  opposite,  entire,  co- 
riaceous leaves,  and  deciduous  stipules  between  the  petioles.  —  Calyx 
united  with  the  ovary,  4  -  1 2-lobed,  valvate  or  lid-like  in  the  bud.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  alternate  with  them.  Stamens  twice  or 
several  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  calyx. 
Ovary  2-celled  with  the  cells  2-ovuled,  or  1-celled  and  several-ovuled. 
Ovules  pendulous.  Fruit  1-celled,  indehiscent.  Albumen  none.  Radicle 
elongated. 

1.    RHIZOPHORA,    L.     MANGROVE. 

Calyx-tube  obovate,  the  limb  4-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  4,  oblong,  emargi- 
nate,  enfolding  the  alternate  stamens  in  the  bud,  woolly  on  the  margins.  Sta- 
mens 8.  Anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  encircled  above  the 
base  by  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  at  length  perforated  at  the  apex  by  the  radicle 
of  the  germinating  embryo.  —  Flowers  axillary,  showy. 

1.  R.  Mangle,  L.  Leaves  obovate-oblong ;  peduncles  2-3-flowered; 
germinating  embryo  clavate  ;  flowers  pale  yellow.  —  Muddy  shores,  South 
Florida,  forming  dense  low  thickets. 


136          COMBRETACE.E.   (COMBRETUM  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  54     COMBRETACE^E.      (COMBRETUM  FAMILY., 

Tropical  trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  and  axillary 
spiked  or  capitate  flowers.  —  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  1-celled,  2  -  5- 
ovuled  ovary  ;  the  limb  4  -  5-cleft,  mostly  deciduous.  Petals  4-5,  often 
wanting.  Stamens  4-15,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  calyx.  Style 
slender :  stigma  simple.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  baccate,  or  dry  and  indehis- 
cent,  often  winged.  Seed  solitary,  suspended,  anatropous,  without  albu- 
men. Cotyledons  convolute  or  variously  folded. 

1.    LAGUNCULARIA,    Gsert. 

Flowers  in  spikes.  Calyx-tube  obconical,  the  limb  5-parted,  obtuse,  persist- 
ent. Petals  5,  minute.  Stamens  10.  Style  subulate ;  stigma  capitate.  Ovary 
1-celled,  2-ovuled.  Drupe  coriaceous,  cuneate-obovate,  compressed,  angled, 
1-seeded.  Seeds  germinating  in  the  drupe.  Cotyledons  convolute.  Radicle 
elongated.  —  Maritime  shrubs,  with  opposite  elliptical  smooth  and  fleshy  leaves, 
on  biglandular  petioles,  and  small  flowers,  in  simple  or  compound  axillary  and 
terminal  spikes. 

1.  L.  racemosa,  Gaert.     Spikes  erect,  rigid,  hoary-tomentose,  the  lateral 
ones  solitary,  the  terminal  ones  in  threes,  simple  or  branched ;  flowers  scattered ; 
calyx -tube  obconical,  furrowed,  wing-angled  in  fruit.  —  South  Florida.     June 
to  Aug.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  the  habit  of  the  Mangrove. 

2.  L.  glabriflora,  Presl.     Spikes  spreading,  slender,  smooth,  the  lateral 
ones  in  pairs,  the  terminal  ones  in  threes  or  fours ;  flowers  minute,  crowded, 
deciduous ;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  terete,  even,  with  two  opposite  bractlets  ap- 
pressed  to  sides.  —  Banks  of  the  Manitee  River,  South  Florida,  Rugel.    June.  — 
Perhaps  a  sterile  form  of  the  preceding. 

2.    CONOCARPUS,    Gxrt. 

Flowers  densely  crowded  in  a  globular  head.  Calyx-tube  about  as  long  as 
the  compressed  2-ovuled  ovary;  the  limb  5-cleft,  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens 5  - 10,  exserted.  Anthers  cordate.  Fruit  coriaceous,  scale-like,  closely 
imbricated  and  indehiscent.  Cotyledons  convolute.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate  entire  and  somewhat  fleshy  leaves.  Heads  of  flowers  spiked  or  panicled. 

1.  C.  erecta,  Jacq.  Branchlets  angular,  smooth;  leaves  smooth,  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  biglandular  petiole  ;  heads  of 
flowers  sessile,  or  on  short  and  spreading  pedicels  ;  cone  of  fruit  ovoid.  —  Var. 
SERICEA,  DC.  Branches,  leaves,  and  panicles  silky  and  hoary ;  lowest  leaves 
mostly  obovate  and  obtuse  or  emarginate ;  ovary  abortive.  —  Sandy  sea-shore, 
Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  southward.  January  and  February.  —  A  shrub  or 
small  tree.  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long.  Heads  of  fruit  3"  -  6"  long.  Flowers  greenish, 
minute. 


ONAGRACE^fc.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  137 

3.    TERMINALIA,    L. 

Flowers  in  spikes,  often  polygamous.  Limb  of  the  calyx  deciduous,  bell- 
shaped,  5-cleft,  with  the  lobes  acute.  Petals  none.  Stamens  10,  in  2  rows, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Ovary  2-3-ovuled.  Style  filiform.  Drupe  dry  and 
indehiscent,  1-seeded.  Seed  almond-like.  Cotyledons  spirally  convolute. — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  which  are  crowded  at  the  summit 
of  the  branches. 

1 .  T.  Catappa,  L.  Leaves  short -petioled,  softly  pubescent  when  young, 
at  length  smoothish,  obovate,  wedge-shaped  but  truncated  or  slightly  cordate  at 
the  base,  with  a  depressed  gland  on  each  side  of  the  midrib  near  the  base  ;  spikes 
veiy  slender,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  flowers  sterile ;  drupe  ovate,  acute, 
compressed,  with  the  margins  somewhat  winged.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  large  tree. 
Leaves  4' -8'  long.  Flowers  minute,  pale  green. 


ORDER  55.    ONAGRACE^E.     (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  and  often  produced  into  a  tube  beyond  it, 
2  -  6-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
inserted  into  its  throat,  convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovary  2  -  4-celled. 
Placenta  central.  Style  solitary:  stigma  capitate  or  2-4-lobed.  Cap- 
sule loculicidally  dehiscent  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  little 
or  no  albumen.  —  Chiefly  herbs. 

SUBORDER  I.  ONAGRACE^L  Styles  slender.  Fruit  4-valved 
(indehiscent  in  Gaura).  Seeds  attached  to  a  central  placenta,  without 

albumen. 

*  Calyx-tube  produced  beyond  the  ovary. 

1.  GAURA.     Capsule  nut-like,  indehiscent,  1  -  4-seeded. 

2.  (ENOTHERA.     Capsule  4-valved,  many-seeded. 

*  *  Calyx-tube  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary. 

3.  EPILOBIUM.    Stamens  8.    Petals  4.    Seeds  comose. 

4.  JUSSUEA.    Stamens  8 -12.    Petals  4 -6.    Capsule  long.    Seeds  naked. 

5.  LUDW1GIA.    Stamens  4.    Petals  4,  or  none.     Capsule  short,  many-seeded. 

6.  CIRC^EA.    Stamens  2.    Capsule  obovate,  1  -2-seeded. 

SUBORDER  II.  HALORAGEJ3.  Styles  very  short  or  none.  Fruit 
indehiscent.  Seeds  suspended,  solitary  in  each  cell.  Albumen  thin.  — 
Flowers  minute,  axillary. 

7.  PROSERPINACA.    Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  3.    Capsule  3-angled. 

8.  MYRIOPHYLLUM.     Flowers  monoecious.    Stamens  4-8.    Capsule  4-angled. 

1.    GAURA,    L. 

Calyx-tube  much  produced  beyond  the  ovary,  the  limb  3-4-lobed,  reflexed, 
deciduous.     Petals  3-4,  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to  the  upper  side.     Stamens 
12* 


138  ONAGRACEJ2.        (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

6-8.  Style  declined  :  stigma  4-lobed.  Ovary  3  -  4-celled.  Fruit  3  -  4-angled, 
mostly  1-celled,  1  -4-seeded.  — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  white  or  purple 
flowers  in  a  long-peduncled  raceme  or  spike. 

1 .  G.  biennis,  L.      Soft-hairy ;   leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  be- 
coming smoothish,  wavy-denticulate  on  the  margins ;  petals  spatulate,  white ; 
fruit  obtusely  4-angled,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sessile.  —  Dry  soil,  Georgia  to 
Tennessee,  and  northward.    July  and  August,    (g,  —  Stem  3°  r  8°  high.    Spikes 
compound. 

2.  G.  angUStifolia,  Michx.     Stem  simple,  or  sparingly  branched,  closely 
pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  coarsely-toothed,  often  blotched  with  purple ; 
the  uppermost  linear  and  nearly  entire  ;  fruit  nearly  sessile,  acute  at  both  ends, 
sharply  3 -4-angled.— Dry  old  fields  and  sandy  places  near  the  coast,  Florida  to 
North   Carolina,   and  westward.     June  -  August      ®  —  Stem   2°  -  3°  high. 
Flowers  white. 

3.  G.  filipes,  Spach.     Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary,  becoming  smooth- 
ish ;  stem  slender,  paniculately  branched  ;  leaves  linear,  toothed,  wavy ;  fruit 
ovoid,  obtuse,  sharply  4-angled,  on  slender  pedicels — Dry  pine  barrens,  Florid? 
to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.    July  -  Sept.    (f)  ?  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  verj 
leafy. 

2.     CENOTHERA,    L.     EVENING-PRIMROSE. 

Calyx-tube  produced  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4-lobed,  reflexed  and  decid- 
uous. Petals  4.  Stamens  8.  Stigma  4-lobed.  Capsule  4-valved,  many-seeded. 
—  Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  or  racemose  chiefly  yellow  flow- 
ers. Pollen-grains  triangular,  connected  by  cobwebby  hairs. 

*  Capsule  cylindrical,  sessile:  flowers  expanding  at  niylit :  annuals  or  biennials. 

1  -  CE.  biennis,  L.  Hairy,  hirsute,  or  smoothish ;  stem  tall,  often  simple  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  wavy  and  toothed  or  serrate  on  the 
margins ;  the  earliest  ones  sometimes  pinnatifid ;  spikes  leafy,  at  length  elon- 
gated ;  calyx-tube  longer  than  the  lobes ;  flowers  large.  (CE.  muricata,  Pursh. 
CE.  grandiflora,  Ait. )  —  Fields  and  waste  places,  everywhere.  June  -  Sept.  — 
Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Varies  greatly  in  pubescence  and  size  of  the  flower. 

2.  (E.  sinuata,  L.     Hairy  or  downy ;  stems  ascending  or  diffuse ;  leaves 
oblong,  pinnately  lobed,  the  lowest  pinnatifid ;  flowers  small,  axillary ;  calyx 
and  capsule  hairy.     Passes  through  several  intermediate  forms  into  Var.  HUMI- 
FUSA,    Torr.   &  Gray.     Stems  prostrate,  hoary ;  leaves  small,  lanceolate,  spar- 
ingly toothed  or  entire.  —  Fields  and  waste  places,  common ;  the  variety  in 
drifting  sand  along  the  coast     May  -  Sept.  —  Stems  2'  -  2°  high. 

*  *  Capsule  obovate  or  clavate,  furrowed,  and  mare  or  less  peduncled :  flowers  ex- 
panding in  sunshine. 

3.  CE.  glauca,  Michx.     Smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves  sessile, 
oblong-ovate,   wavy-denticulate,   acute ;    racemes  few-flowered,   leafy ;    flowers 
large ;    capsule   ovoid-oblong,   4-winged,  tapering  into  a  short  pedicel.     (CE. 
Fraseri,  Pursh.)  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee.     May 


ONAGRACE.E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  139 

-July.     y. —  Stem  branching,  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  2' -3'  long.    Flowers  2' 
in  diameter. 

4.  GE.  riparia,  Nutt.     Stem  slightly  pubescent,  very  leafy ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  remotely  denticulate,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole ;  raceme  short, 
leafy  at  the  base,  elongated  in  -fruit ;  flowers  large ;  capsule  oblong-clavate,  dis- 
tinctly pedicelled,  slightly  4-winged,  with  4  strong  intermediate  ribs.  —  Swamps 
and  river-banks,  Florida  and  northward.     June  and  July.     ®  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long,  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  margins.     Flowers  2'  in 
diameter. 

5.  CE.  fruticosa,  L.     Hairy  or  smoothish  ;  stem  mostly  simple ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  commonly  wavy  and  remotely  denticulate  on  the  margins  ;  raceme  at 
first  corymb-like,  at  length  elongated  ;  flowers  large  ;  capsule  4-winged,  with  in- 
termediate ribs,  oblong-clavate,  longer  than  the  pedicel.  —  Fields,  Mississippi  to 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.     June -Sept.     1J.—  Stem  1°  -2°  high.     Flow- 
ers 1'  -  2'  in  diameter. 

6.  CE.  linearis,  Michx.     Stem  slender,  smooth  below,  pubescent  above ; 
the  young  branches  hoary  ;  lowest  leaves  obovate  ;  the  others  linear-lanceolate, 
entire  or  sparingly  denticulate  ;  raceme  short,  many-flowered,  leafy ;  capsule  ob- 
ovate, 4-winged,  with  conspicuous  intermediate  ribs,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
pedicel. — Dry  light  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April -June. 

—  Stem  1°  -  1|°  high.     Flowers  1'  in  diameter. 

7.  CE.  pumila,  L.    Low,   smoothish;  leaves   lanceolate,   obtuse;  raceme 
leafy ;  flowers  small ;  capsule  oblong-obovate,  4-wing-angled,  nearly  sessile.  — 
Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina,  and  occasionally  also  around  dwellings  in 
the  low  country,  from  seeds  introduced  in  Northern  hay.    June.  —  Stem  6'  -  12' 
high.     Flowers  |'  in  diameter. 

8.  CE.  linifolia,  Nutt.    Low,  smoothish ;  stem  at  length  much  branched  ; 
leaves  very  numerous,  linear-filiform,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  raceme  pubescent, 
few-flowered  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  flowers  small ;  lobes  of  the  stigma 
coherent  into  a  globular  head ;   capsule  obovate,  4-angled,  nearly  sessile.  — 
Gravelly  hills,  near  Scott's  mill,  Warren  County,  Georgia,  and  westward.    June. 

—  Stem  6'  - 12'  high.    Flowers  4"  -  5"  in  diameter. 


3.    EPILOBIUM,    L.    WILLOW-HERB. 

Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  the  limb  4-cleft,  deciduous. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8.  Capsule  elongated,  many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of 
long  hairs  at  the  apex. — Perennials,  with  alternate  and  opposite  denticulate 
leaves,  and  chiefly  white  or  purple  flowers. 

1.  E.  angUStifolium,  L.  Stem  tall,  simple,  smoothish  ;  leaves  alternate, 
lanceolate,  entire  or  wavy  on  the  margins,  paler  beneath;  racemes  elongated, 
bracted ;  flowers  showy ;  petals  obovate,  purple ;  stigma  4-lobed  ;  capsule  and 
calyx  hoary-tomentose.  (E.  spicatum,  Lam.) — Mountains  of  North  Carolina 
and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  3°-  6°  high. 


140  ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

2.  E.  COloratum,  Muhl.     Stem  smoothish,  much  branched ;  leaves  mostly 
opposite,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate ;  raceme  leafy ;  flowers  small, 
reddish;  petals  2-cleft ;  stigma  clavate;  capsule  downy.     (E.  tetragonum,  Ph., 
Ell.)  —  Swamps  in  the  upper  districts,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.    August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

3.  E.  palustre,  L.,    var.    lineare,    Gray.      Stem   pubescent,   branching 
above ;  leaves  linear,   slightly  denticulate,   the   lower  ones  opposite ;    raceme 
leafy ;  flowers  small,  white  or  rose-color ;  stigma  clavate ;     capsule  hoary.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

4.    JUSSIJEA,    L. 

Calyx-tube  long,  4-angled  or  cylindrical,  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the 
limb  4-6-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  8-12.  Capsule  mostly 
elongated,  4  -  6-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  irregularly  at  the  sides.  —  Marsh 
herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers. 

1.  J.  leptocarpa,  Nutt.     Hairy;  stem  erect,  at  length  much  branched; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute ;  flowers  small ;  calyx-lobes  mostly  6,  as  long  as  the 
petals ;  capsule  linear,  cylindrical,  much  longer  than  the  pedicel.  —  Marshes, 
Florida,  and  westward.    June -Sept.      (3) — Stem  2° -5°  high.     Capsule  1^' 
long,  slightly  curved. 

2.  J.  grandiflora,    Michx.     Hairy ;   stem   creeping  at  the   base ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute ;  flowers  large ;  calyx-lobes  5,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ;  ovary 
(rarely  maturing)  rather  shorter  than  the  pedicel.  —  Marshes,  South  Carolina, 
and  westward.     May -August.     1J.  —  Stem  2° -3°  long.    Flowers  2' in  diam- 
eter.    Capsule  cylindrical. 

3.  J.   decurrens,   DC.      Smooth ;    stem  erect,   branched,   wing-angled ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sessile  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile ;  calyx-lobes  4,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  petals ;  stamens  8 ;    capsule  4-angled,  oblong-clavate.     (Ludwigia 
decurrens,  Ell )  —  Ditches,  &c.,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July  - 
Sept.     ®  —  Stem  6'  -  3°  high. 

5.    LUDWIGIA,    L.     SEKD-BOX. 

Calyx-tube  4-angled  or  cylindrical,  mostly  short,  not  prolonged  beyond  the 
ovary.  Petals  4,  roundish  or  obcordate,  often  wanting.  Stamens  4.  Style 
short.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  variously  dehiscent,  4-celled,  many-seeded.  — 
Perennial  and  mostly  stoloniferous  marsh  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  yellow 
flowers. 
*  Capsule  cubical,  indehiscent,  discharging  the  seeds  through  a  central  pore  of  the 

convex  disk :  calyx-lobes  deciduous :  petals  large :  stamens  and  style  slender :  leaves 

alternate :  Jlowers  pedicelled. 

1.  L.  alternifolia,  L.  Smoothish;  stem  much  branched ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, short-petipled,  acute ;  calyx-lobes  spreading,  about  as  long  as  the  petals ; 
capsule  large,  wing-angled.  (L.  macrocarpa,  Michx.)  —  Shady  swamps,  Florida 


ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  141 

to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Flowers  axillary, 
or  the  upper  ones  somewhat  racemed. 

2.  L.  virgata,    Michx.     Tomentose;  stem  slender,  simple,  or  branching 
from  the  base ;  leaves  obtuse,  sessile,  the  lowest  oblong,  the  uppermost  linear ; 
flowers  in  elongated  leafy  racemes ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed  calyx- 
lobes  ;  capsule  strongly  4-anglcd.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  sometimes  in  rather  dry 
places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     July  and  August.  —  Stem 
2°  -  3°  high.     Varies  considerably  in  pubescence,  and  size  of  the  flowers  and 
capsule. 

3.  L.  hirtella,  Raf.     Hairy ;  stem  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ; 
leaves  short,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile  and  rounded  at  the  base ;  flow- 
ers axillary ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  erect  or  spreading  calyx-lobes ;  capsule 
strongly  angled.     (L.  pilosa,  Ell.) — Flat  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.     August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

*  *  Valves  of  the  capsule  separating  from  the  concave  disk,  and  irregularly  from  the 
persistent  partitions  and  placenta  :  calyx-lobes  persistent :  petals  small  or  none :  sta- 
mens and  style  short :  stems  erect  or  ascending :  leaves  alternate :  flowers  sessile. 
•<—  Petals  conspicuous. 

4.  L.    linearis,    Walt.       Smooth;     stem    (l°-3°    high)    virgately    much 
branched;  leaves  linear,  acute;  flowers  small;  capsule  clavate-oblong,  with  4 
rounded  angles,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  triangular-ovate  calyx-lobes.  —  Ditch- 
es and  ponds,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Bark  at 
the  base  of  the  stem  spongy. 

5.  L.  linifolia,  Poir.     Smooth;  stem  low  (G'- 12'),  creeping  at  the  base, 
branching ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  often  obtuse ;  capsule  linear-cylin- 
drical, rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes.  —  Ditches  and  swamps  in 
the  low  country,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     July  —  Sept. 

•i—  -i—  Petals  minute  or  wanting. 

6.  L.  cylindrica,  Ell.    Smooth ;  stem  angled  above,  often  much  branched  ; 
leaves  long,  lanceolate,  obscurely  denticulate,  acute,  tapering  into  a  petiole ; 
petals  none ;  capsules  axillary,  often  clustered,  cylindrical  or  obscurely  4-sided, 
many  times  longer  than  the  small  calyx-lobes.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina,    and  westward.      July -Sept.  —  Stem    mostly   bushy,    2° -3°    high. 
Leaves  3'  -4'  long. 

7.  L.  pilosa,  Walt.     Tomentose ;  stem  stout,  terete,  much  branched ;  leaves 
sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute;  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes;  petals 
mostly  wanting ;  capsule  globose  -  4-sided,  about  as  long  as  the  spreading  calyx- 
lobes.     (L.  mollis,  Ell.)  — Ditches  and  ponds  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.     July-  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high,  the  branches  spread- 
ing.    Capsule  whitish. 

8.  L.  sphserocarpa,  Eil.     Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ;    stem  slender, 
angled  above,  short-branched  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  very 
small,  axillary  ;  petals  none  ;  capsule  globose,  pubescent,  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
lobes.  —  Margins  of  ponds,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward,  not  common 
July -Sept.— Stem  2° -3°  high.     Capsule  l"-2"  long. 


142  ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

9.  L.  capitata,  Michx.     Smooth;    stem   mostly   simple,    slender,    angled 
above ;  leaves  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  sessile,  the  lowest  ones  broader  and  ob- 
tuse; flowers  in  a  compact  oblong  or  ovate  head,  the  lower  ones  sometimes 
scattered ;  petals  minute,  mostly  wanting  ;  capsule  obtusely  4-angled,  somewhat 
narrower  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  calyx -lobes.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

10.  L.  lanceolata,  Ell.  ?     Smooth;  stem   stout,   terete,  at   length  much 
branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile ;  flowers  very  numerous,  in  all  the  axils, 
green ;  petals  none ;  capsule  cubical,  with  the  sides  flat  and  the  angles  mar- 
gined, twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes ;  seeds  cylindrical.  — Ponds  and  swamps 
in  the  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia.     July -Sept. —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Flowers  small. 

11.  L.  alata,  Ell.     Smooth;  stem  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
near  the  summit,  strongly  angled  ;  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  obscurely  denticu- 
late ;  flowers  few,  near  the  summit  of  the  branches,  white  ;  petals  none  ;  capsule 
cnbic-obconical,  with  concave  sides  and  winged  angles,  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
lobes  ;  seeds  ovoid. — Brackish  marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

12.  L.  microcarpa,  Michx.     Smooth;  stem  low,  creeping  at  the  base, 
3-angled,  mostly  simple ;  leaves   spatulate-obovate ;  petals   none ;  capsule  mi- 
nute, cubic-obconical,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Muddy  places,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     July  and  August.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high.     Cap- 
sule scarcely  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 

*  *  *  Stems  creeping :  leaves  opposite. 
•>-   Petals  none. 

13.  L.  palustris,  Ell.     Smooth ;  stems  diffuse ;  leaves  obovate,  tapering 
into  a  long  petiole  ;  capsule  oblong  or  obconical,  obscurely  4-sided,  longer  than 
the  calyx-lobes.  —  Ditches  and  muddy  places,  common.    June -Sept.  —  Stems 
C'-12'  long. 

14.  L.  spathulata,    Torr.    &    Gray.      Pubescent  and   somewhat   hoary ; 
leaves  spatulate-obovate  ;  capsule  ovoid  ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Mar- 
gins of  pine-barren  ponds,  Middle  Florida.    July  and  August. 

H-  •*-  Petals  4. 

15.  L.  natans,  E!I.     Smooth;  stems  diffuse;  leaves  obovate,  acutish,  ta- 
pering into  a  long  petiole  ;  flowers  short-pedicel  led  ;  petals  roundish,  as  long  as 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx  ;  capsule  obtusely  4-anglcd,  narrowed  at  the  base.  — 
Marshes  and  margins  of  streams,  Florida  to  North   Carolina,  and  westward. 
July -Sept.  —  Resembles  No.  13,  but  is  every  way  larger. 

16.  L.  arcuata,  Walt.     Smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
acute ;  flowers  on  peduncles  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  2-bracted  at  the 
base  ;  .calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  obovate  petals  ;  capsule  cla- 
vate,  curved.  —  Muddy  margins  of  ponds,  £c.,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July. 
—  Stems  4'  -  8'  long. 


ONAGRACK.*.       (EVENING    PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  143 

6.     CIRCJEA,     Tourn. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  produced  beyond  the  ovary,  the  limb  2-cleft,  deciduous. 
Petals  2,  obcordate.  Stamens  2.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  obovate,  1  -  2-celled, 
1  -  2-seeded,  bristly  with  hooked  hairs.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled 
leaves,  and  small  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  loose  terminal  racemes. 

1.  C.  Lutetiana,  L.     Minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  slight- 
ly toothed,  usually  longer  than  the  petioles ;  bracts  none ;  capsule  hispid.  — 
Damp  shades  along  the  mountains,   Georgia  and  northward.    July.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high,  tumid  at  the  joints.     Fruit  reflexed.     Flowers  reddish-white. 

2.  C.  alpina,  L.     Smooth;  stem  low  (3' -8');  leaves  cordate,   coarsely 
toothed,  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  pedicels  minutely  bracted ;  capsule  hairy.  — 
With  the  preceding. 

7.    PROSERPINACA,    L. 

Calyx-tube  3-sided,  3-lobed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit 
bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded.  —  Herbs  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and 
minute  axillary  greenish  flowers. 

1.  P.  palustris,  L.     Leaves   lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  the   submerged 
ones  pectinate.  —  Ponds   and   ditches,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
June  -August.  —  Stem  1°  -  1  J°  long,  ascending  or  floating. 

2.  P.  pectinacea,  Lam.      Leaves  all  pectinate,   the   divisions   filiform  ; 
fruit  rugose.  —  With  the  preceding.  —  Stem  3' -12'  long. 

8.     MYRIOPHYLLTJM,     Vail.     WATER-MILFOIL. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  4-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4- 
toothed  in  the  fertile  ones.  Petals  4  or  none.  Stamens  4  or  8.  Stigmas  4, 
recurved.  Fruit  bony,  4-celled,  4-lobed,  indehiscent.  —  Aquatic  perennial  herbs, 
with  the  submerged  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  filiform  or  capillarv  segments, 
and  commonly  whorlcd.  Flowers  minute  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  the 
uppermost  sterile. 

*  Stamens  8  :  fruit  even  or  warty. 

1.  M.  laxum,  Shuttl.     Stem  long,  slender ;  leaves  4  in  a  whorl ;  the  floral 
ones  reduced  to  minute  nearly  entire  spatulate  bracts,  shorter  than  the  flowers, 
which  thus  form  an  interrupted  almost  naked  spike ;  fruit  roughened  with  mi- 
nute warts,  with  the  lobes  obtuse.  —  Ponds  and  lakes,  Middle  and  West  Florida. 
—  July. 

2.  M.  verticillatum,  L.     Leaves  in  whorls  of  3-4,  the  floral  ones  linear, 
pectinately  toothed,  much  longer  than  the  flowers ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Still  water, 
Florida,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  long,  stouter  than  the  last. 

*  *  Stamens  4  :  fruit  ridged  and  roughened. 

3.  M.   heterophyllum,   Michx.     Stem  thick;  leaves  4-6  in  a  whorl, 
the  floral  ones  crowded,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate ;  the  lower 


J44  CACTACE>E.     (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

ones  pinnatifid ;  fruit  slightly  roughened.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Florida,  and 
northward.     July. 

4.  M.  scabratum,  Michx.  Stem  short  (6'-  12') ;  leaves 4-5  in  a  whorl, 
the  divisions  few  and  capillary,  the  floral  ones  linear,  pectinately  toothed ;  fruit 
strongly  ridged  and  roughened.  —  Shallow  ponds,  South  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. June  and  July. 


ORDER  56.     CACTACE-/E.     (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

Succulent,  shrubby,  and  commonly  leafless  and  prickly  plants,  with 
globular,  or  columnar  and  angular,  or  flattened  and  jointed  stems,  and 
solitary  sessile  flowers.  —  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  and  adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  Stamens  indefinite,  with  long 
filaments,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  petals.  Style  single :  stigmas  nu- 
merous. Fruit  baccate.  Seeds  numerous,  campylotropous,  borne  on 
several  parietal  placentae.  Albumen  scanty  or  none. 

1.    CERETJS,    Haw. 

Sepals  and  petals  united  into  an  elongated  tube  above  the  ovary.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  many-lobed.  Seeds  without  al- 
bumen. —  Stems  elongated,  ribbed  or  angled ;  the  angles  bearing  tufts  of  spines 
and  showy  flowers. 

1.  C.    monoclonos,    DC.?      Stem  tall,  columnar,   G-8-angled,   green » 
angles   obtuse;    spines  short,  brownish. — Key   West. —  Stem  4° -10°  high. 
Flowers  6'  long,  the  inner  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  white ;  the  outer  ones 
linear,  greenish,  and  gradually  diminishing  into  the  scales  of  the  tube.     Stigmas 
10  or  more,  filiform,  exserted.     Stamens  included. 

2.  C.  triangularis,  Haw.  ?     Stem  elongated,  jointed,  3-sided,  rooting  at 
the  joints;  flowers  greenish  externally,  white  within,  very  large;  fruit  large, 
naked.  —  Key  West.  —  Stem  climbing  over  bushes.     Joints  1°  long. 

2.     OPUNTIA,     Tourn.     PRICKLY  PKAR. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  united  into,  a  tube.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  base  of 
the  petals.  Style  cylindrical.  Stigma  3-8-lobed.  Seeds  with  thin  albumen. 
—  Stems  with  flat  or  rarely  cylindrical  joints.  Leaves  fleshy,  with  tufts  of  bristly 
hairs  and  commonly  strong  spines  in  their  axils,  deciduous.  Flowers  large, 
yellow. 

1.  O.   Ficu.S-Ind.icus,   Haw.      Stem  erect,  spreading;  joints  oval  and 
obovate ;  leaves  subulate,  bristly  in  the  axils,  without  spines ;  fruit  bristly,  ob- 
ovate,  red  within,  edible.  —  South  Florida.     May.  —  Joints  1°  long. 

2.  O.   VUlgaris,   Mill.     Stem  prostrate ;  joints  obovate,  pale ;  spines  few 
and  s'hort ;  fruit  nearly  smooth.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  and  northward,  near 
the  coast.    June  and  July. 


GROSSULACK^E.       (CURRANT    FAMILY.)  145 

3.  O.  pOlyantha,  Haw.     Stem  erect ;  joints  oblong ;  spines  yellow,  strong, 
unequal ;    flowers  numerous  around  the  summit  of  the  joints ;    stigmas  6.  — 
Key  West,  and  waste  places  around  Apalachicola,  Florida.    June. 

4.  O.  Pes-Corvi,  Leconte.     Stems  prostrate,  diffuse;  joints  small  (l'-3'), 
cylindrical  or  somewhat  flattened,  easily  separable,  spiny ;  spines  by  pairs,  un- 
equal, elongated;  sepals  and  petals  8-12,   cuneate;   stigmas  4;   fruit  small, 
fleshy,  bristly,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Barren  sandy  places  along  the  coast,  Florida  and 
Georgia.     May.  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  long. 


ORDER  57.     GROSStTLACE^.     (CURRANT  FAMILY.) 

Spiny  or  unarmed  shrubs,  with  alternate  palmately  veined  and  lobed 
leaves,  without  stipules,  and  with  axillary  racemose  or  clustered  flowers.  — 
Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  small.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae.  Styles  more  or  less 
united.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  many-seeded  berry.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  the 
minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  hard  albumen. 

1.     RIBES,     L.     CURRANT.     GOOSKBKRUY. 
Character  same  as  the  order. 

*  Stems  spiny  and  commonly  bristly :  peduncles  1  -3-fouxred. 

1.  R.  Cynosbati,  L.  Leaves  on  slender  petioles,  slightly  cordate,  round- 
ish, 3 -5-lobed,  pubescent;  peduncles  2 - 3-flowered ;  stamens  and  single  style 
not  longer  than  the  broad  and  short  calyx-tube ;  petals  ohovate ;  berry  mostly 
prickly.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  smooth 
or  bristly.  Leaves  1 '  -  2'  in  diameter. 

•2-  R.  rotundifolium,  Michx.  Leaves  small,  smoothish,  roundish,  3-5- 
lobed,  often  acute  at  the  base,  on  slender  petioles ;  peduncles  1  -  2-flowcred ; 
stamens  and  2-parted  style  longer  than  the  narrow-cylindrical  calyx-tube ;  petals 
spatulate ;  berry  small,  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
—  Shrub  3°-4°  high,  often  unarmed.  Leaves  £'  - 1'  in  diameter. 

3.  R.  gracile,  Michx.     Axillary  spine  very  short ;  leaves  on  slender  peti- 
oles, pubescent  on  both  sides,  the  lobes  acute,  incised,  and  acutely  toothed ; 
peduncles  long,  capillary,  erect,  1  —  2-flowered ;  calyx  smooth,  tubular-campanu- 
late.  —  Mountains  of  Tennessee. 

*  *  Stems  without  spines  or  bristles :  racemes  many-flowered. 

4.  R.  prostratum,  L'Herit.     Leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  cordate,  with 
about  5   spreading  incised  and  serrate  lobes,  smooth ;  racemes  erect ;  style  2- 
cleft;  berry  glandular-bristly.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
May  and  June.  —  Stems  reclining.    Racemes  3'  -  5'  long.      Leaves  2'  -  3'  in 
diameter. 

5.  R.  resinosum,  Pursh.     Plant  clothed  in  every  part  with  resinous  glan- 
dular hairs  ;  leaves  roundish,  3  -  5-lobed  ;  racemes  erect ;  bracts  linear,  longer 

13 


146  TURNERACE.E.       (TURNERA    FAMILY.) 

than  the  pedicels ;  calyx  flattish  ;  petals  obtusely  rhomboidal ;  fruit  hirsute.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     April  and  May.     (  * ) 


ORDER  58.     1.OASACEJE.     (LOASA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  commonly  armed  with  bristly  barbed  and  stinging  hairs.  Leaves 
alternate,  exstipulate.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered.  —  Calyx-tube  ad- 
herent to  the  1-celled  ovary,  the  limb  5-parted  and  persistent.  Petals  5 
or  10,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  mostly  indefinite,  in 
several  parcels,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Styles  united.  Capsule  irregu- 
larly dehiscent.  Seeds  few  or  many,  borne  on  3-5  parietal  placentae, 
commonly  with  scanty  albumen. 

1.    MENTZELIA,    Plum. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  clul>-shapcd.  Petals  convolute  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens commonly  30  or  more,  the  exterior  ones  often  dilated  and  sterile.  Styles 
3,  united  to  the  middle.  Capsule  3-valved  at  the  summit,  with  3  parietal  pla- 
centae. Cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  Steins  branching.  Leaves  toothed  or 
sinuate-pinnatifid.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  M.  Floridana,  Nutt.  Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  toothed,  truncate  and  2- 
lobed  at  the  base ;  stamens  about  30 ;  capsule  6-secded.  —  South  Florida.  — 
Stem  1°  high.  Flowers  small,  golden-yellow. 


ORDER  59.     TURIVERACEJE.     (TURNERA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  exstipulate  leaves,  and  solitary 
axillary  flowers.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  1-celled  ovary,  colored,  5-lobed, 
deciduous.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  calyx  below  the  pe- 
tals. Styles  3,  distinct,  simple,  2-cleft  or  2-parted.  Stigmas  3  or  <J, 
many-parted.  Placentae  3,  parietal.  Capsule  loculicidally  3-valved, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  arilled.  Embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  — 
Flowers  sessile,  or  on  bracted  or  jointed  pedicels. 

1.    PIRIQUETA,    Aublet. 

Calyx  campanulate.  Styles  3,  2-cleft  or  deeply  2-parted.  Stigmas  6,  many- 
parted.  Capsule  opening  to  the  base  into  3  valves.  —  Herbs  with  stellate  pubes- 
cence. Flowers  on  jointed  pedicels,  yellow. 

1.  P.  fulva.  Hirsute  with  fulvous  hairs,  and  stellate-tomentose ;  stem 
simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  mostly  serrate  or 
toothed,  nearly  sessile ;  pedicels  (at  least  the  upper  ones)  longer  than  the  leaves. 


1'ASSIFLORACEJE.       (PASSIOX-FLO  WER    FAMILY.)  147 

often  bibractcolatc ;  petals  obovate ;  styles  2-parted.  (Turnera  cistoides,  Ell. 
P.  villosa,  Aub.  ?)  — Dry  light  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June  and  July. 
1J.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  2' -3'  long,  the  lowest  ones  broader. 

2.  P.  tomentosa,  H.  B.   K.     Stellate-tomentose  throughout ;  stem   sim- 
ple ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  obscurely  crenate,  hoary  be- 
neath ;    pedicels  shorter  than  the   leaves.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem    1°  high- 
Leaves  rather  rigid,  1'  long. 

3.  P.  glabra.     Stem  slender,  branching,  smooth ;    leaves  smooth,  linear, 
entire,  the  floral  ones  small  and  bractlike  ;  pedicels  several  times  longer  than  the 
leaves,  and,  like  the  calyx,  stellate-tomcntose ;  petals  spatulate ;  styles  2-cleft. 
(Turnera  glabra,    DC.?)  —  South   Florida.  —  Stem    l°-2°   high.     Leaves  2' 
long.     Flowers  1'  in  diameter. 


ORDER    60.      PASSIFLORACE^E.        (PASSION-FLOWER 
FAMILY.) 

Climbing  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  mostly  stipulate  leaves,  and  ax- 
illary often  showy  flowers.  —  Calyx  of  4  -  5  more  or  less  united  sepals, 
commonly  bearing  at  the  throat  4-5  petals,  and  a  crown  of  slender  fila- 
ments in  one  or  more  rows.  Stamens  4-5,  monadelphous  below  and  en- 
closing the  stipe  of  the  ovary.  Ovary  1-eelled,  with  3-4  parietal  pla- 
centae. Styles  3-4,  clav ate.  Fruit  fleshy  or  baccate.  Seeds  numerous, 
anatropous,  included  in  a  pulpy  sac.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albu- 
men. 

1.     PASSIFLORA,    L.    PASSION-FLOWER.     MAY-POP. 

Calyx-tube  very  short.  Filaments  of  the  crown  in  2  or  more  rows.  Fruit 
baccate  —  Tendrils  axillary.  Peduncles  jointed,  1 -flowered. 

1.  P.  incarnata,  L.     Leaves  palmately  3-lobed,  acute,  serrate;  petioles 
biglandular  ;  peduncles  3-bracted  ;  sepals  with  a  horn-like  point  below  the  apex, 
whitish  within  ;  filaments  of  the  crown  in  about  5  rows,  the  two  outer  ones  as 
long  as  the  sepals ;  berry  large,  oval.  —  In  open  or  cultivated  ground,  common. 
June  and  July.     1J.  —  Fruit  yellowish,  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.     Flowers  purple 
and  white. 

2.  P.  lutea,  L.     Leaves  cordate,  broadly  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  with  the 
lobes  rounded  and  entire  ;  petioles  glandless ;   flowers  small,  greenish-yellow  ; 
peduncles  by  pairs,  bractless  ;  filaments  of  the  crown  in  3  rows,  shorter  than  the 
sepals.  —  Woods  and  thickets,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    June  and 
July,     ty  —  Fruit  oval,  purple,  £'  in  diameter. 

3.  P.  suberosa,  L.     Leaves  smooth,  slightly  fringed  on  the  margins,  5- 
nerved  at  the  base,  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  ovate  entire  acute  lobes,  the 
middle  lobe  largest ;  petioles  short,  biglandular  above  the  middle  ;  peduncles 
commonly  by  pairs ;  flowers  greenish  ,    petals  none  ;   filaments  of  the  crown 
shorter  than  the  sepals,  purple  at  the  base  ;  fruit  purple.  —  South  Florida. 


148  CUCURBITACE^E.       (GOURD    FAMILY.) 

4.  P.  angustifolia,  Swartz.    Lower  leaves  mostly  3-lobed,  with  the  lobes 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  and  entire  ;  upper  leaves  simple,  lanceolate,  and  acute  ;  peti- 
oles short,  biglandular ;  flowers  small,  solitary  or  by  pairs,  the  peduncles  short 
and  bractless  ;    petals  none  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem   1  °  -  2°   long.      Leaves 
sometimes  entire.     Flowers  4"- 6"  wide,  yellowish.     Berry  purple,  as  large  as 
a  pea.     Filaments  of  the  crown  in  2  rows.     Stamens  occasionally  4.     Stipules 
subulate. 

5.  P.  Warei,  Nutt.     Leaves  on  short  biglandnlar  petioles  ;  the  lower  ones 
3-lobed,  acute ;  the  upper  ovate  or  oblong,  undivided  ;  stipules  subulate  ;  pedun- 
cles commonly  by  pairs,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles ;  flowers  very  small ; 
segments  of  the  crown  few,  filiform,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  South  Florida.  —     * 
Probably  identical  with  P.  pallida  of  the  West  Indies. 


ORDER  61.     CUCURBITACE^E.     (GOURD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  succulent  stems,  climbing  by  means  of  lateral  tendrils. 
Leaves  alternate,  palmately  veined  or  lobed.  Flowers  axillary,  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious.  —  Calyx  5-toothed,  adnate  to  the,  ovary.  Corolla  of  5 
distinct,  or  more  or  less  united  petals,  coherent  with  the  calyx.  Stamens 
3-5,  free  or  variously  united.  Anthers  long,  straight  or  tortuous,  com- 
monly connate.  Ovary  1  -  3-celled.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  (pepo)  fleshy  or 
pulpy,  1  -  3-celled.  Seeds  compressed,  anatropous,  without  albumen. 
Cotyledons  leafy. 

Synopsis. 

1.  BRYONIA.    Petals  5,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base.    Ovary  3-celled.    Fruit  3-seeded, 

smooth. 

2.  MELOTHRIA.    Petals  5,   united  into  a  campanulate  corolla.     Ovary  3-celled.     Fruit 

many-seeded,  smooth. 

3.  SICYOS.     Petals  5,  united  at  the  base  into  a  rotate  corolla.     Ovary  1-celled.    Fruit  1- 

seeded,  hispid. 

1.  BRYONIA,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  distinct,  or 
united  at  the  base.  Stamens  5,  triadelphous :  anthers  tortuous.  Style  mostly 
3-cleft.  Fruit  ovate  or  globose,  smooth,  few-seeded. 

1.  B.  Boykinii,  Torr.  £  Gray.  Rough-pubescent;  leaves  broadly  cor- 
date, 3  -  5-lobed ;  the  lateral  lobes  entire  or  toothed,  the  middle  one  cuspidate ; 
sterile  and  fertile  flowers  intermixed,  3-5  in  a  cluster,  short-pedicelled ;  styles 
xinited  ;  fruit  3-seeded ;  the  seeds  3-toothed  at  the  base.  —  River-banks,  Georgia, 
and  westward.  June  and  July.  —  Stems  elongated.  Flowers  greenish-white. 
Berry  crimson. 

2.  MELOTHRIA,    L. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flower  narrowed 
above  the  ovary ;  the  sterile  ones  campanulate.  Petals  5,  united  into  a  campanu- 


SURIANACE^E.       (SUBIANA    FAMILY.)  149 

late  corolla  Stamens  5,  triadelphous  :  anthers  tortuous,  connate,  at  length  sep- 
arate Style  single,  with  a  cup-shaped  disk  surrounding  its  base.  Stigmas  3. 
Fruit  oval,  smooth,  many-seeded. 

1.  M.  pendula,  L.  Stem  filiform,  smooth;  leaves  rough,  cordate,  with 
3-5  angular-toothed  lobes  ; '  sterile  flowers  in  small  racemes  ;  the  fertile  solitary, 
on  long  peduncles ;  fruit  oval,  blackish,  drooping.  — Light  soil,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.  May -August.  —  Flowers  small,  yellow. 

3.     SICYOS,    L. 

Flowers  moncecious.  Calyx  flattish,  with  5  subulate  or  minute  teeth.  Petals 
5,  united  below  into  a  rotate  corolla.  Stamens  5,  monadelphous  or  triadelphous. 
Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovulcd.  Style  slender.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  membranaceous, 
bristly,  1 -seeded.  —  Annual  herbs.  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  mostly  from  the 
same  axil. 

1.  S.  angulatUS,  L.  Plant  hairy  and  clammy  ;  leaves  thin,  cordate,  with 
3-5  acuminate  denticulate  lobes ;  sterile  flowers  racemose  ;  the  fertile  ones  in 
peduncled  clusters,  whitish.  —  River-banks,  Florida,  and  northward.  June  - 
August. 


ORDER  62.     SURIANACEJE.     (SURIANA   FAMILY.) 

A  downy  shrub,  with  alternate  crowded  exstipulate  leaves,  and  perfect 
yellow  flowers,  in  small  axillary  bracted  racemes.  —  Calyx  5-parted,  per- 
sistent ;  the  base  filled  with  a  fleshy  torus,  which  bears  the  ovaries,  petals, 
and  stamens.  Petals  5,  oblong-obovate.  Stamens  10,  hairy,  the  alternate 
ones  short  and  sterile.  Ovaries  5,  distinct,  with  2  erect  collateral  ortho- 
tropous  ovules  in  each.  Styles  5,  each  arising  from  the  central  angle  of 
the  ovary  near  the  base,  thickened  upwards.  Carpels  1-seeded,  indehis- 
cent.  Seeds  without  albumen.  Embryo  hooked. 

1.    SURIANA,    Plum. 

Character  same  as  the  order. 

1 .  S.  maritima,  L.  —  Sea-shore,  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high. 
Leaves  linear-spatulate,  fleshy,  imbricated  near  the  summit  of  the  branches. 
Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves. 


ORDER   63.     CRASSULACE^E.     (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 

Succulent  herbs,  with  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  and  mostly 

cymose  flowers.     Sepals  3  -  20,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  persistent. 

Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  imbricated 

in  the  bud,  rarely  wanting.     Stamens  as  many,  or  twice  as  many,  inserted 

13* 


150  CRASSULACE^E.       (ORPINE    FAMILY.) 

•with  the  petals.  Ovaries  as  many  as  the  sepals,  separate  or  united  below. 
Carpels  several-seeded,  opening  along  the  inner  suture.  Seeds  anatropous. 
Embryo  straight,  in  thin  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  SEDUM.     Carpels  distinct.     Sepals  4-5.     Stamens  8  or  10. 

2.  DIAMORPHA.     Carpels  united  at  the  base.     Sepals  4.    Stamens  8 

3.  PENTHORUM.     Carpels  united  above  the  middle.     Sepals  5.     Stamens  10. 

1.     SEDUM,     L.      OKPIM:.     STOXF.-CROP. 

Sepals  4-5.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Carpels  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  ;ui  en- 
tire scale  at  the  base  of  each.  —  Herbs  smooth  and  fleshy. 

1.  S.  telephioides,  Michx.     Stem  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy 
throughout ;  leaves  alternate,  oblong-obovate,  toothed  or  entire ;  the  lower  ones 
mostly  tapering  into  a  petiole,  the  upper  sessile ;  cymes  compact,  erect,  many- 
flowered;   petals  flesh-color,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens  10;  carpels 
acuminate,  pointed  with  the  slender  style.  —  Dry  rocks,  along  the  mountains, 
Georgia,  and  northward.     June.  —  Stem  "'-12'  high.     Leaves  1'-  1  £'  long. 

2.  S.  ternatum,  Michx.     Stems  low  (3'  -  8'),  branching  at  the  base,  ascend- 
ing ;  lowest  leaves  crowded,  spatulatc  or  obovate,  3  in  a  whorl ;  the  upper  ones 
scattered,  oval  or  lanceolate  ;  cyme  composed  of  3  recurved  branches  ;  stamens 
8,  those  of  the  central  flowers  10.  —  Mountain-rocks,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  and 
northward.     May  and  June.     1J.  —  Flowers  white. 

3.  S.  pulchellum,  Michx.     Stems  ascending  (4' -12' long):  leaves  very 
numerous,  alternate,  linear,  obtuse;  cyme   composed   of  several  recurved   or 
spreading  branches ;  flowers  pale  purple;  sepals  much  shorter  than  the  petals; 
stamens  8,  those  of  the  central  flowers  mostly  10;  carpels  tapering  into  the  long 
and  slender  style.  —  With  the  preceding.     May  and  June. 

4.  S.  Nevii,  Gray.     Stems  low  (3' -5'),  ascending;  leaves  alternate,  scat- 
tered, linear-clavate,  obtuse ;  flowers  sessile,  scattered  along  the  widely  spread- 
ing or  recurved  branches  of  the  simple  cyme ;    bracts  linear,  longer  than  the 
flowers ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acutish,  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  white  petals  ; 
stamens  8,  shorter  than  the  petals ;  anthers  purplish-brown ;  carpels  tapering 
into  the  short  subulate  style  —  Rocky  cliff's  at  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama,  Rev.  R. 
D.  Nevius.     April  and  May. 

2.    DIAMORPHA,    Nutt. 

Sepals  4,  very  short.  Petals  4,  oval,  concave.  Stamens  8.  Carpels  4,  united 
below  the  middle,  at  length  spreading,  4-8-seeded.  —  A  small  (l'-4')  succu- 
lent biennial  herb,  branching  from  the  base.  Leaves  terete,  fleshy.  Flowers 
white. 

1.  D.  pusilla,  Nutt.  —  On  flat  rocks  in  the  upper  districts,  Alabama  to 
North  Carolina.  March  and  April. 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  151 

3.    PENTHORUM,     Gronov. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  often  wanting.  Stamens  10.  Carpels  5,  united  into  a 
5-celled  capsule,  spreading  at  the  summit,  which  falls  away  at  maturity.  Seeds 
numerous. — Perennial  (not  fleshy)  herbs,  with  alternate  serrate  leaves,  and 
yellowish  flowers  on  one  side  of  the  rcvolute  branches  of  the  simple  cyme. 

1.  P.  sedoides,  L.  Stem  erect,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  lanceolate;  petals 
•jommonly  none.  —  Ditches  and  muddy  places,  common.  July-  Sept. 

ORDEK  64.     SAXIFRAGACE^.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

Calyx  of  4  -  5  more  or  less  united  sepals,  free,  or  more  or  less  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  rarely  wanting. 
Stamens  as  many,  or  2  -  4  times  as  many,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the 
calyx.  Ovaries  2  or  sometimes  3-4,  commonly  united  below,  and  sepa- 
rate at  the  summit.  Seeds  few  -  many.  Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  SAXIFRAGES.  Herbs.  Petals  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole,  or  none. 

*   Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

1.  LEPUROPETALOX.     Styles  3.     Capsule  1-celled,  beakless. 

2.  HEUCIIERA.     Styles  2.    Capsule  1-celled,  2-beaked. 

3.  BOYKINIA.  Styles  2.    Capsule  2-celled,  2-beaked. 

*    *    Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
—  Capsule  2-celled. 

4.  SAXIFRAGA.    Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  10.     Leaves  entire  or  lobed. 

5.  ASTILBE.    Flowers  polygamous.     Stamens  10.     Leaves  ternately  compound. 

*-  *-  Capsule  1  celled. 

6.  TIARELLA.     Stamens  10.     Petals  5  entire. 

7.  MITELLA.     Stamens  10.    Petals  5,  pinnatifid. 

8.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM.     Stamens  8  - 10.    Petals  none. 

SUBORDER  II.  ESCALLONIE2E.  Shrubs.  Petals  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Stipules  none.  Leaves  alternate. 

9.  ITEA.     Stamens  and  petals  5-     Flowers  in  a  dense  raceme. 

SUBORDER  III.  HYDRANGIES.  Shrubs.  Petals  valvate  or  con- 
volute in  the  bud.  Leaves  opposite.  Stipules  none. 

10.  HYDRANGEA.     Petals  valvate.     Stamens  8  -  10.     Styles  distinct. 

11.  DECUMAR1A.     Petals  valvate.     Stamens  20  or  more     Styles  united 

12.  PHILADELPHUS.     Petals  convolute.     Stamens  20  or  more.     Styles  4.     Capsule  4-valved. 

1.    LEPUROPETALON,    Ell. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate,  cohering  with  the  lower  portion  of  the  ovary,  5-parted. 
Petals  5,  minute,  spatulate.  Stamens  5,  very  short.  Styles  3.  Capsule  globu- 


152  SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

lar,  1-ccllcd,  with  3  parietal  placentae,  many-seeded,  loculicidally  3-valved  at  tlie 
apex.  —  A  very  small  (£'  high)  tufted  annual  herb,  with  alternate  spatulate 
leaves,  and  solitary  terminal  white  flowers. 

1.  L.  spathulatum,  Ell.  —  Close  damp  soil,  Georgia  (near  Savannah) 
and  South  Carolina.  March  and  April. 

2.    HEUCHERA,    L.    ALUM-ROOT. 

Calyx  campanulate,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5, 
spatulate.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2.  Capsule  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae, 
many-seeded,  2-beakcd,  opening  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  rough  or  hispid.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  erect  scape-like  stems.  Leaves  chiefly  radical,  long-peti- 
olcd.  roundish  cordate,  lobed  or  toothed.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles.  Flow- 
ers cymose-panicled. 

*  Calyx  equal-sided. 

1 .  H.  Americana,  L.    Rough-pubescent ;  scape  leafless  ;  leaves  crenately 
or  acutely  7  -  9-lobed  and  toothed,  the  teeth  mucronate  ;  panicles  long,  narrow, 
loosely-flowered ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  white  spatulate  petals,  much  shorter  than 
the  stamens  and  very  slender  styles.  —  Shady  rocky  places  in  the  middle  and 
upper  districts,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     April  and  May. 

—  Scape  2° -3°  high,  sometimes  with  one  or  two  leaves.     Leaves  2' -4'  wide, 
on  petioles  4'  - 12'  long. 

2.  H.  villosa,  Michx.     Scape   bractcd   or  somewhat  leafy,  and,  like   the 
petioles  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  shaggy  with  long  spreading  rusty  hairs ; 
leaves  sharply  5  -  7-lobcd  and  toothed  .  panicle  loose  ;  flowers  minute  ;  petals 
white,  very  narrow,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens ;  styles  elongated.    ( H.  caulcs- 
cens,  Pursh) — Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.     June  and  July. 

—  Scape  1°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  8'  wide.     Flowers  about  a  line  in  length. 

3.  H.  Curtisii,  Gray.     Scape  and  petioles  smooth  ;  leaves  slightly  lobed  ; 
branches  of  the  panicle  long,  racemose,  spreading  ;  petals  purple  '  spatulatc- 
lanceolatc,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx;  stamens  slightly  pubescent.     (II. 
caulescens,  /3,   Torr.  fr  Cray)  —  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina,  Curtis. — 
Flowers  larger  than  the  last. 

*  *   Calyx  Mt'tjue. 

4.  H.  pubescens,  Pursh.     Glandular-puberulcnt ;  stem  (2°)  leafy ;  leaves 
round-cordate,  acutely  5  -  7-lohcd  and  toothed,  with  the  sinus  closed  ;  stipules 
obtuse,  fringed  ;  flowers  nodding  ;  calyx  ovoid,  yellowish-green,  the  ovate  lobes 
obtuse ;  petals  spatulate,  white,  and,  like  the  smooth  stamens  and  styles,  includ- 
ed.—  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     June  and  July. 

5.  -H.  hispida,  Pursh.     Hirsute  or  minutely  glandular-pubescent;  leaves 
5 -9-lobed,  the  lobes  short,  rounded,  and   mucronately  toothed;  panicle  con- 
tracted ;  the  short  branches  few-flowered  ;  ]x>tals  broadly  spatulate,  purple,  rather 
shorter  than  the  more  or  less  cxserted  stamens  ;  styles  at  length  much  exseited. 

—  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.     May  and  June.  —  Scape  2°  -  3°  high, 
sometimes  smoothish,  as  well  as  the  oetioles.     Flowers  larger  than  any  of  the 
.preceding. 


SAXIFRAGACK.E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  153 

3.    BOYKINIA,    Nutt. 

Calyx  turbinate,  coherent  with  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens 5,  short.  Styles  2-3.  Capsule  2-3-celled,  with  a  central  many-seeded 
placenta,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  smooth. — Erect  leafy 
perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  round-cordate  palmately  lobed  and  toothed  leaves, 
and  small  flowers  in  corymbose  cymes. 

1.  B.  aconitifolia,  Nutt.  Glandular-hairy,  or  the  upper  surface  of  the 
long-pctioled  5-7-lobed  leaves  smoothish;  cymes  fastigiate,  clammy;  flowers 
secund,  white ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  triangular-ovate.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia, 
North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee.  June  and  July.  -^  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 

4.     SAXIFRAGA,    L.     SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx  free,  or  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals  5, 
commonly  deciduous.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-cellcd,  2-beaked, 
opening  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  numerous,  smooth.  —  Lowest  leaves  clus- 
tered. 

*  Stems  leafy. 

1.  S.  leucanthemifolia,  Michx.     Hairy  and  clammy  ;  leaves  spatulate. 
coarsely  toothed,  tapering  into  a  long  winged  petiole  ;  the  upper  ones  linear ; 
panicle  diffuse  ;  petals  clawed,  unequal,  white,  the  3  larger  ones  spotted  with 
yellow.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     July.  —  Stem  10'  -  20'  high. 

*  *  Stems  naked,  scape-like. 

2.  S.  erosa,  Pursh.     Leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  the  base,  sharply  toothed  ; 
scape  clammv-pubescent ;  panicle  long,  slender,  loosely  flowered  ;  sepals  reflex ed, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  oval  white  petals;   stigmas  sessile. —  Shady  banks  of 
streams  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    July.  —  Scape 
1°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  8'-  12'  long. 

3.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.     Pubescent  ;   leaves   somewhat   fleshy,   obo- 
vate,  crenately  toothed  ;  scape  clammy  ;  panicle  cymose,  dense-flowered  ;  sepals 
erect,  not  half  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  white  petals  ;  styles  short.  —  Rocks 
on  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  Scape  4'  -  12' 
high. 

4.  S.  Careyana,  Gray.     Smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cre- 
nately or  sharply  toothed,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  petiole  ;  scape  slen- 
der ;  panicle  loosely  flowered  ;  sepals  spreading,  half  as  long  as  the  lanceolate- 
oblong,  white,  faintly  spotted  petals  ;  filaments  filiform.  —  Moist  shady  rocks,  on 
the  high  mountains  of  North  Carolina.    June.  —  Plant  6'  high. 

5.  S.  Caroliniana,  Gray.     Glandular-pubescent ;  leaves  all  radical,  del- 
toid or  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole  ; 
bracts  of  the  scape  few  ;  panicle  diffuse  ;  petals  ovate,  white,  with  2  pale  spots 
below  the  middle,  twice  the  length  of  the  reflexed  sepals  ;  filaments  club-shaped  ; 
carpels  turgid,  free  from  the  calyx,  at  length  widely  spreading.  —  Damp  shady 
places  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.     May  and  June.  —  Scape  6'  -  12' 
high. 


].34  SAXIFRAGACEJ2.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

5.    ASTILBE,     Hamilton. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-paited,  nearly  free  from 
the  ovary.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  10,  cxx-ncd. 
Styles  2.  Capsule  2-cclled,  few-seeded.  Seed-coat  loose  and  thin. — Perennial 
herbs,  with  tcrnatcly  compound  leaves,  and  small  yellowish-white  flowers,  in 
panicled  racemes. 

1.  A.  decandra,  Don.  —  Banks  of  streams  among  the  mountains  of 
Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  June -August.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high.  Leaves 
twice  or  thrice  ternately  compound ;  the  leaflets  mostly  cordate-ovate,  sharply 
lobed  and  toothed.  Stigmas  of  the  sterile  flowers  and  the  stamens  and  petals  of 
the  fertile  ones  smaller  or  rudimentary. 

6.     TIARELLA,    L.     FALSE  MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  campanulate,  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  5-parted.  Petals  5,  entire. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Capsule  membranaceous,  2-valved,  the  valves  very  un- 
equal, 1-celled,  few-seeded.  Seeds  globular,  smooth.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
scape-like  stems,  chiefly  radical  and  pctioled  leaves,  and  small  racemose  flowers. 

1.  T.  COrdifolia,  L.  Leaves  round-cordate,  crenately  or  acutely  lobed 
and  toothed,  hairy  above,  pubescent  beneath,  on  long  hairy  petioles  ;  scape  (6'  - 
12'  high)  naked,  or  bearing  1-2  alternate  leaves  above  the  middle;  racemes 
simple  or  branched,  many-flowered  ;  petals  oblong,  white  or  purplish.  —  Rocky 
woods  and  banks,  Mississippi,  and  northward  along  the  mountains.  April 
and  May. 

7.     MITELLA,     Tourn.     MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  pinnatifid.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-beaked,  1-celled,  2-valved  at  the  apex,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  smooth,  borne  on  two  parietal  placentas.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
broadly  cordate  and  lobed  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

1 .  M.  diphylla,  L.  Hairy ;  radical  leaves  cordate,  acute,  coarsely  ser- 
rate and  slightly  3-lobed,  on  long  petioles ;  stem-leaves  2,  opposite,  sessile ; 
raceme  slender,  loosely  many-flowered.  —  Shady  woods,  on  the  mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  May.  —  Stem  6'  - 12'  high.  Flowers  white. 

8.     CHBYSOSPLENIUM,    Tourn.     GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  4  -  5-lobcd  ;  the  lobes  obtuse  and  yellow 
within.  Petals  none.  Stamens  8-10,  very  short,  inserted  on  a  conspicuous 
disk.  Styles  2.  Capsule  very  short,  2-lobed,  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placenta?, 
2-valved  at  the  apex,  many-seeded. —  Smooth  and  succulent  herbs,  with  round- 
ish leaves,  and  axillary  flowers. 

1.  C.  Americanum,  Schweinitz.  Stems  prostrate,  forking;  leaves  mostly 
opposite,  roundish,  slightly  lobed ;  flowers  solitary,  greenish.  —  Cold  and  shady 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  155 

streams,  among  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.    April  and  May.     ty — 
Stems  4'  -  6'  long. 

9.     ITEA,    L. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  lanceolate.  Sta- 
mens 5,  shorter  than  the  petals..  Styles  2,  united.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-furrowed, 
septicidally  2-valved,  several-seeded.  —  A  shrub  with  simple  oblong  or  oval  ser- 
rate pubescent  leaves,  and  close  mostly  drooping  racemes  of  white  fragrant  flow- 
ers terminating  the  branches. 

1 .  I.  Virginica,  L.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
May  and  June.  —  Shrub  4°  - 10°  high. 

10.     HYDRANGEA,     Gronov. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  8-10-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  limb 
4-5-toothed,  persistent.  Petals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-10,  fili- 
form. Capsule  crowned  with  the  2  diverging  styles,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  open- 
ing at  the  apex  between  the  styles.  —  Erect  shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves, 
without  stipules,  and  whitish  or  purplish  flowers,  in  ample  compound  cymes ; 
the  marginal  flowers  mostly  sterile,  with  the  calyx-lobes  enlarged  and  showy. 

1 .  H.  arborescens,  L.     Smoothish ;  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
serrate,  mostly  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base;  cymes  crowded,  flat-topped; 
sterile  flowers  few  or  none.     (H.  vulgaris,  Hfichx.     H.  cordata,  Pursh.) — Banks 
of  streams,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     June  and  July.  —  Shrub 
4°  -  8°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  6'  long. 

2.  H.  radiata,  Walt.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  mostly  cordate  at 
the  base,  white-tomentose  beneath;   cymes  flat-topped;  sterile  flowers  few. — 
Rich  soil,  Georgia,  Carolina,  and  Tennessee.     May  and  June.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8° 
high. 

•'$.  H.  quercifolia,  Bartram.  Young  branches  and  leaves  densely  to- 
mentose ;  leaves  oval,  sharply  5-lobed,  serrate ;  cymes  clustered,  forming  a  close 
oblong  panicle  ;  sterile  flowers  large,  numerous.  —  Shady  banks,  Florida,  Geor- 
gia, and  westward.  May  and  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high.  Leaves  4'  -  8'  long. 
Sterile  flowers  whitish,  turning  purple. 

11.    DECUMABIA,    L. 

Flowers  all  fertile.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  coherent  with  the  ovary,  7-10- 
toothed.  Petals  valvate  in  the  bud,  oblong.  Stamens  21-30.  Styles  united, 
persistent.  Stigma  thick,  7-10-rayed.  Capsule  10- 15-ribbed,  7-10-celled, 
bursting  at  the  sides ;  the  thin  partitions  at  length  separating  obliquely  into  nu- 
merous chaffy  scales.  Seeds  numerous,  suspended.  —  A  smooth  climbing 
shrub,  with  opposite  ovate  or  oblong  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  and  numerous  odor- 
ous white  flowers  in  compound  terminal  cymes. 

1.  D.  barbara,  L.  — Banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.  May  and  June.  —  Leaves  shining,  sometimes  pubescent.  Capsule, 
with  the  persistent  style  and  stigma,  urn-shaped,  pendulous. 


156  HAMAMELACE^E.       (WITCH-HAZEL    FAMILY.) 

12.    PHILADELPHIA,    L.     STRISGA. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate,  cohering  with  the  ovary ,  the  limb  4  -  5-parted,  persist- 
ent. Petals  4-5,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  20-40,  shorter  than  the 
petals.  Styles  mostly  4,  more  or  less  united.  Capsule  mostly  4-celled,  loculi- 
cidally  4-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs  with  simple  opposite  3  -  5-ribbed  leaves, 
without  stipules,  and  large  white  solitary  or  cymose  flowers. 

1.  P.    grandiflorus,    Willd.      Branches   and  leaves   pubescent;    leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate ;  flowers  solitary,  or  2  or  more 
in  a  terminal  cyme ;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acuminate,  much  longer  than  the  tube.  — 
Banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     April  and  May.  —  Shrub  6°  - 10° 
high,  with  long  and  slender  branches. 

2.  P.  inodoru.8,  L.     Smooth ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acute ;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Upper  districts 
of  Alabama  to  South  Carolina.     May.  —  Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  P.  hirsutus,  Nutt.     Hairy ;  leaves  small,  ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate ; 
flowers  1-3  together,  terminal,  and  on  short  lateral  branches ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
as  long  as  the  tube.  —  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  —  A  small  shrub.     Leaves 
1'  long.    Flowers  £'  wide. 


ORDER  65.     HAMAMELACE^.      (WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  clustered 
or  spiked,  often  polygamous  or  monrecious  flowers.  —  Calyx-tube  coherent 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals  4-5,  long  and  linear,  or  none.  Sta- 
mens twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  with  the  alternate  ones  sterile,  or  nu- 
merous and  perfect.  Styles  2.  Capsule  woody,  2-celled,  opening  at  the 
summit.  Seeds  anatropous,  bony,  1  -2  in  each  cell.  Embryo  large  and 
straight,  in  scarce  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  HAMAMELIS.     Calyx-lobes  and  petals  4.     Fertile  stamens  4.     Ovules  solitary  in  each  re!  1, 

suspended. 

2.  FOTHERGILLA.       Calyx  5-7-toothed.       Petals  none.       Stamens  numerous,   all  fertile. 

Ovules  solitary,  suspended. 

3.  LIQUID  AMBAR.    Calyx  and  corolla  none.     Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious,  r.-ipitaK'. 

Stamens  numerous.    Ovules  several. 


1.     HAMAMELIS,     L.     WITCH-HAZEL. 

Calyx  2-3-bracted,  4-parted.  Petals  4,  long  and  linear.  Stamens  8,  the 
alternate  ones  short  and  sterile.  Styles  2.  Capsule  loculicidally  2-valved  at 
the  apex,  the  outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner  one,  which  encloses  the  seed, 
but  soon  splits  elastically  into  2  valves.  Seeds  large,  bony.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves 
short-petioled.  Flowers  yellow,  clustered. 


UMBELLIFER^.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  157 

1.  H.  Virginica,  L. — Low  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
November.  —  A  large  shrub.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  oblique,  crenate-toothed, 
pubescent;  flowers  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  falling. 

2.    POTHERGILLA,    L. 

Calyx  truncate,  obscurely  5-7-toothed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  numerous, 
slender,  perfect.  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-lohed,  2-celled,  2-valved  at  the  apex, 
with  a  single  bony  seed  in  each  cell.  —  A  shrub,  with  oval  or  obovate  leaves, 
and  white  odorous  flowers  in  terminal  bracted  spikes,  appearing  before  the 
leaves. 

1  P.  alnifolia,  L.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  March  and 
April  —  Shrub  2° -4°  high.  Leaves  smooth,  or  tomentose  beneath,  toothed  at 
the  summit.  Capsule  hairy. 

3.    LIQUIDAMBAB,    L.     SWEET-GUM. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  globular  4-bracted  spiked  heads.  Calyx  and  corolla 
none.  Stamens  very  numerous.  Styles  2.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  numerous 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Capsules  united  in  a  close  head,  woody,  2-beaked,  opening 
between  the  beaks,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seeds  wing-angled.  —  Trees.  Heads  of  sterile 
flowers  sessile,  crowded ;  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  on  long  nodding  peduncles. 

1.  L.  Styraciflua,  L.  Branches  with  corky  wings  ;  leaves  roundish,  with 
5-7  acuminate  serrate  spreading  lobes.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.  March. — A  large  tree.  The  exposed  juice  hardens  into  a  fragrant 


ORDER    66.     TJMBEL.L.IFERZE.     (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  chiefly  hollow  and  furrowed  stems,  alternate  mostly  com- 
pound leaves,  with  dilated  or  clasping  petioles,  and  umbelled  flowers.  — 
Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  limb  5-lobed  or  obsolete.  Petals 
5,  mostly  incurved,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens  on  the  edge  of  the  disk 
that  crowns  the  ovary.  Styles  2.  Fruit  composed  of  2  indehiscent  car- 
pels (mericarps),  suspended  from  a  filiform  axis  (carpophore),  and  cohering 
by  their  inner  face  (commissure)  ;  each  furnished  with  5  primary  ribs,  and 
often  with  as  many  secondary  ones ;  the  intervening  spaces  (intervals') 
usually  containing  channels  (vittai),  which  are  filled  with  aromatic  oil. 
Seed  solitary,  suspended.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  horny  albu- 
men. —  Umbels  and  partial  umbels  (umbellets)  commonly  subtended  by  an 
involucre  or  involucel. 

Synopsis. 

§  1.   Inner  face  of  the  seed  flat,  or  nearly  so. 
*  Umbels  simple,  or  one  growing  from  the  summit  of  another.    Stems  creeping. 

1.  IIYDKOCOTYLE.     Fruit  orbicular,  flattened.    Leaves  rounded. 

2.  CRANTZIA.     Fruit  globular.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy. 

14 


158  rMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.^ 

*  #  Umbels  capitate  (flower  sessile). 

3.  SANICULA.     Fruit  bristly,  globular.     Flowers  polygamous.    Involucel  none. 

4.  ERYNGIUM.     Fruit  scaly,  turbinate.     Flowers  perfect,  bracted.     Heads  involucelled. 

*  *  *  Umbels  compound  (flowers  pedicelled). 
1-  Fruit  with  bristly  ribs  ;  the  bristles  in  a  single  row. 

5.  DAUCUS.    Fruit  9-ribbed.     Leaves  finely  2  - 3-pinnate. 

-i-  -t-  Fruit  smooth  or  slightly  roughened. 
«*  Fruit  wingless,  laterally  compressed,  or  twin. 

6.  CICUTA.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  subglobose.     Calyx-limb  5-toothed. 

7.  CRYPTOT^NIA.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  oblong.    Calyx-limb  obsolete.    Divisions  of  the 

leaves  lanceolate. 

8.  LEPTOCAULIS.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  ovate,  rough      Calyx-limb  obsolete.     Divisions 

of  the  leaves  filiform. 

9.  D1SCOPLEURA.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  ovoid.    Calyx-limb  5-toothed.    Divisions  of  the 

leaves  filiform. 

10.  HELOSCIADIUM.     Flowers  white.    Fruit  oblong.     Calyx-limb  obsolete.    Involucre  1  -  3- 

leaved,  or  none. 

11.  SlUM.    Flowers  white.     Fruit  globose.    Calyx-teeth  minute  or  none.     Involucre  5  -  6- 

leaved.    Leaves  pinnate 

12.  BUPLEURUM.    Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  ovoid-oblong.    Leaves  simple. 

13.  ZIZIA.    Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  ovoid-oblong ;  the  intervals  with  3  vittae. 

14.  THASPIUM.    Flowers  yellow  or  dark  purple.    Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong  ;  the  intervals  with 

single  vittae. 

15.  L1GUSTICUM.     Flowers  white.    Fruit  elliptical,  with  several  vittse  in  each  interval. 

•H-  +*  Fruit  dorsally  compressed,  winged  on  the  margins. 
=  Margins  of  the  fruit  double-winged.     Flowers  white.    Leaves  pinnately  compound. 

16.  ANGELICA.    Carpels  3-ribbed  on  the  back  ;  the  intervals  with  single  vittse. 

17.  ARCHANGELTCA.     Carpels  3-ribbed  on  the  back  ;  the  intervals  with  2  or  more  vittse. 

18.  CONIOSELINUM.     Carpels  3-winged  on  the  back ;  the  intervals  with  2-3  vittae. 

=  =  Margins  of  the  fruit  single-winged. 

19.  TIEDEMANNIA.    Fruit  broadly  winged.    Marginal  wings  remote  from  the  3  dorsal  ones. 

Leaves  simple,  terete. 

20.  ARCHEMORA.    Fruit  as  in  No.  19.    Leaves  pinnate  or  ternate. 

21.  HERACLEUM.     Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  equidistant.    Marginal  flowers  sterile.    Plant 

woolly. 

§  2.   Inner  face  of  the  seed  concave. 

22.  CH.EROPIIYLLUM.    Fruit  linear-oblong,  narrowed  towards  the  apex. 

23.  OSMORRHIZA.    Fruit  linear-clavate,  narrowed  towards  the  base. 


1.     HYDROCOTYLE,     Tourn.     MARSH  PENNYWORT. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  not  incurved.  Fruit'  laterally  compressed,  or- 
bicular. Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  dorsal  and  lateral  ones  often  obsolete,  the  inter- 
mediate ones  enlarged.  Vittse  none.  —  Low  marsh  herbs,  with  slender  creep- 
ing stems,  and  peltate  or  reniform  leaves.  Umbels  small,  axillary.  Flowers 
white. 

1 .  H.  Americana,  L.  Smooth  ;  leaves  orbicular-reniform,  crenately  7- 
lobed  ;  umbels  sessile,  3-5-flowered;  fruit  2-ribbed.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stems  stoloniterous.  Leaves  very  thin, 
glossy. 


UMBEL  LIFERS.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  159 

2.  H.  umbellata,  L.     Smooth;  leaves  orbicular,  peltate, obscurely  lobed, 
crenate ;    umbels  globose,  on  peduncles  commonly  longer  than  the  petioles ; 
fruit  2-ribbcd  on  each  side.  —  Wet  places,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
May.  —  Leaves  1'  wide. 

3.  H.  ranunculoides,  L.     Smooth ;  leaves  orbicular-rcniform,  crenately 
3  -  5-lobed  ;  umbels  few-flowered,  on  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles, 
mostly  nodding  in  fruit ;  fruit  obscurely  ribbed.  —  Springs  and  muddy  places, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     May  and  June. — Petioles  6' -12' 
long.    Peduncles  1'  long. 

4.  H.    interrupta,    Muhl.      Smooth;  leaves  orbicular,  peltate,  crenate; 
umbels  proliferous,  the  nearly  sessile  clusters  forming  an  interrupted  spike ;  fruit 
strongly  ribbed.  —  Wet  places,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     June. 
—  Petioles  longer  than  the  peduncles. 

5.  H.   repanda,    Pers.      Pubescent;    leaves   broadly   ovate,  truncate  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  glandular-serrate;  umbels  capitate,  few-flowered, 
shorter  than  the  petioles ;   fruit  strongly  ribbed.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Julv. 

2.     CRANTZIA,    Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  roundish.  Fruit  globular.  Carpels  5-ribbed, 
the  lateral  ribs  thickened  and  corky.  Vittae  single  in  the  intervals,  with  2  on 
the  commissure.  —  Small  creeping  marsh  herbs,  with  fleshy  linear  leaves,  and 
small  whitish  flowers  in  axillary  umbels. 

1.  C.  lineata,  Nutt.  (Hydrocotyle  lineata,  Michx.) — Muddy  banks,  near 
the  coast,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July.  —  Leaves  1'  long,  with 
cross  partitions,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  obtuse.  Involucre  5  -  6-leaved. 

3.     SANICTJIiA,     Tourn. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  persistent.  Fruit  globose,  without  ribs,  armed  with  hooked 
prickles;  the  carpels  not  separating  spontaneously,  each  with  5  vittae. — Peren- 
nial erect  branching  herbs,  with  palmately-divided  long-petioled  leaves,  and 
polygamous  flowers  in  small  heads,  disposed  in  a  loose  expanding  cyme. 

1.  S.  Marilandica,    L.      Leaves   5-7-parted,   the   divisions  lobed  and 
toothed;  heads  many-flowered;  sterile  flowers  numerous  on  slender  pedicels; 
styles  long,  recurved.  —  Dry  woods,  Georgia,  and  northward.     May.  —  Stem 
2° -3°  high. 

2.  S.  Canadensis,  L.   Leaves  3- 5-parted,  the  divisions  lobed  and  toothed; 
heads  few-flowered;  the  sterile  flowers  (1-3)  nearly  sessile;  styles  short  and 
straight.  — Dry  woods,  common.     May.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Branches  of  the 
cyme  long  and  spreading. 

4.     ERYNGIUM,     Tourn.     BUTTON-SNAKEKOOT. 

Calyx  5-toothcd,  persistent.  Styles  slender.  Fruit  turbinate,  covered  with 
scales  or  tubercles,  jvithout  ribs  or  vittaa.  —  Herbs,  with  spiny  or  bristly  mostly 


160  UMBELLIFERjfi.       (rAUSLEY    FAMILY.) 

lobed  or  toothed  leaves,  and  white  or  blue  bracted  flowers  closely  sessile  in 
dense  heads. 

*  Fruit  seedy :  stems  erect. 

1.  E.  yuccsefolium,    Michx.     Leaves  linear,  concave,  bristly  or  some- 
what spiny  on  the  margins,  parallel-veined;  leaves  of  the   involucre  mostly 
entire,  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  head;  bracts  entire.  — Pine  barrens,  most- 
ly in  damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.      June.      y. — Stern  2° -3°  high. 
Leaves  distant,  the  lowest  ones  1°  -  l£°  long.     Flowers  white. 

2.  E.  Ravenelii,  Gray.     Leaves  linear,  elongated,  nearly  terete,  grooved 
on  the  upper  surface,  obscurely  denticulate ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3-cleft,  as 
long  as  the  head ;  bracts  3-cleft,  spine-pointed,  longer  than  the  flowers.  —  Low 
pine  barrens,  near  the  head-waters  of  Cooper  river,  South  Carolina.     Ravenel. 
Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  1  £°  -  3°  high.     Flowers  white. 

3.  E.    Virginianum,    Lam.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat;  the  lowest 
ones  spiny-serrate  with  the  teeth  incurved,  or  nearly  entire,  veiny ;  the  upper 
narrower,  spiny  or  pinnatifid;  leaves  of  the  involucre  (blue)  3-5-cleft,  longer 
than  the  head ;  bracts  3-cleft,  as  long  as  the  flowers.  —  Marshes,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.     July.     ]\.  or  (2) — Stem  2° -3°  high.     Flowers 
blue. 

4.  E.  prsealtum,  Gray.     Leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  veiny,  sen-ate;  the  up- 
per ones  linear,  spiny-toothed ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  2-3  times  as  long  as  the 
head;  bracts  tricuspidate,  barely  as  long  as  the  mature  calyx.     (E.  Virginia- 
Hum,  Ell.)  —  Fresh  marshes  near  the  coast,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.    August. 

—  Stem  4° -6°  high.    Lowest  leaves  l°-2°  long  and  2£'-3'  wide.     Flowers 
white. 

5.  E.  virgatum,  Lam.     Leaves  short,  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate, 
the  upper  ones  toothed  or  divided ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  entire,  or  with  2-4 
bristly  teeth,  longer  than  the  head;  bracts  3-toothed.     (E.  ovalifolium,  Michx.) 

—  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     August.  — 
Stem  l°-2°  long.     Leaves  2' -3'  long,  sometimes  cordate.     Flowers  blue. 

*  *  Fruit  yranular :  stems  diffuse. 

6.  E.    aromaticum,    Baldw.      Stems   clustered,  prostrate,  very    leafy; 
leaves  spatulate,  pinnately  lobed,  cartilaginous  on  the  margins ;  the  3  upper 
lobes  broad  and  spine-pointed,  the  lower  ones  scattered  and  bristle-like ;  leaves 
of  the  involucre  3-cleftv  longer  than  the  globose  head  ;    bracts  3-toothed.  —  Dry 
pine  ban-ens,  East  and  South  Florida.     Sept.  —  Stems  1 '  long. 

7.  E.  Baldwin!!,  Spreng.     Small,  prostrate,  branching ;  leaves  thin ;  the 
earliest  ones  ovate,  sharply  serrate  or  toothed,  long-petioled,  the  others  3-parted, 
with  the  middle  segment  lanceolate  and  commonly  3-toothed  ;  leaves  of  the  in- 
volucre subulate,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  oblong  head  ;  bracts  spatulate,  ob- 
tuse, barely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida, 
and  westward.     September,     (j)  ?  —  Stems  5'-  10'  long.     Flowers  blue. 

8.  E.  Cervantes!!,   Laroch.     Stems  prostrate,  diffusely  branched;  earli- 
est leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire,  or  sparingly  toothed,  long-petioled,  the 
others  sessile,  3-parted,  with  the  segments  linear  or  filiform  and  entire ;  leaves 


UMBELLIFERuE.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  161 

of  the  involucre  subulate,  as  long  as  the  hemispherical  head ;  bracts  subulate  . 
acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     (E.  filiforme,  Shuttl.) — Damp  sandy  soil 
along  the  coast  of  West  Florida.    July  and  August.     (2)  —  Stems  1  °  -  2°  long. 
Leaves  somewhat  fleshy.     Flowers  very  small,  blue. 

5.     DAUCUS,     Tourn.     CARROT. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong ;  the  carpels  with 
9  unequal  bristly  or  prickly  ribs,  and  a  single  vitta  under  the  larger  ribs.  —  An- 
nual or  biennial  herbs,  with  pinnately  finely  dissected  leaves  and  involucre,  and 
white  or  yellowish  flowers. 

1 .  D.  pusillu.8,  Michx.  Annual ;  stem*  rough  with  rigid  reflexed  hairs ; 
leaves  twice  pinnate,  with  the  divisions  linear ;  bristles  of  the  fruit  barbed.  — 
Dry  sterile  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  June. —  Stem  l°-3° 
high.  Umbels  long-peduncled. 

6.     CICUTA,    L.     WATER-HEMLOCK. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  roundish.  Carpels  with  5  flattish  equal  ribs  ;  the  in- 
tervals with  single  vitta;,  and  2  on  the  inner  face.  —  Smooth  perennial  marsh 
herbs,  with  hollow  stems,  and  twice  pinnately  or  ternately  divided  leaves.  Invo- 
lucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  maculata,  L.  Stem  large  (3° -6°  high),  purplish ;  leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate ;  umbels  large,  many-rayed.  —  Marshes,  Florida 
to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July.  —  Plant  very  poisonous. 

7.  CRYPTOT.5JWTA,    DC. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  contracted  at  the  sides.  Carpels  equally 
5-ribbed,  with  very  slender  single  vittae  in  each  interval,  and  one  under  each  rib. 
—  A  smooth  perennial  herb,  with  trifoliolate  leaves  on  long  petioles.  Leaflets 
large,  ovate,  doublv  serrate  and  mostly  lobcd.  Rays  of  the  umbel  few  and  very 
unequal.  Involucre  none.  Involucels  filiform.  Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  DC.  (Chaerophyllum  Canadense,  Pars.)  — Rich 
shady  soil,  North  Carolina  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

8.  LEPTOCAULIS,    Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  compressed  on  the  sides,  often  rough  or 
bristlv.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  intervals  with  single  vittae,  and  2  on  the  face. — 
Slender  smooth  herbs,  with  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  white  flowers.  Umbels 
few-rayed.  Involucre  none.  Involucel  few-leaved. 

1.   L.  divaricatllS,  DC.     Annual;  stem  (6' -18'  high)  widely  branched  ; 
leaves  2-3-pinnatifid,  with  the  divisions  filiform;    umbel  3-4-rayed.     (Sison 
pusillum,  Michx.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    April.  —  Fruit 
very  small,  roughened  with  minute  scales. 
14* 


162  UMBEL  LIFERjE.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

9.    DISCOPLEUBA,    DC. 

Calyx-teeth  subulate,  persistent.  Fruit  ovate  ;  the  carpels  strongly  3-ribbed 
on  the  back,  and  with  two  lateral  ribs  united  with  a  thick  corky  margin.  Inter- 
vals with  single  vittae.  —  Smooth  annuals,  growing  in  marshes  Leaves  pin- 
nately  dissected,  with  the  filiform  divisions  often  whorlcd.  Involucre  and  invo- 
lucel  conspicuous.  Flowers  white. 

1.  D.  capillacea,  DC.      Umbels  3-10-rayed;   leaves  of  the  involucre 
mostly  3-5-clcft ;  fruit  ovate.     ( Ammi  capillaceum,  Michx.)  —  Brackish  marsh- 
es, Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    June  and  July.  —  Stem  1°  -2°  high, 
much  branched.     Earliest  leaves  simple,  or  simply  pinnate. 

2.  D.  COStata.     Stem   tall,  branching  above ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  10  - 
12,  many-parted  ;  fruit  ovate,  deeply  sulcate.    (Ammi  costatum,  Ell.)  —  Swamps 
of  the  Ogeechee  River,  Georgia.     October  and  November.  —  Stem  4°  -  5°  high. 
Fruit  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  D.  Nuttallii,  DC.     Umbels  many-rayed;  leaves  of  the  involucre  5-6, 
entire  ;  fruit  globose.  —  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Stem  2°  -  6° 
high. 

10.    HELOSCIADIUM,    Koch. 

Calyx-teeth  5,  or  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  flattened  on  the  sides,  the 
carpels  equally  5-ribbed.  Intervals  with  single  vittas.  Flowers  white. 

1.  H.  nodiflorum,  Koch.  Stems  prostrate  or  creeping  ;  leaves  pinnate; 
leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate ;  urhbe.ls  short-peduncled,  opposite  the  leaves ; 
involucre  1  - 2-leaved  or  none;  involucel  5-6-leaved.  (Sium  nodiflorum,  L.) 
—  Ditches,  &c.  around  Charleston.  Introduced.  April -June.  —  Stems  2° 
long. 

11.    SIUM,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or  globular,  flattened  at  the  sides ; 
the  carpels  with  5  equal  corky  ribs.  Intervals  usually  with  several  vittae.  — 
Mareh  or  aquatic  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  pinnate ;  the  immersed  ones  dissected 
into  numerous  capillary  divisions.  Involucre  several-leaved.  Flowers  white. 

1.  S.  lineare,  Michx.  Leaflets  varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  finely  and 
sharply  serrate ;  calyx-teeth  minute ;  fruit  globular,  strongly  ribbed.  —  Along 
streams,  commonly  in  water,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July.  — 
Stem  2°  high. 

12.    BUPLEURUM,    Tourn. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  at  the  sides,  or  twin,  ovate-oblong. 
Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  intervals  with  or  without  vittae.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  en- 
tire simple  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers. 

1.  B.  rotundifolium,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  perfoliate ;  umbel  5-rayed  ;  in- 
volucre none ;  leaves  of  the  involucel  5,  ovate,  mucronate.  —  Fields,  North  Caro- 
lina. —  Introduced. 


UMBELHFER.E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  163 

13.    ZIZIA,    DC. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  twin.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  cross 
section  nearly  orbicular.  Vittas  3  in  each  interval,  and  4  on  the  commissure.  — 
A  smooth  perennial  herb,  with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  and  yellow 
flowers. 

1.  Z.  integerrima,  DC.  Stem  slender;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  entire; 
rays  of  the  umbel  long  and  slender;  involucre  none.  (Smyrnium  integerrimum, 
L.)  —  Kocky  woods,  Mississippi,  and  northward.  May  and  June.  —  Stem  1°  - 
2°  high. 

14.    THASPIUM,    Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  short  or  obsolete.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  flattish  at  the 
sides.  Carpels  commonly  equally  and  strongly  5-ribbed.  Intervals  with  single 
vittae. — Perennial  herbs,  with  1  -  2-ternately-divided  leaves  (the  lowest  often  en- 
tire), and  yellow  or  purple  flowers.  Involucre  none. 

*  Calyx-teeth  short,  obtuse. 

1.  T.  bcirbinode,  Nutt.    Stem  pubescent  at  the  joints;  leaves  1-2-ternate, 
more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaflets  cuneate-ovate,  entire  toward  the  base,  toothed 
above,  the  terminal  one  narrowed  into  a  long  stalk  ;  fruit  oblong,  the  ribs  mostly 
unequal ;   flowers   pale  yellow.  —  River-banks,  West  Florida,  and  northward. 
May  and  June. —  Stem  branching  above,  2° -3°  high.     Leaflets  £'-!'  long, 
often  2-3-lobed. 

2.  T.  pilinatifidu.nl,  Gray.     Branches  and  umbels  roughish-puberulent ; 
leaves   1-3-tcmate;  leaflets   1  - 2-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong;  fruit 
oblong,  narrowly  8-  10-wingcd,  the  intervals  minutely  scabrous.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.       9 

*  *   Calyx-teeth  obsolete. 

3.  T.  aureum,  Nutt.     Leaves  1  -  2-ternate ;  the  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  the  lateral  ones  unequal  at  the  base ;  fruit  oval,  the  ribs  thick 
or  winged.      (Smyrnium  aureum,  L.) — Rich  soil,  Florida,  and  northward. 
May.  —  Stem  l°-2°high.      Lowest  leaves  sometimes  cordate  and  undivided. 
Flowers  yellow. 

4.  T.  trifoliatum,  Gray.    Leaves  crenate;  the  lowest  ones  usually  sim- 
ple and  cordate,  the  others  trifoliolate ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse 
at  the  base;  fruit  roundish,  ribbed  or  winged.     (Smyrnium   cordatum,  Walt. 
S.  atropurpureum,  Lam.) — Rich  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
June.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  yellow  or  dark  purple. 

15.    LIGUSTICUM,    L.    Noxno. 

Calyx-teeth  minute  or  obsolete.  Fruit  elliptical,  nearly  terete.  Carpels  with 
5  acute  equal  and  somewhat  winged  ribs.  Vittae  numerous.  Involucre  short, 
2  -  6-leaved.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  1  -  3-ternately  divided.  Flowers  white. 

1.  L.  actseifolium,  Michx.  Stem  tall  (3° -6°),  smooth,  branched; 
leaves  3-ternately  divided  ;  leaflets  ovate,  toothed  ;  umbels  very  numerous,  pani- 


164  UMBELLIFER.fi.         (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

cled ;  fruit  ovate-oblong,  the  ribs  wing-like ;  vittae  3  in  each  interval,  and  6  on 
the  commissure.  —Rich  soil,  in  the  upper  districts.  July  and  August.  —  Root 
large,  aromatic. 

16.    ANGELICA,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  2  lateral  ribs 
dilated  into  wings.  Vittae  single  in  each  interval,  and  2-4  on  the  commissure 
Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  compound  leaves, 
no  involucre,  and  white  flowers. 

1.  A.  Curtisii,  Buckley.  Stem  smooth;  leaves  twice  ternate,  or  the  di 
visions  quinate ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  often  slightly  cordate, 
sharply  toothed ;  fruit  broadly  winged ;  commissure  with  2  vittae.  —  High  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.  August.  —  Stem  3°  high.  Petioles  large  and  sheath- 
ing. 

17.  ARCHANGELICA,    Hoffm. 

Calyx-teeth  short.  Fruit  flattened.  Carpels  ribbed  as  in  Angelica.  Vittae 
very  numerous,  entirely  surrounding  the  loose  seed.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves 
1 -2-ternate,  with  pinnate  divisions.  Leaflets  toothed.  Upper  petioles  inflated. 
Involucre  none.  Involucel  many-leaved.  Flowers  white. 

1 .  A.  hirsuta,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Upper  part  of  the  stem  and  umbels  softly 
pubescent;   leaflets   oblong-ovate,   sharply   serrate;   fruit  pubescent.      (A.    tri- 
quinata,  Ell.      Ferula  villosa,  Walt.)  —  Dry  hills,  Florida  to  Tennessee,  and 
northward.     July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

2.  A.  dentata,  Chapm.      Stem  slender,   smooth ;  umbels  slightly  pubes- 
cent ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  strongly  veined,  coarsely  toothed ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Dry 
pine  barrens,  Florida.       September.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  branching  above  ; 
teeth  of  the  small  ($')  leaflets  spreading 

18.  CONIOSELINUM,    Fischer. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval.  Carpels  somewhat  flattened  on  the  back, 
5-winged,  with  the  lateral  wings  twice  as  broad  as  the  dorsal  ones.  Vittae  2-3 
in  each  interval,  and  4-8  on  the  commissure.  —  Smooth  herbs.  Leaves  thin, 
finely  2- 3-pinnately  compound.  Involucre  none.  Involucels  subulate.  Flow- 
ers white. 

1.  C.  Canadense,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  pinnatifid,  with  linear-oblong 
lobes,  the  petioles  inflated ;  rays  of  the  umbel  slender ;  fruit  broadly  oval.  — 
High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  August. —  Stem  3° -5° 
high. 

19.    TIEDEMANUTA,    DC. 

Calyx  5-toothcd.  Fruit  obovate,  compressed.  Carpels  with  5  sharp  and 
slender  ribs,  winged  on  the  margins.  Intervals  with  single  vittae,  and  2  on  the 
commissure.  —  A  smooth  erect  perennial  herb,  with  terete  petioles  destitute  of 
leaflets.  Involucre  and  involucel  5  -  6-leaved.  Flowers  white. 


UMBELLIFEKJS.        (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  165 

1  T.  teretifolia,  DC.  (Sium  teretifolium,  Ell.) — Pine-barren  swamps, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Peti- 
oles with  cross  partitions. 

20.    ARCHEMORA,    DC. 

Calyx  5-tootlied.  Fruit  oval  or  obovate,  flattened  on  the  back.  Carpels  with 
5  slender  obtuse  ribs,  winged  on  the  margins.  Intervals  with  single  vittae,  and 
4  -  6  on  the  commissure.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  pinnately-divided  leaves,  and 
white  flowers.  Involucre  few-leaved  or  none.  Involucel  many-leaved. 

1.  A.  rigida,  DC.     Leaves  pinnate ;  the  leaflets  (3-9)  varying  from  lin- 
ear to  oblong,  variously  toothed  or  entire.     ( Sium  rigidus,  tricuspidatum,  and 
denticulatum,  Ell.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     August 
and  September.  —  Stem  2° -5°  high. 

2.  A.  ternata,  Nutt.     Leaves  teraate,  with  the  leaflets  linear,  entire  and 
strongly  nerved ;  the  lowest  ones  on  very  long  petioles.     (Neurophyllum  longi- 
folium,  Torr.  8f  Gray.)  — Low  or  swampy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 

"lina.     November.  —  Stem  slender,  2°  high.     Petioles  of  the  lower  leaves  1°  or 
more  long.    Koot  bearing  tubers. 

21.    HERACLEUM,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  oval,  flat.  Carpels  with  the  2  lateral  ribs  distant 
from  the  3  dorsal  ones,  and  near  the  dilated  margins.  Vittoe  shorter  than  the 
carpels,  single  in  the  intervals,  and  usually  2  on  the  commissure.  —  Stout  per- 
ennial herbs,  with  pinnately  or  ternately  divided  or  lobed  leaves  on  inflated  peti- 
oles, and  white  flowers.  Involucre  few-leaved.  Involucel  many-leaved.  Mar- 
ginal flowers  commonly  larger  and  radiant. 

1.  H.  lanatum,  Michx.  Villous;  leaves  very  large,  ternate;  leaflets 
broadly  cordate,  deeply  lobed,  hoary  beneath.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
June.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high,  strongly  furrowed. 

22.    CHJEROPHYLLUM,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  or  linear,  tapering  at  the  apex,  contracted 
at  the  sides.  Carpels  deeply  furrowed  on  the  commissure,  with  5  obtuse  equal 
ribs.  Intervals  with  single  vittae.  —  Herbs,  with  compound  finely  dissected  leaves, 
and  white  flowers.  Involucre  few-leaved  or  none.  Involucel  many-leaved. 

1.  C.  procumbens,  Lam.     Stem  weak,  slightly  pubescent;   leaves  ter- 
nately divided  ;    the  divisions  bipinnatifid,  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes ;  umbel 
sessile,  of  2  -  3  long  rays  ;   involucel  4  —  5-leaved,  few-flowered ;  fruit  oblong, 
abruptly  pointed,  finely  ribbed.  —  Shady  river-banks,  Mississippi  to  North  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.     April  and  May.     (J)  or  (2)  —  Stem  6'  - 18'  long. 

2.  C.  Teinturieri,  Hook.  &  Arn.     More  pubescent;  lobes  of  the  leaves 
narrower  and  acute ;  fruit  oblong-linear,  more  strongly  ribbed  and  tapering  at 
the  apex ;  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Banks  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  Florida, 
and  westward.     March  an.d  April.  —  Stem  erect,  1°  high. 


1GG  ARALIACE.E.       (GINSENG    FAMILY.) 

23.    OSMORRHIZA,    Raf. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  clavate,  angled.  Carpels  with  bristly  ribs,  fur- 
rowed on  the  commissure.  Vittaj  none.  —  Perennial  herbs  with  aromatic  roots. 
Leaves  2-ternate,  with  the  leaflets  ovate,  toothed  or  serrate.  Umbels  opposite 
the  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucel  2  -  5-leaved.  Flowers  white. 

1.  O.  brevistylis,  DC.  Styles  very  short,  conical ;  fruit  somewhat  taper- 
ing at  the  apex.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  northward.  June. — 
Plant  hairy,  1°- 1£°  high.  Leaflets  thin,  acuminate,  pinnatifid. 


ORDER   G7.     ARAL.TACE7E.      (GINSENG  FAMILY.) 

Umbelliferous  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  nearly  as  in  the  last  order  •  but 
the  flowers  (chiefly  polygamous)  with  flat  and  spreading  petals,  the  styles 
and  carpels  of  the  baccate  fruit  usually  more  than  two,  and  the  embryo  at 
the  apex  of  copious  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    ARALIA,    L.     SAKSAPARILLA. 

Calyx-teeth  5,  or  none.  Petals,  stamens,  and  spreading  styles  5.  Berry 
drupaceous,  5-lobed,  5-cclled.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  compound.  Umbels 
corymbed  or  panicled.  Flowers  whitish.  Berry  black. 

*  Stems  herbaceous. 

1.  A.  racemosa,  L.    Stem  smooth,  leafy,  widely  branched ;  leaves  ternatelj 
decompound  ;  leaflets  large,  broadly  cordate,  doubly  serrate ;  umbels  very  numer- 
ous, panicled.  —  Rich  woods  along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward. 
July.  —  Root  thick,  aromatic.     Stem  3°  -  5°  high. 

2.  A.  hispida,  Michx.    Stem  leafy,  somewhat  shrubby  at  the  base,  bristly , 
leaves  bipinnately  compound  ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate,  sharply  serrate  ;  umbels 
in  naked  peduncled  corymbs.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
June  and  July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

3.  A.  nudicaulis,  L.     Stem  naked,  short,  bearing  3  long-peduncled  um- 
bels at  the  apex ;   leaf  solitary,  radical,  long-petioled,  tcrnatcly  divided,  the 
divisions   quinate ;    leaflets   oblong-ovate,   acuminate,   serrate.  —  Mountains  of 
North    Carolina,  and   northward.     May.  —  Root   long  and   slender,  aromatic. 
Stem  1°  high,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

*  *  Stems  wood  ii, 

4.  A.  spinosa,  L.     Stem  simple,  prickly ;  leaves  very  large,  crowded  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  bipinnately  compound ;  leaflets  thick,  ovate,  crenate, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  umbels  in  very  large  hoary  panicles.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and  August.  —  Stem  10°  - 15°  high. 

2.     PAN  AX,     L.     GINSENG. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Petals  and  stamens  5.  Styles  2-3.  Berry  fleshy, 
drupaceous,  2  -  3-lobcd,  2  -  3-celled.  —  Low  herbs,  with  naked  stems,  bearing  at 


CORNACE^E.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.)  107 

the  summit  a  single  long-pedunclcd  umbel  of  greenish  flowers,  surrounded  by  a 
whorl  of  three  3  -  7-foliolate  leaves.    Berry  red  or  greenish. 

1.  P.  quinquefolium,  L.     Root  fusiform ;  leaflets  5  -  7,  oblong-obovate, 
serrate,  stalked;  styles  2,  berry  crimson.  —  Rich  woods  along  the  mountains, 
Georgia,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaflets  2'  -  3'  long. 

2.  P.  trifolium,  L.     Root  globose ;  leaflets  3-5,  lanceolate,  serrate,  ses- 
sile ;  styles  3  ;  berry  greenish.  —  With  the  last.  —  Plant  4'  -  6'  high. 


ORDER  G8.     CORNACEJK.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple,  entire  or  rarely  toothed  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  —  Calyx  coherent  with  the  1  -  2-celled 
ovary,  4  -  5-toothed.  Petals  4-5,  valvate  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting. 
Stamens  4-10,  inserted  into  the  margin  of  the  disk  that  crowns  the  ovary. 
Ovules  solitary,  anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  a  berry-like  1  -  2-celled, 
1  -  2-seeded  drupe.  Embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  fleshy  albumen.  Coty- 
ledons large  and  foliaceous. 

1.    CORNTJS,    Tourn.     DOGWOOD.    CORNEL. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Petals  and  stamens  4.  Stigma  capitate. 
Drupe  2-celled,  2-sceded.  —  Shrubs  or  low  trees.  Leaves  and  branches  opposite 
(except  No.  1 ).  Flowers  in  naked  spreading  cymes,  or  capitate,  and  subtended 
by  a  colored  involucre. 

*  Flowers  white,  in  a  loose  open  cyme  :  involucre  none. 

1.  C.  alternifolia,  L'Hcrit.    Leaves  oval,  abruptly  acute  at  each  end, 
pale  and  pubescent  beneath,  long-petioled,  and,  like  the  greenish  striped  branch- 
es, alternate ;  drupes  deep  blue.  —  Banks  of  streams,  Florida,  and  northward. 
May.  — A  widely  branching  shrub,  or  small  tree. 

2.  C.  stricta,  Lam.    Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate, 
smooth,  whitish  beneath ;  cymes  flat  or  depressed  at  the  summit ;  drupes  and 
anthers  pale  blue.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    April. 

—  A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Branches  brown. 

3.  C.  paniculata,  L'Herit.     Leaves  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
paler  beneath  ;  cymes  convex  at  the  summit,  somewhat  panicled,  loose-flowered ; 
drupes  white,  depressed-globose.  —  North  Carolina  and  northward.     May  and 
June.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high.     Branches  gray. 

4.  C.  sericea,  L.     Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,  smooth  above,  the  lower  sur- 
face, like  the  purplish  branches  and  close  depressed  cyme,  silky-pubescent ; 
drupes  pale  blue.  —  Low  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     May. 

—  Shrub  6°  -  10°  high. 

5.  C.  asperifolia,  Michx.     Leaves  short-petioled,  lanceolate-ovate  or  ob- 
long, acute,  very  rough  on  both  sides,  as  well  as  the  branchlets  and  flat  cymes ; 


168  CORNACEJE.     (DOGWOOB  FAMILY.) 

drupes   pale   blue.  —  Dry  woods,  Florida  to    South    Carolina,  and  westward. 
June.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Branches  slender  and  sometimes  warty. 

*  *  flowers  capitate,  subtended  by  a  white  4-leaved  involucre. 
6.   C.  florida,  L.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  at  length  smooth  on 
both  sides  ;  flowers  greenish;  drupes  ovoid,  red.  —  Oak  woods,  common.     May. 
—  A  small  tree.    Wood  hard  and  close-grained.     Leaves  of  the  involucre  emar- 
ginate  and  thickened  at  the  summit,  showy. 


2.    NYSSA,    L.     SOUR  GUM. 

Flowers  dicecio-polygamous.  Sterile  flowers  in  many-flowered  heads  or  cymes. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  5-10.  Petals  and  pistil  none.  Fertile  flowers  single 
or  few  in  a  head.  Calyx-limb  5-toothed  or  obsolete.  Petals  5,  minute,  or  want- 
ing. Stamens  5  - 10,  mostly  sterile.  Style  long,  revolute.  Stigma  decurrent. 
Ovary  1 -celled.  Drupe  1-seeded.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire 
or  rarely  toothed,  finely  reticulated.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  on  axillary  or 
lateral  peduncles. 

*  Sterile  flowers  in  loose  clusters. 

1.  N.  multiflora,  Wang.    Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  mostly  acute,  tomen- 
tose  when  young,  at  length  shining  above  :  fertile  peduncles  long  and  slender, 
3  -  8-flowered  ;  drupes  ovoid,  dark  blue.  —  Rich  upland  woods,  Florida  to  Mis- 
sissippi, and  northward.     May. — A  tree  30°  -  50°  high,  with  widely  spreading 
branches.     Leaves  rather  thick,  dark  green,  2' -5'  long.     Fertile  peduncles  lj'- 
3'  long.     Drupe  £'  long. 

2.  N.  aqu.ati.ca,  L.     Branches,   leaves,   &c.  tomentosc   when   young,    at 
length  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  short-petioled,  varying  from  lanceolate  to  orbicu- 
lar, obtuse,  sometimes  slightly  cordate ;  peduncles  short,  the  fertile  ones  1-2- 
flowered  ;  drupes  oval,  blue.  —  Ponds  and  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.      April  and  May.  —  A  large  tree,  or  in  pine-barren  swamps 
sometimes  a  mere  shrub.     Leaves  1'- 2'  long.     Peduncles  J' - 1 '  long.     Drupe 
smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  N.  uniflora,  Walt.     Leaves  large,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute, 
entire  or  sharply  toothed,  tomentose  beneath,  the  lower  ones  often  cordate  ;  fer- 
tile  peduncles  elongated,    1-flowered;   drupes   ovate-oblong,   dark   blue.      (N. 
tomentosa,  Mich.r.     N.  grandidentata,  Michx.  f.)  —  Deep  swamps  and  ponds, 
Florida   to   North   Carolina,  and  westward.     April.  —  A  large  tree.     Leaves 
4'-  6'  long.     Drupe  8"  - 12"  long. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  capitate. 

4.  N.  capitata,  Walt.     (OGEECHEE  LIME.)     Leaves  large,  short-petioled, 
oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  mucronate  or  acute,  tomentose  beneath ;  flowers  below 
the  leaves,  the  fertile  ones  perfect,  solitary,  on  very  short  peduncles ;  drupe  ob- 
long, red.  —  Swamps,  Florida  and  Georgia,  near  the  coast,  and  westward.  — 
A  small  tree.     Leaves  3' -5'  long.     Drupe  1'long,  agreeably  acid. 


CAPRIFOLIACE^K.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.)  1G9 


DIVISION  II.     MONOPETALOUS    EXOGENOUS    PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  double,  consisting  of  both  calyx  and 
corolla  ;  the  latter  of  more  or  less  united  petals. 

ORDER  69.    CAPRIFOLIACE^E.    (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  no  stipules.  Calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4  -  5-toothed  or  lobed.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar or  rotate,  4  -  5-lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and 
alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  its  tube.  Ovary  2-5-celled,  with  1- 
many  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  mostly  baccate  or  drupaceous. 
Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  small,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Corolla  tubular.     Style  slender.     Stigma  capitate. 

1.  SYMPHORICARPUS.     Corolla  campanulate.     Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded.    Erect  shrubs. 

2.  DIERVILLA.     Corolla  funnel-shaped.     Capsule   2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.      Erect 

shrubs. 

3.  LONICERA.    Corolla  tubular.     Berry  1-3-celled.     Chiefly  woody  vines. 

4.  TRIOSTEUM.     Corolla  tubular.    Drupe  bony,  3- 5-seeded.    Herbs. 

**  Corolla  rotate.     Stigmas  3  -  5,  sessile.     Flowers  in  cymes. 

5.  SAMBUCUS.     Leaves  pinnate.     Berry  3 -5-seeded. 

6.  VIBURNUM.     Leaves  simple.    Drupe  1-seeded. 

1.     SYMPHORICARPUS,     Dill.     SNOWBERRY. 

Calyx-tube  globose,  the  limb  4  -  5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  campanulate, 
nearly  regular,  4 -5-lobed.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
Ovary  4-celled,  2  of  the  cells  with  several  abortive  ovules,  the  other  two  with  a 
single  suspended  fertile  ovule  in  each.  Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded.  Seeds  bony. 
—  Erect  shrubs  with  entire  leaves,  and  white  or  reddish  flowers  in  axillary 
spikes  or  clusters. 

1.  S.  VUlgaris,  Michx.  Leaves  oval,  downy  beneath;  flowers  in  small 
axillary  clusters ;  corolla  smoothish  within;  berries  red.  (Symphorea  glome- 
rata,  Pers.)  — Dry  soil  among  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  July- 
Sept.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3°  high. 

2.    DIERVILLA,     Tourn. 

Calyx  oblong  or  cylindrical,  narrowed  above,  with  5  subulate  teeth.  Corolla 
funnel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Capsule  2-celled,  septicidally  2-valved, 
many-seeded. — Lo\v  shrubs,  with  ovate  or  oblong  acuminate  serrate  deciduous 
leaves,  and  axillary  and  terminal  cymose  flowers. 

1.  D.  trifida,  Mcench.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  distinctly  petioled, 
pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins  above ;  peduncles  mostly  3-flowered ;  capsule 
15 


170  CAPRIFOLIACEuE.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.) 

ovoid-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  neck  above.  —  Mountains  of  North   Carolina, 
June.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.    Flowers  greenish-yellow. 

2.  D.  sessilifolia,  Buckley.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  closely  sessile  and 
somewhat  clasping ;  peduncles  many-flowered ;  capsule  cylindrical-oblong,  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  neck  above.  —  With  the  preceding.  —  Leaves  and  capsule 
larger  than  in  that  species. 

3.     LONTCEBA,    L.     WOODBINE.     HONEYSUCKLE. 

Calyx  ovoid,  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  5-cleft,  often  bilabiate,  and  gibbous 
near  the  base.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  several  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Berry  1  -  3-celled,  several-seeded.  Seeds  bony.  —  Erect  or  twining  shrubs,  with 
entire,  often  connate  leaves.  Flowers  by  pairs  or  in  spiked  whorls. 

1.  L.  sempervirens,  Ait.     Stem  twining;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
pale  and  tomentose  beneath,  the  upper  pair  shorter  and  connate ;  spikes  ter- 
minal;  whorls  distinct;  corolla  nearly  equally  5-lobed,  scarlet  or  orange  with- 
out, yellow  within.     (Caprifolium,  Ell.) — Margins  of  swamps,  Florida,  and 
northward.     April  -  Sept.  —  Leaves  perennial.     Corolla  2'  long. 

2.  L.  grata,  Ait.     Stem  twining;    leaves  obovate,  glaucous  beneath,  the 
2  or  3  upper  pairs  connate ;  whorls  of  flowers  axillary  and  terminal ;  corolla  bi- 
labiate, the  tube  long  and  slender.  —  Mountains  of  Carolina,  and  northward. 
May.  —  Young  branches  often  hairy.     Corolla  1^'  long,  with  a  red  or  purplish 
tube  and  a  white  limb,  changing  to  yellow.     Berry  orange-red. 

3.  L.  flava,  Sims.     Smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous ;  stem  scarcely  twining  ; 
leaves  oval  or  obovate,  the  upper  pairs  connate ;  whorls  of  flowers  crowded,  ter- 
minal; corolla  slender,  bilabiate.  —  Banks  of  rivers  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Georgia  and  South  Carolina.     June  and  July.  —  Corolla  1 '  long,  bright  yellow ; 
the  4-cleft  limb  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube. 

4.  L.  parviflora,  Lam.     Smooth;  stem  twining;   leaves  elliptical,   glau- 
cous beneath,  all  more  or  less  connate ;  whorls  of  flowers  crowded,  peduncled ; 
corolla  short,  bilabiate,  gibbous  at  the  base;  stamens  hairy  below.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina.  — June.  — Corolla  8" -10"  long,  yellow  and  purplish. 

4.     TRIOSTEUM,     L.     FEVER-WORT. 

Calyx  ovoid,  with  5  leafy  linear-lanceolate  persistent  lobes.  Corolla  tubular, 
equally  5-lobed,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  3-celled, 
with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  dry  drupe  containing  3  bony  nutlets. 

—  Perennial  hairy  herbs,  with  large  leaves,  narrowed  but  connate  at  the  base, 
and  sessile  axillary  flowers. 

1.  T.  perfoliatum,  L.     Stem  soft-hairy;  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  entire, 
hairy  above,  tomentose  beneath ;  flowers  commonly  clustered,  brownish-purple. 

—  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.    June  and  July.  —  Stem  2°  — 4°  high. 
Leaves  4' -7'  long. 

2.  T.    angustifolium,     L.     Stem  hirsute;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
acuminate,  hirsute  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  yellowish. 

—  Shady  rich  soil  among  the  mountains.     June.  —  Plant  smaller  than  the  last. 


CAPRIFOLIACEJE.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.)  171 

5.     SAMBUCUS,     Tourn.    ELDER. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  none.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Fruit  a 
globular  baccate  drupe,  containing  three  1 -seeded  nutlets.  —  Shrubs,  with  pinnate 
leaves,  and  white  flowers,  in  ample  terminal  cymes. 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.     Leaflets  7-11,  oblong,  serrate,  smoothish,  acute, 
the  lower  ones  often  3-parted ;  cymes  flat,  5-parted ;  fruit  black.  —  Low  grounds, 
common.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  4°-  16°  high,  the  straight  young  shoots  with 
large  pith. 

2.  S.  pubens,  Michx.     Leaflets  5-7,  oblong,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath , 
cymes  paniculate,  pyramidal ;  fruit  red.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.     June.  —  Shrub  6°  -  10°  high.     Cymes  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

6.    VIBURNUM,    L.     HAW.     SLOE. 

Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Corolla  rotate  or  somewhat  campanulate,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5.  Ovary  1  -  3-celled,  one  of  the  cells  containing  a  single  ovule,  the 
others  empty.  Drupe  baccate,  containing  a  single  compressed  bony  nut.  — 
Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  lobed  or  undivided,  the  petioles  sometimes 
winged.  Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  small,  white ;  the  marginal  ones  occasion- 
ally radiant  and  sterile. 

*  Sterile  and  radiant  flowers  none. 
•*-  Cymes  sessile. 

1.  V.  prtmifolium,  L.     Leaves  thin,  obovate  or  roundish,  mostly  obtuse, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth  and  glossy,  or  the  veins  beneath  and  more  or 
less  dilated  petioles  rusty -pubescent ;  cymes  large,  4  -  5-rayed  ;  drape  oblong- 
ovoid,  black. — Dry  rich  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April 
and  May.  —  A  small  tree.     Fruit  edible. 

2.  V.  LentagO,  L.     Leaves  thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  finely  and  sharply  ser- 
rate, smooth  above,  the  lower  surface  and  dilated  wavy  petioles  roughened  with 
minute  scales  when  young;  cymes  4-rayed ;  fruit  oval,  black. —  Mountains  of 
Georgia,  and  northward.     May.  —  A  small  tree. 

3.  V.  Obovatum,  Walt.     Leaves  small,  thick,  obovate,  or  obovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  slightly  crenate  or  entire,  smooth ;  cymes  3-rayed ;  drupe  ovoid,  black. 
(V.  laevigatum,  Ait.) — River-banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
April  and  May.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.    Leaves  £'  -  1 '  long.     Cymes  small. 

•<-  Cymes  peduncled. 
-w  Leaves  palmately  lobed. 

4.  V.  acerifolium,  L.      Pubescent;    leaves  roundish  or  broadly  ovate, 
rounded   or  cordate  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate,  3-lobed  above  the  middle; 
cymes  7 -rayed ;  fruit  oval,  black. — Dry  open  woods,  West  Florida  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.    May  and  June.  —  A  slender  shrub,  2° -4°  high.     Leaves 
2' -3'  wide,  becoming  smooth  above,  sometimes  almost  entire. 

•*+  •*•+•  Leaves  undivided. 

5.  V.  nudum,  L.     Rusty-pubescent ;  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  lanceo- 
late, entire  or  nearly  so,  thick,  becoming  smooth  above,  prominently  veined  be- 


172  RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

neath ;   cymes  rather  short-pcduncled,  5-rayed ;  fruit  ovoid,  blue.  —  Swamps, 
common.     April  and  May.  —  Shrub  8°  -  12°  high. 

6.  V.  dentatum,  L.     Veins  of  the  leaves  beneatli  with  tufted  hairs  in 
their  axils,  otherwise  smooth  ;  leaves  round-ovate,  slightly  cordate,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, acute,  plicate  by  the  strong  impressed  veins;  cymes  long-peduncled,  7- 
raycd  ;  calyx  smooth,  with  the  lobes  obtuse ;  fruit  small,  roundish,  deep  blue.  — 
Rich  damp  soil,  West  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward      March  -May.  — 
A  large  shrub. 

7.  V.  SCabrellum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Hairy  throughout,  and  the  leaves  be- 
neath stellate-tomentose  ;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  often  cordate,  or  rarely  cune- 
ate  at  the  base,  rather  obtusely  and  coarsely  serrate,  short-petioled  ;  calyx-lobes 
hairy,  acute ;  corolla  hairy ;  cymes  7-rayed ;  fruit  roundish,  deep  blue.  —  Swamps 
or  rocky  hills,  Florida  to  South   Carolina,  in  the  lower  districts,  and  westward. 
May  and  June.  —  Shrub  8°  - 12°  high.     Leaves  thick,  1'  — 2'  long,  or  sometimes 
twice  that  size. 

8.  V.  pubescens,  Pursh.     Leaves  small,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  coarsely 
serrate,  hairy  above,  tomentose  beneath,  on  very  short  petioles  or  the  uppermost 
subsessile  ;  cymes  small,  smoothish,  7-rayed;  fruit  oblong,  black. — Mountains 
of  North  Carolina.    June. — A  shrub  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

*  *  Marginal  flowers  radiant  and  sterile. 

9.  V.    lantanoides,  Michx.     Stem   smooth   and   straggling  ;    branches, 
cymes,  and  lower  surface  of  the  round-ovate,  cordate,  serrate  leaves  covered 
with  tufted  down ;  cymes  sessile ;  fruit  ovoid,  black.  —  Deep   shades   on   the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina.     June.  —  Stem  2° -4°  long.     Leaves  4' -6'  long. 
Sterile  flowers  1'  in  diameter. 

ORDER  70.     RUBIACEJE.      (MADDER   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  entire,  opposite  and  united  by  inter- 
posed stipules,  or  whorled.  —  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  or  (in 
Loganieae)  free ;  the  limb  4  -  6-toothed  or  lobed,  or  obsolete.  Corolla 
4  -  6-lobed,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  4  -  6,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Ovary  2-10- 
celled,  with  1  -  several  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Style  mostly  solitary.  Albumen  hard  or  fleshy. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  COFFEE^E.  Ovules  and  seed  solitary  in  the  rt-lls 
(except  No.  7).  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary. 

§  1.    Leaves  whorled.    Stipules  none. 

1.  GALIUM.    Corolla  rotate,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Fruit  2-celled.    Herbs. 

§  2.    Leaves  opposite,  rarely  three  in  a  whorl,  with  stipules  interposed. 
*  Herbs.     Mature  fruit  dry.     Flowers  axillary,  single  or  clustered. 

2.  SPERMACOCE.    Carpels  2,  one  of  them  closed  by  the  partition,  the  other  open.    Flowers 

clustered. 


RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  173 

3.  BORRERIA.     Carpels  2,  both  open  on  the  inner  face.    Flowers  clustered. 

4.  DIODIA.    Carpels  2  -  3,  bony  and  closed.     Style  2-cleft.    Albumen  fleshy. 

5.  ERNODEA.     Carpels  2.  somewhat  fleshy,  closed.     Style  entire.    Albumen  horny. 

*  *  Shrubs.    Fruit  dry.     Flowers  in  globular  peduncled  heads. 

6.  CEPHALANTHUS.     Carpels  2-4,  separating  at  the  base,  closed. 

*  *  *  Shrubs.     Fruit  fleshy  or  pulpy.     Flowers  mostly  axillary. 

4-  Ovaries  united,  forming  a  compound  berry  in  fruit. 

7.  MITCHELLA.     Flowers  by  pairs.     Stamens  4.    Berry  4-seeded. 

8.  MORINDA.     Flowers  numerous.     Stamens  5.     Berry  1-seeded. 

t-  i-  Ovaries  and  fruit  separate. 
•w-  Albumen  horny. 

9.  CHIOCOCCA.     Fruit  flattened,  even.     Stigma  entire.     Seeds  suspended. 

10.  PSYCHOTRIA.     Fruit  ribbed.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Seeds  erect. 

+*  -H-  Albumen  fleshy. 

11.  STRUMPFIA.     Corolla  bell-shaped.     Anthers  subsessile,  united     Leaves  whorted. 

12.  GUETTARDA.     Corolla  salver-form.     Anthers  subsessile,  separate. 

13.  ERITIIALIS.     Corolla  subrotate.     Filaments  slender. 

SUBORDER  II.  CINCHONExE.  Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  in  the 
cells.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Leaves  opposite. 

*  Fruit  baccate,  indehiscent. 

14.  HAMELIA.     Fruit  5-celled.     Stigma  entire. 

15.  RANDIA.     Fruit  2^-celled.     Stigma  2-lobed. 

*  *  Fruit  capsular,  loculicidally  dehiscent. 

16.  PINCKNEYA.     Shrub.     Flowers  cymose,  terminal.     Seeds  winged. 

17.  EXOSTEMMA.     Shrubs.    Flowers  solitary,  axillary.     Seeds  winged. 

18.  OLDENLANDIA.    Herbs.     Capsule  often  free  from  the  calyx  above.     Seeds  wingless. 

SUBORDER  III.  LOGANIE2E.  Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  in  the 
cells.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Fruit  capsular.  Leaves  opposite. 

*  Herbs. 

19.  SPIGEL1A.     Corolla  tubular.     Style  single,  jointed. 

20.  MITREOLA.     Corolla  short,  5-lobed.     Styles  2,  united  above. 

21.  POLYPREMUM.    Corolla  short,  4-lobed.     Style  single. 

*  *  Evergreen  woody  vines. 

22.  GELSEMIUM.     Corolla  campanulate.     Seed  winged. 

1.    GALIUM,    L. 

Cal yx-tceth  obsolete.     Corolla  rotate,  3  -  4-lobed.     Stamens  3-4.     Styles  2, 
united  at  the  base.     Stigma  capitate.     Fruit  double,  separating  into  two  1-seeded 
closed  carpels.    Albumen  horny.  —  Slender  herbs,  with  square  stems  and  whorled 
leaves.     Flowers  minute.  —  The  following  species  are  all  perennials. 
*  Fruit  baccate  •  peduncles  1  -  3-jlotvered :  leaves  4  in  a  whorl. 

1.  G.  hispidulum,  Michx.  Stems  much  branched,  slightly  roughened, 
hairy  at  the  joints;  leaves  small  (2" -6"),  rigid,  lanceolate-ovate,  rough  on  the 
margins  and  veins  beneath,  acute ;  berry  roughened,  bluish-black.  (Rubia 
Brownei,  Michx.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.  May -Sept.  —  Stems  l°-2°  long.  Root  yellow.  Flowers 
greenish-white. 

15* 


174  RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

2.  G.  uniflorum,  Michx.     Smooth;  stems  mostly  simple,  slender,  erect; 
leaves  linear,  acute,  rough  on  the  margins,,  punctate  beneath  ;  berry  smooth, 
black.  —  Dry  rich  soil,  Florida  to  South   Carolina,  and  westward.     June  and 
July.  —  Stems  numerous,  1°  high.     Flowers  white. 

*  *  Fruit  dry :  peduncles  commonly  3  -  many -flowered. 

3.  G.  trifidum,   L.     Stems  slender,  weak,  smooth  or  rough-angled,  at 
length  diffuse ;  leaves  4  —  6  in  a  whorl,  unequal,  varying  from  linear  to  spatu- 
late-lanceolate,  obtuse,  smooth,  or  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  the  upper 
ones  often  opposite;  peduncles  1-3-flowered;  corolla-lobes  and  stamens  often 
3;  fruit  smooth.     (G.  tinctorium,  L.)  —  Wet  places,  Florida,  and  northward. 
June  and  July.  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  long.     Flowers  white.     Plant  dries  black. 

4.  G.  triflorum,  Michx.     Stems  weak,  diffuse,  very  rough ;  leaves  4-6 
in  a  whorl,  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  cuspidate,  the  upper  surface  and  veins  be- 
neath hispid ;  peduncles  mostly  3-flowered  ;    fruit  densely  uncinate-hispid.  — 
Low  shaded   places,  Florida   to   Mississippi,  and   northward.     July. —  Stems 
00-30  long.     Flowers  greenish-white.     A  smoother  form  is   G.  cuspidatum, 
MuhL. 

5.  G.  pilosum,  Ait.     Stems   rigid,   hairy   or  roughened   on   the   angles, 
branching;  leaves  small  (4" -8"),  4  in  a  whorl,  oval,  slightly  pointed,  more  or 
less  hairy  and  roughened,  dotted ;  peduncles  2-3  times  forking ;  fruit  pedicelled, 
bristly  with  hooked  hairs.     (G.  Bermudianum,  Ell.,  apparently  a  diseased  state.) 
—  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    June  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1  °  -  3° 
long.     Flowers  purple. 

6.  G.  circsezans,  Michx.     Stems  erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  large 
(!'-!£'),  4  in  a  whorl,  oval,  mostly  obtuse,  3-ncrved,  pubescent;  peduncles 
forking,  then  spreading  and  spike-like ;  fruit  bristly  with  hooked  hairs,  nearly 
sessile,  nodding.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
July.  —  Stems  several,  sparingly  branched,  1°  high.     Flowers  purple. 

7.  G.  latifolium,  Michx.     Stems  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  thin,  4  in  a  whorl, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  3-nerved,  dotted,  minutely  fringed  on  the  mar- 
gins ;  peduncles  filiform,  2-3  times   forking;    fruit   smooth.  —  Mountains   of 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.    July.  — Stems  l°-l£°  high.    Leaves  1'- 2' 
long.     Flowers  purple. 

2.    SPERMACOCE,    L. 

Calyx  2  -  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  4-lobed, 
valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Stigma 
simple  or  2-cleft.  Fruit  composed  of  two  1 -seeded  carpels,  separating  from  the 
apex  downward,  one  of  them  closed  by  the  partition,  the  other  open.  Seeds 
grooved  on  the  inner  face.  —  Low  herbs.  Leaves  obliquely  straight- veined, 
their  bases  connected  by  the  bristly-fringed  sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  small, 
in  axillary  sessile  clusters. 

1.  S.  glabra,  Michx.  Stem  4-angled,  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  acute,  roughened  on  the  margins  and  veins  beneath ;  clusters  globose, 


RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  175 

dense,  many-flowered ;  corolla  barely  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-teeth, 
white,  woolly  within ;  stamens  and  style  included ;  fruit  obovate.  —  Banks  of 
rivers,  Florida  and  westward.  June.  y.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

2.  S.  Chapmanii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  erect,  smooth,  slightly  angled ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  rough  above  and  on  the  margins ;  clusters  few- 
flowered  ;  corolla  white,  hairy  within,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  stamens 
and  slender  style  exserted ;  fruit  turbinate.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
westward.     July.     1J.  —  Stem  6'  - 12'  high. 

3.  S.   tenuior,  L.     Stem  slender,  erect  or  prostrate,  branching  from  the 
base,  terete,  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough  above,  remote;  clusters  small, 
mostly  few-flowered ;  flowers  minute,  the  smooth  white  corolla  barely  longer 
than  the  subulate  teeth  of  the  calyx ;  stamens  and  style  included ;  fruit  ovoid, 
hairy.  —  South  Florida,  in  dry  soil,     (l)  —  Stem  3'  - 12'  long. 

4.  S.  involucrata,  Pursh.     Stem  alternately  branched,  very  hispid ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  hirsute  on  both  surfaces ;  stipules  with  many  bris- 
tles ;   heads   terminal,   involucrate ;   stamens   exserted.  —  Carolina,   Frazer.  — 
About  a  foot  high.     Leaves  somewhat  oblique.     Flowers  white  with  a  very  long 
tube.     Pursh.     (*) 

3.     BORKERIA,    Meyer. 

Carpels  of  the  fruit  separating  from  the  apex  downward,  both  opening  length- 
wise on  the  inner  face.  Otherwise  like  Spermacoce,  both  in  character  and  habit. 

1.  B.  micrantha,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Annual;  stem  erect,  slender,  simple  or 
branched  above,  4-anglcd,  smooth;  leaves  remote,  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper  surface  and  margins  rough,  the  lateral  veins 
obscure ;  clusters  dense,  globose,  axillary  and  terminal ;  calyx-teeth  4,  subulate, 
longer  than  the  minute  (white)  corolla ;  fruit  ovoid,  hairy.  —  Waste  places,  Flor- 
ida.    June-August.  —  Plant  6' -18' high,  pale  green.     Leaves  1' long. 

2.  B.  podocephala,  DC.,  var.  pumila.    Stems  low  (3' -6').  smooth, 
erect  or  ascending,  branching  at  the  base  ;  leaves  smooth,  linear,  with  the  mar- 
gins revolute,  those  in  the  axils  clustered,  the  floral  ones  mostly  4,  longer  than 
the  solitary  terminal  long-peduncled  globose  head;  stipular  bristles  2-4;  fruit 
pubescent,  ovoid,  crowned  with  two  subulate  spreading   calyx-lobes;   corolla 
somewhat  funnel-shaped,  mostly  3-lobcd,   smooth  within ;   stigma  capitate.  — 
Pine  Key,  South  Florida,  Dr.  Blodyett. 

4.     DIODIA,    L. 

Characters  chiefly  of  Spermacoce,  but  the  two  bony  indehisccnt  carpels  closed 
on  the  inner  face.  —  Herbs.  Corolla-tube  often  long  and  slender.  Flowers  few 
or  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  narrow  leaves. 

1.  D.  Virginiana,  L.  Perennial;  stem  and  leaves  smooth,  pubescent, 
or  hirsute ;  stem  prostrate,  4-angled ;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  lanceolate,  acute, 
sessile ;  flowers  single,  or  2  -  6  in  a  cluster ;  'corolla  hairy  within,  the  tube  long 


176  RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

and  slender ;  fruit  ovoid,  strongly  ribbed,  crowned  with  the  2  (rarelv  4)  linear 
or  lanceolate  calyx-teeth.  (D.  tetragona,  Walt.  ~D.  hirsuta,  Pursh.)  —  Wet 
places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  4° 
long.  Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

2.  D.  teres,  Walt.  Annual ;  stem  erect,  widely  branched  from  the  base, 
terete,  bristly  or  hairy ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  rough ;  flowers  soli- 
tary or  2-3  together;  corolla  funnel-shaped;  fruit  obovate,  even,  crowned  with 
the  4  short  calyx-teeth.  (Spermacoce  diodina,  Michx.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Flor- 
ida to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  6' -12'  high,  some- 
times prostrate.  Flowers  purplish. 

5.     ERNODEA,     Swam. 

Calyx  ovate ;  the  limb  4  -  6-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  slender , 
the  lobes  4-6,  revolute.  Stamens  exserted ;  anthers  linear,  erect.  Style  slen- 
der, longer  than  the  stamens.  Fruit  obovate,  somewhat  fleshy,  the  two  separa- 
ble horny  carpels  closed.  Seeds  furrowed  on  the  inner  face.  —  A  somewhat 
shrubby  prostrate  and  smooth  plant,  with  rigid  3-nerved  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
solitary  sessile  axillary  flowers. 

1.  E.  littoralis,  Swaitz.  —  South  Florida,  along  the  coast.  March  ;md 
April.  —  Stems  straight,  rigid,  4-angled,  smooth.  Branches  short,  alternate. 
Leaves  sessile,  smooth,  acute,  the  upper  ones  crowded.  Flowers  sessile  in  the 
upper  axils,  yellow.  Fruit  roundish. 

6.     CEPHALANTHUS,     L.     BUTTON-BUSH. 

Calyx  obconical,  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  4-cleft,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  4.  Style  slender,  exserted.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  dry,  obconical, 
separating  from  the  base  into  2-4  one-seeded  carpels.  Seeds  pendulous.  Albu- 
men horny. —  Aquatic  shmbs,  with  oval  or  lanceolate  leaves,  short  entire  sti- 
pules, and  white  flowers  collected  into  a  globose  long-peduncled  head.  Recep- 
tacle hairy. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  L.  Smooth,  or  the  young  branches  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  ovate-oblong  acute  leaves  pubescent ;  peduncles  terminal,  and  in  the 
upper  axils.  —  Ponds  and  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  and  August. 
—  Stem  4° -12°  high.  Leaves  petioled,  3' -  5'  long,  sometimes  3  in  a  whorl. 
Heads  1'  in  diameter. 

7.    MITCHELLA,    L. 

Flowers  by  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-shaped, 4-lobed,  hairy  within,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  slen- 
der. Stigmas  4.  Fruit  composed  of  two  4-seeded  fleshy  drupes  united,  crowned 
with  the  4-toothed  calyx.  —  A  smooth  creeping  evergreen  shrub,  with  small 
broadly-ovate  leaves,  minute  stipules,  and  fragrant  white  terminal  flowers. 

1.  M.  repens,  L.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
March  and  April. —  Stem  l°-2°  long.  Leaves  6"-10*  long,  mostly  some- 
what cordate,  shining  above,  on  slender  petioles.  Corolla  \'  long.  Fruit  red. 


RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  177 

8.    MORINDA,    L. 

Flowers  numerous,  their  ovaries  united  into  a  head.  Calyx  obscurely  toothed. 
Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  short.  Style 
slender.  Stigmas  2,  filiform.  Fruit  composed  of  2-4  one-seeded  carpels,  all 
united  into  a  fleshy  head.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
Stipules  within  the  leaves.  Flowers  terminal,  or  opposite  the  leaves. 

1 .  M.  Roioc,  L.  Stem  smooth,  procumbent  or  climbing ;  leaves  smooth, 
lanceolate  and  acuminate,  or  obovate  oblong  and  abruptly  acute,  short-petioled  ; 
stipules  broad  and  short ;  flowers  small,  crimson.  —  South  Florida.  March  and 
April. 

9.     CHIOCOCCA,     Browne. 

Calyx  ovate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  linear,  included.  Style 
slender.  Stigma  obtuse.  Fruit  fleshy,  roundish,  compressed,  composed  of  two 
oblong  1-secded  nutlets.  Seeds  suspended.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves  smooth,  petioled. 
Stipules  connate.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  white  or  yellow. 

1.  C.  racemosa,  Jacq.     Erec't;  leaves  oblong  (2' -3' long),  acute  at  both 
ends  ;  racemes  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  often  compound,  many-flowered ; 
corolla  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx-teeth,  white,  turning  yellow.  —  Varies 
with  the  stems  prostrate  and  vine-like,  leaves  smaller  (i'-f  long),  more  rigid, 
and  longer  than  the  few-flowered  simple    racemes.  —  South  Florida.  —  Fruit 
white. 

10.  PSYCHOTRIA,    L. 

Calyx  ovate,  5-toothed,  or  nearly  entire.  Corolla  short,  funnel-shaped,  4-5- 
lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-5.  Stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
composed  of  two  1 -seeded  carpels,  mostly  ribbed  or  angled  when  dry.  Seeds 
erect.  Albumen  horny.  —  Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  narrowed  to  a 
petiole.  Stipules  sometimes  membranaceous  and  deciduous.  Flowers  mostlv 
in  terminal  corymbs  or  panicles. 

1  P.  lanceolata,  Nutt.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  the 
lower  surface  as  well  as  the  branches  ferruginous-pubescent ;  stipules  clasping, 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  deciduous ;  corymbs  terminal,  trichotomous  at  the 
base.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.  Fruit  ovate,  red. 

2.  P.  undata,  Jacq.     Leaves  oblong,  acuminate  at  each  end,  undulate, 
rugose,  and,  like  the  branches,  smooth ;  stipules  round,  membranaceous,  decidu- 
ous ;  cyme  sessile,  twice  trichotomous,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  naked  at 
the  throat,  hairy  at  the  insertion  of  the  filaments  ;  fruit  (dry)  ovoid,  10-ribbed.  — 
South  Florida.  —  Leaves  about  3'  long.     Flowers  small. 

11.  STRTJMPFIA,    Jacq. 

Calyx-limb  5-parted  ;  the  lobes  acute,  erect.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped, 
deeply  5-parted,  the  tube  very  short,  the  lobes  erect,  lanceolate,  spreading  at  the 
apex.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  very  short ; 


178  RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

anthers  thick,  cohering  in  an  ovoid-oblong  5-angled  tube.  Style  single,  as  long 
as  the  anthers,  villous  ;  stigma  obtuse,  2-lobed.  Ovary  2  -4-celled  with  a  single 
ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  2 -4-celled,  1 -4-seeded  drupe. — A  low  maritime 
shrub.  Branches  roughened  by  the  persistent  stipules,  trichotomous.  Leaves 
ternate,  very  rigid,  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  the  margins  revolute.  Flowers  small, 
in  axillary  racemes,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Corolla  pubescent.  Drupe  small, 
red. 

1.   S.  maritima,  Jacq.  —  South  Florida,  Dr.  BloJyett. 

12.     GUETTARDA,    L. 

Calyx-tube  ovoid,  the  limb  tubular,  scarcely  toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped, 
4  -  9-lobed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Anthers  4-9,  sessile  in  the  throat  of  the  co- 
rolla. Style  simple.  Stigma  mostly  capitate.  Fruit  composed  of  4  — 9  one-seeded 
bony  carpels,  united.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  ovate  or'  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
lanceolate  deciduous  stipules.  Peduncles  axillary,  forking.  Flowers  sessile. 

1.  G.  Blodgettii,  Shuttl.     Leaves  membranaceous,  elliptical,  slightly  mu- 
cronate,  feather-veined,  rough  above,  the  lower  surface,  especially  the  veins,  like 
the  branches  and  cymes,  covered  with  appressed  silky  hairs ;  cymes  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  5  —  10-flowered ;  flowers  silky,  tetramerous  (rarely  trimerous) ;  stigma 
entire ;  fruit  globose,  composed  of  4  nutlets  surrounded  by  8  empty  cells ;  calyx- 
limb  truncate,  cleft  on  one  side.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  !'-]£'  long.    Fruit 
as  large  as  a  pea. 

2.  G.  ambigua,  DC.     Leaves  coriaceous,  elliptical  or  somewhat  obovate, 
cordate  at  the  base,  rugose,  muricate  above,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  branches 
and  cymes,  rusty-tomentose ;  cymes  longer  than  the  leaves,  several-flowered ; 
fruit  globose,  4-seeded,  without  empty  cells.  —  South  Florida. — Leaves  larger 
than  in  No.  1. 

13.    ERITHALIS,    Browne. 

Calyx  ovoid,  obscurely  4  -  10-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  rotate,'4  -  10-parted, 
with  linear  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  4-  10,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  : 
anthers  linear.  Style  simple.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Fruit  globose,  ribbed,  com- 
posed of  4  -  10  one-seeded  bony  carpels.  Seeds  suspended.  —  Smooth  shrubs, 
with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  broad  and  short  mucronate  sheathing  stipules,  and 
axillary  panicled  flowers. 

1-  E.  fruticosa,  L.  Leaves  coriaceous,  oblong,  obtuse,  shining,  narrowed 
into  a  petiole  ;  panicles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  many-flowered ;  flowers 
mostly  tetramerous,  small;  fruit  5-ribbed,  6-10-celled. — South  Florida. — 
Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Flowers  small,  white. 

14.    HAMELIA,    Jacq. 

Calyx  oval,  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  somewhat  5-angled,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  linear.  Style  simple. 
Stigma  obtuse.  Berry  ovoid,  5-furrowed,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute. 


(MADDKR  FAMILY.)  179 

compressed.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  oblong  petioled  leaves,  lanceo- 
late stipules,  and  orange-colored  flowers,  in  axillary  and  terminal  cymes. 

1 .  H.  patens,  Jacq.  Pubescent ;  branches  angled ;  leaves  3  in  a  whorl, 
oblong,  acute ;  cymes  terminal,  peduncled,  umbellate ;  corolla  cylindrical,  the 
lobes  concave  at  the  apex,  and  mucronate  on  the  back.'  —  South  Florida.  — 
Leaves  3' -5'  long.  •, Flowers  crimson.  Berry  black. 

15.    BANDIA,    Houst. 

Calyx  obovate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobcd.  Anthers  5,  sessile 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  linear.  Style  simple,  short.  Stigma  clavate,  2-lobed. 
Fruit  somewhat  dry,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  wingless.  —  Branching  mostly 
spiny  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  solitary  stipules  between  the  petioles. 
Flowers  solitary  or  in  short  racemes. 

1 .  R.  aculeata,  L.     Spiny ;  leaves  small,  obovate,  smooth,  coriaceous  ; 
flowers  solitary,  axillary ;  corolla  (white)  hairy  in  the  throat,  the  tube  2-3  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  limb  convolute  in  the  bud.     (II.  latifolia,  Lam.)  — 
South  Florida.  —  Branches  rigid.     Leaves  5"  - 10"  long,  rather  longer  than  the 
subulate  spreading  spines.     Corolla  3" -4"  long.     Fruit  ovoid,  as  large  as  a 
pea,  about  6-seeded.     Sinuses  of  the  calyx  hairy. 

2.  R.  ?  clusisefolia.     Spineless  ;  leaves  large,  clustered  at  the  end  of  the 
branches,  obovate,  smooth,  mucronate  ;  stipules  large,  ovate,  persistent ;  racemes 
terminal,   corymbose,    shorter   than   the   leaves ;  calyx-teeth   subulate ;   corolla 
smooth  within,  fleshy,  the  tube  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  limb 
lanceolate,  convolute  in  the  bud.     (Gardenia  clusiaefolia,  Jacq.  ?)  —  South  Flor- 
ida.—  Leaves  3'  -4'  long,  2'  wide,  apparently  somewhat  fleshy,  black  when  dry. 
Corolla  1'  long. 

16.    PINCKNEYA,    Michx.     GEORGIA  BARK. 

Calyx  oblong-obovate,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  deciduous,  or  one  of 
them,  in  the  outer  flowers,  often  transformed  into  a  large  colored  leaf.  Corolla 
tubular,  hairy,  with  5  linear-oblong  revolute  lobes,  slightly  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5,  exserted  :  anthers  oblong.  Stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  globose,  papery, 
2-cclled,  opening  loculicidally  at  the  apex,  and  at  length  septicidally  to  the  base. 
Seeds  numerous,  in  2  rows,  horizontal,  mcmbranaceous,  winged.  —  A  shrub  or 
small  tree,  with  pubescent  branches.  Leaves  large,  oval  or  oblong,  acute, 
smoothish  above,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  terminal  compound  cyme,  hoary- 
pubescent.  Stipules  linear,  deciduous. 

1.  P.  pubens,  Michx.  —  Marshy  banks  of  streams  in  the  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.  May  and  June.  —  More  conspicuous  for  its  ovate 
pink-colored  floral  leaves,  than  for  its  purplish  spotted  corolla. 

17.    EXOSTEMMA,    DC. 

Calyx  obovate  or  tubular ;  the  limb  5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla-tube  very 
long,  terete ;  the  limb  with  5  long  linear  recurved  lobes,  valvate  in  the  bud. 


180  RUBIACK.K.     (MADDEU  FAMILY.) 

Stamens  5,  exserted.  Style  filiform,  thickened  above.  Stigma  obtuse  or  2-lolx;(l 
Capsule  coriaceous,  ovoid,  2-celled,  opening  loculicidally  at  the  apex,  and  septi- 
cidally  nearly  to  the  base,  many-seeded.  Seeds  circular,  imbricated,  winged. 
—  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite.  Stipules  solitary.  Flowers  white  or 
reddish. 

1.  E.  Caribseum,  11.  &'  S.  Smooth;  branches  slender;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1 -flowered  ;  corolla  as  long  :;s 
the  leaves.—  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  6°  -  12°  high.  Corolla  2'  long,  fragrant. 

18.     OLDENLANDIA,     Plum.     BLUETS. 

Flowers  tetramerous  (except  No.  8).  Calyx  4-toothod,  persistent.  Corolla 
funnel-shaped,  salver-shaped,  or  wheel-shaped,  4-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  4.  Stigma  mostly  2-lobed.  Capsule  roundish  or  obcordate,  2-celled, 
opening  loculicidally  at  the  apex,  which  is  often  free  from  the  calyx.  Seeds  few 
or  many,  wingless.  —  Chiefly  small  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves.  Stipules  united 
with  the  petioles,  sometimes  fringed  with  bristles.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pur- 
plish. 

*  Corolla  salver-shaped,  longer  than  the  calyx,  smooth :  flowers  dimorphous,  —  some  of 

them  bearing  exserted  stamens  and  an  included  style,  while  others  bear  included 
stamens  and  an  exserted  style :  peduncles  axillary,  solitary :  capsule  broad,  free 
at  the  apex. 

1.  O.  CCBrulea,  Gray.     Annual  or  biennial,  smooth;  stems  tufted,  fork- 
ing; leaves  lanceolate,  those  at  the  base  spatulate,  clustered;-  peduncles  elon- 
gated, erect  or   spreading.     (Houstouia  ccerulca,  L.     H.  patens,  Ell.)  —  Moist 
banks,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     February  and  March.  —  Stems 
3'  — 6'  high.     Corolla  blue  or  white,  yellow  in  the  throat. 

2.  O.  serpyllifolia,  Gray.     Perennial,  smooth ;  stems  filiform,  prostrate, 
branching ;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  and  slen- 
der petiole;  peduncles  elongated,  terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  stem.     (Hous- 
tonia  serpyllifolia,  Michx.)  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  —  Stems  6'- 
12' long.     Peduncles  1'- 2' long. 

3.  O.  rotundifolia,    Gray.     Perennial;    stems  diffuse,  creeping;  leaves 
round  or  oval,  fleshy,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole ;  peduncles  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  recurved  in  fruit ;  flowers  white.     ( Houstonia  rotundi- 
folia, Michx.)  —  Sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    February  and  March,  and  bearing  apetalous  fruiting  flowers  through  the 
year. 

*  *   Corolla  funnel-shaped :  flowers  diaxiously  dimorphous :  capsule  free  at  the  u/>ex  : 

stem  ^-angled :  flowers  in  terminal  cymes. 

4.  O.  purpurea,  Gray.     Pubescent ;  stem  branching,  erect ;  leaves  ovate 
or  lanceolate-ovate,  sessile,  3  -  5-ribbed  ;   calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  capsule ; 
corolla  purple  or  nearly  white,  slightly  hairy  within  ;  capsule  roundish.     (Hous- 
tonia purpurea,  L.)  —  Woods,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
June  .and  July.  —  Stems  8'- 12'  high.     Calyx-lobes  occasionally  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  capsule. 


RUBIACK^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  181 

Var.  longifolia,  Gray.  Smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  1 -ribbed,  the 
lowest  spatulate-oblong ;  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  globose  capsule.  (Hous- 
tonia  longifolia,  Willd.)  —  With  the  preceding. 

Var.  tenuifolia,  Gray.  Branches  and  pedicels  filiform,  spreading;  leaves 
remote,  narrow-linear;  flowers  and  capsules  smaller.  (Houstonia  tenuifolia, 
Natt.)  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July. 

5.  O.  angUStifolia,  Gray.     Smooth ;  root  woody ;  stems  clustered,  erect, 
branching  above ;  leaves  linear ;  cymes  crowded,  with  the  central  flowers  nearly 
sessile ;  corolla  white,  very  hairy  within ;  capsule  ovoid,  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
teeth.     (Hedyotis  stenophylla,   Torr.  fr  Gray.}  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida, 
and  westward.    June  and  July.  —  Stems  1  °  -  2°  high. 

Var.  filifolia.  Stem  shrubby  at  the  base,  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  filiform, 
remote ;  cymes  scattered,  3-flowered,  the  slender  pedicels  equal  and  spreading ; 
capsule  obcordate,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx-teeth,  the  upper  half  free.  — 
South  Florida. —  Stem  slender,  6'  -  10'  long.  Flowers  and  capsules  very  small. 

*  *  *   Corolla  wheel-shaped,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes :  flowers  axillary  and  termi- 

nal, single  or  clustered,  sessile :  stamens  and  style  very  short :  capsule  enclosed  in 
the  calyx-tube :  perennial:  stipules  fringed. 

6.  O.  Boscii.     Stems  4-angled,  smooth,  diffuse ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  sin- 
gle, or  2  —  3  together;  corolla  white  or  purplish;  capsule  ovoid.      (Hedyotis 
Boscii,  DC.) — River-banks,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.    July. 
—  Stems  6' -10' long. 

7.  O.  glomerata,  Michx.     Stems  terete,  smooth  or  pubescent,  branching ; 
leaves  oblong  or  oval,  short-petioled ;  clusters  dense,  many-flowered ;   corolla 
greenish-white.      (Hedyotis  glomerata,  EH.)  —  Wet  places,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.     July.  —  Stems  10'  -  15'  high. 

*  *  *  *   Corolla  funnel-shaped,  o-lobed,  longer  than  the  calyx-teeth  :  flowers  axillary 

and  terminal,  pentamerous :  capsule  top-shaped,  included  in  the  calyx-tube:  annual: 
stipules  fringed. 

8.  O.  Halei.     Stem  weak,  diffuse,  forking;  leaves  oval-oblong,  acute  at 
each  end,  somewhat  fleshy ;  flowers  solitary,  or  in  short  3  -  5-flowered  cymes, 
white.     (Hedyotis  Halei,  Torr.  $•  Gray.)  —  Banks  of  rivers,  South  Florida,  and 
westward.     July. 


19.     SPIGELIA,    L.    PISKROOT. 

Calyx  5-parted;  the  lobes  linear-subulate,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular-fun- 
nel-shaped, 5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5 :  anthers  linear.  Style 
slender,  jointed,  hairy  above.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  composed  of  two  few- 
seeded  carpels,  which  at  length  separate  at  the  base  and  open  loculicidally.  — 
Herbs.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  in  one-sided  terminal  spikes,  rarely  solitary. 

1-    S.  loganioides,  A.  DC.     Stem  simple,  ascending,  somewhat  4-angled, 
the  upper  part  and  joints  slightly  puberulent ;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  sessile, 
the  upper  surface  and  margins  roughish ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  the  ter- 
minal ones  three  in  a  cluster;  tube  of  the  corolla  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
16 


182  BUBIACE^E.       (MADDER    FAMILY.) 

calyx-lobes.     (Coelostylis,   Torr.  §•  Cray.)  —  Near  Fort  King,  East  Florida.— 
Stem  6'  - 10'  high.     Leaves  4'-' -  9"  long.     Corolla  4"  long,  white. 

2.  S.  gentianoides,    Chapm.      Stem  erect,  simple,  4-angled,  roughish; 
leaves  roundish,  ovate,  or  oblong,  sessile,  acute,  the  upper  surface  and  margins 
roughened;  spikes  terminal,  few-flowered;  lobes  of  the  corolla  connivcnt;  sta- 
mens and  style  included.  —  Light  dry  soil,  West  Florida.     May  and  June.  — 
Stem  6'  -  10'"high.     Corolla  6"  - 1 0"  long,  pale  rose-color. 

3.  S.  Marilandica,  L.     Stem  simple,   erect,   smooth,   4-angled;   leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  acute,  sessile,  pubescent  on  the  veins ;  spikes  termi- 
nal, many-flowered,  sometimes  forking ;  corolla  long,  slender,  the  lobes  spread- 
ing ;  anthers  and  style  exserted.  —  Kich   woods,   Florida  to   Mississippi,   and 
northward.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Corolla  U'  long,  scarlet, 
jellow  within.  —  A  popular  vermifuge. 

20.     MITREOLA,    L.     MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short,  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  tube  roundish, 
bearded  in  the  throat.  Stamens  5,  included :  anthers  ovate.  Styles  2,  short, 
united  above.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-parted,  mitre-shaped,  many-seeded, 
the  two  lobes  opening  on  the  inner  face  near  the  apex.  Seeds  oval,  concave.  — 
Smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  and 
axillary  cymes,  with  the  simple  branches  recurved  in  the  bud. 

1.  M.  petiolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  branching;   leaves  thin,  oblong, 
acute,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.     (Ophiorhiza  lanceolata,  Ell.) — Muddy  banks, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     June -Sept.     (V) — Stem  4-angled, 
1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

2.  M.  sessilifolia,    Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  simple,  4-angled ;  leaves  thick, 
ovate  or  roundish,  strongly  veined,  sessile,  rough  on  the  margins ;  flowers  and 
capsule  very  small.      (Ophiorhiza  Mitreola,  Michx.) — Varies  with  lanceolate 
obscurely-veined  leaves,  and  larger  flowers  and  fruit.  —  Grassy  swamps,  Florida 
to  North   Carolina,  and  westward.       July -Sept.      (_^  —  Stem  6' -18'   high. 
Leaves  6"-  10"  long.     Plant  pale  green. 

21.    POLYPREMUM,    L. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  bearded  in  the 
throat,  4-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  single,  very  short. 
Stigma  ovoid,  entire.  Capsule  ovoid,  compressed,  2-celled,  loculicidally  2-valved, 
many-seeded.  —  A  low  smooth  perennial  herb,  with  4-angled  forking  stems,  linear 
acute  leaves,  their  bases  united  by  the  membranaceous  stipules,  and  solitary  ses- 
sile white  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  stem. 

1.  P.  proeumbens,  L.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
June-  Sept.  —  Stems  6'- 10',  erect  or  prostrate,  clustered.  Flowers  very  small, 
the  corolla  barely  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 


VALERIANACE^E.       ( VALERIAN    FAMILY.)  183 

22.    GELSEMIUM,    Juss.     YELLOW  JESSAMINE. 

.Flowers  dimorphous.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5- 
lobed ;  the  lobes  rounded,  emarginate,  spreading,  qumcuncial  in  the  bud,  the 
sinuses  impressed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla:  anthers 
oblong-sagittate,  extrorse.  Styles  united,  filiform,  partly  persistent.  Stigmas 
4,  linear,  spreading.  Capsule  oblong,  compressed,  2-celled,  opening  septicidally 
to  the  middle,  and  loculicidally  at  the  apex,  each  valve  tipped  with  the  persistent 
base  of  the  styles.  Seeds  several,  oval,  flat,  winged,  obliquely  imbricated  in  two 
rows.  —  A  smooth  woody  vine,  with  opposite  evergreen  leaves,  minute  stipules, 
and  large  yellow  fragrant  flowers,  in  axillary  bracted  and  cluster-like  racemes. 

1.  G.  sempervirens,  Ait.  —  Margins  of  swamps,  and  river-banks,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  March  and  April.  —  Stem  twining,  pur- 
plish. Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  short-petioled. 
Racemes  few-flowered.  Pedicels  scaly.  Corolla  1'-  lj'  long. 


ORDER  71.     VALERIAN  A  CE^E.     (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  opposite  exstipulate  leaves,  and  cymose  flowers.  —  Calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-shaped,  mostly  5- 
lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct,  fewer  than  the  corolla- 
lobes,  and  inserted  into  its  tube.  Ovary  3-celled,  two  of  which  are  empty, 
the  third  containing  a  single  suspended  anatropous  ovule.  Style  slender. 
Stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  1  -  3-celled,  1-seeded.  Albumen  none. 

1.    VALERIANA,     Toum.     VALERIAN. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  composed  of  several  plumose  bristles,  at  first  incurved,, 
afterward  spreading.  Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base,  5-lobed.  Stamens  3.  Fruit 
1 -celled,  1-seeded.  —  Perennials. 

1.  V.  SCandens,  L.     Smooth;  stem  climbing ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles, 
ternately  divided  ;  leaflets  ovate,  entire  ;  cymes  paniculate,  diifuse,  axillary  and 
terminal ;  corolla  very  short.  —  East  Florida. 

2.  V.  pauciflora,  Michx,     Smooth;  stem  (l°-3°)  erect,  or  decumbent 
at  the  base,  simple  ;  leaves  membranaceous,  toothed  or  serrate,  the  radical  ones 
mostly  entire,  ovate  or  cordate,  long-petioled,  the  others  pinnately  3  -  7-lobed  ; 
cymes  terminal,  in  a  close  panicle  ;  tube  of  the  pale  pink  corolla  long  and  slen- 
der. —  Mountains  of  Tennessee,  and  northward.     June  and  July. 

2.     PEDIA,    Mcench.    LAMB-LETTUCE. 

Calyx-limb  toothed  or  obsolete.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  3. 
Fruit  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  empty  and  sometimes  confluent  into  one,  the  other 
1-seeded.  —  Annual  herbs,  with  forking  stems,  opposite  entire  or  lobed  leaves 
and  white  or  purplish  flowers  in  crowded  bracted  cymes. 


184  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  radiata,  Michx.  Leaves  oblong,  the  upper  ones  clasping  and  toothed 
at  the  base ;  fruit  mostly  downy,  ovoid,  with  a  furrow  between  the  parallel  and 
contiguous  empty  cells ;  flowers  white.  —  River-banks,  Florida,  and  northward. 
February  and  March.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high. 


ORDER  72.     COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  clustered  in  a  dense  head  upon  a  common  receptacle,  and  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre.  Calyx  united  with  the  ovary  ;  the  limb  (pap- 
pus) either  obsolete,  or  forming  a  cup-like  or  toothed  border,  or  divided 
into  chaffy  scales  or  bristles.  Corolla  superior,  flat  or  funnel-shaped,  5- 
(rarely  4-)  lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes 
of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  into  its  tube  :  anthers  cohering  in  a  cylinder 
(syngenesious).  Style  single  :  stigmas  2.  Fruit  (achenium)  dry  and  seed- 
like.  Seed  solitary,  erect,  without  albumen.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Herbs 
or  shrubs.  Leaves  without  stipules.  Involucre  composed  of  short  or  leafy 
bracts  (scales  of  the  involucre),  arranged  in  1-many  series.  Receptacle 
naked,  or  furnished  with  scales  (chaffy).  Heads  with  the  flowers  all  tubu- 
lar (discoid),  or  all  strap-shaped,  or  the  marginal  ones  strap-shaped  or 
ligulate  (radiate). 

Artificial  Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

SUBORDKR  I.  TUBULIFLOR^E.  Corolla  of  the  perfect  flowers 
tubular,  equally  5-  (rarely  3  -  4-)  lobed.  Ray-flowers,  when  present, 
ligulate,  either  pistillate  or  neutral. 

§  1.    Heads  discoid. 

*  Heads  with  the  flowers  all  perfect.  No. 

Pappus  none.    Leaves  resinous-dotted.    Flowers  yellow.         .        .        .          FLAVERIA.    55 
Pappus  bristly  or  hairy. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Receptacle  pointed BIGELOVIA.    21 

Receptacle  flat NOB.  1  &  33  in  SOLIDAGO.    20 

Receptacle  convex .         RUGELIA.     75 

Flowers  white,  blue,  or  purple. 
Receptacle  chaffy. 

Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  white MELANTHERA.    40 

Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  purple.          .        .        .        .        .       CARPHEPHORUS.      8 

Receptacle  bristly. 

Leaves  spiny CIRSIUM.    78 

Leaves  not  spiny,  cordate LAPPA.     79 

Receptacle  naked. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row CACALIA.     73 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  or  more  rows. 

Pappus  double,  the  outer  row  very  short VEKNONIA.      1 

Pappus  single. 
Achenia  ribbed  or  striate. 

Pappus  plumose.    Flowers  cream -colored KUHNIA.     10 

Pappus  scabrous.     Leaves  cordate BRICKELLIA.     11 

Pappus  scabrous.     Leaves  not  cordate.  .      LIATRIS.      9 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


185 


Achenia  not  ribbed,  5-angled. 

Receptacle  conical 

Receptacle  flat.     Stems  climbing 

Receptacle  flat.    Stems  erect 

Pappus  scaly. 
Flowers  blue  or  purple. 

Pappus  a  cup-shaped  border  of  united  scales 

Pappus  slender,  almost  bristly. 
Pappus  deciduous.     Heads  large  and  single. 
Pappus  persistent.    Heads  small,  in  3-bracted  clusters. 
Pappus  of  5  oval  almost  bony  scales.    Leaves  whorled. 
Flowers  white. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Leaves  entire,  linear  or  lanceolate.  .... 

Leaves  entire,  ovate  or  cordate.   ....... 

Leaves  pinnately  lobed 

Receptacle  chaffy. 
Achenium  top-shaped.     Scales  of  the  pappus  5  -  6.   . 

Achenium  flat.     Pappus  2-awned. 

Flowers  yellow.     Pappus  2  -  4-awned. 

Awns  of  the  pappus  deciduous 

Awns  of  the  pappus  persistent,  hispid  upward. 
Awns  of  the  pappus  persistent,  hispid  downward. 

*  *  Heads  with  flowers  variously  imperfect 
Marginal  flowers  pistillate.     Central  flowers  perfect. 
Pappus  bristly. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  or  more  rows. 
Involucre  persistent.     Leaves  sinuate-lobed. 
Involucre  persistent.     Leaves  entire.     Anthers  tailed. 
Involucre  persistent.     Leaves  entire      Anthers  tailless. 
Involucre  deciduous.     Heads  spiked. 

Pappus  not  bristly,  5-lobed. 

Pappus  none 

Marginal  flowers  pistillate.     Central  flowers  staminate. 

Pappus  none.     Style  rigid,  persistent. 

Pappus  none.     Style  deciduous.     Heads  nodding 

Marginal  flowers  neutral.     Central  flowers  perfect. 

*  *  *  Heads  dioecious  or  monoecious. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  heads  on  the  same  plant. 

Fruiting  involucre  1-seeded,  naked  or  tubercled 

Fruiting  involucre  2-seeded,  armed  with  hooked  spines. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  heads  on  separate  plants. 

Anthers  tailed.     Hoary  herbs 

Anthers  tailless.    Smooth  shrubs 


CONOCLINIUM.    14 

.   MIKANIA.    1.3 

EUPATORIUM.    12 


CffiLESTINA.      5 


.       STOKESIA. 

ELEPHANTOPUS. 

SCLEROLEPIS. 


PALAFOXIA.  57 

.     AGERATUM.  6 

HYMENOPAPPUS.  58 

MARSHALLIA.  63 

.    ACTINOMERIS.  49 

HELIANTHUS.  47 

COREOPSIS.  50 

.    BIDENS.  52 


ERECHTHITES.  72 

CONYZA.  26 

PLUCHEA.  28 

GNAPHALIUM.  70 

PTEROCAULON.  29 

TANACETUM.  67 

.      ARTEMISIA.  68 

SOLIVA.  69 

IVA.  &5 

CENTAUREA.  77 


AMBROSIA.    36 
XANTHIUM.     37 


§  2.    Heads  radiate. 
Rays  pistillate. 
Flowers  all  fertile. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Rays  yellow.    Leaves  opposite. 

Pappus  none. 

Pappus  scaly 

Rays  yellow.     Leaves  alternate. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  in  1  row. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  in  several  rows. 


ANTENNARIA.    71 
BACCHARIS.    27 


FLAVERIA.  55 

PECTIS.  4 

PENEOIO.  74 

HELENIUM.  59 

.   INULA.  25 


186 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


Rays  white  or  purpie. 
Pappus  none.      ...  .... 

Pappus  bristly 

Receptacle  pitted. 
Rays  white  or  purple. 

Pappus  double. 

Pappus  single.     Rays  about  5.    Achenia  silky.    . 
Pappus  single.    Rays  numerous.    Pappus  bristly.    . 
Pappus  single.    Rays  numerous.    Pappus  scaly. 
Rays  yellow. 

Pappus  double,  of  the  ray  and  disk  flowers  alike.     . 
Pappus  double,  of  the  ray  flowers  none. 
Pappus  single. 

Leaves  opposite.    Heads  large,  single  or  corymbose.     . 
Leaves  alternate.     Heads  racemed  or  clustered. 

Leaves  alternate     Heads  panicled 

Receptacle  chaffy. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  4-leaved,  4-angled.   . 
Involucre  imbricated  or  spreading. 
Maritime  shrubs.     Pappus  4-toothed. 
Herbs. 

Receptacle  conical  or  elongated. 
Rays  persistent.     Corolla-lobes  velvety. 
Rays  deciduous.    Achenia  3  -  4-angled. 
Rays  deciduous.    Achenia  compressed.     . 
Receptacle  flat. 

Leaves  lobed,  alternate 

Leaves  not  lobed.     Pappus  2-awned. 
Leaves  not  lobed.     Pappus  none. 
Flowers  of  the  disk  sterile. 

•    Rays  yellow.    Pappus  none 

Rays  yellow.    Pappus  a  toothed  crown 

Rays  yellow.    Pappus  2-toothed  or  awned.    Achenia  winged. 
Rays  yellow.    Pappus  2-toothed  or  awned.    Achenia  wingless. 

Rays  white.     Receptacle  conical 

Rays  neutral  (without  pistils). 
Receptacle  naked,  or  nearly  so. 
Achenia  villous.     Pappus  scaly,  long-awned. 
Achenia  smooth  or  the  angles  hairy.     Pappus  awnless. 
Receptacle  deeply  pitted. 

Margins  of  the  pits  entire.    Perennial 

Margins  of  the  pits  toothed.    Annual 

Receptacle  chaffy  throughout. 
Involucre  double.    Pappus  2  -  4-awned. 
Awns  of  the  pappus  hispid  upward.          .... 
Awns  of  the  pappus  hispid  downward.     Achenia  beakless. 
Awns  of  the  pappus  hispid  downward.     Achenia  beaked. 
Involucre  simple  or  imbricate. 
Pappus  a  cup-shaped  border,  or  none. 
Chaff  of  the  receptacle  elongated,  spine-pointed. 
Chaff  of  the  receptacle  not  elongated  nor  spine-pointed. 
Pappus  2 -4-awned. 

Achenia  winged.     Leaves  divided.     Receptacle  elongated. 
Achenia  winged.     Leaves  undivided.    Receptacle  convex. 
Achenia  wingless.     Awns  of  the  pappus  deciduous. 
Achenia  wingless.    Awns  of  the  pappus  persistent.    . 
Receptacle  chaffy  at  the  apex.    Achenia  ribbed. 


No. 

LEUCANTHEMUM     66 
ERIGERON.    17 


DIPLOPAPPUS.  18 

SERICOCARPUS  15 

.    ASTER.  16 

BOLTONIA.  19 


CHRYSOPSIS.  24 

HETEROTHECA.  23 

ARNICA.  76 

SOLIDAGO.  20 

.    ISOPAPPU8.  22 

TETRAGONOTHECA.  43 

BORRICHIA.  39 


ZINNIA.    41 

HELIOPSIS.    42 

SPILANTHES.    53 


ACHILLEA.  65 

VERBESINA.  54 

.    ECLIPTA.  38 

POLYMNIA.  30 

CHRYSOGONUM.  31 

SILPHIUM.  32 

BERLANDIERA.  33 

PARTHENIUM.  34 


GAILLARDIA.    56 
LEPTOPODA.    60 


.       BALDWINIA.    61 
ACTINOSPERMUM.    62 


COREOPSIS.    50 

BIDENS.    52 

.      COSMOS.    51 


ECHINACEA.  44 

.    RUDBECKIA.  45 

.  LEPACHYS.  46 

.  ACTINOMERIS.  49 

HELIANTHUS.  47 

HELIANTHELLA.  48 

MARUTA.  64 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  187 

SUBORDER  II.     LABIATIFLOR^E.     Corolla  of  the  perfect  flowers 
2-lipped  ;  the  outer  lip  3-lobed,  the  inner  2-lobed. 

Herb  stemless.     Scape  1  flowered.    Flower  nodding.  .        .        .        CHAPTALIA.     80 

SUBORDER  III.     LIGULIFLOILE.      Corolla  of  all  the   flowers  li- 
gulate. 

Pappus  none.     Achenia  many-ribbed APOGON.     81 

I'appus  scaly  and  bristly. 

Scales  of  the  pappus  5,  with  5  intermediate  bristles KRIGIA.    82 

Scales  of  the  pappus  and  bristles  numerous CYNTHIA.    83 

Pappus  hairy. 
Pappus  tawny  or  dirty-white. 

Flowers  erect,  rose-color.    Leaves  filiform LYGODESMIA.    86 

Flowers  erect,  yellow.     Achenia  beakless HIERACIUM.    84 

Flowers  erect,  yellow.    Achenia  long-beaked PYRRIIOPAPPUS.    88 

Flowers  nodding,  whitish  or  purplish NABALUS.    85 

Pappus  clear  white  (except  in  one  Mulgedium). 
Achenia  conspicuously  beaked. 

Achenia  ribbed.    Stemless  herbs TARAXACUM.    87 

Achenia  flat.     Stems  leafy LACTUCA.    89 

Achenia  beakless  or  nearly  so. 

Flowers  blue.    Achenia  slightly  beaked MULGEDIUM.    90 

Flowers  yellow.     Achenia  beakless SONCHUS.    91 


SUBORDER  I.      TUBUMFI.OR.E. 

TRIHE  I.  VEliNONIACE^E.  Heads  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  per- 
fect :  branches  of  the  style  terete,  filiform,  hairy  all  over  ;  the  stigmatic  lines  only  on 
the  lower  part.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  purple  flowers.  PECTIS  alone 
lias  pistillate  rays  and  yellow  flowers. 

1.     VERNONTA,     Schreb.    IRON-WEED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  equal  and  tabular.  Involucre  shorter 
than  the  flowers ;  the  scales  elf sely  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Receptacle 
naked.  Achenia  cylindrical,  ribbed.  Pappus  double;  the  exterior  consisting 
of  very  short  scale-like  bristles,  the  interior  of  copious  capillary  bristles.  —  Per- 
ennial herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  corymbose  purple  flowers. 

1.  V.  Oligophylla,    Michx.      Stem  nearly  naked;  leaves  rough  above, 
pubescent  beneath,  denticulate ;  those  at  the  base  large,  oval  or  oblong,  the 
others   small,  distant,  lanceolate;  corymb  few-flowered,   spreading;    involucre 
l>ell-shaped,   the  scales    lanceolate,   acuminate,   fringed.  • —  Damp   soil,    Geor- 
gia to   North    Carolina,   and  westward.       July.  —  Stem   2°  high,   sparingly 
branched. 

2.  V.  OValifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  pubescent,  very  leafy,  corymbose- 
branched  above;  leaves  roughish  above,  pubescent  beneath;  the  lowest  ones 
oval  or  oblong,  toothed-serrate ;  the  tipper  lanceolate  and  entire ;  involucre  bell- 


188  COHPOSIT^E.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

shaped  ;  scales  ovate,  acute,  fringed.  —  Dry  rich  woods,  Middle  Florida.     June 
and  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

3.  V.  Noveboracensis,  Willd.     Stem  more  or  less  pubescent,  branched 
above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  mostly  roughish  above,  smooth  or  pubescent 
beneath ;  corymbs  spreading ;  involucre  hemispherical,  the  scales  fringed,  ovate, 
ending  in  a  long  filiform  point,  or  simply  acute.     (V.  tomentosa,  Ell.     V.  pra-- 
alta,  Willd.)  — River-banks  and  low  ground,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward.   July -Sept. —  Stem  3° -6°  high.     Scales  of  the  involucre  purple,  and 
usually  covered  with  web-like  hairs. 

4.  V.  fasciculata,  Michx.,  var.  altissima,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  tall, 
and,  like  the  lanceolate  sen-ate  leaves,  smoothish;  involucre  small,  hemispheri- 
cal; the  scales  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate,  fringed,  apprcssed.     (V.  altissima, 
Nutt.) — Low  ground,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     September. 
—  Stem  6°  - 10°  high.     Leaves  6'  - 1 2'  long. 

5.  V.  angUStifolia,  Michx.     Stem  slender,  smooth  or  hairy,  very  leafy  : 
leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  smoothish,  or  pubescent  and  roughish,  the  low- 
est ones  sparingly  denticulate,  the  upper  entire,  with  the  margins  revolute ;  cor- 
ymbs mostly  umbel-like ;  involucre  bell-shaped ;  the  scales  lanceolate,  fringed, 
acute  or  conspicuously  mucronate.     (V.  scaberrima,  Nutt.)  — Dry  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     June  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

2.     STOKESIA,     L'Her. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  marginal  flowers  much  larger,  deeply  split  on  the 
inside,  and  ray-like.  Involucre  subglobose,  bracted,  the  outer  scales  prolonged 
into  a  leafy  bristly-fringed  appendage,  the  inner  ones  lanceolate  and  entire.  Re- 
ceptacle naked.  Achenia  short,  3-4-angled,  smooth.  Pappus  composed  of 
4-5  filiform  chaffy  deciduous  scales.  —  A  sparingly  branched  downy-stemmed 
perennial.  Leaves  smooth,  lanceolate,  entire,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  and,  like 
the  bracts,  fringed  at  the  base,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  slender  petiole.  Heads 
few  or  solitary,  large,  terminal.  Flowers  blue. 

1.  S.  Cyanea,  L'Her.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  South  Carolina,  and  westward, 
very  rare.  —  Stems  1°-  U°  high.  Heads  1'  wide. 

3.    ELEPHANTOPUS,    L.    ELEPHAXT'S-FOOT. 

Heads  3  -  5-flowered,  crowded  in  terminal  3-bracted  clusters.  Flowers  all 
equal  and  similar.  Involucre  compressed ;  scales  8,  in  2  rows,  dry,  oblong, 
acute,  dotted.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  deeply  split  on  one  side,  palmate. 
Achenium  oblong,  ribbed,  hairy.  Pappus  bristly  from  a  dilated  base,  double  or 
single.  —  Erect  hairy  corymbose-branched  perennials,  with  alternate  ample  leaves,, 
and  purple  or  white  flowers. 

1.  E.  Caroliiiiamis,  Willd.  Stem  leafy,  hairy;  leaves  thin,  oval  or 
oblong,  incurved-serrate,  hairy,  tapering  into  a  petiole;  bracts  ovate,  longer 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.^  I8i> 

than  the  heads  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  slightly  hairy.  —  Damp  shady  soil,  Flor- 
ida to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July  and  August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high 
Leaves  3'  -  6'  long,  2'  -  4'  wide.  Flowers  purple. 

2.  E.  tomentOSUS,  L.  Rough-hairy ;  stem  nearly  naked  ;  radical  leaves 
spreading,  ohovate-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  petiole;  stem-leaves  (1-2)  small, 
lanceolate ;  bracts  ovate  or  .cordate,  usually  shorter  than  the  heads ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  very  hairy.  (E.  nudicaulis,  Ell.)— Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June  -  August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Radical 
leaves  4'  - 10'  long,  2'  wide,  spreading  on  the  ground.  Flowers  pale  purple. 

4.    PECTIS,    L. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate.  Rays  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  somewhat  2- 
lipped,  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical.  Scales  5  -  8,  in  a  single  row.  Recepta- 
cle naked.  Branches  of  the  style  short,  obtuse.  Achenium  linear.  Pappus 
composed  of  about  five  unequal  bristle-pointed  scales.  —  Chiefly  annuals. 
Leaves  opposite,  glandular-dotted,  bristly  on  the  margins.  Flowers  small, 
yellow. 

1.  P.  linifolia,  L.  Stem  diffusely  branched  (6'- 12' high) ;  leaves  linear, 
connate ;  heads  small,  on  long  and  slender  bracted  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre slightly  produced  at  the  base ;  achenia  hairy.  —  South  Florida. 

TRIE-:  II.  EUPATORIACE^E.  Heads  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and 
perfect:  branches  of  the  style,  usually  elongated,  dub-shaped,  minutely  pubescent; 
the.  stir/mafic  lines  obscure.  —  Flowers  while,  blue,  or  purple. 

5.    CCELESTINA,    Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  nearly  hemispherical ;  the  scales  numerous, 
imbricated.  Receptacle  naked  or  chaffy.  Achenia  5-angled.  Pappus  cup- 
shaped,  truncate  or  more  or  less  prominently  toothed.  — Leaves  opposite,  toothed. 
Heads  in  close  corymbs.  Flowers  blue  or  purple. 

1.  C.  maritima,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  diffuse,  somewhat  shrubby  at  the 
base,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  petiole;  corymbs 
few-flowered ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  a  whitish  truncated  margin.  —  South 
Florida.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  Ions.  Flowers  blue. 


6.    AGERATUM,    L. 

Receptacle  always  naked.  Pappus  composed  of  5  -  10  distinct  scales.  Oth- 
erwise like  Coelestina. 

1.  A.  COnyzoides,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic,  or  cordate,  on  rather  long 
petioles  ;  scales  of  the  pappus  5,  slightly  serrate,  awn-pointed  from  a  broad  base. 
—  Wet  places  near  Savannah,  Georgia.  May.  —  Pubescence  and  form  of  the 
leaves  variable.  Flowers  white  or  blue. 


190  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

7.     SCLEROLEPIS,     Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  imbricated  in  two  rows, 
equal.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angled.  Scales  of 
the  pappus  5,  almost  horny,  oval.  —  A  smooth  aquatic  perennial  herb,  with 
whorled  linear  leaves,  and  1-3  heads  of  purple  flowers,  terminating  the  stem  or 
peduncle-like  branches. 

1.  S.  verticillata,  Cass.  (Sparganophorus  verticillatus,  MicJix.) —  Shal- 
low ponds,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stems  ascending, 
1°  high.  Leaves  5  -  6  in  a  whorl.  Heads  £'  wide. 

8.     CARPHEPHORTJS,     Cass.     (LIATRIS,  Ell.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  -  5  rows,  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  appressed.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Achenia  10-ribbcd.  Pappus  of 
numerous  unequal  bearded  bristles.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate. 
Heads  corymbed.  Flowers  purple. 

1.  C.    PseudO-Liatris,    Cass.     Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary;  stem 
simple,  rigid  ;  leaves  linear,  appressed,  the  lowest  crowded,  elongated  ;  corymb 
small,  dense,  mostly  simple ;  pedicels  bracted  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance- 
olate, acute,  hairy.  —  Open  grassy  pine  barrens,  West  Florida.     September.  — 
Stem  6'-  18'  high.     Heads  rarely  racemose. 

2.  C.   tomentOSUS,    Torr.    &   Gray.      Stem   simple,   tomentose;  leaves 
smooth  or  hairy,  gland-pointed ;  the  lowest  oblong  or  lanceolate,  3-ribbed,  nar- 
rowed into  a  long  clasping  petiole,  the  others  numerous,  small,  oblong  or  oval, 
sessile ;  corymb  loose-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  very  tomentose,  the  outer 
ones  short,  ovate,  the  inner  oblong,  acute.     (L.  Walteri,  Ell.)  — Low  pine  bar- 
rens, North  and  South  Carolina.     September.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

3.  C.  COrymbOBUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  tall,  hairy ;  leaves  smooth  or 
more  or  less  hairy;  the  lowest  cuneate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  1-  or  obscurely  3- 
ribbed;  the  others  numerous,  small,  oblong,  sessile;  heads  about  20,  closely  , 
corymbed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  smooth  and  equal,  oval,  veiy  obtuse, 
broadly  margined.      (L.   tomentosa,  Ell.)  —  Margins  of  swamps,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     September.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

4.  C.  bellidifolius,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth ;  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate, 
3-ribbed,  obtuse ;  heads  few  in  a  loose  corymb ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
obtuse,   sparingly  fringed  on  the   margins  ;  pappus   slightly   plumose.  —  Dry 
sand-hills,   Wilmington,  North  Carolina.      September.  —  Stems  several  from 
the  same  root,  12'-  18'  high.     Heads  sometimes  panicled. 

9.     LIATRIS,     Schreb.    BCTTON-SXAKEROOT. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  similar  and  perfect.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Achenia  nearly 
terete,  narrowed  at  the  base,  about  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  numerous  plumose  or 
bearded  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs  (rarely  shrubby),  with  mostly  tuberous  roots 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  191 

and  simple  stems.     Leaves  alternate,  usually  entire.     Flowers  purple,  often  va- 
rying into  white,  commonly  dotted  with  resinous  particles. 

^  1.  Root  tuberous :  leaves  very  numerous,  linear  or  lanceolate,  the  lowest  broader  and 
tapering  at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile:  heads  in  spikes  or  racemes:  achenia  hairy : 
pappus  plumose  or  bearded:  stems  simple,  or  in  more  vigorous  plants  sometimes 
branching  below  the  spikes,  and  bearing  fewer-flowered  heads. 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like  or  kafy  tips:  pappus  plumose. 

1.  L.  elegailS,  Willd.     Heads  very  numerous  in  a  cylindrical  raceme,  4- 
5-flowered ;    inner  scales  of  the  involucre  petal-like,  purple ;   stem  tomentose ; 
leaves  smooth,  the  lowest  lanceolate.—  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Car- 
olina, and  westward.     August.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Heads  showy. 

2.  L.  squarrosa,  Willd.     Heads  few  or  numerous,  large,  many-flowered, 
cylindrical ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  leafy  spreading  tips ;  stem  pubescent ; 
leaves  smoothish  or  hairy,  long,  linear,  rigid,  3-5-ribbed. — Dry  sandy  soil, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  1°-  l£°  high. 
Heads  1'  long,  sessile  or  terminating  short  branchlets.     Corolla-lobes  hairy. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  appendaged. 
+-   Heads  3-6-flowered:  pappus  conspicuously  plumose. 

.*?.  L.  Boykinii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  slender;  leaves 
linear,  dotted ;  heads  3  -  4-flowercd,  rather  closely  spiked ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre smooth,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acuminate  and  spreading  at  the  apex,  as  long 
as  the  pappus.  —  Near  Columbus,  Georgia.  August  and  September.  —  Stem 
1  °  -  2°  high.  Spike  6'  - 1 0'  long. 

4.  L.  tenuifolia,  Nutt.  Smooth ;  stem  tall  and  slender ;  leaves  narrow- 
linear  or  filiform,  the  lowest  long  and  crowded ;  heads  5-flowered,  in  a  long  and 
close  raceme ;  scales  of  the  involucre  barely  pointed,  smooth,  purple.  —  Dry 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  September.  —  Stem 
2° -4°  high.  Racemes  often  1-sided. 

•i-  -i-   Heads  3  -  many-flowered :  pappus  densely  bearded. 

3.  L.    pauciflora,    Pursh.      Stem  pubescent,   declining;   leaves   linear, 
short,  smooth;   heads  4 -5-flowered,  in  a  long  1 -sided  raceme;  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  or  pubescent  on  the  margins.     (L. 
secunda,  Ell.)  —  Dry  sandy  ridges  in  the  middle  districts.     Alabama  to  North 
Carolina.     September.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  long. 

6.  L.  Chapman!!,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Stem  tomentose;  leaves  smooth  or 
pubescent,  linear,   rather  obtuse;    the   uppermost  very   short  and   bract-like; 
heads  mostly  3-flowcred,  cylindrical,  densely  spiked ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  smooth ;  the  outer  ones  much  shorter  and  broader ;  corolla 
and  very  hairy  achenium  large.  —  Dry  sandy  ridges,  Florida.      July -Sept. 
Stem  l°-2°  high. 

7.  L.   gracilis,   Pursh.      Stem  tomentose  and  somewhat  hoary;  leaves 
smooth  or  nearly  so.  the  lowest  lanceolate,  obtuse,  long-petioled,  the  others  lin- 
ear, apprcssed  or  spreading,  short;  heads  small,  3-7-flowered,  sessile  or  on 
slender  tomentose  and  bracted  pedicels  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  rather 


192  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

obtuse  or  mucronate,  more  or  less  pubescent ;  the  edges  not  margined  and  com 
monly  ciliate.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Florida.  Septem- 
ber.—  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Varies  greatly  in  the  length  and  direction  of  the 
pedicels. 

8.  L.  graminifolia,    Willd.      Stem   usually  smooth,  and   striped  with 
greener  lines ;  leaves  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  and  fringed  near 
the  base ;  the  lowest  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  the  upper  linear ; 
heads  in  spikes  or  racemes,  often  very  numerous ;  involucre  broadly  obconical, 
7  -  14-flowered ;  the  scales  oblong-spatulate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowly  mar- 
gined.    (L.  gracilis,  Ell.,  a  more  slender  form,  with  the  fewer-flowered  heads  on 
longer  pedicels.)  —  Light  dry  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Sep- 
tember. —  Stem  2°  -  6°  high. 

9.  L.  spicata,  Willd.     Smooth;    stem  very  leafy;   leaves   linear,   erect; 
the  lowest  very  long,  obtuse,  3  —  5-ribbed ;  the  uppermost  small  and  bract-like ; 
heads  sessile,  cylindrical,  8 -12-flowered,  crowded  in  a  long  cylindrical  spike ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  smooth,  obtuse,  narrow-margined,  purple.     (L.  resinosa, 
Xittt.,  a  small  form  with  5-flowered  heads.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.     August  and   September.  —  Stem  rigid,  2°  — 5°  high.      Spikes 
sometimes  2°  -  3°  long.     Styles  elongated. 

10.  L.  pilosa,  Willd.     More  or  less  pubescent  witli  long  scattered  hairs ; 
stem  stout ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  hairy ;  heads  in  a  loose 
simple  raceme,  10-15-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  turbinate  or  campanulate  involu- 
cre glabrous,  not  punctate,  with  slight  scarious  margins,  the  exterior  narrowly 
oblong,  short,  very  obtuse ;  the  innermost  linear ;  achenia  pubescent,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  densely  bearded  (almost  plumose)  pappus. — Henderson  County, 
North  Carolina,  Curtis.  —  A  stout  plant,  with  the  heads  8 ''-10"  long. 

11.  L.  SCariosa,  Willd.     Stem .stout,  pubescent ;  leaves  mostly  pubescent, 
the  lowest  large,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  the  upper  linear,  acute ;  heads 
large,  15-40-flowered,  roundish,  sessile  or  pedicelled;  scales  of  the  involucre 
spatulate  or  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  usually  with  broad  and  colored  mar- 
gins ;  the  outer  ones  with  spreading  tips.     (L.  spheroidea,  Michx.)  —  Dry  light 
soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     September.  —  Stem  3° -6°  high. 
Heads  sometimes  1 '  wide. 

12.  L.  heterophylla,  Brown.      Leaves   lanceolate,   smooth;  the   upper 
ones  linear-lanceolate  and  much  smaller;    heads  about  10,  roundish,  spiked, 
crowded,  15  -  16-flowered ;  scales  lanceolate,  with  pointed  spreading  tips.  —  Geor- 
gia to  North  Carolina,  not  common. 

§  2.     Root  not  tuberous :  leaves  obovate  or  oblong :  heads  Jew-Jlowered,  corymbed  or 
panicled:  pappus  minutely  bearded. 

13.  L.  Odoratissima,  Willd.     (HOUND'S  TONGUE.)     Stem  herbaceous, 
smooth ;  leaves  smooth  and  often  glaucous,  obtuse  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-obovate, 
3 -5-ribbed,  the  upper  oval  or  oblong,  small,  sessile ;  heads  7 -8-flowered,  dis- 
posed in  an  ample  spreading  corymb  or  panicle.  —  Flat  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.      September. — Stem  2° -3°  high.      The 
withering  leaves  exhale  the  odor  of  vanilla. 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  193 

14.  L.  paniculata,  Willd.     Stem  viscid-pubescent;    leaves  smooth;  the 
lowest  spatulate-lanceolate,  the  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  small ;  heads  mostly  5- 
flowered,  in  small  lateral  and  terminal  corymbs,  forming  a  dense  oblong  panicle. 

—  Damp  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept.  and 
Oct.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 

15.  L.  fruticosa,  Nutt.     Stem  shrubby,  smooth ;  branches  naked  above; 
leaves  obovate,  not  ribbed,  the  lowest  ones  opposite ;  heads  corymbose,  5-flow- 
ered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute,  dotted.  — East  Florida.  — Leaves 
1'  long. 

10.     KUHNIA,    L. 

Heads  10-25-flowered.  Flowers  all  similar  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre few  and  loosely  imbricated  in  2-3  rows.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla 
slender,  5-toothcd.  Achenium  cylindrical,  many-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row 
of  strongly  plumose  bristles.  — A  perennial  herb,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  dotted 
leaves,  and  heads  of  yellowish-white  flowers  in  paniclcd  corymbs. 

1.  K.  eupatorioides,  L.  Stem  pubescent,  or  somewhat  viscid,  mostly 
branched  ;  leaves  toothed  or  entire,  pubescent,  or  smoothish  beneath,  the  lower 
ones  sometimes  opposite  ;  corymbs  loose  or  crowded.  (K.  Critonia,  and  K.  glu- 
tinosa,  Ell.)  —  Light  and  dry  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  Sept. 

—  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

11.    BRICKELLIA,    Ell. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  imbricated,  the 
outer  ones  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  cylin- 
drical, 10-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  bearded  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  dotted  opposite  3-ribbed  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  pale  purple  flowers,  in 
terminal  corymbs. 

1.  B.  COrdifolia,  Ell.  Stem  erect,  tomentose,  mostly  branching;  leaves 
ovate,  serrate,  mostly  cordate,  petioled,  the  upper  ones  often  alternate ;  heads 
large,  30  -  40-flowered ;  achenia  nearly  smooth.  —  Light  rich  soil,  Western  Geor- 
gia and  Florida,  and  westward.  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Flowers  showy. 

12.     ETTPATORITJM,     Tourn.     TIIOROUGHWORT. 

Heads  3  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  bell-shaped,  the  scales  in 
a  single  row,  or  imbricated  in  2 -several  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla 
5-toothcd.  Achenia  5-angled,  the  sides  smooth  and  even.  Pappus  a  single  row 
of  slender  rough  bristles.  —  Perennial  and  mostly  resinous-dotted  herbs,  with 
opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  flowers. 

§  1 .    Heads  corymbed. 
*  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  numerous,  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the 

outer  ones  shorter :  heads  Jew-  or  many-flowered :  leaves  chiefly  opposite. 
1.   E.  ivaefolium,  L.      Herbaceous;  stem   (3° -5°)  erect,  terete,  rough- 
hairy,  at  length  much  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  nearly 
17 


194  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

sessile,  3-nerved,  sparingly  serrate  ;  corymbs  dense  ;  heads  1 5  -  20-flowered ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  very  obtuse,  strongly  striate.  —  Near  Natchez,  Mississippi, 
and  South  Florida.  July  -  November.  —  Flowers  blue. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  purplish,  scarious,  obtuse,  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the 

outer  ones  much  shorter :  /eaves  whorled:  flowers  purplish. 

2.  E.  purpureum,  L.     Smooth  or  pubescent;   stem  simple,  tall,  often 
spotted  or  dotted ;  leaves  petioled,  3-6  in  a  whorl,  varying  from  lanceolate  to 
ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  roughish  ;  corymbs  large,  compound  ;  heads  5  -10-flow- 
ered.  —  Swamps,  rarely  in  dry  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
Aug.-  Sept.  —  Stem  3° -10°  high,  solid  or  hollow,  even  or  grooved.     A  vari- 
able species,  including  E.  ternifolium,  E.  maculatum,  and   E.  verticillatum, 
Ell. 

*  *  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  (green  or  white)  imbricated  in  2-3  rows,  the  outer  ones 
shorter :  heads  5  -  20-flowered :  leaves,  achenia,  fyc.  dotted  with  resinous  glands : 
flowers  white. 

•«-  Heads  5-flowered:  leaves  undivided,  sessile  or  narrowed  into  a  stalk-like  base 
(except  No.  13.) 

3.  E.  hyssopifolium,  L.     Pubescent;  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  ones 
alternate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  or  toothed,  3-ribbed  at 
the  base  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  shorter  than  the 
flowers.     (E.  linearifolium,  Walt.) — Varies  with  the  leaves  narrow-linear  and 
entire,  the  lower  ones  4  in  a  whorl,  and  numerous  smaller  ones  in  the  axils. — 
Low  ground,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.      Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.    Leaves  rigid,  sometimes  all  alternate. 

4.  E.  Clineifolium,  Willd.      Pubescent;    leaves   short,   obovate-oblong, 
sparingly  serrate  near  the  summit,  or  entire,  3-ribbed,  mostly  very  obtuse ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  flowers.     (E.  glaucescens,  Ell.)  — Rich 
shaded  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high.     Leaves  1' 
long,  pale  and  somewhat  glaucous  on  both  sides. 

5.  E.  leucolepis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  simple,  virgate,  minutely  pubes- 
cent and  roughened ;  leaves  somewhat  remote,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  serrate,  very  rough  on  both  sides,  obscurely  3-ribbed;  corymbs  ample, 
hoary  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  white  and  scarious  at  the 
apex,  as  long  as  the  flowers.  —  Flat  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  northward.     Sept. 
—  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

6.  E.  parviflorum,  Ell.     Tomentose ;  stem  slender,  simple  or  branched 
above ;  leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  serrate, 
3-ribbed  near  the  base,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  corymbs  large  ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre lanceolate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
mature  achenia.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  wet  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.    Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high.    Leaves  2'  long,  strongly  veined.    Flow- 
ers smallest  of  all. 

7.  E.  scabridum,  Ell.  ?     Stem  stout,  tomentose  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  thickly  and  unequally  serrate,  rough  above,  tomen- 
tose  and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  3-ribbed  from  near  the  base;  corymbs 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  195 

ample,  dense;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the 
flowers.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Middle  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  August.  — 
Stem  2°  high.  Leaves  l£'  long. 

8.  E.  rotundifolium,  L.  Stem  pubescent,  mostly  simple ;  leaves  short, 
broadly  ovate  or  roundish,  obtusely  serrate,  roughish,  mostly  truncate  at  the  base, 
3-ribbed  and  somewhat  rugose  ;  corymbs  large  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceo- 
late, acute,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina, and  westward.-  August.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Leaves  1'  long. 

9  E.  teucrifolium,  Willd.  Rough-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  coarsely  serrate  and  sometimes  toothed  near  the  base,  3-ribbed  ;  the  upper 
ones  small  and  remote ;  corymbs  dense,  depressed  in  the  centre ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  (E.  verbenaefolium, 
Michx.) — Damp  soil,  Florida  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  virgate,  2° -3° 
high.  Leaves  !'-!£'  long,  the  base  rounded  or  truncate.  Branches  of  the 
corymb  alternate. 

10.  E.  album,  L.     Rough-pubescent  or  hairy ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  toothed-serrate,  strongly  veined ;  corymbs  dense ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate,  smooth,  or  the  outer  ones  pubescent,  longer  than  the 
flowers,  the  acuminate  or  mucronate  tips  white  and  scarious.  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  2' 
long. 

11.  E.  altissimum,   L.     Stem   tomcntose ;    leaves   opposite,   lanceolate, 
acute,  pubescent,  strongly  3-ribbed,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle,  narrowed 
at  the  base ;  corymb  dense,  hoary ;  scales  of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  flow- 
ers, linear-oblong,  obtuse.  —  Sterile  soil,  North   Carolina  and  westward.     Sept. 
—  Stem  3°  -  7°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long. 

12.  E.  sessilifolium,  L.     Smooth;   leaves  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  rounded  and  closely  sessile  at  the  base ;  corymb  tomentose ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong,  obtuse.     (E.  truncatum,  Ell.)  — Open  woods,  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts, Alabama  and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high,  mostly  branching 
above.     Leaves  3'  -6'  long,  thin  and  veiny. 

13.  E.  mikanioides,    n.   sp.      Stem   ascending  from   a   creeping   base, 
branching  and  tomentose  above  ;  leaves  opposite,  long-petiolcd,  deltoid,  glandu- 
lar-serrate or  toothed,  truncate  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  base,  resinous-dotted 
above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  the  petioles  somewhat  connate  ;  corymb 
ample;  scales  of  the  involucre  about   10,  lanceolate,  acute;    anthers  slightly 
exserted ;  achenia  5-angled,  glandular.  —  Low  sandy  places,  on  St.  Vincent's 
Island,  West  Florida.     Sept. —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  l'-lj'  long,  some- 
what fleshy. 

-t-   -i-  Heads  6  -  15-Jlowered :  leaves  opposite. 
++  Leaves  sessile  or  perfoliate. 

14.  E.    pirmatifidum,    Ell.      Pubescent ;    leaves   lanceolate,   pinnately 
lobed  or  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  linear  and  entire,  the  lowest  ones  whorled  ; 
heads  6  -  9-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  — Dry  soil,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 


196  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

15.  E.  perfoliatum,  L.     Pubescent  or  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, crenate-serrate,  rugose,  sessile  and  clasping  at  the  base,  or  connate-perfoli- 
ate ;  heads  about  10-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  acute. 
—  Low  ground,  Florida  and  northward.      Sept.  —  Stem   stout,  2° -3°  high. 
Leaves  6' -8'  long. 

•M-   -M-  Leaves  petioled. 

16.  E.  serotinum,  Michx.      Pubescent;    stem   tall,   mostly  branching; 
leaves    long-petioled,    ovate-lanceolate,    acuminate,    sharply    serrate,    3-ribbed  ; 
heads  12-15-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse;   achenia 
smooth.  —  Rich  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept.  —  Stem 
.3°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  4'-  9'  long. 

17.  E.  villosum,    Swam.     Stem    tomentose,   branching  ;    leaves    short- 
petiolcd,  ovate,  obtuse  or  mucronate,  rusty-pubescent,  denticulate  or  entire,  3- 
ribbed;  corymb  dense;  heads   10-15-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  about 
10,  equal,  linear,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  flowers;  anthers  slightly  exserted; 
achenia  hispid  ;  pappus  shorter  than  the  flowers.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves 
rigid,  1'- 4' long. 

*  *  *  #  Scales  of  the  involucre  (green)  equal,  in  a  single  row:  heads  8-30-Jiow- 
ered :  leaves,  achenia,  Sj-c.  not  resinous-dotted :  leaves  on  slender  petioles. 

18.  E.  ageratoides,  L.     Smooth;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  slightly  cordate, 
acuminate,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  3-ribbed  ;  heads  10  -  20-flowered ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  linear,  acutish,  slightly  pubescent ;    achenia  smooth.  —  Rich 
shaded  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  commonly 
branching,  2°  —  3°  high.     Leaves  3' -5' long.     Flowers  white. 

19.  E.  aromaticum,  L.     Pubescent;  leaves  thickish,  ovate,  or  the  low- 
est cordate,  crenate-serrate,  roughish,  on  short  petioles,  barely  acute ;  heads  8  ~ 
1 5-flowered;    scales  of  the  involucre  linear;    achenia  smooth.      (E.  ceanothi- 
folinm,  Willd.) — Dry  open  woods,  common.     Sept. —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves 
1'- 2' long.     Flowers  white. 

20.  E.  incarnatlim,  Walt.     Pubescent ;  stem  slender,  reclining,  diffusely 
branched ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  deltoid,  acuminate,  truncate  or  coidate  at  the 
base,  coarsely  serrate ;  corymbs  numerous,  small ;    heads  about  20-ttowered ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  2-ribhed ;  achenia  hispid.  —  Rich  shaded 
soil,  Florida  to  North   Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2° -4°  long.     Leaves  l'-2' 
long.     Flowers  pale  purple. 

§  2.    Heads  in  panided  racemes :  leaves  pinnately  divided. 

21.  E.  fcenieulaceum,  Willd.     Stem  tall,  pubescent,  paniculately  much 
branched  ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  filiform,  smooth  ;  heads  3  -  5-flowered ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  smooth,  margined,  notched  at  the  apex,  mucronate ;  achenia 
smooth.  —  Chiefly   in   old   fields,  Florida   to   North   Carolina,  and   westward. 
Sept.  and  Oct  —  Stem  3°  -  8°  high.     Flowers  white. 

22.  E.  COronopifolium,  Willd.    Pubescent ;  stem  paniculately  branched ; 
divisions  of  the  leaves  linear ;  heads  crowded,  5-flowered ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre mucronate,  pubescent,  margined ;    achenia  smooth.  —  Dry  sandy   soil, 
Florida  to   North   Carolina.     Sept.  and   Oct. —  Stem  2° -4°  high.    Flowers 
white.  —  Probably  a  broader-leaved  form  of  the  preceding. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  197 

13.    MIKANIA,    Willd. 

Heads  4-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  4.  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Anthers 
partly  cxserted.  Corolla,  achenia,  &c.  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Chiefly  climbing* 
herbs,  with  opposite  mostly  cordate  leaves,  and  whitish  flowers. 

1.  M.  SCandens,  Willd.  Smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  on  slender  peti- 
oles, acuminate,  toothed  or  entire ;  corymbs  numerous,  on  short  axillary  branches 
or  peduncles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute ;  achcnia  minutely  glandular. 
( M.  pubescens,  Mufil.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  and  northward.  Aug.  and  Sept.  — 
Stem  twining. 

14.    CONOCLINIUM,    DC. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal,  imbricated  in 
2-3  rows.  Receptacle  conical,  naked.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Anthers  included. 
Achenia  angled,  smooth.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  serrate  leaves, 
and  heads  of  purple  or  blue  flowers  in  a  terminal  corymb. 

1.  C.  CCBlestinum,  DC.  Smoothish;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  the  lowest 
often  cordate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate ;  heads  30  -  60-flowcred ;  flowers  blu- 
ish-purple. (Eupatorium  ccelcstinum,  L.) — Rich  soil,  Florida  and  northward. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

TRIBE  III.  ASTEROIDE^E.  Heads  discoid  or  radiate;  the  rays  pistillate : 
branches  of  the  style,  in  the  perfect  flower,  flattened,  linear  or  lanceolate,  equally 
pubescent  aliove  on  the  outside ;  the  conspicuous  stif/matic  lines  terminating  w/iere 

•     the  exterior  pubescence  commences. 

15.     SERICOCARPUS,    Nccs. 

Heads  12  - 1 5-flowcred ;  the  ray-flowers  about  5.  white,  pistillate  ;  those  of  the 
disjc  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucre  somewhat  cylindrical  or  club-shaped ;  the 
scales  cartilaginous,  whitish,  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows,  with  greenish 
and  more  or  less  spreading  tips.  Receptacle  pitted,  toothed.  Achenia  short, 
obpyramidal,  silky.  Pappus  simple,  composed  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 
—  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  crowded  in  a  dense  corymb. 
Disk-flowers  yellow. 

1 .  S.  COnyzoides,  Nees.      Stem   slightly  pubescent,   corymbose   above ; 
Nearly  terete ;  leaves  ciliate  on  the  margins,  otherwise  smooth,  the  lower  ones 
spatulate-oblong,  serrate  above  the  middle,  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate  and 
entire  ;  involucre  top-shaped  ;  pappus  rust-color.     (Aster  cony/.oides,  Willd.)  — 
Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts,  Georgia  and  north- 
ward.    August.  —  Stem  1  ° - 2°  high. 

2.  S.  SOlidagineus,  Nees.     Smooth;  stem  angled;  leaves  lanceolate"  or 
linear,  obtuse,  entire,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  involucre  top-shaped ;  pappus  white. 
(Aster  solidaginoides,  Willd.)  —  Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.     August.  — 
Stem  slender,  2°  high.     Heads  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

•17* 


198  COMPOSITE:.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

3.   S.  tortifolius,  Necs.     Closely  pubescent ;  leaves  short,  obovate,  rarely 

sen-ate,  vertical ;  involucre  top-shaped ;  the  scales  oblong  and  slightly  spreading 

«at  the  tips;  pappus  copious,  white.     (Aster  tortifolius,  Miclix.) —  Sandy  pine 

barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     August. —  Stem   l°-2° 

high.     Leaves  1 '  long. 

16.     ASTER,     Tourn.    ASTER.     STARWORT. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  (white,  blue,  or  purple)  in  a  single  series,  pis- 
tillate.    Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  mostly  with  herbaceous 
or  leafy  tips.     Receptacle  flat,  pitted.    Achenia  usually  compressed.     Pappus  a 
single  row  of  numerous  rough  capillary  bristles. — Perennial   (rarely  annual) 
herbs.    Leaves  alternate.     Disk-flowers  yellow,  often  changing  to  purple. 
§  1.    ISiOTiA. — Involucre  oltovate-bell-shaped ;  the  scales  (pale)  closely  imbricated, 
and  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips :  achenia  somewhat  3-<i»yled :  bristles  of  the 
)xippus  rigid :  haves  large  ;  the  lower  ones  cordate :  heads  corymbed. 

1  •  A.  COrymbOSUS,  Ait.  Stem  slender,  smooth ;  leaves  on  slender  peti- 
oles, thin,  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate ;  the  lower  ones  cordate,  the  upper  oblong  ; 
involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  the  scales  obtuse;  rays  6-9,  white. —  Shady 
woods  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia  and  northward.  Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem 
10  _  oo  high.  Leaves  2'  T  4'  long.  Corymbs  loose. 

2.  A.  macrophyllus,  L.     Stem  stout,  rough-pubescent ;    leaves  large, 
rather  thick,  rough,  mucronate-serrate,  acute  ;  the  lowest  broadly  cordate,  on 
slender  ntfced  petioles;  the  upper  ovate,  on  short  and  winged  petioles;  invo- 
lucre nearlv  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  the  exterior  scales  rigid,  with  spreading  fringed 
tips;  rays  about  10,  pale  purple.  —  Low  shady  woods,  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Georgia,  and  along  the  mountains,  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem   l£°-2°  high. 
Leaves  4' -6'  long,  2' -4'  wide. 

§  2.  CALLIASTRUM.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows,  coriaceous, 
usually  with  herltaceous  spreading  tips :  rays  12  or  more :  achenia  nearly  smooth  : 
pappus  of  unequal  rather  rigid  bristles,  somewhat  thickened  upward :  leaves  rigid, 
none  of  them  cordate  :  heads  large  and  showy. 

3.  A.  mirabilis,  Torr.    &    Gray.     Rough-pubescent;   stem  corymbosely 
branched  above;  leaves  ovate,  mucronate-serrate,  sessile;  the  lowest  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  involucre  hemispherical ;  the  scales  oblong-linear,  ob- 
tuse and  recurved  at  the  summit;  achenia  nearly  smooth,  striate.  — Columbia, 
South  Carolina,  Prof.  Gibbes.     Sept.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.  —  Stem-leaves  1 '  -  3' 
long.     Rays  about  20,  blue  or  violet,  elongated. 

4.  A.  spectabilis,  Ait.     Stem  corymbose  and  glandular-pubescent  above  ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  sessile  and  entire;  the 
lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole,  and  sparingly  serrate ;  heads  not  numerous,  single, 
terminating  the  branches  ;  involucre  nearly  hemispherical,  as  long  as  the  disk ; 
the  scales  linear-oblong,  with  obtuse  and  spreading  glandular  tips.     (A.  surcu- 
losus  ?  Ell.,  with  obovate-oblong,  mostly  serrate  leaves,  and  broader  scales  of  the 
involucre.)  —  Pine  barrens,  Florida  and  northward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Rhizonm 
slender.     Stem  1°- 2°  high.     Leaves  2' -4' long.    Heads  £'  in  diameter.     Rays 
about  20,  1 '  long,  deep  violet. 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  19'J 

5.  A.  gracilis,  Nutt.     Stem  slender,  slightly  pubescent,  corymbose  at  the 
summit ;  leaves  rough,  oblong,  partly  clasping,  entire  ;  the  lowest  obscurely  cre- 
nate  and  narrowed  into  a  petiole;  heads  corymbose  ;  involucre  (whitish)  obconi-. 
cal,  as  long  as  the  disk ;  the  scales  very  unequal,  acute,  the  lower  ones  much 
shorter,  green  and  slightly  spreading  at  the  tips.  —  North  Carolina  and  Tennes- 
see.    Sept.— Stem  1°- 2°  high.     Leaves  1'- 2'  long.     Heads  smallest  of  this 
group.     Rays  about  12,  violet. 

6.  A.  SUTCUIOSUS,  Michx.     Stems  several  from  a  creeping  caudex,  slen- 
der, pubescent  above ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  the 
margins  rough  and  sometimes  sparingly  serrate,  clasping ;  the  lowest  narrowed 
into  a  petiole ;  heads  solitary,  or  3  -  5  in  a  simple  corymb ;  involucre  broadly 
top-shaped,  nearly  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  the  scales  linear-spatulate,  with  abruptly 
pointed  spreading  herbaceous  tips  ;  the  outer  ones  lanceolate  and  leaf-like.  — 
Margins  of  swamps.  North  Carolina.     Sept. —  Stems  ^°-l^°  high.     Lowest 
leaves  4'  -6'  long.     Heads  |'  wide.     Rays  numerous,  A-iolet. 

7.  A.  paludOSUS,  Ait.      Stem  slightly  roughened ;   leaves  linear,  rigid, 
acute,  entire,  partly  clasping,  often  fringed  near  the  base ;  heads  3-8,  racemed 
or  corymbed ;  involucre  hemispherical,  as  long  as  the  disk ;  the  scales  nearly 
equal,  linear-spatulate,  with  mucronate  green  and  spreading  tips.  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  Florida   to   North    Carolina.      Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  l°-2°   high. 
Leaves  2'  -  4'  long.     Heads  ^'  - £'  wide.     Rays  numerous,  deep  blue. 

8.  A.  spill ulosus,  n.  sp.     Rhizoma  tuberous ;  stem  rigid,  sprinkled  with 
white  jointed  hairs ;   leaves  rigid,  narrow-linear,  pungent,  appressed,  the  mar- 
gins fringed  with  bristly  hairs ;  the  lowest  ones  very  numerous  and  elongated ; 
heads  4-8  in  a  simple  spike;  involucre  bell-shaped,  rather  shorter  than  the 
disk ;  scales  equal,  lanceolate-subulate,  rigid,  erect,  spine-pointed,  bristly  near 
the  base;  achenia  strongly  ribbed.  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  West  Florida,  near 
the  coast.    June- August. —  Stem  10'- 15' high.     Lowest  leaves  6'- 12'  long, 
1 "  -  3"  wide  ;  the  upper  ones  1 '  long.     Heads  J'  wide.     Rays  12-15,  pale  blue. 
Pappus  tawny. 

9.  A.    eryngiifolius,    Torr.  &  Gray.      Rhizoma  tuberous ;    stem  rigid, 
sprinkled  with  jointed  hairs ;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  pungent,  the  lowest  mostly 
entire ;  the  others  erect,  and  fringed  with  spiny  teeth ;  heads  very  large,  solitary 
or  3  —  4  in  a  loose  raceme ;  involucre  hemispherical,  shorter  than  the  disk ;  scales 
very  numerous,  herbaceous,  rigid,  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender 
recurved  tip ;  achenia  short,  oblong.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida.     June  -  Au- 
gust.—  Steml°-2°  high.     Lowest  leaves  4'- 6'  long.     Heads  1' or  more  in 
diameter.     Rays  numerous,  white. 

$  3.  ASTER  proper.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  various  degrees,  with 
herbaceous  tips:  rays  numerous:  achenia  flattened:  pappus  of  soft  capillary  bris- 
tles, not  thickened  upward:  autumnal  plants. 

*  Leaves  uniform,  small,  sessile,  entire,  silky  or  silvery  on  Imth  sides,  mucronate : 
scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  -  several  rows :  rays  violet-purple. 

10.  A.  sericeus,  Vent.     Stem  with  numerous  branches,  bearing  the  large 
heads  (single  or  3  in  a  cluster)  at  their  summits ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sil- 


200  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

very ;  scales  of  the  involucre  leafy  and  spreading ;  achenia  smooth.  —  A  Western 
species,  a  form  of  which,  with  narrower  and  less  silvery  leaves  and  scales,  grows 
on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  —  Stem  10' -20'  high.  Leaves  £'-!' 
long.  Heads  showy. 

11.  A.  COncolor,  L.     Stem  mostly  simple,  slender,  bearing  towards  the 
summit,  the  middle-sized  heads  in  a  long  often  compound  raceme  ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, silky  when  young ;  the  lowest  ones  oblong ;  scales  of  the  obovoid  involu- 
cre lanceolate,  appressed,  the  subulate  tips  spreading ;    achenia  silky.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  Florida  and  northward.  —  Root  sometimes  tuberous.     Stem  l°-3° 
high.     Leaves  erect  £'  -  1 '  long. 

*  *  Leaves  rough,  all  sessile  or  clasping  and  entire :  heads  chiefly  solitary,  terminat- 
ing the  branchlets :  scales  of  the  obovoid  or  bell-shaped  involucre  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  coriaceous,  ivith  herbaceous  slightly  spreading  tips:  rays  purplish-blue:  achenia 
hairy. 

•*-   Leaves  very  small,  sessile:  heads  small:  scales  of  the  involucre  spatulate. 

12.  A.  squarroSUS,  Walt.     Stem  slender,  diffuse ;  leaves  oblong  or  tri- 
angular-ovate, reflexed,   very  rough,   sessile ;  the   lowest  spatulate.  —  Drv  soil, 
Florida  to  North   Carolina. —  Stem   l°-2°  high.     Lowest  leaves  V  long,  the 
others  2" -3"  long. 

13.  A.  adnatUS,  Nutt.     Stem  with  the  slender  branches  erect ;  leaves  ob- 
long, very  rough,  the  midrib  partly  adnate  to  the  stem,  free  at  the  apex;  the 
lowest  wedge-obovate,  free.  —  Sandy  barrens,  Florida  and  Alabama.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high.     Heads  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

•i-    •<-   Leaves  all  clasping  and  auricled  at  the  base :  heads  large  :  scales  of  the.  inro- 
lucre  linear. 

14.  A.  patens,    Ait.      Stem   pubescent,   loosely   paniclcd   above;    leaves 
ovate-oblong,  with  very  rough  and  wavy  margins ;  those  on  the  slender  and 
spreading  branchlets  very  small.  —  Var.  FHLOGIFOLIUS.    Leaves  larger,  thinner, 
and  less  roughened,  contracted  below  the  middle  ;  heads  often  racemose  on  the 
short  lateral  branches.  — Dry  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  1°  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  l'-2'  (in  the  var.  3' -6')  long.     Heads  showy. 

*  *  *  Leaves  (and  stems)  smooth :  the  lowest   tapering  into   a  petiole,  the  others 

sessile  or  clasping:  heads  middle-sized,  shou-y:  scales  of  the  obovoid  involucre 
tchitish,  the  short  green  tips  scarcely  spreading :  rays  bright  blue :  achenia  mostly 
smooth. 

15.  A.  laevis,  L.     Very  smooth  and  often  glaucous;  stem  rigid,  panicled 
above,  bearing  the  showy  heads  on  short  rigid  branchlets  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, coriaceous,  mostly  entire  and  rough  on  the  margins ;  the  upper  ones 
sessile  or  clasping ;  scales  of  the  involucre  rigid,  appressed,  with  abruptly  pointed 
herbaceous  tips.  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

16.  A.  gracilentUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Very  smooth;  stem  slender,  loosely 
panicled  above,  bearing  the  heads  at  the  end  of  slender  leafy  branchlets ;  leaves 
linear,  elongated ;  the  lower  ones  coarsely  toothed  above  the  middle,  the  upper 
slightly  clasping  and  entire  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  disk, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  201 

lanceolate,  acute,  appressed.  —  Lincolnton,  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  —  Stem  pur- 
ple, 2° -3°  high.  Lower  leaves  5' -6'  long,  3"  wide.  Heads  smaller  than  those 
of  the  preceding. 

17.  A.,  virgatus,  Ell.     Stem  very  smooth,  straight,  bearing  the  heads  in 
a  single  raceme  at  the  summit  of  the  long  and  slender  branches  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire,  rough  on  the  margins,  partly  clasping,  the  lowest  broader  and 
narrowed  at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  the  outer 
ones  spreading.  —  Western  districts  of  Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Stem  3°  — 4° 
high.     Lower  leaves  3'  -  6'  long ;  those  of  the  branches  small  and  numerous. 

18.  A.    COncinnus,  Willd.     Stem  nearly  smooth,  somewhat  loosely  cor- 
ymbose ;    the    branches   virgate,    dichotomous-paniculate  ;    leaves    lanceolate, 
partly  clasping,  remotely  and  sharply  serrate,  with  scabrous  margins ;  those  of 
the  branchlets  oblong,  entire ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  closely  imbri- 
cated.    (A.  cyaneus?  Ell.)  —Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 
Achenia  pubescent. 

*  *  *  *  Lower  leaves  large,  cordate,  on  long  petioles :  heads  middle-sized  or  small, 
racemed  orpanicled:  scales  of  the  involucre  somewhat  membranaceous,  with  short 
green  tips :  rays  blue  or  violet. 

-i—   Leaves  entire,  or  nearly  so. 

19.  A.  azureus,  Lindl.     Stem  roughish,  rigid,  racemose-compound  at  the 
summit,  the  branches  slender ;  leaves  rigid,  rough ;  the  lowest  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong  ;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear,  sessile  ;  those  of  the  branches  subu- 
late, appressed ;  scales  of  the  obconical  involucre  closely  imbricated,  abruptly 
acute.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia  and  northward.  —  Stem  2°  - 
3°  high.     Rays  bright  blue. 

20.  A.  Shortii,  Hook.     Stem  smoothish,  slender,  racemose-panicled  at  the 
summit ;  leaves  nearly  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  those  of  the  stem  all  on 
slender  petioles,  and  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  commonly  entire ;  those  of 
the  branches  oblong,  sessile ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  linear,  closely 
imbricated,  rather  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  disk.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and 
westward.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.    Rays  violet-blue. 

21.  A.  undulatus,  L.    Pubescent;  stem  racemose-panicled  above ;  leaves 
varying  from  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  often  wavy  or  slightly  serrate  on  the 
margins,  roughish  on  the  upper  surface ;  the  lowest  on  long  and  slender  petioles, 
which  are  dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base ;  the  upper  on  broadly  winged  peti- 
oles, or  sessile  and  clasping ;  scales  of  the  obovoid  involucre  linear,  appressed, 
acute.      (A.  diversifolius,  A.  sagittifolius,  and  A.  scaber,  Ell. ;  the  last  with 
smaller  leaves,  and  very  rough  on  both  sides.)  —  Woods,  common  and  very  va- 
riable. —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Heads  small.     Rays  pale  blue. 

22.  A.  asperulus,  Torr.  &  Gray.       Roughish;    stem  racemose-panicled 
above,  or  simple ;  lowest  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
base,  sparingly  serrate,  on  slender  (not  clasping)  petioles ;  the  upper  oblong, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile  or  on  short  winged  petioles  ;  those  of  the  branches 
minute ;  heads  loosely  racemed  or  panicled,  small ;  scales  of  the  hemispherical 
involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Dry  gravelly  soil,  West  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
westward.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Rays  pale  blue. 


202  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

H-  •*-  Lowest  leaves  conspicuously  serrate  :  heads  small. 

23.  A.  COrdifolius,  L.    Stem  commonly  smooth,  racemose-panicled  above ; 
leaves  smooth,  or  rough  above  and  pubescent  beneath,  all  cordate,  serrate,  and 
slender-petioled,  or  the  uppermost  on  short  winged  petioles,  or  sessile  and  entire ; 
heads  very  numerous  in  panicled  racemes  ;  scales  of  the  obconical  involucre  loose- 
ly imbricated,  with  obtuse  or  slightly  pointed  green  tips.  —  Open  woods,  in  the 
upper  districts.  —  Stem  1  °  -  3°  high.    Leaves  commonly  thin.    Rays  pale  violet. 

24.  A.  sagittifolius,  Willd.      Stem  nearly   smooth,   racemose-branched 
above;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent;  the  lowest  cordate,  on 
long  and  mostly  margined  petioles  ;  the  upper  abruptly  contracted  into  a  winged 
petiole ;  those  of  the  branches  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire ;  heads  in 
dense  compound  racemes ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  rather  loosely  imbri- 
cated, linear-subulate,  the  tips  green  and  spreading.     (A.  paniculatus,  Ell.)  — 
Kich  woods,  Florida  and  northward.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Heads  more  crowded 
than  those  of  the  preceding.     Eays  purple. 

*  #  #  #  #  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile  ;  radical  ones  spatulate-lanceo- 
late,  serrate:  heads  small  and  numerous,  racemed:  scales  of  the  involucre  in  several 
rows,  rigid,  with  spreading  or  recurved  green  tips. 

25.  A.  ericoides,  L.     Smooth  ;  stem  much  branched ;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, acute  at  each  end ;  those  of  the  branches  subulate ;  heads  racemose,  mostly 
on  one  side  of  the  spreading  branches  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadest  at  the  base, 
with  acute  or  subulate  tips.  —  Var.  VILLOSUS.     Stem  and  broader  leaves  rough- 
hairy,  and  the  smaller  heads  in  shorter  and  more  dense  racemes.  —  Var.  PLATY- 
PHYLLUS.     Stem  (3°  -  4°)  and  larger  leaves  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs ;  heads 
larger.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Rays  white 
or  pale  blue. 

26.  A.  multiflorus,  Ait.     Whitish-pubescent ;  stem  very  leafy,  and  much 
branched ;  leaves  linear,  obtuse  at  each  end,  often  bristle-pointed,  spreading  or 
recurved,  the  upper  ones  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping ;  heads  densely  racemose 
on  the  short  and  very  leafy  branches,  or  sometimes  solitary  at  their  summits  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  broadest  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  short-pointed.  —  Dry 
sterile  soil,  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  about  1'  long. 
Rays  white. 

*#####  Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  ob/ong,  sessile,  usually  narrowed  at  the 
l>ase :  Jteads  small  or  middle-sized :  scales  of  the  involucre  membranaceous,  with  op- 
pressed or  slightly  spreading  tips :  rays  pale  purple  or  white. 
--  Heads  small. 

27.  A.  racemosus,  Ell.     Rough-pubescent ;  stem  much  branched,  bear- 
ing the  small  heads  in  a  spiked  raceme  near  the  summit  of  the  slender  erect 
branches  ;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  rigid ;  scales  of  involucre  smooth,  linear-subu- 
late ;  the  inner  ones  as  long  as  the  disk ;  rays  very  short.  —  Damp  rich  soil, 
Paris  Island,  South  Carolina.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Rays  pale  purple. 

28.  A.  Baldwin!!,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Rough-pubescent ;  stem  slender,  pani- 
cled above,  bearing  the  solitary  or  loosely  racemose  heads  on  the  slender  branch- 
lets  ;  leaves  very  rough,  entire ;  the  lowest  ovate,  on  slender  margined  petioles, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  203 

the  others  sessile  or  partly  clasping ;  the  uppermost  very  small,  erect ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  in  3  -  4  rows,  linear,  acute.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  Geor- 
gia. —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.  Lowest  leaves  1'  long,  the  upper  ones  2"  -  3"  long, 
similar  to  those  of  No.  13. 

29.  A.  dumosus,  L.     Smoothish ;  stem  slender,  racemose-paniclcd,  bear- 
ing the  small  heads  chiefly  on  slender  and  very  leafy  branchlets  ;  leaves  linear, 
entire,  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  those  of 
the  branches  short,  linear-oblong,  and  mostly  obtuse  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
closely  imbricated  in  3-6  rows,  with  obtuse  green  tips.     (A.  foliolosus,  Ell.)  — 
Dry  or  damp  soil,  common,  and  running  into  several  varieties.  —  Stem  2° -3° 
high.     Rays  pale  purple  or  white. 

30.  A.  Tradescanti,  L.     Stem   slender,  pubescent,  racemose-branched; 
leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender 
point ;  the  uppermost  entire  ;  heads  in  close  racemes  along  the  spreading  branch- 
es ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-linear,  acute,  imbricated  in  3  -  4  rows.  —  Var. 
FRAGILIS.     Leaves  mostly  entire  ;  heads  fewer,  often  solitary  on  the  branchlets. 
(A.  tenuifolius,  Ell.)  —  Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  2° -  3°  high. 
Rays  pale  purple  or  white. 

31.  A.  miser,  L.     Pubescent  or  hairy ;  stem  simple,  and  bearing  the  small 
heads   in   a  long  and  leafy  compound  raceme,  or  diffusely  branched,  with  the 
heads  scattered  along  the  branches,  or  in  short  few-flowered  racemes ;  leaves 
varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  wedge-obovate,  acute  at  each  end,  sharply  ser- 
rate in  the  middle ;  the  lowest  spatulate,  the  uppermost  entire ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear,  acute. — Low  grounds  and  banks,  common  and  very  variable. 
—  Stem  1°  -4°  long.     Rays  white  or  purplish.     A.  diflfusus,  A.  divergens,  and 
A.  pendulus,  of  Aiton,  are  forms  of  this. 

•*-  -1-  Heads  middle-sized. 

32.  A.  simplex,  Willd.     Stem  smooth  or  pubescent  in  lines,  corymbose 
or  racemose-branched ;  heads  in  short  racemes  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  smooth,  rough  on  the  margins,  the  lower  ones  sharply  ser- 
rate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  loosely  imbricated.  —  Low  ground, 
Florida,  and  northward.  —  Stem  3° -6°  high,  sparingly  or  diffusely  branched. 
Leaves  2'  -  4'  long.     Rays  pale  blue. 

33.  A.  tenuifolius,  L.     Nearly   smooth ;    stem    paniculately   branched ; 
the  rather  small  heads  disposed  in  panicled  racemes  ;  leaves  long,  narrow-lance- 
olate, tapering  to  a  long  and  slender  point ;  the  lower  ones  commonly  serrate  in 
the  middle  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  linear-subulate,  appressed.  — 
Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  3'  -  6'  long.     Rays  short,  pale  purple  or  white. 
*******  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ol>long,  sessile,  the  upper  ones  more  or  less  clasp- 
ing: heads  large  or  middle-sized:  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal,  with  spread- 
ing green  tips  :  rai/s  mostly  large  and  numerous,  blue  or  purple. 

34.  A.  Novi-Belgii,  L.      Nearly   smooth  ;  stem   stout ;    leaves   oblong- 
lanceolate,  pale  or  somewhat  glaucous,  serrate  in  the  middle,  acute  or  tapering 
at  each  end  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  rather  closely  imbricated,  with  broadish 


204  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

acute  herbaceous  tips  ;  rays  pale  blue  or  purplish.  —  Georgia  and  South  Caro- 
lina.—  Stem  l°-4°  high.  Leaves  thickish,  the  lowest  5' -6'  long.  Heads 
sometimes  1'  in  diameter. 

35.  A.    longifolius,    Lam.      Stem    nearly   smooth,   corymbose-pan icled 
above  ;  leaves  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  shining  above,  the  lowest  narrowed 
at  the  base,  and  serrate  in  the  middle,  the  upper  sessile  or  partly  clasping;  heads 
solitary  or  few  on  the  rigid  branchlets  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  with  green 
and  subulate,  or  broader  and  abruptly  pointed  spreading  tips  ;  rays  purplish- 
blue.  —  Swamps,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  6' 
long.     Heads  showy. 

36.  A.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  stout,  smooth,  very  leafy,  corym- 
bose-branched ;  the  branches  short  and  pubescent  in  lines  ;  leaves  large,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  and  partly  clasping ;  the 
lowest  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate  ;  heads  corymbed  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate,  with  long  and  spreading  tips  ;  rays 
pale  purple.     (A.  puniceus,  Ell.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North   Carolina. — 
Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long,  or  the  lowest  1°  long. 

37.  A.  puniceus,  L.     Stem  hispid,  panic-led  above ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  very  rough  above,  auriculatc  and 
clasping  at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  in  about  two  rows ; 
rays  numerous  and  showy.  —  Swampy  thickets  along  the  mountains  of  North 
Carolina,   and   northward.  —  Stem   3°  -  5°   high,   commonly   purplish.     Rays 
violet-purple. 

38.  A.  prenanthoides,  Muhl.     Stem  pubescent  in  lines,  corymbose  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle, 
contracted   into  a  broadly  winged   petiole,  which  is  dilated  and   clasping  at 
the  base,  rough  above ;   scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-linear,  imbricated  in 
3  —  4  rows,  with  spreading  green  tips.  —  Damp  woods,  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.     Leaves  thin,  5' -6'  long.     Rays  pale  pur- 
pie. 

*##*#*##  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire,  sessile  or  clasping :  heads 
large,  in  corymbs  or  racemes :  scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  with  spreading 
green  summits :  rays  numerous,  showy. 

39.  A.  grandiflorus,  L.     Stem  rigid,  rough  with  bristly  hairs,  sparingly 
branched  ;  leaves  small,  linear-oblong,  sessile,  hispid,  commonly  reflexed  ;  heads 
very  large,  solitary,  terminating  the  branches ;  scales  of  the  involucre  rigid  ;  the 
outer  ones  with  obtuse  spreading  tips,  the  inner  erect,  acute;  rays  violet.     (A. 
ciliatus,  Walt.  ?)  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Leaves 
1 '  -  2'  long.     Heads  1 '  in  diameter. 

40.  A.  Curtisii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth  throughout ;  stem  simple,  slen- 
der; leaves  membranaceous,  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  acuminate, 
sessile  ;  heads  in  a  simple  or  slightly  compound  terminal  raceme  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear-spatulate,  coriaceous,  the  green  and  spreading  tips  barely  acute ; 
rays  purple.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.      Leaves 
3'-  4'  long     Heads  £'  - 1'  in  diameter. 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  205 

41.  A.  Carolinianus,  Walt.     Stem  long  and  trailing ;  the  branches  and 
leaves  closely  pubescent ;  leaves  short,  oblong,  acute,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
short  auriculate-clasping  petiole ;  heads  single,  or  somewhat  racemose  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-linear,  with  recurved  subu- 
late tips ;  rays  slender,  pale  purple.  —  River-swarnps,  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina. —  Stem  4°  -  10°  long.     Leaves  1'-  2'  long. 

42.  A.  NoV8B-Angli88,  L.      Stem   hairy  or  hispid,    corymbose   above; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent,  scarcely  narrowed  at  the  auriculate-clasping 
base;  heads  corymbed  ;  scales  of  the  "  involucre  linear-subulate,  loosely  imbri- 
cated, viscid  ;  rays  violet-purple. — Upper  districts,  in  low  ground,  and  north- 
ward. —  Stern  2°  -  4°  high,  mostly  purple.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Heads  £'  or 
more  in  diameter,  numerous  and  showy. 

§4.    ORTHOMEEIS. —  Scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated,  scarious  on  the 
margins,  without  herbaceous  tips :  pappus  soft-hairy. 

43.  A.  acuminatus,  Michx.     Pubescent;  stem  erect,  corymbose  above; 
leaves  large,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  tapering  at  the  base  ; 
heads  corymbed,  on  slender  naked  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  rays  white.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Sept. 
—  Stem  1°  -  1  i°  high.     Leaves  thin,  3'  -  5'  long,  strongly  veined. 

§  5.     OXYTRIPOLIUM.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  without  herbaceous  tips,  scarious  on 
the  margins  :  pappus  soft-hairy  :  stems  smooth  and  slender :  leaves  narrow,  entire, 
mostly  fleshy. 
*  Perennial :  /scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows :  rays  conspicuous. 

44.  A.  Chapman.!!,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stem  erect,  straight,  branched  above ; 
lower  leaves  long  (3'  -  9'),  linear,  spreading,  the  upper  scattered,  subulate,  erect; 
heads  large,  solitary,  terminating  the  slender  branches;  scales  oftthe  involucre 
lanceolate,  rigid;  rays  showy,  purple;  achenia  smooth,  many-ribbed. — Pine- 
barren  swamps,  West  Florida.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

45.  A.    flexUQSUS,    Nutt.      Stem   mostly  reclining,   flexuous,   sparingly 
branched ;  leaves  fleshy,  narrow-linear ;  heads  few,  scattered,  terminal,  small ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-linear,  very  acute,  the  lower  ones  smaller  and 
passing  into  bracts  ;  achenia  slightly  hairy,  5-ribbcd.  —  Salt  marshes,  common. 
Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  long.     Rays  white  or  pale  purple. 

*  *  Annual:  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2-3  rows  :  rays  short. 

46.  A.  linifolius,  L.     Stem  paniculately  much  branched ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end ;  those  of  the  branches  linear  or  filiform,  sessile  ; 
heads  small,  very  numerous,  in  leafy  racemes  ;  scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre 
linear-subulate,  smooth  ;  rays  in  two  rows,  not  longer  than  the  disk ;  achenia 
somewhat  hairy,  5-ribbed.  —  Wet  places  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Lowest  leaves  sharply  serrate. 

47.  A.  divaricatUS,  Nutt.     Stem  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  linear-subu- 
late ;  the  lowest  ones  linear,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  heads  small,  loosely  panicled, 
on  spreading  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  smooth ;  rays 
in  a  single  row,  longer  than  the  disk  ;  achenia  4 -ribbed,  hairy.  —  Salt  marshes, 

18 


206  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

Florida  to  South  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  high.     Lowest  leaves  oval  or 
lanceolate,  toothed  ;  those  of  the  branches  short  and  bract-like.     Rays  blue. 

48.  A.  exilis,  Ell.  Very  glabrous ;  stem  slender,  tall,  sparingly  branched  ; 
leaves  very  long,  linear-subulate ;  heads  in  racemes  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear-lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  rays.  —  Damp  soil,  in  the  Western  districts 
of  Georgia.  Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  4°  -  5°  high.  Lowest  leaves  4'  -  6'  long, 
1 "  wide.  Rays  pale  purple.  Achenia  pubescent. 

17.    ERIGERON,    L.    FLEABAXE. 

Heads  mostly  hemispherical,  many-flowered.  Rays  very  numerous,  pistillate. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal,  in  1-2  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Achenia  compressed.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles ;  or  with  an 
outer  row  of  short  chaffy  scales  or  bristles.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Rays 
white  or  purplish. 

*  Pappus  double. 

1.  E.  strigOSUm,  Muhl.     Annual,  rough-pubescent ;  stem  slender,  corym- 
bose-panicled  above  ;  leaves  entire  or  sparingly  serrate,  the  lowest  oblong,  taper- 
ing into  a  slender  petiole,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear,  sessile,  distant ;  heads 
small,  corymbose-panicled ;  rays  white  or  rose-color ;  outer  pappus  short  and 
chaffy.  —  Dry  old  fields,  common.    June.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

*  *  Pappus  single. 
-»-   Annual:  rays  shorter  than  the  disk. 

2.  E.  Canadense,  L.      Hirsute   or   smoothish  :    stem   much   branched  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  heads  very  numerous,  in  panicled  racemes,  small,  cy- 
lindrical ;    rays  white ;    disk-flowers  4-toothed.  —  Old  fields,  common.    May  - 
Sept  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 

•*-  •<-  Perennial :  rays  conspicuous. 

3.  E.  Philadelphicura,   L.     Hairy ;  stem  corymbose-branched  above ; 
leaves  thin,  toothed  or  entire ;  the  lowest  spatulate-oblong ;  the  upper  oblong- 
lanceolate,  clasping;  rays  very  numerous  and  narrow,  purplish.     (E.  quercifo- 
lium,  Lam.,  with  the  lowest  leaves  pinnately  toothed.)  —  Low  ground,  Florida, 
and  northward.     May.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

4.  E.  bellidifolium,  Muhl.      Hairy  or  villous ;    stem   simple ;    lowest 
leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  toothed  above  the  middle  ;  the  upper  oblong,  sessile 
and  entire  ;  heads  large,  solitary  or  corymbose  ;  rays  broadlv  linear,  bluish-pur- 
ple. —  Open  woods  and  banks  in  the  upper  districts.    March  and  April.  —  Stem 
1  °  high,  stoloniferous. 

5.  E.  vernum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  simple,  scape- 
like  ;  radical  leaves   clustered,   thick,   spatulate  or  obovate,  entire  or  slightly 
toothed  ;  the  others  small  and  remote  ;  heads  corymbed  ;  rays  (about  30)  white. 
(E.  nudicanle,  Michx.)  — Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.     March  and  April.  —  Rhizoma  thick.     Stem  1°  -2°  high. 

18.    DIPLOPAPPUS,    Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  8-12,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbri- 
cated, without  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Pappus  of  capillary 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  207 

bristles   in  two   rows,  the  outer  row  much   shorter.  —  Perennial   erect  herbs. 
Leaves  alternate.     Heads  single  or  corymbose.     Rays  white  or  purple. 

*  Rays  purple. 

1.  D.  linariifolius,  Hook.     Stem  rigid,  simple,  closely  pubescent;  leaves 
numerous,  linear,  spreading,  the  margins  very  rough  ;  heads  solitary  or  some- 
what racemose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows,  linear,  ap- 
pressed;  achenia  silky. — Dry  open  woods,  West  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     September. —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  1 '  long. 

*  *  Rays  white. 

2.  D.  COrnifolius,  Darl.     Stem  pubescent ;  leaves  elliptical,  tapering  at 
each   end,t  hairy  on  the  margins  and  veins  beneath  ;    heads  few,  on   slender 
spreading  peduncles  ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Upper  districts  of  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.    August.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'- 4'  long. 

3.  D.  amygdalinus,    Torr.  &  Gray.      Stem   roughish  and   corymbose 
above  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  nearly  smooth  ;  heads  numer- 
ous, corymbed  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse ;  achenia  hairy.  —  Swamps,  Flor- 
ida, and  northward.     September.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high ;  the  branches  spreading. 
Leaves  l£'-2'  long. 

4.  D.  umbellatus,   Torr.  &  Gray.      Stem   smooth,    corymbose   above  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  acutish ;  achenia  hairy.  — 
Swamps   in   the   upper  districts.     September.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high.     Branches 
erect.     Leaves  3' -5'  long. 

5.  D.  obovatus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Closely  pubescent ;   stem  simple,  scaly 
at  the  base  ;  leaves  oblong,  sessile,  strongly  veined  ;  heads  large,  corymbed,  on 
long  and  naked  (whitish)  peduncles  ;    scales  of  the  involucre  acute  ;  achenia 
hairy.     (Aster  obovatus  and  A. dichotomus,  Ell.)  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina.     May  -  July.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

19.     BOLTONIA,    L'Her. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre 
imbricated  in  two  rows,  not  longer  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  hemispherical  or 
conical,  obscurely  alveolate.  Achenia  flattened,  obovate,  wing-margined.  Pap- 
pus composed  of  several  short  chaffy  scales ;  that  of  the  disk-flowers  mostly 
with  2-4  longer  awns.  —  Perennial  herbs,  resembling  Asters. 

1.  B.  diffusa,  Ell.     Stem  with  long  and  slender  branches ;  leaves  linear, 
entire  ;  heads  small,  terminal  ;  achenia  narrowly  margined,  hairy  ;  pappus  very 
short,  2-awned.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept. 
and  Oct.  —  Stem  3°  -4°  high.     Rays  purplish. 

2.  B.  glastifolia,    L'Her.      Stem   paniculate  ;    leaves  rigid,   lanceolate, 
sparingly  serrate  ;  the  upper  ones  linear,  entire  ;  heads  rather  large  ;  achenia 
broadly  margined  ;  pappus  of  few  short  bristles,  and  2-4  long  awns.  —  River 
swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.    Rays 
white. 


208  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

3.  B.  asteroid.es,  L'Her.  Stem  paniculate,  the  branches  short;  leaves 
lanceolate,  entire  ;  achenia  smooth,  narrow-margined  ;  pappus  very  short,  with- 
out awns.  —  Swamps,  North  Carolina.  Stem  2°  -3°  high.  Heads  intermediate 
in  size  between  the  two  preceding. 

20.    SOLIDAGO,    L.      GOLDEN-ROD. 

Heads  few  or  many-flowered.  Rays  1  -  16,  rarely  wanting,  pistillate.  Disk- 
flowers  tubular,  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  rarely  with  spread- 
ing tips.  Receptacle  flat,  mostly  alveolate.  Achenia  terete,  many-ribbed. 
Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  scabrous  mostly  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial 
(rarely  shrubby)  erect  plants,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  yellow 
flowers. 

§  1.  CHRYSASTRUM.  —  ScaJ.es  of  the  involucre  with  herbaceous  spreading  tips: 
bristles  of  the  pappus  unequal,  some  of  them  thickened  upward :  racemes  short, 
forming  a  long  and  narrow  leafy  panicle. 

1.  S.  discoidea,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Pubescent  or  hairy;    stem  simple  or 
branched  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  lower  ones 
coarsely  serrate  ;  racemes  composed  of  3  -  6  large  10  -  15-flowered  heads  ;  rays 
none  ;  achenia  smooth.    (Aster  ?  discoideus,  Ell.)  —  Rich  woods,  Florida,  Geor- 
gia, and  westward.    September.  —  Flowers  yellowish-white.     Stem  3°  —  5°  high. 

2.  S.  squarrosa,  Muhl.     Stem  stout,   simple,  pubescent   above  ;    leaves 
large,  smoothish,   oblong,  acute,  serrate,  the  lower  ones  tapering  into  a  long 
winged  petiole  ;  the  upper  sessile  and  entire ;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
composed  of  3-6  clustered  heads  ;  rays  12-16,  showy;  achenia  smooth.  — 
Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.    September.  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high.    Low- 
est leaves  6'-  8'  long.     Heads  16  -  24-flowered. 

$  2.  VIRGAUREA.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  oppressed  :   rays  mostly  fewer  than  t/ie 
disk-flowers,  rarely  wanting :  racemes  racemose,  corymbose,  or  paniclcd. 

*  Racemes  not  1  -sided  ;  leaves  feather-veined. 

*-   Racemes  axillary,  cluster-like,  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves :  the  uppermost  often 
crowded  and  racemose  :   leaves  uniform,  serrate. 

3.  S.  pubcns,  M.  A.  Curtis.      Stem  simple,   slender,   pubescent ;    leaves 
thin,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  coarsely  serrate,  pubescent ;  ra- 
cemes dense,  the  upper  ones  racemose  ;  heads  8-  14-flowered  ;  rays  4-7  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  obtuse,  villous-pubescent ;  achenia  hoary.  —  Upper  and  moun- 
tainous parts  of  North  Carolina,  Curtis.    August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Leaves 
3' -5' long. 

4.  S.  Buckleyi,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Villous-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  acute 
at  each  end,  coarsely  serrate,  smoother  above ;  racemes  loose,  all  separate  and 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  heads  15  -  20-flowered  ;  rays  4  -  6  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  rather  acute,  nearly  smooth  ;  achenia  short  and  smooth.  —  Interior  of 
Alabama,  Buckley.     October.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  3'  long. 

5.  S.  latifolia,  L.     Stem  smooth,  simple,  angled  ;    leaves  oval  or  ovate, 
acuminate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base,  unequally  toothed-serrate,  mostly 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  209 

pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  roundish  or  oblong,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
the  upper  ones  more  or  less  racemose;  heads  about  10-flowered ;  rays  3 -4  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  smoothish,  obtuse  ;  achenia  silky-pubescent.  (S.  flexi- 
caulis,  Ell.)  —  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  September.  —  Stem  1°  - 2° 
high,  often  flexuous.  Leaves  3' -5'  long,  2' -3'  wide.  Racemes  sometimes- 
longer  than  the  leaves. 

6.  S.  csesia,  L.     Stem   slender,  often  branching,  smooth  and  glaucous  ; 
.leaves  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  sharply  serrate ;  racemes  all  dis- 
tinct, roundish,  much   shorter  than   the  leaves;  the  lowest  rarely  elongated  ,' 
heads  about  10-flowered;  rays  3-4,  large,  bright  yellow ;  scales  of  the   invo- 
lucre smooth,  obtuse ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Damp  shady  woods   and   banks, 
Florida  and  northward.    September.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high,  often  purple.    Leaves 
3' -5'  long,  y  -  1'  wide.     Racemes  in  all  the  upper  axils. 

7.  S.    Curtisii,    Torr.  &  Gray.      Smoothish  ;    stem   tall,   not   glaucous, 
straight  and  mostly  simple,  striate-angled ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  acuminate  at  each  end,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle,  sessile ;  racemes 
dense,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  heads  8-  12-flowered ;  rays  4  -  6  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  oblong-linear,  obtuse  ;    achenia  hoary-pubescent.  —  Mountains  of 
North    Carolina   and   Tennessee.      September.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves 
5'  -  6'  long. 

8.  S.  monticola,    Torr.  &  Gray.      Smoothish  ;    stem  terete,  simple  and 
slender,   puberulent  above  ;    leaves   very   thin,    oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate, 
slightly  serrate  ;  the  upper  ones  small  and  bract-like ;  racemes  sessile,  the  up- 
permost approximate  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves;  heads  about  15-flow- 
ered ;    scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  Curtis.    September.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  smaller  than  the  last. 

9.  S.  lancifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.       Smooth  ;    stem  tall,  simple,  angled  ; 
leaves  long-lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  sessile  ;  racemes  approximate, 
peduncled,  somewhat  compound  ;  the  upper  ones  longer  than  the  reduced  leaves  ; 
heads  nearly  sessile ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  very  obtuse,  minutely  gran- 
ular ;   achenia  hairy.  —  Mountains  of   North    Carolina.      September.  —  Stem 
3°  high.     Leaves  4' -5'  long.     Heads  large. 

•i-  -i-  Racemes  crowded  in  racemose  or  pyramidal  terminal  panicles,  longer  than  the 
leaves  (except  No.  15) :  lowest  leaves  large,  commonly  tapering  into  a  petiole,  the 
uppermost  small,  sessile  and  entire. 

10.  S.  bicolor,  L.     Pubescent;  stem  simple,  or  branching  above;  lowest 
leaves  spatulate-oblong,  serrate  ;  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  panicle  racemose,  the 
lowest  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  heads  about  20-flowered ;  rays  7-9,  short, 
whitish ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts,  and 
northward.     September.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Radical  leaves  2'-  5'  long. 

11.  S.  puberula,  Nutt.     Minutely  pubescent ;  stem  simple,  virgate  ;  low- 
est leaves  spatulate-oblong,  serrate  above  the  middle  ;  the  upper  lanceolate  ; 
panicle  dense,  racemose  or  pyramidal  ;  heads  about  30-flowered ;  rays  about  10 ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  subulate ;  achenia  smoothish.     ( S.  pubescens,  Ett.)  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  Mississippi,  and  northward. 

18* 


210  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  pulverulenta.  Upper  leaves  shorter,  oblong-otx>vate ;  scales  of  the 
(20-25-flowered)  involucre  linear-lanceolate;  achenia  smooth.  (S.  pulveru- 
lenta, Nutt.)  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  and  Oct. 
—  Stem  2°  -  4°  high,  often  purplish.  Lowest  leaves  2'  -  4'  long.  Flowers  middle- 
sized,  bright  yellow. 

12.  S.  petiolaris,  Ait.    Minutely  pubescent ;  stem  mostly  simple,  straight, 
very  leafy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptical,  acute,  rough  on  the  margins, 
all  but  the  lowest  entire,  and  nearly  sessile  ;  panicle  racemose  or  oblong ;  heads 
large,  20  -  25-flowered ;  rays  about  10,  showy;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
pubescent;  the  outer  ones  more  or  less  spreading ;  achenia  smoothish.    (S.  elata? 
Ell.)  —Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 
Leaves  l'-2;  long. 

13.  S.  speciosa,  Nutt.     Stem  stout,  mostly  simple,  smooth  below,  pubes- 
cent above;  leaves  smooth,  the  lowest  large  (5' -8'  long,  l£'-2'  wide),  serrate; 
the  upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  panicle  compact,  pyramidal ;  heads  rather  large, 
crowded,  15  —  20-flowered ;  rays  6-8,  showy ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
obtuse ;    achenia   smooth.  —  Varies,  with   the   stem  and   lower  surface  of  the 
broader   (2' -3')   leaves   villous ;  the   fewer,  larger,  and  more  scattered  heads 
about  30-flowered  (S.  petiolaris,  EU.  ?) :  or  every  way  smaller ;  the  short  racemes 
forming  a  narrow  racemose  panicle  (S.  erecta,  Ell.).  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  Mis- 
sissippi, and  northward  ;  the  first  variety  only  in  the  upper  districts.     Sept.  and 
Oct  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high,  often  purplish. 

14.  S.  verna,  Curtis.     Closely  pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary ;  stem  sim- 
ple, or  panicled  above ;  leaves  thin,  roughish,  the  lowest  oblong,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed into  a  long  and  slender  petiole,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  entire ;  racemes 
very  slender,  spreading,  forming  an  open  somewhat  corymbose  panicle ;  heads 
rather  large,  scattered,  about  30-flowered ;  rays  narrow  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Pine  barrens,  near  Wilmington,  North  Carolina, 
Curtis.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Lowest  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

15.  S.  glomerata,  Michx.     Smooth;  stem   stout,   simple;  leaves   large, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  sharply  serrate,  the  lowest  tapering 
into  a  petiole ;  racemes  cluster-like,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  the  upper 
ones  approximate  and  racemose;  heads  very  large,  30- 40-flowered;  rays  10- 
12  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  smooth  ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  High  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  9'  long. 

•*-+-•*-   Racemes  corymbose. 

16.  S.  rigida,  L.     Rough-pubescent   and   somewhat  hoary;  stem,   stout; 
leaves  rigid,  oval  or  oblong,  serrate,  sessile  ;  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ; 
corymb  compact ;  heads  very  large,  30  -  35-flowered  ;  rays  7  -  10  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong,  obtuse  ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  north- 
ward.    Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Lowest  leaves  6'  -  9'  long. 

17.  S.  corymbosa,  Ell.     Stem  erect,  smooth  ;  the  branches  rough-hairy  : 
lower  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  ovate ;  all  fleshy,  rigid,  smooth,  but 
very  rough  and  fringed  along  the  margin  ;  racemes  corymbose,  the  lower  re- 
curved ;  rays  long.  —  Middle  districts  of  Georgia.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  stout, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  211 

4° -6°  high.     Lower  leaves  4' -6'  long.     Scales  of  the  involucre  oval.     Rays 
about  10.     (*) 

18.  S.  spithamsea,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Stem  low  (8'- 12'),  rigid,  soft-hairy; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  sharply  serrate,  acute;  the  lowest  tapering 
into  a  petiole ;  corymb  dense,  compound ;  heads  25  -  30-flowered,  rays  6-7, 
short ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  On  the 
summit  of  Roan  and  Hanging  Rock  Mountains,  North  Carolina,  Curtis.     Sept. 
—  Stems  tufted.     Leaves  1'  —  3'  long. 

*  *  Racemes  l-sided,  mostly  compound,  spreading  or  recurved  (in  Nos.  20  and  21 
often  erect),  commonly  disposed  in  a  pyramided  panicle. 

->-  Smooth  species,  growing  in  marshes :  stems  viryate :  leaves  very  numerous,  more  or 
less  fleshy  ;  the  lowest  elongated  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  the  upper 
small  and  passing  into  bracts:  heads  middle-sized:  achenia  pubescent. 

19.  S.  flavovirens,  n.    sp.      Smooth   throughout  ;    stem   stout,   simple  ; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  mucronate  ;  the  lowest  serrate,  on  winged  petioles,  the 
tipper  entire,  nan-owed  at  the  base ;  panicle  pyramidal ;  heads  10  -  12-flowered ; 
rays  mostly  3,  showy ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acutish.  —  Brackish 
marshes,  Apalachicola,  Florida.     Sept. —Whole  plant  yellowish-green.     Stem 
2° -6°  high.     Lowest  leaves  5' -10'  long,  somewhat  fleshy,  obscurely  ribbed. 
Heads  rather  large. 

20.  S.  virgata,  Michx.     Smooth ;  stem  slender,  rarely  branched ;  leaves 
somewhat  fleshy,  entire ;  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate,  sometimes  slightly  serrate, 
veiny;  the  upper  very  small,  lanceolate,  appressed  ;  panicle  racemose,  erect,  or 
pyramidal,  with  the  lower  racemes  1 -sided;  heads  12-16-flowered ;  rays  5  —  7; 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  Mis- 
sissippi, and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high. 

21.  S.  angUStifolia,  Ell.     Smooth  ;   stem  slender,  simple,  or  branched 
above ;  leaves  fleshy,  entire,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  the  upper  linear  and  acute  ; 
panicle  racemose  or  pyramidal,  lower  racemes  spreading  and  1 -sided;  heads 
rather  small,  about  10-flowered;  rays  5,  narrow;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
obtuse.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

22.  S.  sempervirens,  L.    Stem  simple,  or  branched  above ;  lowest  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  entire,  fleshy,  long-petioled  ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute,  ses- 
sile or  partly  clasping ;  panicle  contracted  or  pyramidal ;  heads  rather  large ; 
rays  7-10;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acutish.     (S.  limonifolia,  Pers.)  — 
Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  3° -8°  high. 
Leaves  varying  in  thickness,  the  lowest  6'- 12'  long. 

-<-  -i-  Stems  (smooth)  commonly  branching:  leaves  not  fleshy,  sen-ate,  veiny ;  the 
lowest  ample,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  :  panicles  pyramidal,  or  racemose 
on  the  spreading  branches. 

23.  S.  patula,  Muhl.     Stem  stout,  strongly  angled  ;  leaves  large,  ovate  or 
oblong,  acute,  very  rough  above,  smooth  beneath ;  panicles  dense,  leafy  ;  pedun- 
cles pubescent ;  rays  6  -  7 ;  achenia  sparsely  pubescent.  —  Swamps,  Georgia,  and 
northward.  —  Leaves  6' -12'  long. 


212  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  strietula,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  simple,  or  with  few  elongated  rough- 
pubescent  branches ;  leaves  smaller ;  racemes  short,  forming  a  long  and  slender 
compound  raceme.  (S.  salicina,  Ell.) — Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward. 
Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  4°  -  6°  high. 

24.  S.  arguta,  Ait.     Smooth ;  leaves  sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  each  end,  the  lowest  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oblong,  somewhat  3-ribbed,  on 
winged  and  ciliate  petioles  ;  the  upper  sessile  ;  panicle  dense,  somewhat  corym- 
bose ;  heads  small,  crowded,  1 8 - 20-flowered ;  rays  8-12,  small;  scales  of  the 
involucre  obtuse  ;  achenia  nearly  smooth.    (S.  juncea,  Ait.,  a  form  with  narrower 
and  less  strongly  serrate  leaves,  the  upper  ones  entire.)  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper 
districts.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

25.  S.  Boottii,  Hook.     Stem  smooth,  or  pubescent  above ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  appressed-serrate,  smooth  or 
more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle  open,  oblong  or  pyramidal;  heads  about  12- 
flowered ;  rays  5  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  ;  achenia  nearly  smooth.  — Va- 
ries, with  longer,  narrower,  and  more  sharply  serrate  leaves,  and  slender  racemose 
panicles  towards  the  summits  of  the  spreading  branches.     ( S.  juncea  ?  Ell. )  — 
Sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  — Stem"  2° -3°  high,  often  pur- 
plish.    Heads  larger  and  leaves  more  rigid  than  in  the  last. 

26.  S.  gracillima,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth  ;  stem  slender  ;  lowest  leaves 
spatulate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate  near  the  apex  ;  the  others  linear  and  entire  ; 
heads  rather  large,  9- 12-flowered,  forming  a  narrow  compound  raceme  at  the 
summit  of  the  stem  and  branches ;  rays  mostly  wanting ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  obtuse  ;  achenia  pubescent.  — Dry  pine  barrens,  Middle  Florida.     Oct. 
—  Stem  2°  high. 

•*-  -i—  •*-   Leaves  very  numerous,  gradually  diminishing  in  size  upward,  veim/,  sessile, 
or  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  :  heads  small. 

27.  S.  altissima,  L.     Stem  hirsute  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  serrate, 
rough  above,  pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins  beneath,  often  rugose,  promi- 
nently veined  ;  panicle  leafy,  often  narrow  and  elongated ;  the  racemes  slender 
and  recurved  ;  scales  of  the  10- 15-flowcred  involucre  linear;  rays  6-9,  small; 
achenia  pubescent.     (S.  rugosa,  S.  ulmifolia,  and  S.  aspera,  Ell.)  — Low  thick- 
ets, Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -6°  high,  commorilv 
branching.     Leaves  variable  in  texture  and  pubescence,  being  thin  and  smoother 
in  shady  places,  and  more  rigid,  rougher,  and  often  rugose  in  places  more  ex- 
posed. 

28.  S.  Ulmifolia,  Muhl.     Stem  smooth,  or  softly  pubescent  above  ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  pu- 
bescent on  the  veins  beneath  ;  panicle  loose,  spreading  ;  heads  about  10-flowcred  ; 
rays  4-5;    scales  of  the   involucre   acutish  ;  achenia  nearly  smooth. —  Low 
ground  in  the  upper  districts  of  Alabama,  and  northward.    Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  thin,  2'  — 3' long. 

29.  S.  Elliottii,  TOIT.  &  Gray.      Smooth  ;    stem  mostly  simple  ;    leaves 
oblong-lanceolate   or  elliptical,   sessile,   acute,   finely  serrate,  the  upper  often 
entire;  racemes  crowded,  forming  a  pyramidal  panicle;  scales  of  the  13-20- 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  213 

flowered  involucre  linear,  obtuse  ;  rays  5  -  7  ;  achenia  minutely  pubescent. 
(S,  elliptica?  Ell.) — Damp  soil  near  the  coast,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina. 
Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high.  Leaves  very  numerous,  2'  -  3'  long. 

30.  S.  pilosa,  Walt.     Stem  hirsute,  simple,  or  branching  above ;  leaves 
very  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  mucronate,  rough  above,  pu- 
bescent on  the  veins  beneath  ;  racemes  numerous,  slender,  forming  a  pyramidal 
or  somewhat  corymbose  panicle;  heads  narrow,  12- 15-flowered ;  rays  7-10, 
small ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear;  achenia  slightly  pubescent.     (S.  pyrami- 
data,  Pursh.     S.  villosa,  Ell.) — Low  ground,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept. 
and  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  8°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

31.  S.  odora,  Ait.     Stem  mostly  simple,  pubescent  in  lines  ;  leaves  entire, 
varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  rough 
on  the  margins,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  often  reflexed  ;  panicle  pyramidal, 
mostly  one-sided  ;  heads  5  -  7-flowered  ;   rays  about  3,  showy  ;  achenia  hairy. 
(S.  retrorsa,  Michx.)  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  and  northward.     Oct.  —  Stem  2° -  3° 
high.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long.  —  Plant  anise-scented. 

32.  S.  tortifolia,  Ell.    Stem  straight,  simple  or  branched,  rough-pubescent 
above ;  leaves  small,  linear,  entire,  or  the  lowest  slightly  serrate,  often  twisted, 
pubescent  on  the  margins  and  midrib  ;  panicle  dense,  pyramidal ;  heads  small, 
6  —  9-flowered  ;  rays  3  -  4  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  obtuse  ;  achenia  slightly 
pubescent.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  very  numerous,  l'-2'  long. 

33.  S.   brachyphylla,    Chapm.      Stem    slender,    pubescent,    sparingly 
branched ;  leaves  smooth  or  pubescent  on  the  veins,  finely  serrate,  the  lowest 
spatulate,  the  upper  oval  or  orbicular ;  racemes  short,  forming  a  compound  ra- 
ceme toward  the  end  of  the  spreading  branches  ;  scales  of  the  3  -  5-flowered 
involucre  rigid,  obtuse ;   rays  none ;  achenia,  pubescent,  as  long  as  the  rigid 
pappus.  —  Dry  light  soil,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.    Sept.  —  Stem  2°  —  3° 
high.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

-H-  -i-  -i—  H—   Lowest  leaves  cordate,  on  long  petioles  :  heads  in  simple  or  compound  ra- 
cemes, 8  -  10-Jlowered :  pappus  rigid,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  hairy  achenia. 

34.  S.  amplexieaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Pubescent  and  roughish  ;  stem 
slender,  sparingly  branched   above ;   leaves  sharply  serrate,  acute,  the  lowest 
broadly  cordate ;  those  of  the  stem  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  broadly 
winged  and  clasping  petiole,  the  uppermost  small,  sessile,  and  entire  ;  racemes 
slender,  often  simple;    rays   1-3;  pappus  as  long   as  the   achenium.  —  Dry 
open  woods,  West  Florida,  and  westward.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

35.  S.  cord.flta,  Short.    Pubescent ;  stem  sparingly  branched  above ;  leaves 
acute,  on  wingless  petioles  ;  the  lowest  large,  coarsely  serrate,  cordate,  the  others 
ovate,  sharply  serrate,  on  short  petioles  ;  the  uppermost  entire,  sessile  ;  racemes 
compound,  terminating  the  spreading  branches,  composed  of  crowded  cluster- 
like  racemes  ;  the  lower  ones  scattered;  scales  of  the  8-10-flowered  involucre 
rigid,  obtuse ;  rays  5  -  6  ;  pappus  much  shorter  than  the  achenium.     (Brachy- 
chaeta,  Torr.  $f  Gray.)  — Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.    Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Lowest  leaves  3'  -  5'  wide. 


214  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

•*-•*-•*-*-•*-   Leaves  more  or  less  prominently  3-ribbed. 

36.  S.  nemoralis,  Ait.     Plant  grayish,  minutely  pubescent  and  rough- 
ened ;  stem  mostly  simple ;    leaves  obscurely  3-ribbed ;    the  lowest  spatulate- 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  toward  the 
base,  mostly  entire  ;  panicle  dense,  oblong  or  pyramidal,  recurved  ;  heads  10  - 
12-flowered  ;  rays  6  —  7  ;  achenia  hairy.  —  Old  fields  and  open  woods,  common. 
—  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

37.  S.   Leavenworthii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stem  simple,  minutely  pubescent 
and  roughish;  leaves  very  numerous,  smooth,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  ;  the  low- 
est sparingly  serrate;    panicle  pyramidal;    heads  rather  large;   rays  10-12; 
achenia  pubescent.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  - 
3°  high.     Leaves  2'  -3'  long,  3"  -  4"  wide,  faintly  ribbed. 

38.  S.  Canadensis,  L.     Stem  pubescent  and  often  rough  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  pan- 
icles pyramidal,  dense ;  heads  small ;  rays  very  short ;  achenia  pubescent.  — 
Varies  (S.  procera,  Ell.),  with  a  more  hairy  stem,  less  serrate  leaves,  the  upper 
entire,  and  larger  heads  and  rays.  —  Margins  of  fields,  &c.  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    Oct.  —  Stem  3°  -  8°  high. 

39.  S.  serotina,  Ait.     Stem  smooth,  often  purple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  rough  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  panicle  pyramidal, 
of  numerous  recurved  racemes  ;   rays  short ;   mature  achenia  smooth.  —  Low 
ground,   Florida,   and   northward.     Oct.  —  Stem   stout,   4°  -  8°   high.     Heads 
larger  than  in  the  last,  but  smaller  than  those  of  the  next  species. 

40.  S.  gigantea,  Ait.     Stem  smooth ;  leaves  smooth,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, sharply  serrate,  rough  on  the  margins ;  panicle  large,  pyramidal,  pubes- 
cent ;  rays  small ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Margins  of  fields,  &c.,  Alabama,  and 
northward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  6°  high. 

§  3.    CHKYSOMA. —  Stem  shrubby:  leaves  impressed-punctate,  veinless :  rays  1-3: 
receptacle  conical,  naked. 

41.  S.  pauciflOSClllosa,  Michx.     Stem,   leaves,   and   involucre   viscid; 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  the  lowest  scale-like ;  pani- 
cle 1-sided;  the  clusters  erect,  on  naked  peduncles  ;  heads  4  -  7-flowered ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  obtuse  ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Sandy  banks  and  shores,  Florida 
to   South   Carolina.    Oct.  — Stem   l°-2°  high.    Leaves   l'-2'  long.     Rays 
large. 

§  4.  EUTHAMIA.  —  Herbaceous:  leaves  narrow,  entire,  1  -5-nerved:  heads  corym- 
bose :  rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers  :  receptacle  bristly :  involucre 
viscid. 

42.  S.  lanceolata,  L.     Stem  pubescent  above,  corymbose  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  roughish  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  3-5- 
nerved  ;  heads  obconical,  mostly  sessile,  in  dense  clusters  ;  rays  1 5  -  20.  —  Damp 
soil,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

43.  S.  tenuifolia,    Pursh.      Nearly   smooth  ;    stem   corymbosely   much 
branched  ;    leaves   linear,  3-nerved,  glandular-dotted ;  heads   few  in  a  cluster, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  215 

often  pedicelled,  top-shaped;    rays  about  10.  —  Low  sandy  places,  common. 
Oct.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Heads  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding. 

21.    BIGELOVIA,    DC. 

Heads  3  -  4-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucre  cylin- 
drical-club-shaped, as  long  as  the  flowers ;  the  scales  linear,  rigid,  appressed, 
somewhat  viscid.  Receptacle  narrow,  cuspidate.  Achenia  terete,  striate,  hairy. 
Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  scabrous  capillary  bristles.  Styles  scarcely  exsertcd. 
—  A  smooth  erect  perennial  herb,  with  narrow  obtuse  and  entire  leaves,  and  small 
heads  of  yellow  flowers,  disposed  in  a  compound  corymb. 

1.  B.  nudata,  DC.  Stem  mostly  simple,  virgate;  lowest  leaves  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  obscurely  3-nerved ;  the  others  scattered,  linear.  ( Chrysocoma  nu- 
data, Michx.) — Var.  VIRGATA.  Lowest  leaves  linear-spatulate,  1-nerved;  the 
others  narrow-linear  or  filiform  ;  heads  larger.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and 
northward.  Sept. —  Stem  2°  high. 

22-     ISOPAPPUS,     Torr.  &Gray. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Rays  5-12,  pistillate.  Involucre  cylindrical-cam- 
panulate ;  the  scales  lanceolate-subulate,  imbricated  in  2-3  rows,  appressed. 
Receptacle  alveolate.  Achenia  terete,  silky.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  nearly 
equal  capillary  bristles.  — Biennials.  Stems  paniculate.  Leaves  alternate,  nar- 
n.  ..  Heads  scattered,  on  slender  peduncles.  Rays  yellow. 

1.  I.  divaricatus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Hispid  and  glandular ;  stem  erect,  the 
slender  branches  spreading ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  ;  involu- 
cre soft-hairy;  rays  5-8.  (Chrysopsis  divaricata,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  fields  and 
woods,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-4°  high.  Panicle 
large.  Heads  15-20-flowered. 

23.    HETEROTHECA,    Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in 
few  rows,  linear.  Receptacle  alveolate,  bristly.  Achenia  of  the  rays  oval,  des- 
titute of  pappus,  those  of  the  disk-flowers  obovate,  compressed,  hairy,  with  a 
double  pappus;  the  outer  one  short  and  chaffy,  the  inner  bristlv.  —  Biennial 
rough-hairy  branching  herbs,  with  irregularly  toothed  or  entire  alternate  leaves, 
and  corymbose-pan icled  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

1.  H.  SCabra,  DC.  Leaves  oblong,  toothed,  commonly  sessile  or  clasp- 
ing ;  the  lowest  petiolcd,  obtuse  or  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base ;  involucre 
thick,  shorter  than  the  brownish  inner  pappus.  (Chrysopsis  scabra,  Nutt.)  — 
Dry  sandy  places  along  the  coast,  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  Sept.  —  Stem 
rigid,  1  °  -  2°  high.  Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

24.    CHRYSOPSIS,    Nutt. 

Pappus  of  the  ray  and  disk-flowers  alike,  double  ;  the  exterior  row  chaffy,  or 
of  chaffy  bristles,  the  interior  longer,  capillary ;  otherwise  like  Heterotheca.  — 


216  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

Biennial  or  perennial  hairy  or  silky  herbs,  with  linear  or  oblong  mostly  entire 
leaves.     Heads  mostly  corymbed.     Flowers  yellow. 

*  Leaves  narrow,  nerved,  entire:  achenia  oblong-linear,  narrowed  at  each  end,  pubes- 

cent :  perennials. 

1 .  C.  graminifolia,  Nutt.     Stem  leafy,  white  with  appressed  silky  shin- 
ing hairs,  as  also  the  linear  leaves ;  heads  numerous,  rather  small,  on  slender  and 
more  or  less  glandular  peduncles  ;  involucre  top-shaped,  the  linear  scales  glan- 
dular.    (C.  argentea,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  common.     Sept.  —  Stem 
1  °  -  2°  high.     Lowest  leaves  4'  -  8'  long. 

2.  C.  Oligantha,  Chapm.     Stem  nearly  naked  and  glandular  above,  the 
lower  part,  like  the  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves,  silky  with  appressed  shining 
hairs  ;  heads  1  -  4,  on  long  erect  glandular  peduncles,  rather  large ;  involucre 
bell-shaped,  the  scales  glandular-pubescent.  —  Low  pine-barrens,  Florida.    April 
and  May.  —  Stem  1°  high.      Stem-leaves   clasping  ;  those  of  the  root  elon- 
gated. > 

3.  C.  pinifolia,  Ell.     Smooth  ;  stem  rigid  ;  leaves  linear,  crowded,  rigid  ; 
corymb  large ;  scales  of  the  involucre  woolly  at  the  summit.  —  High  sand-hills 
in  the  Western  districts  of  Georgia,  Elliott.  —  Stem  l£°-  2°  high.     Stem-leaves 
4' -6'  long,  the  uppermost  filiform.     Heads  large.     Exterior  pappus  somewhat 
chaffy. 

*  *  Leaves  veiny,  oblong  or  lanceolate :  the  lowest  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper 

sessile :  achenia  obovate,  compressed. 

4.  C.  Mariana,  Nutt.     Perennial ;  stem  simple,  covered  with  loose  silky 
deciduous  hairs  ;  lowest  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  entire  or  slightly  serrate ;  the 
upper  ones  lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  ;  corymb  small,  mostly  simple  and  umbel- 
late, cone-like  in  the  bud  ;  peduncles  and  involucre  glandular.  —  Sandy  pine- 
barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

5.  C.  trichophylla,  Nutt.     Biennial ;  stem  very  leafy,  mostly  branching, 
villous  with  loose  silky  hairs ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  earliest  ones 
crowded,  obtuse  and  densely  villous,  the  upper  mostly  acute  and  often  smooth- 
ish  ;  corymb  large,  compound ;  peduncles  and  involucre  smoothish.  —  Var.  HYS- 
SOPI FOLIA  (C.  hyssopifolia,  Nutt.)  has  narrow-linear  and  smooth  leaves,  except 
the  tuft  at  the  base.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  — 
Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  commonly  ascending.     Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

6.  C.  gOSSypina,  Nutt.     Biennial,  densely  villous  and  hoary  throughout; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  ;  the  lowest  spatulate,  the  upper  sessile ;  corymb 
simple.     (C.  dentata,  Ell.,  leaves  larger,  the  lowest  sinuate-toothed.)  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 

7.  C.  scabrella,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Pulverulent-scabrous  throughout ;  stem 
stout,  corymboscly  branched  above  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronulate,  en- 
tire, equally  somewhat  glandular-scabrous  on  both  sides,  sessile,  the  lower  ones 
narrowed  at  the(  base  ;  heads  numerous,  in  a  compound  corymb ;  peduncles  and 
lanceolate  obtuse  scales  of  the  involucre  puberulent-glandular.  —  Pine  woods, 
Florida.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  high. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  217 

8.  C.  villosa,  Nutt.     Rough-hairy  and  somewhat  hoary  throughout ;  stem 
rigid,  very  leafy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate ;  the  upper 
ones  sessile,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  heads  large,  in  a  simple  corymb. 
—  Dry  soil,  Alabama,  and  westward.     Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  1' 
long,  fringed  near  the  base. 

9.  C.  deeumbens,  n.  sp.     Stems  decumbent,  simple,  silky -villous ;  leaves 
villous,  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile,  leafy  in  the  axils ;  the  lowest 
spatulate-oblong,  clustered  ;    heads  large,  in  a  loose  corymbose  panicle ;    the 
peduncles  and  involucre  glandular-pubescent ;  rays  about  25,  showy ;  achenia 
hairy,  furrowed ;  exterior  pappus  bristly. —  Sandy  shores  on  St.  Vincent's  Island, 
West  Florida.     Oct.  and  Nov.     (2)  —  Stems  2° -  4°  long.     Upper  leaves  £'- 1' 
long,  the  lowest  3' -4'.     Heads  largest  of  all. 

25.     INTJLA,    L.    ELECAMPANE. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in 
several  rows.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Anthers  bicaudate  at  the  base. 
Pappus  single,  of  capillary  slightly  scabrous  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Flow- 
<ers  yellow. 

1.  I.  Helenium,  L.  Stem  stout ;  leaves  large,  ovate,  denticulate,  tomen- 
tose  beneath ;  the  lowest  ones  petioled,  the  upper  clasping ;  heads  very  large, 
somewhat  corymbose  ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  ovate,  leafy  ;  rays 
numerous,  narrow ;  achenia  4-sided,  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
Introduced. 

26.     CONYZA,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  exterior  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  in  several  rows  ; 
the  corolla  filiform,  2  -  3-toothed  ;  a  few  of  the  central  flowers  staminate,  with  a 
tubular,  5-toothed  corolla.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  several  rows.  Receptacle 
punctate.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles.  —  Branching  herbs,  with 
toothed-lobed  leaves,  and  heads  of  yellow  flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles. 

1.  C.  ambigua,  DC.  Rough-hairy;  lower  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  lobed, 
the  upper  entire,  linear;  heads  panicled.  (C.  sinuata,  Ell.)  — Around  Charles- 
ton. Introduced.  April -July. —  Stem  2°  high. 

27.    BACCHARIS,    L. 

Heads  dioecious,  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular.  Corolla  of  the  sterile 
flowers  5-cleft  ;  of  the  fertile  ones  filiform,  nearly  entire,  without  anthers  ;  style 
cxserted.  Scales  of  the  oblong  or  hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in  sev- 
eral rows.  Receptacle  naked  or  somewhat  chaffy.  Achenia  ribbed.  Pappus 
of  the  sterile  flowers  capillary,  in  a  single  row,  as  long  as  the  involucre ;  of  the 
fertile  flowers  in  1  -  several  rows,  commonly  much  longer  than  the  involucre.  — 
Smooth  and  resinous  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  white. 

1.  B.  halimifolia,  L.     Branches  angled;   leaves  obovate,  or  oblong-ob- 
ovate,  toothed  above  the  middle,  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  entire  ;  heads  pedun- 
19 


218  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

cled,  the  terminal  ones  clustered ;  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  3-4  times  as 
long  as  the  involucre.  —  Low  ground,  near  the  coast,  Florida  and  northward. 
Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Shrub  2°  - 12°  high. 

2.  B.  glomeruliflora,  Pers.     Branches   angled  ;   leaves  wedge-obovate, 
coarsely  toothed,  rigid ;  the  uppermost  obovate,  entire  ;  heads  very  numerous, 
in  dense  sessile  axillary  clusters  ;  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  twice  as  long  as 
the  involucre.     (B.  sessiliflora,  Michx.)  —  Swamps  along  the  coast,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     November.  —  Shrub  6°-  12°  high. 

3.  B.  angUStifolia,  Michx.     Branches  numerous,  angled ;  leaves  linear, 
entire  ;  heads  single,  or  2  -  4  in  a  terminal  cluster ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Saline 
marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    Oct.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high.    Heads  small. 


28.    PLTJCHEA,     Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  central  flowers  mostly  perfect,  but  sterile,  with 
the  corolla  dilated  and  5-cleft ;  the  others  pistillate,  slender,  slightly  toothed. 
Anthers  bicaudate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  flat, 
mostly  naked.  Achenia  grooved  or  angled.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capil- 
lary slightly  scabrous  bristles.  —  Odorous  mostly  pubescent  and  glandular 
herbs,  with  alternate  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves.  Heads  of  purplish  flowers 
corymbose. 

1.  P.  bifrons,  DC.     Stem  simple,  or  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  oblong, 
acute,  denticulate,  strongly  reticulated  and  rugose,  cordate  and  clasping ;  heads 
clustered  ;  involucre  pubescent  and  viscid.     (Conyza  bifrons,  Ell.)  —  Margins  of 
pine-barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    September.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 
Flowers  pale  purple  or  white. 

2.  P.  fcetida,  DC.      Minutely   pubescent   and   glandular  ;    leaves   large, 
membranaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ; 
corymbs  axillary  and  terminal ;  heads  rather  small,  numerous,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels ;   involucre  smoothish,  often   purplish.      (Conyza  Marylandica,  KU.'f)  — 
Damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     September.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.     Leaves 
5' -8'  long,  resinous-dotted.     Flowers  purple. 

3.  P.   camphorata,    DC.      Minutely   pubescent   and    glandular- viscid  : 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  denticulate,  nearly  sessile  ;  heads 
rather  large,  in  a  dense  corymb,  on  short  and  stout  pedicels  ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre  pubescent,  the   inner  ones   long-acuminate.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     September.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high  ;  the  branches  few  and  erect. 
Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Flowers  light  purple. 

4.  P.  purpurascens,  DC.      Tomentose   and   glandular  ;    leaves   ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and  somewhat  erosely  serrate,  on  slender 
petioles ;  heads  rather  small,  on  slender  pedicels,  loosely  corymbose ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  pubescent,  the  inner  ones  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Swamps  and  low 
ground,  Florida.     September.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  with  numerous  spreading 
branches.     Leaves  2' -4' long.    Flowers  bluish-purple. 


COMPOSITE:.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  219 

29.    PTEROCAULON,    Ell. 

Heads  and  flowers  chiefly  as  in  Pluchea.  Scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
imbricated  in  several  rows,  caducous.  Receptacle  minutely  hairy.  Achenia 
angled,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  numerous  equal  capillary  bristles,  longer  than 
the  involucre.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  lanceolate,  densely  tomentose  and 
hoary  beneath,  the  margins  broadly  decurrent  on  the  stem.  Heads  compactly 
spiked. 

1.  P.  pycnostachyum,  Ell.  Stem  rarely  branched,  1°-  2°  high;  leaves 
wavy,  smooth  above  ;  spike  thick,  woolly  ;  flowers  white.  —  Damp  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June  and  July. 

TRIBE  IV.  SENECIONIDE^E.  Heads  discoid  or  radiate:  branches  of  the 
style,  in  the  perfect  flowers,  linear,  convex  externally,  Jiairy  or  brush-shaped  at  the 
apex,  and  truncate,  or  produced  into  a  conical  or  hispid  appendage ;  the  stigmatic 
lines  terminating  at  the  appendage,  not  confluent. 

30.    POLYMNIA,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  pistillate,  in  a  single  row  ;  those  of  the  disk 
tubular,  5-toothed,  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  iu  two  rows  ;  the  outer  leafy, 
spreading ;  the  inner  smaller,  membranaceous,  clasping  the  obovoid  fertile  ache- 
nia.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Pappus  none.  —  Coarse  branching  perennial  herbs, 
with  angular  or  lobed  leaves,  and  heads  of  yellow  flowers  in  corymbose  panicles. 

1.  P.    Canadensis,   L.     Viscid-pubescent  ;    lowest  leaves  opposite,  peti- 
oled,  pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  alternate,  angled  or  lobed  ;  outer  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre acuminate,  hairy  and  viscid  ;  rays  shorter  than  the  involucre.  — Mountains 
of   North   Carolina.      July   and  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.      Heads  small. 
Rays  pale  yellow. 

2.  P.  Uvedalia,  L.     Stem  smooth,  or  rough-pubescent;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  3  -  5-lobed,  coarsely  toothed,  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  sinuate-winged  petiole ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  ciliate, 
obtuse ;  rays  much  longer  than  the  involucre.  —  Rich  soil,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  3°  —  6°  high.     Rays  bright  yellow. 

31.    CHRYSOGONUM,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  5,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  tubular,  5-toothed, 
sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows ;  the  exterior  oblong,  leafy  ;  the  inte- 
rior roundish,  clasping  the  oval  compressed  4-angled  fertile  achcnia.  Receptacle 
flat,  chaffy.  Pappus  a  slightly  lobed  cup-shaped  crown,  divided  on  the  inside  to 
the  base.  —  A  low  hairy  stoloniferous  perennial  herb,  with  oval  or  spatulate- 
oblong  opposite  crenate  leaves,  and  single  heads  of  yellow  flowers  borne  on  a 
long  peduncle. 

1.  C.  Virginianum,  L.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
February- April.  —  Plant  at  first  simple,  producing  from  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves 
a  single  peduncled  head,  afterward  stoloniferous  and  branching. 


220  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

32.     SILPHIUM,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate,  fertile,  in  a  single  row. 
Disk-flowers  cylindrical,  sterile  ;  the  style  undivided.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
leafy,  imbricated  in  several  rows ;  the  innermost  smallest,  chaff-like.  Receptacle 
small,  with  linear  acutish  chaff.  Fertile  achenia  in  3-4  rows,  round  or  obovate, 
flat,  broadly  winged,  2-toothed  or  emarginate  at  the  apex  ;  the  sterile  ones  slen- 
der. Pappus  none,  or  represented  by  the  two  teeth  of  the  achenia.  —  Tall  resinous 
herbs,  with  alternate  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flow- 
ers in  corymbose  panicles. 

*  Stems  terete,  nearly  naked :  leaves  alternate ;  the  lowest  large,  serrate  or  variously 
lotted,  lony-petioled ;  the  others  small  and  scattered. 

1.  S.  laciniatum,  L.     Stem  hispid  or  smooth;  leaves  very  rough  or  his 
pid,  on  clasping  petioles,  pinnately  parted ;  the  divisions  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  lobed  or  toothed  ;  heads  large,  spicate  or  racemose  ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre ovate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  spreading  point,  ciliate  ;  achenia  round- 
obovate,  emarginate. — Varies  with  the  more  numerous  sessile  and  clasping 
leaves  less  deeply  parted.     (S.  gummiferum,  Elf.)  —Prairies  of  Alabama,  and 
westward.    July  and  August.  —  Stem  6°  -  8to  high.     Lowest  leaves  1°  -  2°  long. 
Heads  l£'-2'  in  diameter. 

2.  S.  terebinthinaceum,  L.    Stem  smooth,  naked  above  ;  leaves  rough- 
hairy,  undivided,  cordate-oval  or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles  ; 
heads  small,  loosely  panicled ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
smooth  ;  achenia  obovate,   emarginate   or   2-toothed.     (S.   pinnatifidum,   Ell,., 
leaves  pinnatifid.)  —  Open  woods  in  the  western  districts  of  Georgia,  and  west- 
ward.   July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high.     Radical  leaves  2°  long.     Heads  1 ' 
wide. 

3.  S.  composition,  Michx.     Smooth;  leaves  cordate-ovate  or  reniform, 
angularly  toothed  or  variously  lobed,  long-petioled ;  heads  small,  corymbosely 
panicled;  scales  of  the  involucre  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse ;  achenia  roundish, 
deeply  emarginate ;  rays  6  -  10.     (S.  terebinthinaceum,  Ell.,  leaves  reniform,  an- 
gularly toothed  or  lobed.)  — Var.  MICHAUXII,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Leaves  deeply 
pinnatifid  or  ternately  divided;  the  divisions  lobed  or  toothed.  —  Var  OVATIFO- 
1,1  UM,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Leaves  ovate,  angularly  toothed.  —  Sandy  open  woods, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  6'  -  1 2' 
long.     Heads  £'  in  diameter. 

*  *  Stems  leafy :  leaves  undivided,  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled. 
-t-  Stems  terete. 

4.  S.  trifoliatum,  L.     Stem  smooth;  leaves  rough,  lanceolate,  slightly 
serrate,  on  short  bristly  petioles  ;  the  upper  ones  alternate  or  opposite  ;  the  lower 
3  -4  in  a  whorl ;  heads  small,  loosely  panicled  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  or 
oval,  fringed  on  the  margins  ;  achenia  oblong-obovate,  2-toothed.     (S.  tcrnatuni 
and  S.  atropurpurcum,  Willd.)  —  Open  woods  along  the  mountains  of  Georgia, 
and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

5.  S.  AsteriSGUS,  L.     Stem  smooth  or  hirsute  ;  leaves  rough,  opposite  or 
alternate,  or  the  lower  ones  sometimes  3  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  toothed, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  221 

en  short  hirsute  petioles ;  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  commonly  entire ;  heads 
somewhat  corymbose,  rather  large  ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate, 
acute,  short-ciliate  :  the  interior  oblong,  obtuse  ;  achenia  broadly  obovate,  2- 
toothed.  —  Var.  DENTATUM.  Lower  leaves  on  rather  long  petioles,  sometimes 
incisely  toothed  ;  achenia  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex.  (S.  dentatum,  Ell.) 
—  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4° 
high.  Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.  Rays  showy. 

6.  S.  Isevigattim,  Ell.     Smooth  ;  leaves  thick,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  at 
each  end,  opposite,  coarsely  serrate,  on  short  petioles  ;  the  upper  nearly  sessile  ; 
heads  small,  loosely  corymbose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  obtuse,  spread- 
ing ;  achenia  oval-obovate,  narrowly  winged,  emarginate  and  slightly  2-toothed 
at  the  apex.  —  Western  districts  of  Georgia  and  Alabama.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem 
2°  -  3°  high.     Lowest  leaves  6'  -  8'  long. 

7.  S.  scaberrimum,  Ell.     Stem  rough-hairy ;   leaves  mostly  opposite, 
ovate,  acute,  serrate,  rigid,  very  rough  on  both  sides,  on  short  petioles ;  heads 
corymbose ;  scales   of  the   involucre  ovate,   ciliate ;  achenia  nearly  orbicular, 
broadly  winged,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex.  —  Western  districts  of  Georgia  and 
Alabama.     August  and  Sept. —  Stem  stout,  3°— 4°  high,  becoming  smoothish. 
Leaves  3' -4'  long.     Heads  larger  than  in  the  last. 

•+-   ••-  Stems  square. 

8.  S.  perfoliatum,  L.    Stem  and  branches  smooth  or  hairy ;  leaves  large, 
opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  rough  on  both  sides,  or  pubes- 
cent or  hairy  beneath,  their  bases,  or  winged  petioles,  united;  the  uppermost 
commonly  entire,  simply  serrate  ;  corymb  trichotomous  ;  the  central  heads  long- 
peduncled ;  scales   of  the   involucre  ovate,   obtuse ;  achenia  broadly  obovate, 
emarginate.     (S.  connatum,  L.     S.  integrifolium,  Ell.?)  —  Banks  of  streams 
along  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  6° 
high.    Leaves  6'  -  12'  long.     Heads  large. 

33.    BEELANDIEBA,    DC. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Kay-flowers  few,  pistillate  ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular, 
5-toothed,  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  three  rows,  the  innermost  largest, 
membranaceous,  adherent  to  the  fertile  achenia.  Receptacle  chaffy ;  the  chaff 
dilated  upward,  obtuse,  hooded,  partly  embracing  the  sterile  achenia  ;  the  inner 
ones  gradually  narrower.  Fertile  achenia  in  a  single  row,  obovate,  flattened, 
wingless,  pubescent  on  the  inner  face,  the  apex  entire.  —  Perennial  downy  or 
hoary  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  solitary  or  corymbose  heads,  and  yellow 
rays. 

1 .  B.  tomentosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  leafy,  hoary-tomentose ;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  crenate,  hoary  beneath,  closely  pubescent  above  ;  the  lowest  taper- 
ing into  a  petiole  ;  the  upper  cordate,  sessile  ;  heads  at  length  numerous,  corym- 
bose-panicled.  (Silphium  pumilum,  Michx.) — Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June  -  August.  —  Stem  1°-  3°  high.  Leaves 
2'  -  3'  long. 

19* 


222  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

2.  B.  SUbacaulis,  Nutt.  Rough-pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary ;  leaves 
chiefly  radical,  clustered,  sinuate-pinnatitid ;  heads  solitary  on  the  peduncle-like 
stem,  or  few  on  the  peduncle-like  branches  of  the  short  and  nearly  leafless  stem. 

—  East  Florida  and  Georgia.     May  -  August.  —  Peduncle  6'  -  8'  long.     Leaves 
3'  long. 

34.    PAKTHENIUM,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  5,  in  a  single  row,  short,  obcordate, 
pistillate;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  5-toothed,  sterile.  Anthers  slightly  united. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows,  ovate  or  roundish.  Receptacle  conical, 
chaffy ;  the  chaff  dilated  upward.  Achenia  smooth,  compressed,  thick-mar- 
gined. Pappus  of  two  awn-like  or  roundish  scales.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  white. 

1 .  P.  integrifolium,  L.    Perennial ;  stem  erect,  simple,  rough ;  leaves 
undivided,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate  ;    the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  long 
petiole ;  panicle  dense,  corymbose ;  involucre  hoary  ;  pappus  minute,  awn-like. 

—  Dry  soil  among  the  mountains,  Alabama,  and  northward.     August.  —  Stem 
l°-2°high.     Lowest  leaves  4' -  6' long.     Rays  conspicuous. 

2.  P.  Hysterophorus,  L.     Annual,   pubescent ;    stem   diffuse  ;    leaves 
pinnatifid.  with  linear  toothed  lobes  ;  heads  loosely  panicled  ;  scales  of  the  pap- 
pus oval.  —  Waste  places,  East  and  South  Florida,  and  westward. 

35.    IVA,    L. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular ;  the  marginal  ones 
(1-5)  with  a  short  corolla,  pistillate  and  fertile;  the  central  ones  5-toothed, 
sterile.  Anthers  nearly  distinct.  Scales  of  the  involucre  3  -  5,  in  a  single  row, 
oval  or  obovate,  distinct  or  partly  united,  or  6  -  9  and  imbricated.  Chaff  of  the 
small  receptacle  linear  or  spatulate.  Achenia  biconvex,  obovate.  Pappus  none. 

—  Branching  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  (the  upper)  alternate  mostly 
fleshy  leaves,  and  small  axillary  nodding  heads  of  whitish  flowers. 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  3-5,  in  a  single  row. 

1.  I.  fmtescens,    L.     Shrubby;   leaves    lanceolate   or  oblong,   sharply 
toothed-serrate,  3-ribbed,  smoothish ;  scales  of  the  involucre  5,  orbicular ;  fertile 
flowers  5.  —  Saline  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Shrub 
4° -8°  high. 

2.  I.  mierocephala,  Nutt.     Annual,  rough  with  rigid  appressed  hairs  ; 
stem  slender,  much  branched ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  entire ;  heads  minute,  6  - 
12-flowered;  scales  of  the  involucre  4  -  5,  obovate,  ciliate  ;  fertile  flowers  1-3. 

—  Dry  barren  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2° 
high. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  imwlucre  6-9,  imbricated  in  2  -  4  rows. 

3.  I.  imbricata,  Walt.     Somewhat  shrubby,  smooth  ;  leaves  fleshy,  lance- 
olate, the  lower  ones  slightly  serrate  and  3-ribbed,  the  upper  alternate  and  entire ; 
heads  many-flowered  ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  orbicular  ;  the  inner  obovate, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  223 

toothed-margined ;  fertile  flowers  2  —  4,  the  short  corolla  5-parted.  —  Varies  with 
smaller  and  fewer-flowered  heads,  and  the  corolla  of  the  fertile  flower  truncate. 

—  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept. 

—  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  1'  long. 

36.    AMBROSIA,     Tourn. 

Heads  monoecious,  in  racemes  or  spikes  ;  the  upper  ones  sterile,  nodding  ;  the 
lower  pistillate  and  fertile.  Involucre  of  the  sterile  flowers  hemispherical,  com- 
posed of  7-12  united  scales,  5  -  20-flowered.  Keceptacle  naked  or  with  slender 
chaff.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Involucre  of  the  fertile  flowers  1-flowered,  ovoid  or 
turbinate,  entire,  closed,  pointed,  commonly  with  a  row  of  tubercles  or  spines 
near  the  apex.  Corolla  and  stamens  none.  Achenia  globose  or  ovoid.  Pap- 
pus none.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  mostly  pinnately  lobed.  Fertile  flowers  single  or 
clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  or  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
bracted.  Flowers  whitish. 

*  Leaves  undivided  or  3  -  5-lobed,  opposite  :  receptacle  naked. 

1.  A.  trifida,  L.    Stem  tall  (6°  -10°),  4-sided,  rough-hairy  ;  leaves  rough, 
palmately  3  -  5-lobed,  with  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate  and  serrate,  or  all  undi- 
vided ;  fruit  obovate,  6-toothed  around  the  base  of  the  conically  beaked  apex, 
clustered.     (A.  integrifolia,  Muhl.)  —  River-banks  and   rich   soil,  Florida   and 
northward.     Aug.  and  Sept. 

*  Leaves  pinnately  lobed ;    the  upper  ones  mostly  alternate  :   receptacle  commonly 
chaffy. 

2.  A.  crithmifolia,  DC.     Stem  prostrate  and  shrubby  at  the  base  ;  the 
branches   velvety   pubescent  ;    leaves   bipinnatifid,  thickish,  softly   pubescent  ; 
spikes  few,  the  terminal  one  elongated  ;   fruit  downy,  unarmed.  —  Sandy  shores 
at  Key  West,  forming  large  clusters. 

3.  A.  artemisisefolia,  L.     Annual,  erect,  hairy  or  smoothish  ;  leaves  bi- 
pinnatifid, with  linear  lobes  ;  the  upper  often  entire  ;  spikes  single  or  panicled  ; 
fertile  flowers  single,  clustered,  or  sometimes  spiked  ;  fruit  nearly  globose,  armed 
with  six  short  teeth.     (A.  elatior,  L.     A.  paniculata,  Michx.,  spines  of  the  fruit 
obsolete.)  —  Cultivated  ground,  everywhere.    July-  Sept.  —  Stem  1° - 4°  high. 

4.  A.  hispida,  Pursh.     Hispid  and  hoary  throughout ;  leaves  bipinnatifid, 
with  toothed  lobes ;  racemes  terminal,  somewhat  panicled.  —  South  Carolina, 
Catesby.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Heads  larger  than  in  No.  1.     (  *) 

37.    XANTHIITM,    Tourn.      COCKLEBUR. 

Heads  monoecious,  spiked  ;  the  upper  ones  many-flowered,  sterile,  with  the 
scales  of  the  involucre  separate,  in  a  single  row  ;  the  receptacle  oblong,  chaffy, 
and  the  short  corolla  5-toothed  ;  the  lower  ones  fertile,  consisting  of  two  pistil- 
late flowers,  enclosed  in  a  2-celled  oblong  closed  involucre,  which  is  armed 
externally  with  numerous  hooked  spines  or  bristles,  and  terminated  by  one 
or  two  stout  beaks.  Corolla  filiform.  Achenium  oblong,  solitary  in  each  cell 

—  Coarse  annual  herbs.     Leaves  alternate,  lobed  and  petioled. 


224  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

1.  X.  Strumarium,  L.     Stem  spineless,  rough,  branched  ;  leaves  large, 
broadly  cordate,  3  —  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  toothed,  acute  and  rough  on  both  sides  ; 
fruit  oval,  pointed  by  two  straight  and  smooth    beaks.  —  Var.  ECHINATUM. 
Leaves  obtuse,  less  strongly  lobed  ;  the  incurved  beaks  and  spines  of  the  larger 
(!')  fruit  bristly.  —  Cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,  common.    July  — Sept. — 
Stem  l°-4°  high,  often  spotted. 

2.  X.  SpillOSUm,  L.     Stem   armed  with   triple   spines,  much  branched ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  hoary-tomentose  beneath  ;  fruit  pointed  by  a 
single  beak.  —  Waste  places  around  the  larger  seaports,  and  sparingly  in  the 
interior.     Introduced.     Aug.  and  Sept. —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

38.    ECLIPTA,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  short,  pistillate,  in  a  single  row  ;  those 
of  the  disk  tubular,  4-toothed,  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  10-12,  in  2 
rows.  Receptacle  flat,  with  bristly  chaff.  Achenia  3  -  4-angled,  hairy  at  the 
apex.  Pappus  none.  —  Rough  branching  annuals,  with  opposite  lanceolate 
leaves.  Heads  small,  axillary,  on  peduncles  of  varying  length.  Flowers 
white. 

1.  E.  erecta,  L.     Stem   erect  or  diffuse,  terete,  tumid   below  the  joints, 
sprinkled,  like  the  leaves,  with  appressed  rigid  hairs ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  serrate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  peduncles  single  or  2  -  3  together.     ( E. 
procumbens,  and   E.   brachypoda,  Michx.) — Wet   places,  Florida,  and   north- 
ward.    Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  6'  -  3°  long. 

2.  E.  longifolia,  Schrad.     Stem  erect,  rough-hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  sessile  and  clasping;   peduncles  longer 
than   the   heads.  —  Wet  places,  Apalachicola,  Florida.     Sept.  — Stem   l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

39.     BOBRICHIA,    Adans. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray-flowers  pistillate,  in  a  single  row ;  those  of  the 
disk  tubular,  5-toothed,  perfect.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  imbri- 
cated ;  the  exterior  ones  leafy.  Receptacle  flat,  with  rigid  persistent  chaff. 
Achenia  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  3  -  4-angled.  Pappus  a  3  -  4-toothed  border. 
—  Fleshy  maritime  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  and  slightly  connate.  Heads  soli- 
tary, pedunclcd.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  arborescens,  DC.     Smooth,  or   the   young  branches   pubescent; 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  abruptly  pointed,  entire  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  as 
long  as  the  disk  ;  the  inner  ones  and  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse.  —Key  West. 
Dec.  —  Shrub  5°  - 10°  high. 

2.  B.  frutescens,  DC.     Branches   and   leaves   hoary-tomentose;   leaves 
varying  from  spatulate-linear  to  obovate-oblong,  entire  or  toothed  near  the  base  ; 
scales  "of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  the  inner  ones  and  chaff  of  the  re- 
ceptacle spine-pointed.     (Buphthalmum  frutescens,  L  )  —  Saline  marshes,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina.    June  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  225 

40.    MELANTHERA,    Rohr. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect,  5-cleft.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Chaff  of  the  convex  receptacle  rigid,  per' 
sistent,  partly  sheathing  the  flowers.  Achenia  4-angled,  short,  truncate  at  the 
apex.  Pappus  of  2 -several  rough  rigid  deciduous  awns  or  bristles. —  Rough 
perennial  herbs,  with  branching  3  —  4-angled  stems,  opposite  undivided  or  3- 
lobed  serrate  petioled  leaves,  and  scattered  heads  of  white  flowers,  on  long 
peduncles.  Anthers  black. 

1.  M.  hastata,  Michx.     Stem  commonly  spotted;   leaves   varyiflg   from 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire,  or  more  or  less  hastate-3-lobed,  serrate ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  acute ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  spine-pointed.  —  Light  rich 
soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high. 

2.  M.  deltoidea,  Michx.     Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  undivided  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse,  mucronate.  —  South  Florida. 

41.    ZINNIA,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  pistillate ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect, 
tubular,  with  5  velvety  lobes.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  oval  or  round- 
ish, margined.  Chaff  of  the  conical  receptacle  clasping  the  disk-flowers.  Ray- 
flowers  oblong,  rigid  persistent.  Achenia  of  the  disk  compressed,  with  a  1  -2- 
awned  pappus  ;  those  of  the  rays  3-angled,  destitute  of  a  pappus.  —  Annual 
herbs,  with  sessile  entire  3-ribbed  leaves,  and  solitary  heads,  on  long  inflated 
peduncles. 

1.  Z.  multiflora,  L.  Stem  erect,  hairy,  branching;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late ;  chaff'  of  the  receptacle  obtuse  ;  pappus  of  the  disk-flowers  1-awned ;  rays 
red  or  purple.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Introduced.  July  — 
Sept.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.  Rays  sometimes  fading  into  yellow. 

42.     HELIOPSIS,    Pers. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  pistillate ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular, 
perfect,  5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2-3  rows;  the  exterior  longer, 
leafy.  Chaff  of  the  conical  receptacle  lanceolate,  partly  clasping  the  smooth  4- 
angied  truncated  achenia.  Pappus  none. — Perennial  herbs  with  the  habit  of 
Helianthus.  Rays  yellow. 

1 .  H.  laevis,  Pers.  Smooth ;  stem  slender,  branching ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  3-ribbed  at  the  base,  on 
slender  petioles ;  peduncles  elongated ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse ;  rays 
deciduous.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug.  and  Sept.  — 
Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long,  sometimes  scabrous. 

43.    TETRAGONOTHECA,    Dill.  * 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  (6  -9)  pistillate  ;  those  of  the  disk  tu- 
bular, 5-toothed,  perfect.  Involucre  double,  4-sided ;  the  exterior  of  4  ovate 


226  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

leaves  partly  united  below  ;  the  interior  of  about  8  small  chaffy  scales.  Chaff 
of  the  conical  receptacle  lanceolate,  acute.  Achenia  obovoid,  nearly  terete, 
truncated.  Pappus  none.  —  A  low  hairy  and  clammy  perennial  herb,  with  large 
sessile  or  connate,  oval  or  oblong,  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  and  large  solitary 
heads  of  yellow  flowers,  on  long  peduncles. 

1.  T.  helianthoides,  L.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
July.  —  Stems  several,  stout,  l°-li°  high.  Leaves  4' -6'  long.  Head  2' in 
diameter. 

44.    ECHINACEA,    Momch. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  pistillate,  but  sterile,  drooping  ;  those 
of  the  disk  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  imbricated 
in  three  or  more  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  at  length  conical.  Chaff  of  the 
receptacle  rigid,  spine-pointed,  longer  than  the  disk-flowers.  Achenia  short, 
4-sided,  crowned  with  a  cup-shaped  toothed  pappus.  —  Perennial  sparingly 
branched  herbs,  with  alternate  undivided  3  -  5-ribbed  leaves,  and  large  heads  ter- 
minating the  peduncle-like  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Rays  red,  purple, 
or  white. 

*  Kays  elongated,  purple  or  white. 

1.  E.  purpurea,  Mcench.     Stem  simple,  or  with  peduncle-like  branches, 
smooth  or  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  rough  ;  the  lowest  ones  ovate, 
on  long  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3—5  rows,  ciliate ;  rays 
about  1 2,  lanceolate,  purple.  —  Varies  with  the  stem  and  leaves  smooth ;   rays 
strap-shaped,  white.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts.    June -August. — 
Stem  2° -5°  high.     Rays  2' -3' long. 

2.  E.  angUStifolia,  DC.     Hirsute  ;  stem  simple  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  en- 
tire, 3-ribbed  ;  the  lowest  tapering  into  a  long  petiole ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated  in  2-3  rows;  rays  12-15,  narrow,  pale  purple.  —  Prairies  and  low 
barrens,  Alabama,  and  westward.     May  — July.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.     Lowest 
leaves  £°  long. 

*  *  Rays  short,  dark  red. 

3.  E.  atrorubens,  Nutt.     Smooth,  or  rough  throughout  with  white  ap- 
pressed  hairs  ;  stem  simple,  furrowed  ;  leaves  rigid,  entire,  shining ;  the  lowest 
linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  3-ribbed  ;  the  upper  few  and  remote, 
linear,  sessile  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  three  rows  ;  rays  about  9,  wedge-shaped, 
shorter  than  the  ovate  dark  purple  disk  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  short-cuspidate, 
about  as  long  as  the  disk-flowers  ;  pappus  4-toothed  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Geor- 
gia and   Florida.    June -August.  —  Stem   2°   high.     Lowest   leaves  £°  long. 
Heads  £'  in  diameter.     Plant  turns  black  in  drying. 

45.    BTJDBECKIA,    L. 

Heads  many  flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  neutral  ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  per- 
fect. Scales  of  the  involucre  in  about  two  rows,  leafy,  spreading.  Receptacle 
conical  or  cylindrical;  the  chaff  not  rigid,  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  disk- 
flowers.  Achenia  smooth,  angled,  truncated  Pappus  a  narrow  border,  or  none. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  227 

—  Perennial  or  biennial  herbs,  with  alternate  simple  or  lobed  leaves,  and  showy 
heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Rays  yellow  or  party-colored.  Disk 
dark  purple  or  yellowish. 

*  Disk  ovate  or  glolwse. 
f-   Leaves  undivided :  stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched. 

1.  R.  ilirta,  L.     Hirsute;  stem  and  branches  naked  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
3-ribbed,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  serrate,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  the  lowest  nar- 
rowed into  a  petiole ;  disk  roundish,  purplish  brown ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
acute,  hairy  at  the  apex ;  appendages  of  the  style  subulate.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida 
to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and  August.  —  Stem  rigid,  l°-2°  high. 
Kays  longer  or  shorter  than  the  involucre. 

2.  R.  fulgida,  Ait.     Hairy ;  stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  naked  at 
the  summit;  leaves  3-ribbed,  mostly  serrate  ;  the  lowest  oval  or  oblong,  on  slen- 
der petioles  ;  the  upper  ones  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  slightly  clasping  ; 
rays  commonly  longer  than  the  involucre  ;  disk  roundish,  dark  purple  ;  chaff  of 
the  receptacle  smoothish,  rather  obtuse  ;  appendages  of  the  style  short-conical. 
(R.  discolor,  Ell.     R.  spathulata,  Michx.,  a  smoothish  mountain  form,  with  spat- 
ulate  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  smaller  heads.)  — Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  northward. 
August  and  September.  —  Stem  1°  -3°  high.    Rays  often  turning  reddish  at  the 
base  in  withering. 

3.  R.  mollis,  Ell.      Stem   hirsutc-villous,  branching  ;    leaves  oblong,  ob- 
scurely serrate,  sessile  and  partly  clasping,  soft-tomcntose  on  both  sides ;  the 
lowest  somewhat  spatulatc  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  linear-lanceolate, 
villous,  rcflexcd,  half  as  long  as  the  (12-20)  rays  ;  disk  brownish  ;  chaff  of  the 
receptacle  rather  obtuse,  tomento.se  at  the  apex.  —  Western  districts  of  Georgia. 
August  -  October. —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

4.  R.  Heliopsidis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Rhizoma  prostrate  ;  stem  pubescent, 
with  few  peduncle-like  branches  at  the  summit ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  slightly 
serrate,  obtuse,  smoothish,  5-ribbed,  petioled  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  brownish-purple  subglobose  disk,  and  (10-12)  oblong-linear 
rays  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse,  pubescent  at  the  apex  ;  achenia  of  the  rays 
3-anglcd,  as  large  as  those  of  the  disk.  — Pine  barrens  near  Columbus,  Georgia, 
and  Alabama.     August  and  September:  —  Stem  2°  high. 

H-  •»-    Leaves  divided  :  stem  paniculately  or  corymboscli/  branched. 

5.  R.  triloba,  L.      Biennial,  rough-hairy;   stem  much  branched;  lowest 
leaves  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oval,  simple,  or  with  two  small  lateral  lobes,  serrate ; 
lower  stem-leaves  3-lobed  ;  the  upper  simple,  sessile,  often  entire  ;  heads  small, 
numerous ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  rays ; 
disk  almost  black ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  awl-pointed,  smooth,  as  long  as  the 
flowers.  —  Var.  PINNATILOBA,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is  smaller  and  more  slender,  and 
the  lower  stem  leaves  pinnately  lobed.  —  Dry  soil,  West  Florida  and  northward. 
August  and  September.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  sometimes  all  undivided. 
Rays  about  8. 

6.  R.    laciniata,    L.       Stem  smooth,   tall   (4° -6'),  branching;    leaves 
rough  ;  the  lowest  pinnately  divided,  the  divisions  lanceolate  or  oblong,  lobed  or 


228  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.; 

pinnatifid  ;  the  middle  ones  3  —  5-partcd  ;  the  uppermost  often  undivided,  toothed ; 
disk  yellowish,  ovate  or  eonical ;  rays  large,  drooping ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
truncate,  pubescent  at  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the  3-angled  achenia.  (R.  digi- 
tata,  Mill.  R.  laevigata,  Pursh.)  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  and 
August. — Leaves  large.  Rays  1'- 2' long. 

7.  R.  heterophylla,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Pubescent ;  stem  corymbose  above ; 
leaves  coarsely  serrate,  rough  above,  tomentose  beneath ;  the  lowest  orbicular- 
cordate  or  3  —  5-parted,  on  long  petioles  ;  the  middle  ones  3-lobed ;  the  upper- 
most ovate,  sessile  and  entire ;  disk  globose,  yellowish ;  rays  drooping  ;  chaff  of 
the  receptacle  acute  ;  achenia  3-sided.  —  Swamps,  Middle  Florida.     August.  • 
Stem  3°  — 4°  high.     Leaves  and  heads  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

*  *  Disk  columnar,  elongated  :  stems  tall,  simple. 

8.  R.  maxima,  Nutt.      Smooth  ;    leaves   large,  membranaceous,  oval  or 
oblong,  slightly  toothed  or  entire,  feather-veined,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  the 
upper  clasping;  head  solitary,  long-peduncled ;    rays  large,  drooping.  —  Wet 
pine  barrens,  West  Florida  and  westward.    August.  —  Stem  4°  -  9°  high.     Low- 
est leaves  8'- 12'  long.     Rays  2'  long. 

9.  R.  nitida,  Nutt.     Smooth  and  shining  ;  stem  tall,  naked  above  ;  leaves 
rigid,  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed  or  entire,  3  -  5-ribbed  ;  the  lowest  long- 
petioled ;  the  upper  partly  clasping,  small ;  rays  large,  drooping ;  disk  brown. 

—  Borders  of  swampy  thickets,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.     July.  —  Stem 
3°  -  5°  high.     Lowest  leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

*  *  *  Lower  leaves  opposite :  disk  ovate,  ydlow :  chaff"  of  the  receptacle  cuspidate, 
ribbed:  achenia  biconvex,  striate,  hairy,  rounded  at  the  apex:  pappus  none. 

10.  R.  ?  Porteri,  Gray.     Rough  with  short  scattered  hairs;  stem  panicu- 
lately  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  at  each  end,  fringed  at  the 
base ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  as  long  as  the  disk ;  the  interior 
shorter,  resembling  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle ;  rays  7-9,  longer  than  the  disk. 

—  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

46.     LEPACHYS,    Raf. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  few  and  small.  Chaff  of  the  oblong  or  columnar 
receptacle  truncate  and  thickened  at  the  apex.  Achenia  flattened  and  margined. 
Pappus  2-toothed  or  none  Otherwise  like  Rudbeckia.  —  Perennials.  Leaves 
pinnately  divided.  Rays  large,  drooping,  yellow. 

1 .  L.  piunata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rough  with  short  appressed  hairs ;  stem 
sparingly  branched  ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  3  -  7,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or 
entire  ;  disk  yellowish,  oval  or  oblong,  shorter  than  the  rays  ;  pappus  obscurely 
2-toothcd.  (Rudbeckia  tomentosa,  Ell.)  —  Dry  soil,  West  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  westward.  July-  Sept.  —  Stem  3° -  4°  high.  Rays  2'  long. 

47.    HELIANTHUS,    L.     SUNFLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  neutral ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular  and 
perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  more  rows,  with  or  without 


COMPOSITE.         (COMPOSITE     FAMILY.)  229 

leafy  spreading  tips.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  chaffy.  Achenia  4-angled,  usu- 
ally compressed.  Pappus  of  2  (rarely  3-4)  caducous  chaffy  scales  or  awns.  — 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate,  commonly  3-ribbed,  undi- 
vided leaves.  Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Disk  yellow 
or  dark  purple.  Rays  yellow. 

*  Annual:  disk  dark  purple :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  3-tootfted :  leaves  on  long  and 
slender  petioles:  achenia  pubescent. 

1.  H.  debilis,  Nutt.     Roughish;    stem   slender,   decumbent,   branching; 
leaves  rarely  opposite,  deltoid-ovate,  acuminate,  wavy-serrulate ;  heads  small ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  lanceolate,  slender-pointed  ;  pappus  2-awned. 
—  Shores  of  East  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  long.     Rays  10  -  14. 

2.  H.  prsecox,  Gray  &  Engelm.     Rough  with  scattered  rigid  hairs,  villous 
when  young  ;  stem  erect,  paniculately  branched,  somewhat  spotted  ;  leaves  thin, 
coarsely  serrate,  acuminate,  undulate,  the  lowest  deltoid-ovate,  cordate,  opposite, 
the  upper  ones  ovate-lanceolate ;   scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-subulate ; 
rays  1 5  -  20.  —  Sandy  shores,  West  Florida,  and  westward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem 
2° -3°  high. 

*  *  Perennial :  disk  dark  purple. 
-<-  Rays  minute  or  wanting. 

3.  H.  Radula,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  simple,  ascending,  leafy  and  hirsute 
towards  the  base,  naked  and  smoothish  above ;  leaves  thick,  entire,  rugose,  hir- 
sute, the  4  radical  ones  large,  roundish  or  rhombic  ;  spreading  ;  the  lower  ones 
obovate,  opposite  ;  the  uppermost  small,  linear ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong- 
ovate  ;  rays  mostly  wanting  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  acuminate.  —  Low  sandy 
pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Alabama.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Heads 
rather  large. 

-t-   t-  Rays  conspicuous. 

4.  H.  angUStifolius,  L.     Stem  rough-hairy  or  smoothish,  paniculately 
branched ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  entire,  with  the  margins  revolute  ;  the  lowest 
ones  opposite  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  chaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle 3-toothed  ;  rays  12-18,  showy.  —  Varies,  with  broader  leaves,  and  the  disk 
at  first  yellow.  — Low  ground,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward,  common. 
Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  6'  long. 

5.  H.  heterophyllus,  Nutt.     Hirsute  or  hispid ;    stem  slender,  mostly 
simple,  naked  above  ;  leaves  opposite,  thick,  entire ;  the  lower  ones  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  the  others  linear,  remote  ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  3-toothed,  the  middle 
tooth   cuspidate;    rays  15-20,  elongated. —  Pine-barren   swamps,   Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept.  and  Oct. —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Lowest 
leaves  2'  -  6'  long.     Rays  1  £'  long. 

6.  H.  atrorubens,  L.     Hirsute  or  hispid ;  stem  sparingly  branched  and 
somewhat  naked  above  ;  leaves  opposite,  oval,  serrate,  the  lowest  large  and  long- 
petioled ;  the  upper  small,  sessile,  distant ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval  or  oblong, 
obtuse  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  acute ;  rays  about  12  ;  achenia  pubescent  at  the 
apex.     (H.  sparsifolius,  Ell.)  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  and 
Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.'    Lowest  leaves  4'  -  6'  long.     Heads  rather  small. 

20 


230  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

7.  H.  rigidus,  Desf.     Stem   leafy,  stout,   mostly   simple,   rough;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate  or  entire,  thick  and  rigid,  very  rough  on  Iwth 
sides,  narrowed  into  short  connate  petioles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acute, 
appressed;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse  ;  rays  20-25.     (H.  scaberrimus,  Ell.) 
—  Western  districts  of  Georgia,  Elliott,  and  westward.     Sept. —  Stem  l°-3° 
high.     Heads  showy. 

*  *  *  Perennial :  dish  yellow :  heads  larye  or  middle-sized. 

8.  H.  laetiflorus,  Pers.     Stem  stout,  rough,  branching  ;  leaves  oval-lance- 
olate, acuminate,  serrate,  rigid,  very  rough  on  both  sides,  on  short  petioles  ;  the 
uppermost  often  alternate ;  heads  solitary  or  corymbose,  on  naked  peduncles ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  ciliate,  appressed ;  chaff  of  the 
receptacle  somewhat  3-toothed  or  entire  ;  rays  12  —  16,  elongated.    (H.  tricuspis, 
Ell.,  with  the  leaves  all  nearly  entire  ;  chaflf  of  the  receptacle  3-toothed.)  —  Dry 
soil,  in  the  Western  districts  of  Georgia,  and  westward.     Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -4° 
high.     Leaves  5' -8'  long.     Rays  H'  long. 

9.  H.  OCCidentalis,  Riddell,  var.  Dowellianus,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Nearly 
smooth ;  stem  branched  above  ;  leaves  triple-nerved,  rather  thick,  slightly  den- 
tate, on   margined  petioles,  and  with  a  short  scattered  pubescence ;  the  lowest 
ones  opposite,  large,  broadly  ovate,  subcordate,  obtuse  ;  the  upper  alternate,  ol>- 
long-ovate  ;  peduncles  long  and  slender;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, slightly  ciliate,  shorter  than  the  disk,  appressed  ;  rays  12-15.  —  Macon 
County,  North  Carolina,  Curtis.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  5°  high.     Lower 
leaves  7'  -  8'  long,  5'  -  6'  wide.     Rays  1 '  long. 

10.  H.  mollis,  Lam.     Villous  or  tomentose  and  somewhat  hoary;  stem 
mostly  simple ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  slightly  sen-ate,  cordate  and 
clasping ;  the  upper  ones  often  alternate  ;  heads  few,  on  short  peduncles ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  entire  ;  rays  15-25. 
(H.  pubcscens,  Ell.)  — Dry  open  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and 
westward.    Sept. —  Stem  2° -3°  high.    Leaves  2' -  3' long.    Heads  thick. 

11.  H.  giganteus,  L.     Stem   hirsute,    rough,   branching   above  ;    leaves 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  nearly  sessile,  rough  above,  paler  and  rough-hairy 
bencath,  slightly  3-nerved  at  the  base,  all  but  the  lowest  ones  alternate  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  hirsute  ;  rays  15-  20.  —  Low  ground 
in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.    Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  10°  high.    Leaves  2'  -  5' 
long.     Rays  1 '  long. 

12.  H.  tomentOSUS,  Michx.     Stem  stout,  hirsute,  branching  ;  leaves  all 
alternate,  or  the  lowest  ones  opposite,  very  rough  above,  tomentose  beneath, 
slightly  serrate  ;  the  lowest  large  (6' -12'),  ovate,  on  short  winged  petioles;  the 
tipper  ones  oblong  ;  heads  large  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  villous,  spreading;    rays   15-20.     (H.  spathulatus,  Ell.,  with  the 
leaves  all  opposite,  scales  of  the  involucre  shorter.)  —  Open  woods,  and  mar- 
gins of  fields,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high.     Rays 
!'-!£'  long. 

13.  H.  doronicoides,  Lam.     Stem  tall,  branched,  smootli  below,  hirsute 
above  ;    leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  rough 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  231 

above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  the  lower  ones  often  slightly  cordate,  on  short  winged 
petioles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  hirsute,  about  as  long  as  the 
disk  ;  rays  12-15.  —  Southern  States,  Torr.  $•  Gray,  and  westward.  Sept.  — 
Stem  5°  -  8°  high.  Lowest  leaves  6'  -  12'  long.  Heads  large.  Hays  l£'  long. 

14.  H.  Strumosus,  L.     Stem  simple  or  branched,  rough  above,  smooth 
below ;  leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly 
serrate,  short-petioled,  very  rough   above,  paler  and  smooth,  or  roughish,  or 
sometimes  softly  pubescent  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, as  long  as  the  disk,  spreading;  rays  8-  10.     (H.  mollis,  Ell.)  — Dry  soil, 
common.    Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high,  sometimes  glaucous.     Leaves  3'-  4'  long. 

15.  H.  decapetalus,  L.     Stem  branched,  smooth  below,  rough  above  ; 
leaves  thin,  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  rough  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, smooth  or  roughish  beneath,  abruptly  short-petioled  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate-linear,  spreading ;  the  exterior  ones  longer  than  the  disk  ;  rays  8  -  10. 
(H.  strumosus  and  H.  tenuifblius,  Ell.)  - —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  6'  long,  obtuse  at  the  base. 

16.  H.  hirsutus,  Raf.     Stem  hirsute,  simple  or  forking  at  the  summit  ; 
leaves  opposite,  short-petioled,  tapering  from  the  broad  and  rounded,  sometimes 
slightly  cordate  base,  acuminate,  serrate,  very  rough  above,  paler  and  rough- 
hairy  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  appressed, 
as  long  as  the  disk  ;  rays  about  12.     (H.  diversifolius,  Ell.,  with  the  leaves 
broader;  the  upper  oval,  and  nearly  entire.)  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

1 7.  H.  divaricatus,  L.     Stem  smooth,  simple,  or  corymbose!  y  branched 
at  the  summit;  leaves   opposite,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  very  rough  above,  smooth  or  rough-pubescent  beneath ; 
heads  few,  on  short-  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear-lance- 
olate, spreading,  as  long  as  the  disk;  rays  8-12.     (H.  truncatus,  Ell.) — Dry 
woods,  Florida,  and  northward.    Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  3' -  5'  long. 

*  *  #  *  Perennial :  disk  yellow  :  heads  small :  leaves  narrow. 

18.  H.  microcephalus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  smooth,  much  branched  ; 
leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  ones  alternate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
sparingly  serrate,  rough  above,  paler  and  tomentose  beneath,  on  short  petioles  ; 
heads  numerous,  on  pubescent  peduncles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceo- 
late, appressed;  rays  5-8.     (H.  divaricatus,  Ell.)  —  Dry  woods,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high;  the  branches  forking.     Leaves  3' -10' 
long. 

19.  H.  Schweinitzii,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Stem  hispid,  branching  above  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sparingly  serrate,  nearly  sessile,  very  rough  above, 
hoary-tomentose  beneath  ;  the  lower  ones  opposite,  the  upper  alternate  and  en- 
tire ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute,  with  spreading  tips ;  rays  about  8. 
—  Upper  districts  of  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  3'  - 
5'  long. 

20.  H.  ISBVigatus,  Torr,  &  Gray.    Stem  smooth  and  glaucous,  the  branches 
forking ;  leaves  smooth  or  both  sides,  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  ol> 


232  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.; 

long-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  serrulate,  obscurely  3-ribbed,  nearly  sessile, 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acute,  appressed  with  spreading  tips  ;  rays  6-8. 
—  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  —  Stem  4°  -  5°  high.  Heads  twice  as  large  as  those 
of  No.  18. 

21.  H.  longifolius,  Pursh.  Very  smooth  throughout  ;  stem  slender, 
branching :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  ;  the  lowest 
tapering  into  slender  petioles  and  sparingly  serrate ;  heads  few ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  rays  about  10.  —  Damp  rich  soil 
in  the  Western  districts  of  Georgia,  Elliott.  —  Stem  3° -4°  high.  Leaves  6'- 
8'  long.  Rays  small.  —  Resembles  an  aquatic  Coreopsis. 

H.  ANNUUS,  the  common  SUNFLOWER,  and  H.  TUBEROSUS,  the  JERUSALEM 
ARTICHOKE,  are  commonly  cultivated  species. 

48.     HELIANTHELLA,     Torr.  &  Gray. 

Achenia  4-angled,  compressed,  slightly  winged,  crowned  with  a  ciliate  border, 
or  the  angles  prolonged  into  persistent,  often  lacerated,  chaffy  scales  ;  otherwise 
like  Helianthus.  —  Slender  perennial  herbs,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  showy 
heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

1.  H.  grandiflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Hirsute;   stem  simple:  leaves  alter- 
nate or  opposite,  lanceolate-linear,  entire ;   scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
appressed  ;  pappus  of  two  obtuse  lacerated  scales.  —  East  Florida.  —  Stem  3°  - 
4°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long.     Rays  nearly  2'  long. 

2.  H.  tenuifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Hirsute ;  stem  simple,  or  corymbose  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  entire,  the  lower  ones  opposite  or  whorled  ; 
the   upper  alternate  ;    scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-subulate,   spreading  ; 
pappus  of  2  -  4  acute  awns.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens.     West  Florida.     June 
and  July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Rays  1 '  - 1  £'  long. 

49.    ACTINOMERIS,    Nutt. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  4-14,  neutral,  or  wanting.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  in  1  -  3  rows,  leafy.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  chaffy ;  the 
chaff  embracing  the  outer  edge  of  the  laterally  compressed  obovate  mostly 
winged  achenia.  Pappus  of  two  persistent  awns  (obsolete  in  No.  5). —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  ovate  or  lanceolate  serrate  often  decurrent  leaves.  Flowers  yel- 
low or  white. 

*  Stems  tall,  branching :  pappus  2-aivned. 

1  •  A.  squarrosa,  Nutt.  Stem  pubescent,  winged  above  ;  leaves  alternate 
or  opposite,  rough,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end  ;  heads  corymbose ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows,  Hnear-spatulate,  spreading ;  achenia  broadly 
obovate,  winged  ;  awns  of  the  pappus  rigid,  spreading  ;  rays  4-12,  yellow.  — 
River-banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high.  Lowest 
leaves  1°  long. 

2.  A.  alba,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  smooth,  or  pubescent  and  often  slightly 
winged  above ;  leaves  alternate,  rough,  lanceolate ;  heads  loosely  corymbose  ; 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  233 

scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row,  lanceolate-subulate ;  achenia  mostly 
broadly  winged  ;  awns  of  the  pappus  slender ;  flowers  white  ;  rays  none.  —  Kich 
soil,  in  the  lower  districts,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  and  westward,  rare. 
Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high.  Leaves  5'  -  8'  long. 

3.  A.  helianthoid.es,  Nutt.    Stem  hirsute,  strongly  winged ;  leaves  alter- 
nate, ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  rough-hairy  above,  downy  and  hoary  beneath  ; 
heads  few,  corymbose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  —  3  rows,  broadly  lanceolate, 
appressed ;  rays  8-14,  yellow;  achenia  slightly  winged;  awns  bristle-like. — 
Near  Louisville,  Georgia,  and  westward.     July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves 
3' long.     Kays  l£'  long. 

4.  A.  nudicaulis,  Nutt.     Hirsute ;   stem  wingless,  somewhat  naked  and 
corymbose  above ;  leaves  opposite,  oblong,  sessile,  barely  acute,  the  uppermost 
small  and  mostly  alternate ;  heads  corymbose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  short,  in 
2-3  rows ;  rays  7-12,  yellow  ;  achenia  obovate-oblong,  mostly  wingless ;  awns 
short.     (Helianthus  ?  aristatus,  Ell.) — Dry  sandy  woods,  Georgia,  Alabama, 
and  Florida.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  -3'  long. 

*  *  Stems  low,  simple :  pappus  obsolete :  rays  none. 

5.  A.  pauciflora,  Nutt.     Stem  wingless,  simple,  smooth  below,  naked  and 
rough  above  ;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  sessile,  rigid, 
obtuse,  strongly  reticulate,  rough  with  short  rigid  hairs  ;  heads  solitary  or  2  -  3 
together,  terminal ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows,  lanceolate,  appressed  ; 
flowers  orange-yellow ;    the  marginal  ones  abortive ;    achenia  oblong-obovate, 
narrowly  winged,  with  a  cup-shaped  disk  ;  pappus  wanting.  —  Low  pine  ban-ens 
near  the  coast,  West  Florida.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.    Leaves  2' 
long.     Involucre,  chaff,  and  achenia  dark  brown. 

50.     COREOPSIS,    L.     TICKSEED. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  commonly  8,  neutral,  rarely  wanting. 
Involucre  double ;  each  row  of  about  8  scales  ;  the  outer  ones  narrow  and 
spreading ;  the  inner  membranaceous  and  appressed.  Receptacle  flat,  chaffy. 
Chaff  membranaceous,  mostly  deciduous  with  the  achenia.  Achenia  compressed, 
often  winged,  not  narrowed  nor  beaked  at  the  apex,  awnless,  or  with  a  pappus 
of  two  upwardly  hispid  or  serrulate  awns  or  scales.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  entire  or 
pinnately  divided.  Heads  solitary  or  corymbose.  Disk  dark  purple  or  yellow. 
Rays  yellow,  rarely  rose-color. 

*  Rays  none. 

1  C.  discoidea,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth ;  stem  diffusely  branched ;  leaves 
long-petioled,  3-parted,  with  ovate-lanceolate  coarsely  serrate  divisions  ;  the  up- 
permost often  simple  ;  heads  small,  on  short  peduncles  ;  exterior  involucre  folia- 
ceous,  longer  than  the  heads  ;  achenia  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  hairy.  —  Swamps, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

*  *  Rays  entire,  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  yellow. 

•<-   Leaves  petioled:  achenia  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  2-t.oothed  or  awned :  scales  of  the 

involucre  equal,  the  outer  ones  separate. 

2.    C.  aurea,  Ait.    Stem  smooth,  much  branched ;  leaves  smooth  or  slight- 
ly pubescent,  5  -  7-parted  ;  the  divisions  oblong  or  lanceolate,  serrate,  toothed  or 
20* 


234  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

lobed,  or  all  linear  and  entire  ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-spatulate  ; 
achenia  smoothish,  with  two  short  triangular  teeth.  (C.  mitis,  Michx.  C.  arguta, 
Pursh.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  Aug. -Oct  — 
Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  polymorphous ;  the  uppermost  commonly  undivided. 
Rays  showy. 

3.  C.  trichosperma,  Michx.    Smooth  ;  stem  somewhat  4-angled,  branch- 
ing; leaves  pinnately  5-7-parted;  the  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear,  sharply 
serrate  or  toothed  ;  the  upper  ones  3  -  5-cleft ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear,  obtuse;  achenia  hispid  above,  crowned  with  two  triangular  hispid  teeth. 

—  Swamps,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.    Sept.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.    Ache- 
nia twice  as  large  as  in  the  preceding. 

•»-   •«-   Leaves  petioled:  achenia  elliptical  or  obovate,  emarginate,  awnless :  exterior 
scales  of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  interior. 

4.  C.  tripteris,  L.     Stem   smooth,  branching  ;  leaves  smooth,  or  rough 
above ;  the  upper  and  lower  ones  entire,  the  middle  ones  3-  (rarely  5-)  parted, 
with  the  divisions  lanceolate  and  entire;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  5-6, 
obtuse,  united  at  the  base ;  achenia  elliptical,  smooth,  incurved,  narrowly  winged. 

—  Woods  and  margins  of  fields,  Florida  to  North   Carolina,  and  westward. 
Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high. 

5.  C.  latifolia,  Michx.    Smooth  or  somewhat  pubescent ;  stem  tall ;  leaves 
undivided,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  smooth  above,  paler  be- 
neath ;  heads  small,  corymbose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  4-5  in  each  row  ;  the 
exterior  ones   short,   not   united   below ;  rays   4  -  5  ;  achenia   obovate-oblong, 
wingless.  —  High  mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.     Aug.  —  Lowest 
leaves  6'  long. 

•«-'•<—••—  Leaves  sessile,  3-parted  to  the  base,  seemingly  6  in  a  whorl ;  the  divisions 
entire  or  variously  divided:  scales  of  the  involucre  equal;  the  exterior  ones  linear- 
oblong,  united  below :  achenia  oblong,  narrowly  ivinged,  naked  or  minutely  2-toothed 
at  the  apex. 

6.  C.  senifolia,  Michx.     Pubescent;  stem  4-angled  below,  branching ;  di- 
visions of  the  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  entire,  the  uppermost  leaves  often  simple ; 
disk  yellow ;  achenia  minutely  2-toothed.    (C.  stellata,  Nutt.,  with  the  stem  more 
slender  and  leaves  narrower.) — Dry  sandy  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.     Aug.  —  Stem  2°   high.     Leaves    l'-2'   long.      Rays  6" -9" 
long. 

7.  C.  delpllinifolia,  Lam.     Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent;  divisions  of 
the  leaves  entire  or  2  -3-  (the  middle  one  sometimes  5-)  parted,  linear-lanceolate, 
rather  rigid  ;  disk  brownish ;  achenia  obovate-oblong,  minutely  2-toothed.     (C. 
verticillata,  Ehrh.,  Ell.)—  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     Aug.  and  Sept.— 
Stem  l°-2°high. 

8.  C.  verticillata,  L.      Smooth  ;  stem  branching,  slender  ;  divisions  of 
the  pinnately  or  bipinnately  divided  leaves  linear  or  filiform  ;  disk  yellow ;  ache- 
nia minutely  2-toothed  at  the  apex.     (C.  tenuifolia,  Ell.)  —  Low  ground,  in  the 
upper  districts.     August.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  high. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  235 

*  *  *  Rays  3  -  5-toothed  or  lobed. 

-»-  Rays  yellow  :  achenia  orbicular,  broadly  winged,  warty,  and  with  a  tubercle  at 
each  end  on  the  inside,  2-toothed :  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  etjual :  heads 
loruj-pedunded. 

9.  C.  auriculata,  L.     Stem  erect,  pubescent,  commonly  branched  ;  upper 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  nearly  sessile  ;  the  lower  peti- 
oled,  oval  or  roundish,  entire,  or  with  2-4  small  lateral  lobes  ;  exterior  scales 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate ;  rays  4-toothed.    (C.  pubescens,  Ell.)  —  Rich  shaded 
soil,  West  Florida  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.     June -Sept. —  Stem 
1° -4°  high.     Leaves  1'  — 4'  long,  variously  divided  on  the  same  plant.     Rays 
showy.  \ 

10.  C.  grandiflora,  Nutt.     Stem  slender,  smooth,  ascending ;  leaves  elon- 
gated ;  the  lowest  linear-spatulate,  on  long  ciliate  petioles  ;  the  upper  ternately 
or  1  -  2-pinnately  parted,  the  divisions  linear ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  rays  large,  4  -  5-toothed.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  and  Georgia,  and 
westward.     April  -  June.  —  Stem  8'  - 12'  1iigh. 

11.  C.  lanceolata,  L.     Smoothish;  stem  short,  ascending;  leaves  undi- 
rided,  thick  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-oblong  on  long  ciliate  petioles ;  the  upper 
lanceolate  sessile ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate  ;  rays  large, 
strongly  4 -5-toothed.    (C.  crassifolia,  Ait.,  stem  and  leaves  hairy  or  woolly.)  — 
Dry  rich  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    May  and  June.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  long. 

•*-  -•-  Rai/s  yellow  :  achenia  nearly  straight,  oblong,  2-awnnd,  the  margins  with  a 
serrulate  or  pectinate  wing  (except  No.  12) :  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  shorter 
titan  the  interior  :  disk  dark  purple. 

12.  C.  Leavenworthii,    Torr.  &  Gray.      Smooth  ;    stem   dichotomous 
alxjve  ;  leaves  opposite,  linear,  entire,  or  with  two  lateral  lobes  ;  rays  3-toothed ; 
achenia  with  a  broad  whitish  entire  wing,  conspicuously  2-toothed.  —  Tampa 
Bay,  East  Florida.  — Stem  slender,  l°-2°high.     Lower  leaves  3' -4'  long, 
1 "  wide.     Rays  5"  -  6"  long. 

13.  C.  gladiata,  Walt.      Smooth  ;   stem  terete,  naked  above,  simple,  or 
with  few  peduncle-like  branches  ;  leaves  fleshy,  alternate,  entire,  or  rarely  3-lobed ; 
the  lowest  ones  spatulate-oblong,  on  long  petioles  ;  the  upper  small,  linear  ; 
heads  large ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  small  and  roundish ;  rays  showy, 
4-toothcd  ;  wings  of  the  achenia  pectinately  toothed.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept.  and  Oct. —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 
Lowest  leaves  8' -10'  long.     Rays  wedge-shaped,  1'  long. 

14.  C.  angustifolia,    Ait.      Smooth  ;    stem   slender,   4-angled,   dichoto- 
mouslv  branched  above  ;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  linear,  obtuse,  entire  ;  the 
lowest  ones  spatulate-lanceolate  ;  heads  small,  corymbose ;  rays  3-toothed ;  wings 
of  the  achenia  pectinately  toothed. — Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  some- 
what fleshy.     Rays  ^'  long. 

15.  C.  integrifolia,  Poir.     Smooth ;  stem  terete,  corymbosely  branched 
above  ;  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  entire,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  the  margins 
scarious  and  roughish  ;  heads  few,  on  long  peduncles ;  exterior  scales  of  the 


23G  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

involucre  oblong-linear ;  rays  wedge-shaped,  palmately  3-lobed  ;  ovary  wingless, 
with  hispid  margins.  —  River-banks,  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  September. 
—  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

->-•»-•»-   Rays  purple  or  rose-color. 

16.  C.  nudata,  Nutt.     Smooth;   stem  slender,  forking  above;  leaves  al- 
ternate, distant,  terete,  and  rush-like  ;  rays  bright  purple,  3-toothed ;  achenia  with 
lacerated  wings,  2-awned.  —  Pine-barren  ponds,  Florida  and  Georgia,  near  the 
coast.     April. —  Stem  2°  high.     Lowest  leaves  1°  long.     Rays  1'  long. 

1 7.  C.  rosea,  Nutt.     Smooth ;  stem  low,  branching ;  leaves  opposite,  lin- 
ear ;    heads   small  ;    rays   slightly  3-toothed ;    achenia  wingless,    unawned.  — 
Swamps,  Georgia,  Nuttall,  and  northward.     July  and  August.  —  Stem  8'-  12' 
high.     Rays  rose-color.  

18.  C.  CEmleri,  Ell.     Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  at  each  end, 
entire ;  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  dichotomously  corymbose.  —  Collected 
near  the  junction  of  the  Broad  and  Saluda  Rivers  by  Mr.  CEmler.     Elliott.  — 
Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  angular,  smooth.     Leaves  connate  by  a   small  membrane. 
Heads  small.     Rays  about  8,  entire.     Achenia  wedge-shaped,  slightly  2-toothcd 
and  margined.     (  * ) 

51.    COSMOS,     Cav. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  united.  Achenia  terete  or  4-angled,  nar- 
rowed or  beaked  at  the  apex,  and  crowned  with  2-4  downwardly  barbed  or 
hispid  deciduous  awns.  Otherwise  like  Coreopsis.  —  Leaves  opposite,  pinnately 
divided.  Disk  yellow.  Rays  purplish. 

1.  C.  caudatus,  Kunth.  Smooth  ;  leaves  bipinnately  divided,  virh  the 
divisions  lanceolate  and  entire ;  achenia  (!'  long)  tapering  into  a  very  long  rough 
beak,  2-awned  ;  rays  short,  3-cleft,  rose-color.  —  Key  West,  Florida. 

52.    BIDENS,    L.     BEGGAR-TICKS. 

Chiefly  like  Coreopsis ;  but  the  exterior  involucre  often  long  and  leaf-like  ; 
the  achenia  compressed,  or  3  -  4-angled,  (not  narrowed  at  the  apex,)  and  crowned 
with  2 -4  persistent  downwardly  barbed  or  hispid  awns.  —  Leaves  serrate,  or 
pinnately  divided,  opposite.  Rays  yellow  or  white,  often  wanting.  Disk 
yellow. 

*  Achenia  flattened,  narrowly  wedge-shaped. 

1.  B.  frondosa,  L.     Stem  tall,  branched  ;  leaves  thin,  long-petioled,  pin- 
nately 3  -  5-divided  ;  the  divisions  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate ;  heads  discoid ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  large,  leafy ;  achenia 
2-awned.  —  Low  ground,   Florida   and  northward.     July  -  Sept.     ®  —  Stem 
2°  -  5°  high.     Margins  of  the  achenia  upwardly  ciliate. 

2.  B.  connata,  Muhl.      Stem   low,  branched  ;   leaves   oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  tapering  and  connate  at  the  base,  the  lowest  often 
3-parted  ;  heads  discoid  ;  exterior  involucre   leafy  ;  achenia   2-4-awned,  with 
downwardly  hispid  margins.  —  Western  districts  of  Georgia  and  westward,  in 
damp  soil.    July -Sept.    (I)  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  237 

3.  B.  chrysanthemoid.es,  Michx.     Smooth ;  stem  erect  or  ascending ; 
leaves  undivided,  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely  serrate,  connate;  heads  radiate, 
showy;  achenia  2 -4-awned. —  Wet  places,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward.    Sept.  and  Oct.     (J)  —  Stem  thick,  1°  -  2°  high. 

*  *  Achenia  3  -  4-angled,  linear  :    heads  radiate :    scales  of  the   involucre  nearly 
equal. 

4.  B.  leucantha,  Willd.     Stem   low,   4-angled ;   leaves   pinnatcly   3-5- 
divided  ;  the  divisions  ovate  or  lanceolate,  serrate ;  the  lowest  ones  undivided  ; 
outer  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  spreading ;  the  inner  ones  acute ;  rays  5, 
white;    achenia  2  -  4-awned.  —  South  Florida.      Oct. -Dec.  —  Stem   10' -15' 
high. 

5.  B.  bipinnata,  L.     Stem  tall,  4-angled,  much  branched ;  leaves  bipin- 
nate,  the  divisions   small,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  ;  heads   small ;  rays  2  —  3, 
yellow  ;  achenia  3  -  4-awned.  —  Cultivated  grounds,  common.     Aug.  and  Sept. 
(J)  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high. 

53.    SPILANTHES,    Jacq. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  often  wanting.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
in  2  rows,  appressed,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Keceptacle  convex  or  elongated ; 
the  membranaceous  chaff  embracing  the  flowers.  Achenia  of  the  disk  com- 
pressed, mostly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  naked  at  the  apex,  or  with  1-3  bristly 
awns ;  those  of  the  rays  3-angled.  —  Chiefly  annual  and  acrid  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site undivided  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  long  peduncles. 

1 .  S.  repens,  Michx.     Stem  branching,  slightly  pubescent,  decumbent  and 
rooting  at  the  base  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  nar- 
rowed into  a  petiole  ;  heads  small,  ovoid,  becoming  oblong-conical ;    achenia 
awnless,  not  ciliate  ;  rays  12.     (Acmella  repens,  Pers.)  — Muddy  banks,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina.     Sept.  and  Oct.      fl.?  —  Stem  6' -12' long. 

2.  S.  Nuttallii,  Torr.    &   Gray.     Villous-pubescent   or  smoothish ;  stem 
diffusely  branched,  ascending  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  abruptly 
petioled ;  heads  ovoid,  at  length  oblong-conical ;  achenia  awnless  or  with  1-2 
minute  awns,  ciliate  on  the  margins;  rays   10-12.  —  Inundated  places,  East 
Florida.     Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  long. 

54.    VERBESINA,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  few,  sometimes  wanting.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  or  somewhat  convex  ; 
the  chaff  concave.  Achenia  laterally  compressed,  wingless,  2-awned.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs.  Stems  mostly  winged  by  the  decurrent  serrate  or  lobed  leaves. 
Heads  corymbose.  Flowers  white  or  yellow. 

1.  V.  Siegesbeckia,  Michx.  Stem  4-winged,  branching;  leaves  oppo- 
site, ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  3-ribbed  ;  corymbs 
trichotomous  ;  rays  1-5,  yellow  ;  achenia  wingless.  —  Waste  places,  road-sides, 
&c.,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  6°  high. 


238  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE 

2.  V.  Virginica,  L.  Stem  3-winged ;  the  branches  mostly  wingless,  to- 
mentose ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  irregularly  serrate  or  sinuate-lobed, 
tapering  into  winged  petioles,  rough  above,  downy  beneath  ;  corymbs  cymose ; 
rays  3-4,  oval,  white;  achenia  winged.  (V.  sinuata.  Ell.)  —  Dry  open  woods, 
Florida  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  6°  high. 

55.    PLAVEEIA,    Juss. 

Heads  few-Howered,  discoid,  or  with  a  single  pistillate  ray.  Involucre  of  3-5 
oblong  nearly  equal  scales.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong  or  club-shaped, 
smooth,  striate.  Pappus  none.  —  Tropical  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
densely  clustered  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

1 .  P.  linearis,  Lagasca.  Stem  somewhat  prostrate  at  the  base,  branched 
above,  smoothish ;  leaves  fleshy,  linear,  connate,  entire ;  corymb  dense ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  mostly  5;  ray  often  wanting. — Key  West.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high. 

56.  GAILLARDIA,    Foug. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  neutral,  deciduous.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
in  3  rows,  acute,  spreading  above.  Receptacle  convex  or  hemispherical,  naked 
or  fitnbrillate.  Rays  wedge-shaped,  palmately  3-lobed.  Corolla  of  the  disk 
with  subulate  lobes.  Achenia  top-shaped,  hairy.  Pappus  of  6-10  membrana- 
ceous  1-nerved  awned  scales. — Pubescent  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  solitary  heads  of  yellow  or  purple  flowers  terminating  the  branches. 

1.  G.  lanceolata,  Michx.  Stem  (l°-2°)  with  long  and  slender  branch- 
es ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  sessile,  the  lowest  narrowed  at  the 
base ;  rays  yellow,  sometimes  wanting ;  disk-flowers  purple ;  receptacle  naked  ; 
scales  of  the  pappus  7-9. — Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 
July  -  Sept. 

57.  PALAFOXIA,    Lagasca. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  pistillate,  or  none.  Scales  of  the  ob- 
conical  involucre  in  2  rows,  membranaceous  at  the  summit.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked.  Achenia  slender,  4-angled,  tapering  at  the  base.  Pappus  of  6-12 
membranaceous  denticulate  scales,  pointed  by  the  prolonged  rigid  midrib. — 
Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  and  heads  of  white  or  pui-ple  flow- 
ers in  a  terminal  corymb. 

1.  P.  integrifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  (2°  high)  branched  above, 
smoothish  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough ;  the  lower  ones  often  opposite  ;  rays  none  ; 
flowers  purplish;  scales  of  the  pappus  8 - 9,  linear-subulate.  ( Poly ptcris  inte- 
grifolia, Nutt.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.  July-  Sept. 

58.    HYMENOPAPPUS,    L'Herit. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre 6-12,  oval  or  obovate,  membranaceous,  white.  Receptacle  naked. 
Corolla  slender.  Achenia  top-shaped,  4-anglcd.  Pappus  of  12-20  short  obtuse 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  239 

thin  scales.  —  Hoary  or  woolly  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnately  lobed  or  divided 
leaves.     Heads  corymbed.     Flowers  commonly  white. 

1.  H.  SCabiosSBUS,  L'Herit.  Hoary -tomentose  ;  stem  corymbosely 
branched  ;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  the  lowest  bipinnatifid,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong 
divisions  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  obovate,  longer  than  the  disk ;  pappus 
minute. — Light  dry  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  April  and 
May. —  Stem  2°  high.  Leaves  at  length  smoothish  above. 

69.    HELENIUM,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  pistillate,  wedge-shaped,  3-5-cleft. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows ;  the  outer  ones  linear  or  subulate,  spreading, 
the  inner  fewer  and  chaffy.  Receptacle  naked,  convex,  globose,  or  oblong.  Co- 
rolla of  the  disk  4  -  5-toothed.  Achenia  top-shaped,  furrowed,  hairy.  Pappus 
of  5-8  membranaceous  pointed  or  awned  1 -nerved  scales. — Erect  branching 
herbs,  with  the  stem  winged  by  the  alternate  decurrent  leaves.  Heads  terminat- 
ing the  branches.  Flowers  mostly  yellow. 

*  Disk  globose  :  corolla  of  the  disk  mostly  5-dfft. 

1.  H.  autumnale,  L.     Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  serrate,  strongly  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate  ; 
scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate,  awn-pointed;  rays  3  — 5-cleft, 
longer  than  the  disk.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.    Aug.  and  Sept.  — 
Stem  2° -4°  high.     Achenia  hairy. 

2.  H.  parviflorum,  Nutt.     Smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, sparingly  serrulate,  scarcely  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  involucre  filiform ; 
rays  3-cleft,  narrow ;  achenia  smooth  ;   pappus  awned.  —  Georgia,  Nuttall.  — 
Heads  smaller  than  the  last. 

3.  H.  tenuifolium,    Nutt.     Smooth  ;    stem  slender,  very  leafy  ;  leaves 
narrow-linear,  entire  ;  heads  on  long  and  slender  peduncles  ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre subulate  ;  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  entire,  abruptly  awned  ;  achenia 
villous.  —  Road-sides,  West  Florida,  and  westward.    September.  —  Stem  1°  -  2° 
high.     Branches  erect. 

*  *  Disk  conical  or  oblony  :   corolla  mostly  4-cle/l. 

4.  H.  quadridentatum,   Labill.      Smoothish  ;    lowest  leaves   oblong, 
pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  entire ;  rays  shorter  than  the  oblong  disk  ; 
scales  of  the  pappus  roundish,  obtuse.  —  River-banks  and  damp  soil,  North  Car- 
olina, and  westward.     0 —  Stem  much  branched,  l°-3°  high. 

60.    LEPTOPODA,    Nutt. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  neutral,  3-4-cleft.  Disk-flowers 
4 -5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  1-2  rows,  spreading;  the  exterior 
leafy,  numerous  ;  the  interior  short  and  chaffy.  Receptacle  conical  or  hemi- 
spherical, naked.  Achenia  short,  truncate  at  each  end,  striate.  Pappus  of  6  -  12 
scarious  toothed  or  fimbriate  scales.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Stems  mostly  simple, 
naked  above.  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  solitary.  Flowers  yellow  or  purple. 


240  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  Stems  commonly  simple,  dilated  under  the  head:  disk-flowers  yellow :  rays  20  or  more. 

•*-   Achenia  smooth. 

1.  L.  Helenium,  Nutt.     Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  entire  or  obscurely 
serrate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  the  lower  ones  decurrent,  the  lowest  tapering  into  a 
petiole  ;  rays  20  -30  in  a  single  row  ;  scales  of  the  pappus  lacerate,  and  mostly 
bristle-pointed  ;  achenia  smooth.     (L.  decurrens,  Ell.)  — Margins  of  pine-barren 
ponds,  Florida  to  South    Carolina,  and  westward.     April  and  May.  —  Stem 
l°-2°high. 

2.  L.  incisa,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth  ;   leaves  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse, 
sessile,  not  decurrent,  sinuate-pinnatifid  or  incised ;  scales  of  the  pappus  lacer- 
ate, or  slightly  fimbriate  at  the  summit ;  rays  about  40,  in  2  -  3  rows.  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  Georgia  and  westward.  — Resembles  No.  4. 

•*-  •+-   Achenia  hairy  on  the  angles. 

3.  L.  flmbriata,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stem  smooth,  sometimes  branching,  the 
peduncle  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  obscurely 
serrate,  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  pappus  fimbriate.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida, 
and  westward.     April  and  May.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

4.  L.  puberula,  Macbride.     Closely  pubescent ;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy, 
linear-lanceolate,  sessile  but  not  decnrrent,  denticulate ;  the  lowest  spatulnte- 
lanceolate,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;    scales  of  the  pappus  obtuse,  with  slightly 
lacerated  margins.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    April  and  May.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

5.  L.  brevifolia,  Nutt.     Stem  pubescent  above,  often  sparingly  branched  ; 
leaves  entire,  more  or  less  decurrent,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  the  lowest  spatu- 
late-oblong,  obtuse  ;  scales  of  the  pappus  obtuse,  slightly  lacerate  at  the  apex.  — 
Wet  places,  Alabama  to  North  Carolina.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 
Heads  large. 

*  *  Stems  branching,  leafy  :  heads  corymbose :  rays  8-12  :  Jloivers  of  the  disk  purple. 

6.  L.  brachypoda,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  slightly  denticulate, 
abruptly  awn-pointed ;  achenia  hairy  on  the  angles.  —  River-banks,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high. 

61.    BALDWINTA,    Ell. 

Heads  many-flowered,  globose  in  fruit ;  the  ray-flowers  20  -  30,  neutral, 
3-toothed  at  the  apex  ;  tube  of  the  disk-flowers  dilated  and  indurated.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  short,  fleshy,  imbricated  in  about  4  rows.  Receptacle  deeply  alve- 
olate; the  5-6-angled  cells  with  entire  margins,  enclosing  the  slender  obconical 
hairy  achenia.  Pappus  of  7  -  9  oblong  nerveless  chaffy  scales,  as  long  as  the 
achenia. — An  erect  puberulent  mostly  simple  perennial  herb,  with  alternate 
fleshy  entire  linear  or  (the  lowest)  spatulate  leaves,  and  a  solitary  head  of  yellow 
flowers  on  a  long  peduncle. 

1.  B.  uniflora,  Ell.  —  Low  pine  ban-ens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.  September. — Stem  2° -3°  high.  Heads  large. — Dr.  Curtis  finds 
a  form  with  the  disk-flowers  dark-purple.  The  rays  are  also  sometimes  tubular. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  241 

62.    ACTINOSPEKMUM,    Ell. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  about  2  rows,  lanceolate,  setaceously  acuminate. 
Margins  of  the  cells  of  the  receptacle  cuspidate-toothed.  Achenia  radiate  at  the 
summit.  Pappus  a  row  of  12  short  roundish  entire  scales.  Otherwise  like  Bald- 
winia.  —  A  slender  branching  annual.  Leaves  alternate,  linear,  fleshy.  Heads 
of  yellow  flowers  showy,  terminating  the  peduncle-like  summit  of  the  branches. 

1.  A.  angUStifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Baldwinia  multiflora,  Nutt.) — 
Dry  sandy  ridges  in  the  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia.  Sept.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high,  smooth.  Leaves  very  numerous,  sprinkled  with  jointed  hairs. 

63.    MARSHALLIA,     Schreb. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Corolla  pubescent, 
with  linear  spreading  lobes.  Scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate, 
in  1-2  rows.  Chaft"  of  the  convex  or  conical  receptacle  narrow-linear,  rigid. 
Achenia  oblong,  narrowed  downward,  5-angled,  mostly  hairy.  Pappus  of  5  — 6 
ovate  or  triangular  acuminate  entire  membranaceous  scales.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  simple  and  scape-like  or  branching  stems,  smooth  entire  3-nerved  alternate 
leaves,  and  a  solitary  head  of  white  or  purplish  flowers  terminating  the  stem  or 
branches.  Anthers  blue. 

1.  M.  latifolia,  Pursh.     Stem  leafy,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;    scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate, 
acute;  achenia  smooth. — Dry  soil,  in  the  upper  districts.     May  and  June. — 
Stem  1°  high. 

2.  M.  lanceolata,  Pursh.     Stem  naked  above,  simple,  pubescent;  leaves 
lanceolate,  obtuse  :  the  lowest  spatulate  ;    scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-linear, 
obtuse  ;    achenia  pubescent.  —  Var.  PLATYPHYLLA,  Curtis.     Stem  leafy  to  the 
middle;   leaves   longer  and   broader;   the  lowest  (5' -6')  on  long  and  slender 
petioles.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to   North    Carolina,  and  westward  ;  the 
variety  in  the  upper   districts.     April  -June.  —  Stem   6'  -  12'  high.      Leaves 
2' -3'  long. 

3.  M.  angUStifolia,  Pursh.     Stem  simple  or  branched,  leafy  below,  pu- 
berulent  above  ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  the  lowest  spatulate  ;  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre linear  and  acute  ;  disk  at  length  ovate  or  oblong ;  achenia  with  hairy  angles. 
—  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high. 

64.     MARUTA,     Cass.     MAY-WEED. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  neutral.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical  involu- 
cre imbricated  in  few  rows,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical,  chaffy 
throughout,  or  only  at  the  summit.  Achenia  obovoid,  ribbed,  smooth.  Pappus 
none.  —  Branching  annuals.  Leaves  alternate,  thrice  pinnately  divided.  Heads 
solitary,  terminal.  Rays  white. 

1.    M.  Cotula,  DC.     Stem  l°high;  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear;  scales 
of  the  involucre  with  scarious  margins  ;  disk  yellow.     (Anthemis  Cotula,  L.)  — 
Waste  places.     Introduced.     May  and  June. 
21 


242  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.; 

65.    ACHILLEA,    L.     YARROW. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  pistillate,  few  and  short.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricated..  Receptacle  flat  or  elongated,  chaffy.  Achenia  oblong,  com- 
pressed, margined.  Pappus  none.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  com- 
monly pinnately  divided.  Heads  small,  corymbose. 

1.  A.  millefolium,  L.  Stems  (1°  high)  simple,  pubescent,  tufted;  leaves 
lanceolate,  bipinnatifid,  the  divisions  linear,  3  -  5-cleft ;  corymbs  dense,  compound  ; 
rays  4-5,  white.  —  Old  fields  and  around  dwellings.  Introduced.  May -Sept. 

66.    LETJCANTHEMUM,     Tourn.     OX-EYE  DAISY. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated,  broad,  rounded,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex, 
naked.  Achenia  nearly  terete.  Pappus  none.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem  or  branches. 
Rays  white. 

1.  L.  VUlgare,  Lam.  Stem  (6'- 12'  high)  simple,  naked  above;  leaves 
pinnatifid  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-obovate ;  the  upper  lanceolate ;  heads  showy. 
(Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum,  L.)  —  Fields.  Introduced.  May  and  June. 

67.    TANACETUM,    L.    TANSY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  fertile ;  the  marginal  ones  chiefly 
pistillate,  3-5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  dry.  Receptacle 
convex,  naked.  Achenia  angled  or  ribbed.  Pappus  a  narrow  border,  or  none. 
—  Herbs  with  alternate  dissected  leaves,  and  solitary  or  corymbose  heads  of 
yellow  flowers. 

1.  T.  VUlgare,  L.  Stem  smooth,  erect;  leaves  bipinnately  divided,  the 
lobes  serrate ;  heads  corymbose,  numerous  ;  pappus  5-lobed.  —  Common  in 
gardens,  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  North  Carolina,  ty —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

68.    ARTEMISIA,    L.    WORMWOOD. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  the  central  flowers  perfect,  5-toothed 
(sometimes  abortive),  the  marginal  ones  pistillate,  3-toothed.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre imbricated,  mostly  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  convex,  naked 
or  villous.  Achenia  obovoid.  Pappus  none.  —  Aromatic  herbs  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  divided.  Heads  small,  in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  A.  caudata,  Michx.  •  Smooth;  stem  slender,  branching ;  lowest  leaves 
2  -  3-pinnatelv  divided,  the  upper  ones  pinnate,  with  the  divisions  filiform  ;  heads 
globular,  in  small  racemes,  forming  an  elongated  panicle. — Dry  open  woods, 
West  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept.  (2) — Stem  2° -6°  high.  Receptacle 
naked.  Disk- flowers  abortive. 

69.     SOLIVA,     Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Heads  many-flowered,  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  flowers  in  several  rows,  apeta- 
lous  or  nearly  so  ;  the  staminate  few  in  the  centre,  with  a  3-6-toothed  corolla. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  243 

Scales  of  the  involucre  5-10.  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Ache- 
nia  compressed,  with  winged  or  thickened  margins,  armed  with  the  persistent 
rigid  style.  Pappus  none.  —  Small  depressed  herbs,  with  petioled  pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  small  sessile  or  rarely  pedunculate  heads. 

1.  S.  nasturtiifolia,  DC.  Very  low  and  depressed  ;  leaves  on  short  peti- 
oles, pinnately  parted  ;  the  lobes  3  -  4  on  each  side,  obtuse,  entire ;  heads  sessile ; 
achcnia  cuneiform,  villous  at  the  apex  ;  the  callous  margin  tuberculate-rugose 
throughout.  (Gymnostylis  stolonifera,  Nutt.)  —  South  Carolina,  around  Charles- 
ton. Introduced.  Feb.  -  Mav. 


70.     GNAPHALIUM,    L.    EVERLASTING. 

Heads  many -flowered,  discoid  ;  exterior  and  pistillate  flowers  very  slender, 
mostly  in  several  rows  ;  the  central  ones  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  im- 
bricated, appressed,  scarious.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia  terete  or  more 
or  less  flattened.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles.  —  Woolly  or  downy 
herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  undivided.  Heads  in  crowded  spikes  or  corymbs.  In- 
volucre colored. 

1.  G.  polycephalum,  Michx.     Stem  woolly,  white,  branching   above, 
leaves  linear,  sessile,  undulate,  white  beneath  ;  heads  corymbose ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  white,  obtuse. —  Old  fields,  common.     Sept.  and  Oct.     (£  —  Stem  2° 
high.     Perfect  flowers  few. 

2.  G.  purpureum,  L.     Woolly   or  tomentose   and   hoary  throughout ; 
stems  branching  at  the  base,  ascending,  simple  ;  lowest  leaves  spatulate-lanceo- 
late,  the  upper  ones  linear ;   heads  in  crowded  spikes.  —  Cultivated  ground, 
very  common.     April  -June,     (l)  —  Stems  4'  -  12'  high. 


71.    ANTENNARIA,    Gsert.    EVERLASTING. 

Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious,  discoid  ;  the  corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  5- 
cleft ;  of  the  pistillate  ones  filiform.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  scarious, 
colored.  Receptacle  convex  or  flat.  Achenia  nearly  terete.  Pappus  a  single 
row  of  capillary  bristles,  which,  in  the  staminate  flowers,  are  thickened  at  the 
apex.  —  Perennial  downy  or  woolly  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
corymbose  rarely  single  heads. 

1.  A.  margaritacea,  R.  Br.     Stem  corymbose  above,   woolly;    leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  with  revolute  margins,  tomentose ;   heads  corymbose ;  invo- 
lucre white.  —  Upper  districts  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Sept.  and 
Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  A.  plantaginifolia,  Hook.     Stoloniferous ;  stems  scape-like ;  radical 
leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  hoary,  becoming  smooth  above,  3-ribbed  ;  those  of 
the  stem  few,  linear  or  lanceolate  ;  heads  small,  in  a  terminal  cluster,  sometimes 
single  and  larger;  involucre  white  or  purplish.  —  Sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    March  -  May.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high. 


244  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

72.     ERECHTHITES,    Raf.     FIKEWKED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid ;  the  marginal  flowers  pistillate,  vci-y  slender, 
2-3-toothed  ;  the  others  perfect,  4-5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involu- 
cre in  a  single  row,  linear,  acute,  bracted.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong, 
striate.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  hairs.  —  Erect  annual  herbs,  with  alternate 
simple  leaves,  and  corymbose  heads  of  greenish  flowers. 

1.  E.  hieracifolia,  Raf.  Stem  mostly  branched,  smooth  or  hairy  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  sessile,  sharply  serrate  or  toothed ;  the  upper  somewhat  clasping  ; 
bracts  subulate,  minute  ;  pappus  white.  (Senecio  hieracifolius,  L.)  —  Rich  soil, 
common.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  5°  high. 

73.    CACALIA,    L. 

Heads  5  -  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect,  5-cleft.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  5-30,  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  or  with  a  tuber- 
cular prominence  in  the  centre.  Achenia  oblong,  smooth.  Pappus  of  numerous 
capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial,  mostly  smooth  and  tall  herbs,  with  alternate 
entire  or  lobed  leaves,  and  corymbose  heads  of  white  flowers. 

*  Receptacle  flat :  involucre  about  12-leaved,  25-30-flowered. 

1.  C.  SUaveolens,    L.      Smooth  ;   leaves   ovate,  hastate,  acute,  toothed- 
serrate,  on  winged   petioles;    the   uppermost   sessile;    bracts   filiform.  —  Low 
ground,  West  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  — Stem  3°-  5°  high. 

*  *  Receptacle  tubercular  in  the  centre  :  scales  of  the  involucre  and  flowers  5. 

2.  C.  reniformis,  Muhl.     Stem  angled  ;  leaves  not  glaucous,  angularly 
toothed,  on  slender  petioles  ;  the  lowest  large,  reniform,  the  upper  ones  roundish  ; 
corymb  compound.  —  Damp  soil  in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Ten^ 
nessee.     July   and  Aug.  —  Stem   4° -9°   high.     Radical  leaves  sometimes  2° 
in  diameter,  the  teeth  mucronate. 

3.  C.  atriplicifolia,    L.      Stem   terete,   corymbosely   branched   above  ; 
leaves  glaucous  beneath,  angularly  lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  entire,  mucronate  ; 
the  lowest  ones  reniform  ;  the  upper  rhomboid  ;  corymbs  compound.  —  Woods 
and  moist  banks,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high. 
Leaves  smaller  and  thicker  than  the  last. 

4.  C.  diversifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  angled  ;   leaves  not  glaucous, 
petioled ;  the  lowest  broadly  cordate  or  cordate-ovate,  obtusely  toothed,  the  upper 
3  -  5-lobed.  —  Muddy  banks  of  the  Chipola   River,  Marianna,   West  Florida. 
May  -  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high., 

5.  C.  OVata,  Walt.     Stem  terete  ;   leaves  glaucous  beneath,  3  -  5-nerved, 
ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  entire  or  wavy-toothed  ;  the  lowest  long-petioled  ;  the 
upper  ones  sessile  ;  corymbs  open.  —  Swamps,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward. 
July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Lowest  leaves  5'  -  8'  long. 

6.  C.  tuberosa,  Nutt.     Stem  furrowed,  angled  ;  leaves  not  glaucous,  oval 
or  lanceolate-oblong,  strongly  5  -  7-nerved,  entire  or  slightly  toothed  ;  the  lowest 
long-petioled  ;    corymbs   dense.  —  Swamps,    Georgia,  Florida,   and  westward. 
Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.    Leaves  thick. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  245 

7.  C.  lanceolata,  Nutt.  Stem  terete  ;  leaves  rather  fleshy,  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  3-ncrvecl,  somewhat  glaucous  ;  the  lowest  tapering  into 
a  long  petiole,  the  upper  sessile.  —  Brackish  marshes,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  west- 
ward. Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high.  Lowest  leaves  1°  or  more  long. 


74.     SENECIO,    L.     GROUNDSEL.    BUTTER-WEED. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect,  or  with  pistillate 
rays.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row,  often  bracted.  Receptacle  naked 
or  alveolate  Achenia  not  beaked  nor  winged.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  hairs. 
—  Herbs,  with  entire  or  pinnately  divided  leaves.  Heads  corymbose.  Flowers 
yellow.  Pubescence  mostly  webby  and  deciduous. 

*  Annual :   heads  radiate. 

1.  S.  lobatus,  Pers.     Smooth;  stem  furrowed,  hollow ;  leaves  tender,  ly- 
rate-pinnatitid,  with  rounded  toothed  lobes  ;  the  earliest  orbicular,  long-petioled  ; 
rays  about  12.  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    March 
and  April. —  Stem  l°-3°  high.     Lobing  of  the  leaves  variable. 

*  *  Perennial:  heads  radiate  :  lowest  leaves  petioled,  undivided ;  the  others  pinnately  • 
lobed  or  toothed ;  the  uppermost  sessile. 

2.  S.  aureus,  L.     Smooth,  or  more  or  less  woolly  when  young  ;  stem  (2° 
high)  slender  ;  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  round-cordate,  crenate;  the  others 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,   pinnatifid ;    rays  8-12;    achenia  smooth. — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     July. 

Var.  fastigiatus.  Stem  stout  (2° -3°  high),  stoloniferous  ;  petioles  of 
the  larger  (2'  wide)  leaves,  as  also  the  involucre,  densely  woolly  at  the  base. — 
River-banks,  Florida. 

Var.  Balsamitse.  Radical  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  or  obovatc  ;  lower 
part  of  the  stem  often  densely  woolly  ;  achenia  hairy.  —  Dry  open  woods  in  the 
upper  districts.  May  and  June.  —  A  polymorphous  species. 

3.  S.  tomentosus,  Miclix.     Woolly  and  hoary  throughout ;    the  leaves 
becoming  smoothish ;  lowest  leaves  oblong,  crenate,  obtuse  ;  stem-leaves  few, 
scattered,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  toothed ;  rays  12-15;  achenia  hairy. — 
Damp  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    April  and  May.  —  Stems  mostly  simple, 
2°  -  3°  high.     Heads  rather  large. 

4.  S.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Smoothish  ;    leaves  chiefly  radical,  thick, 
obovate  or  roundish,  crenate,  on  short  wringed- petioles;  those  of  the  stem  small, 
pinnatifld  ;   heads  crowded;   rays  9-12;   achenia  smooth.     (S.  obovatus,  Ell. 
in  part.)  —  Rocky  places,  West  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     April  and  May.  — 
Stem  1°  high.     Radical  leaves  2'  -3'  wide. 

*  *  *  Perennial :  heads  radiate  :  leaves  all  bipinnately  dissected. 

5.  S.  Millefolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Woolly  when  young,  at  length  nearly 
smooth  ;  stems  tufted,  corymbose  above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  with  the  divisions 
linear  and  toothed,  the  lowest  ones  petioled;  heads  crowded;  rays  9 -12. — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Buckley.     June.  —  Stems  l°-2°  high. 

21* 


24 G  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

75.    RTJGELIA,    Shuttl. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  cam- 
panulate  involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  convex,  naked. 
Corolla  5-cleft.  Style  bulbous  at  the  base,  the  long  branches  truncated  at  the 
apex,  and  beset  with  rigid  reflexed  hairs.  Achenia  terete,  striate.  Pappus  of 
numerous  rather  rigid  rough  bristly  hairs.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  alternate 
undivided  leaves,  and  large  heads  in  a  simple  corvmbose  raceme. 

1.  R.  HUd.ica.ulis,  Shuttl.  Minutely  pubescent ;  rhizoma  creeping ;  stem 
simple,  erect ;  leaves  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  denticulate  ;  the  lowest  ones  large 
(2' -4'),  crowded,  on  long  margined  petioles,  the  others  small,  scattered,  and 
nearly  sessile  ;  heads  on  long  bracted  peduncles.  —  Smoky  Mountains,  Tennes- 
see, Rugel,  Buckley.  —  Stem  1  °  high. 

76.    ARNICA,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  campanulate 
involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  in  about  two  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  hairy.  Achenia 
terete,  narrowed  downward,  somewhat  ribbed.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  rough 
bristly  hairs.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  undivided.  Heads  single  or 
corymbose.  •> 

1 .  A.  nudicaulis,  Ell.  Hirsute ;  radical  leaves  spreading,  oval  or  ob- 
ovate,  obtuse,  3-5-ribbed,  serrate  or  entire;  the  others  (2-3  pairs)  distant, 
oblong,  sessile ;  heads  corymbose,  showy ;  achenia  smoothish.  —  Wet  pine  bar- 
rens, Florida,  and  northward.  April  and  May. —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  simple,  or 
with  few  opposite  branches. 

TRIBE  V.  CYNAREJE.  Heads  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  tubular ;  the  exterior 
ones  sometimes  enlarged  and  ray-like  :  style  thickened  at  the  summit ;  the  stigmatic 
lines  extending  to  the  summit  of  the  branches,  without  appendages. 

77.    CENTAUREA,    L.      STAR-THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  marginal  flowers  mostly  large  and  sterile.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  bristly.  Achenia  compressed.  Pappus 
of  rough  bristles  in  one  or  more  rows,  sometimes  wanting.  —  Herbs.  Leaves 
alternate.  Heads  solitary. 

1.  C.  Calcitrapa,  L.  Stem  diffusely  branched,  hairy;  leaves  pinnately 
lobed ;  the  lobes  linear,  toothed ;  heads  sessile  ;  involucre  spiny ;  pappus  none. 
—  North  Carolina.  Naturalized.  —  Flowers  purple. 

78.     CIRSITTM,  Tourn.     THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  the  flowers  all  similar  and  perfect.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  imbricated  in  many  rows,  all  but  the  innermost  ones  usually  spine- 
pointed.  Receptacle  bristly.  Achenia  oblong,  compressed,  smooth.  Pappus  of 
numerous  plumose  hairs.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  sessile  or  decurrent  mostly 
pinnatifid  and  spiny  leaves.  Heads  large,  subglobose.  Flowers  purple  or 
whitish. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  247 

*  Leaves  decurrent. 

1.  C.  lanceolatum,   Scop.      Stem   hairy,   branched;    leaves   pinnatifid, 
spiny,  hirsute  above,  woolly  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  webby,  tipped 
with  strong  erect  spines;  flowers  purple. — Banks  of  the   Savannah  River  at 
Augusta  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Introduced.     Sept.     (?)  —  Stem 
•20-30  high. 

*  *  Leaves  sessile. 

•*-   Scales  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  spreading  spines. 

2.  C.  discolor,  Spreng.     Stem  tall,  hirsute,  the  branches  leafy  to  the  sum- 
mit ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  smoothish,  or  with  scattered  hairs  above,  hoary- 
tomentose  beneath ;  the  divisions  2  -  3-lobed,  pointed  with  a  spine,  and  ciliate  on 
the  margins  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  webby,  tipped  with  a  very  slender 
spreading  spine  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Margins  of  fields,  &c.  in  the  upper  districts. 
July -Sept.     (2)  — Stem   3° -6°   high.     Lower  leaves   6' -12'   long.     Heads 
about  1'  in  diameter. 

3.  C.  altissimum,  Spreng.     Stem  tall,  pubescent ;  the  branches  leafy  to 
the  summit ;  leaves  rough-pubescent  above,  hoary-tomentose  beneath,  fringed 
with  fine  prickles ;  the  lowest  petioled,  pinnatifid ;  the  upper  sessile,  entire  or 
pimuitely  lobed ;  heads  bracted ;  scales  of  the  involucre  webby  when  young, 
tipped  with  a  weak  prickle  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Fields  and  thickets,  Mississippi 
to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.      Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  3° -10°   high. 
Heads  about  1'  in  diameter.     Involucre  somewhat  viscid. 

4.  C.  Nuttallii,  DC.     Stem   angled,   paniculately   branched,   smooth   or 
hairy ;  the  branches  naked  at  the  summit ;  leaves  clasping,  soft-hairy,  becoming 
smoothish  above,  pinnatifid;  the  numerous  spreading  lobes  lanceolate, 3-toothed, 
tipped  with  strong  spines,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins ;  heads  numerous,  small, 
bractless  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  appressed,  viscid,  tipped  with  a  short,  at  length 
spreading  prickle  ;  corolla  white  or  pale  purple.     (Cnicus  glaber,  Ell.) — Dry 
light  soil,  Florida  to  South   Carolina.     July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  3°  -  8°  high. 
Heads  8" -10"  in  diameter. 

5.  C.  Virginianum,  Michx.    Stem  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
hoary-tomentose  ;  leaves  linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  smooth  above,  hoary 
beneath;  the  margins  revolute,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  and  spiny;  scales  of  the 
involucre  viscid,  spiny ;  flowers  purple.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Heads  \'  in  diameter. 

•>—   -1—   Scales  of  the  involucre  spineless,  or  the  outer  ones  spine-pointed. 

6.  C.  muticuin,  Michx.     Stem  tall,  branching,  commonly  hairy ;  leaves 
with  scattered  hairs  above,  pubescent  or  at  length  nearly  smooth  beneath,  bristly- 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  deeply  pinnatifid;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  2 -3-toothed, 
spiny;  scales   of  the   involucre   unarmed,   webby,   viscid;    flowers   purple. — 
Swamps  in  the  upper  districts.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  3° -8°  high.     Heads 
1'  in  diameter. 

7.  C.  Lecontei,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  simple,  or  with  1-3  nearly  naked 
branches,  hoary-tomentose ;    leaves  lanceolate,  smooth    above,  hoary   beneath, 
entire,  the  margins  fringed  with  bristly  hairs,  and  spiny ;  the  earliest  ones  pin- 


24:8  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

riatifid  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  cuspidate,  viscid,  not  webby  ;  flowers  purple.  — 
Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem 
2°  -  3°  high,  rigid.  Heads  1'  in  diameter. 

8.  C.  repandum,  Michx.    Webby  throughout  when  young ;  stem  simple, 
very  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  clasping,  the  margins  undulate  and  closelv 
fringed  with  bristly  spines  ;  heads   mostly  solitary ;  flowers  purple.  —  Dry  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    June  and  July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

9.  C.  horridulum,  Michx.     Webby  when  young,  at  length  smoothish ; 
stem  thick,  branching;  leaves  clasping,  pinnatifid,  armed  with  long  and  stout 
spines ;  heads  large,  surrounded  by  a  whorl  of  linear  pectinate  spiny  bracts ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  spine-pointed ;  flowers  purple  or  yellow- 
ish.—  Sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  Stem   l°-3° 
high,  often  purple. 

79.    LAPPA,     Tourn.    BURDOCK. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar.  Scales  of 
the  globose  involucre  imbricated,  coriaceous,  with  subulate  spreading  hooked 
tips.  Receptacle  flat,  bristly.  Achenia  oblong,  compressed,  transversely  rugose. 
Pappus  of  numerous  short  caducous  bristles.  Anthers  caudate  at  the  base.  — 
Biennial  branching  herbs,  with  large  cordate  petioled  leaves.  Heads  small. 
Flowers  purple  or  white. 

1.  Ii.  major,  Gsert.  Leaves  undulate  on  the  margins,  pubescent  beneath; 
the  uppermost  ovate ;  heads  corymbose  ;  involucre  smooth  or  webby.  —  Waste 
places,  North  Carolina.  Introduced  from  Europe. 


SUBORDER  II.     L,ABIATIFL,OR,E. 

TRIBE  VI.  MUTISIACE^E.  Heads  with  tlus  flowers  dissimilar  or  rarely  dioe- 
cious ;  the  marginal  ones  pistillate  or  neutral,  ligulate  or  bilabiate :  style  as  in 
Tribe  V. 

80.    CHAPTALIA,    Vent. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  in  two  rows,  the  outer 
ones  ligulate,  the  inner  ones  ligulate  or  3-  5-toothed  and  filiform.  Disk-flowers 
perfect  but  sterile,  bilabiate,  the  outer  lip  3-cleft,  the  inner  2-cleft.  Anthers  cau- 
date. Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  lanceolate,  acute,  imbricated  in  few 
rows.  Receptacle  naked.  Fertile  achenia  oblong,  smooth,  narrowed  at  each  end. 
Pappus  of  numerous  bristly  hairs.  —  Stemless  perennial  herbs  ;  the  simple  scapo 
bearing  a  single  head  of  white  or  purplish  flowers.  Leaves  smooth  above,  white 
tomentose  beneath. 

1.  C.  tomentosa,  Vent.  —  Low  pine  ban-ens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Feb. -April.  —  Scape  tomentose,  6' -12'  high.  Leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  or 
oblong.  Heads  nodding. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  219 

SUBORDKU  III.     LIOULIFLOR.X. 

TRIBE  VII.  CICHORACE^E.  Style  cylindrical  above  and  pubescent,  like  the 
rather  obtuse  branches;  the  stiymatic  lines  terminating  below  or  near  the  middle  of 
the  branches.  —  Plants  with  milky  juice  :  leaves  alternate. 

81.    APOGON,    Ell. 

Heads  10-20-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  8,  somewhat  in  two 
rows,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  connivent  in  fruit.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenia  ovoid-oblong,  terete,  ribbed  and  transversely  striate,  smooth.  Pappus 
none.  —  A  low  smooth  and  branching  annual,  with  lanceolate  entire  or  toothed 
leaves,  and  single  or  umbellate  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  borne  on  slender  pe- 
duncles. • 

1.  A.  humilis,  Ell.  —  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  April  and  May.  — 
Stem-leaves  clasping;  the  uppermost  mostly  opposite.  —  Plant 6'- 12'  high. 

82.     KRIGIA,     Schrcb. 

Heads  15-30-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  6-15,  somewhat  in  2  rows, 
equal.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  top-shaped,  5-angled.  Pappus  double ; 
the  outer  of  5  broad  chatty  scales  ;  the  inner  of  5  rough  bristles.  —  Small  annual 
herbs,  branching  at  the  base,  with  naked  peduncle-like  stems,  each  terminated  by 
a  small  head  of  yellow  flowers.  Leaves  chiefly  radical,  mostly  lyrate  or  toothed. 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Willd.     Proper  stem  short,  simple  or  forking;  scapes 
at  length  several,  slightly  pubescent,  elongated  in  fruit ;  leaves  somewhat  glau- 
cous ;  the  lowest  rounded,  entire ;  the  others  spatulate-oblong,  pinnatifid.     (K. 
dichotoma,  Nutt.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     March  —May.  — 
Scapes  at  length  1°  high. 

2.  K.  Caroliniana,  Nutt.      Stem  short ;    scapes  pubescent  or  somewhat 
hispid  near  the  apex  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly toothed,  or  the  upper  ones  variously  lobed.     (K.  leptophylla,  DC.)  —  Dry 
sandy  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Feb.  and  March.  —  Scapes  3' -12' 
high. 

83.    CYNTHIA,    Don. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  12-15.  Achenia  short,  ob- 
long or  top-shaped,  obscurely  4-angled,  not  beaked.  Pappus  double  ;  the  outer  of 
numerous,  very  small  chaffy  scales  ;  the  inner  of  numerous  bristles.  —  Perennial 
nearly  smooth  herbs,  bearing  single  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  long  more  or 
less  glandular  peduncles  or  scapes.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  pinnatifid. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  Don.     Root  fibrous;  stem  branched  above,  bearing  3- 
5  heads  on  slender  umbellate  peduncles  ;  radical  leaves  oval  or  spatulate-oblong, 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  ones  clasping  and  entire  ;  achenia  oblong.  — 
Sandy  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     May  -  July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  C.  Dandelion,  DC.     Stemless  or  nearly  so ;  roots  bearing  small  tu- 
bers ;  scapes  several,  bearing  single  heads  ;  lowest  leaves  spatulate-oblong  ;  the 


250  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

others  linear,  elongated,  entire  or  toothed ;  achenia  somewhat  top-shaped.  — 
Var.  MONTANA.  Stem  manifest,  decumbent ;  upper  leaves  nearly  opposite. 
(Hyoscris  montana,  ]\tichx.  ?)  — Damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward ;  the  variety 
on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  March  -May. —  Scapes  6'- 12'  high. 

84.     HIERACIUM,    Tourn. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  or  in  2  rows  ;  the 
outer  row  short.  Receptacle  nearly  naked.  Achenia  not  beaked,  commonly 
terete  or  spindle-shaped,  ribbed.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  persistent  brownish- 
white  hairs.  —  Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  single, 
corymbose,  or  panicled  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  —  Involucre,  in  our  species,  in  2 
rows,  the  outer  short  and  bract-like. 

1.  H.  SCabrum,  Michx.     Stem  stout,  leafy,  hirsute  below,  rough  above  ; 
panicle  somewhat  corymbose ;  leaves  oval,  sessile  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-oblong, 
hirsute;  peduncles  and  involucre  tomentose  and  glandular-hispid  ;  achenia  cylin- 
drical.    (H.  Marianum,  Ell.)  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts.    Aug.  and 
Sept.  —  Stem  1°— 3°  high.     Heads  large,  many-flowered. 

2.  H.  Gronovii,  L.     Stem  leafy  and  hirsute  below,  naked  and  smoother 
above ;  leaves  entire  or  denticulate,  hirsute  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-oblong ;  the 
upper  small,  sessile  ;  panicle  narrow,  elongated  ;  achenia  narrowed  upward.  — 
Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Lowest  leaves  spreading  on  the  ground. 

3.  H.  venosum,  L.     Stem  slender,  nearly  leafless,  smooth  ;  lowest  leaves 
oblong-obovate,  smooth,  or  hirsute  on   the  veins  beneath,  often  veined  with 
purple  ;  the  others  (1-3)  small  and  remote  ;  heads  small,  in  a  spreading  corym- 
bose panicle,  smoothish ;  achenia  linear.  —  Shady  soil  in   the   upper  districts. 
May  -July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

4.  H.  paniculatum,  L.     Stem  slender,  leafy,  villous  below ;  leaves  thin, 
lanceolate,  denticulate,  acute,  smooth  ;  panicle  divaricate;  heads  small,  12-20- 
flowcred  ;    involucre  smooth  ;    achenia  short,  not  narrowed  upward.  —  Open 
woods  along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem 
2°  -  3°  high.     Peduncles  filiform. 

85.     NABALUS,    Cass. 

Heads  5  -  20-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  composed  of  5  - 14  linear  scales, 
and  several  short  exterior  ones.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  linear-oblong  or 
cylindrical,  furrowed,  glabrous,  not  narrowed  upward.  Pappus  of  numerous 
straw-colored  or  brownish  bristly  hairs.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  bitter  tuberous 
roots,  entire  or  variously  lobed  leaves,  and  nodding  heads  of  yellowish  white  or 
purplish  flowers,  in  short  racemes  or  clusters. 

1  -  N.  albus,  Hook.  Smooth ;  stem  paniculate,  purplish  ;  leaves  acutish, 
angled,  toothed,  or  variously  3  -  5-lobed  or  parted  ;  the  lowest  petioled  ;  the  up- 
permost nearly  sessile  ;  racemes  short,  spreading ;  involucre  purplish,  of  about 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  251 

8  scales,  8-  12-flowercd  ;  pappus  light  brown  ;  flowers  white  or  cream-color.  — 
Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem 
30-40  high. 

2.  K".  altissimus,  Hook.     Smooth;  stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
above ;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  cordate,  petioled,  acuminate,  denticulate,  or  the 
lower  ones  palmately  3  -  5-cleft  or  parted  ;  heads  in  small  axillary  and  terminal 
clusters,  forming  a  long  panicle  ;  involucre  slender,  greenish,  of  about  5  scales, 
5  _  6-flowered  ;  pappus  dirty  white  or  straw-colored.  —  Varies  with  the  wavy- 
toothed  leaves,  deltoid  ;  the  lowest  hastate  -  3-angled  or  parted.     (Prenanthes 
dcltoidea,  Ell.)  —  Woods  along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.     Sept, 

—  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.     Flowers  yellowish,  or  greenish  white. 

3.  N.  Fraseri,  DC.     Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent;   stem  corymbosely 
panicled  above  ;  leaves  deltoid,  mucronate,  pinnately  3  -  7-lobed,  on  winged  peti- 
oles ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  often  entire ;    clusters  small,  terminal ;   involucre 
greenish,  smooth  or  hairy,  of  about  8  scales,   8-12-flowered;  pappus  straw- 
color.  —  Varies  with  the  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  mostly  sessile,  or  the  upper- 
most clasping;  the  12-15-flowered  involucre  hirsute  with  long  purplish  hairs. 
(Prenanthes  crcpidinca,  Ell.)  — Dry  sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept. 

—  Stem  1°  -4°  high. 

4.  N.  virgatus,  DC.     Smooth ;  stem  simple,  virgate ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  sessile  or  partly  clasping  ;  the  uppermost  small,  entire ;  the  lowest  deeply 
pinnatifid,  on  margined  petioles  ;  clusters  of  heads  small,  racemose;  involucre 
smooth,  purplish,  of  about  8  scales,  8  —  1 2-flowered  ;   pappus  straw-color. — 
Damp  soil,  Florida,   and    northward.      Sept. —  Stem   2° -4°  high.     Flowers 
purplish. 

5.  N.  crepidineus,  DC.     Smoothish  ;  stem  tall,  corymbosely  panicled  ; 
leaves  oblong-ovate  or  somewhat  hastate,  acute,  unequally  toothed,  the  lowest  on 
winged  petioles;  involucre  brown,  hairy,  of  12-14  scales,   20 - 35-flowered  ; 
pappus  light  brown.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.     Sept. — 
Stem  5° -8°  high.     Lower  leaves  8'-  12'  long.     Flowers  yellowish-white. 

86.    LYGODESMIA,    Don. 

Heads  5  -  10-flowered.  Involucre  elongated,  cylindrical,  of  5  -  8  linear  scales, 
and  a  few  short  exterior  ones.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  linear,  elongated, 
smooth,  striate,  not  narrowed  upward.  Pappus  of  copious  smoothish  white 
hairs  in  several  rows.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  linear  or  filiform  leaves. 
Heads  solitary.  Flowers  rose-color. 

1.  L.  aphylla,  DC.  Stem  simple  or  forking  ;  lowest  leaves  filiform, 
elongated ;  the  others  remote,  small,  and  bract-like ;  heads  showy.  (Prenanthes 
aphylla,  Nutt.) — Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.  April  and 
May.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

87.    TARAXACUM,    Haller.     DANDELION. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  double  ;  the  exterior  of  small  spreading 
scales ;  the  interior  erect  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong, 


252  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

ribbed  or  angled,  muricate  on  the  ribs  ;  the  apex  abruptly  produced  into  a  long 
beak.  Pappus  of  copious  white  hairs.  —  Stemless  perennial  herbs.  Scapes  hol- 
low, bearing  a  single  head  of  yellow  flowers.  Leaves  all  radical,  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  entire  or  pinnatifid. 

1.  T.  Dens-leonis,  Desf.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  acute,  toothed; 
heads  showy.  —  Damp  soil,  sparingly  naturalized. 

88.  PYRRHOPAPPUS,    DC. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  double,  of  numerous  subulate  scales  ;  the 
inner  ones  erect  and  partially  united,  often  with  a  callous  appendage  at  the  apex. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia  oblong,  nearly  terete,  5-furrowed  ;  the  apex 
narrowed  into  a  long  filiform  beak.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  reddish  or  brownish 
hairs.  —  Smooth  annual  herbs.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  commonly  toothed 
or  pinnatifid.  Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  naked  stem  or  peduncle-like 
branches.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  P.  Carolinianus,  DC.  Stem  branching  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  achcnia  shorter  than  the  filiform  beak.  (Borkhausia, 
Ell.) — Fields,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  April  -  July.  —  Stem 
1  °  -  2°  high. 

89.  LACTUCA,    I,.      LETTUCE. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  imbricated  ; 
the  outer  ones  short.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  compressed  parallel  to  the 
scales,  smooth,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  filiform  beak.  Pappus  of  copious  soft 
white  hairs.  —  Tall  herbs,  with  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves.  Heads  paniculate. 
Flowers  white,  purple,  blue,  or  yellow. 

1.  L.  elongata,  Muhl.  Smooth  or  nearly  so;  stem  tall  (4°-8°),  simple 
or  paniculate ;  leaves  elongated,  lanceolate,  sessile  or  partly  clasping  ;  the  upper 
ones  mostly  entire ;  the  lower  pinnatifid  ;  panicle  long,  leafless  ;  flowers  yellow. 
—  Var.  INTEGRIFOLIA.  Leaves  all  undivided,  or  the  lowest  pinnatifid  ;  flowers 
yellow  or  purplish.  —  Var.  GRAMINIFOLIA.  Smaller  (2°-  3°),  leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  all  entire,  or  the  lowest  ones  sparingly  toothed 
or  pinnatifid;  flowers  purple. — Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  July -Sept. 

90.    MTJLGEDIUM,     Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  the  outer  ones 
short.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  smooth,  laterally  compressed,  nan-owed  into 
a  short  beak,  which  is  expanded  into  a  ciliate  disk  at  the  apex.  Pappus  of  co- 
pious white  or  tawny  hairs.  —  Tall  herbs.  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  undivided. 
Flowers  mostly  blue. 

*  Pappus  white. 

1.  M.  acuminatum,  DC.  Smooth;  stem  panicled  above ;  leaves  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  toothed,  on  winged  petioles,  the  lowest  some- 
times sinuate-lobed ;  heads  racemed,  on  spreading  peduncles.  (Sonchus,  Eli] 


LOBELIACE^E.       (LOBELIA    FAMILY.)  253 

—  Margins  of  fields,  &c.,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept-     (f)  —  Stem  3°  -6° 
high.     Leaves  3' -6'   long,  often  hairy  beneath.     Flowers  blue. 

2.  M.  Floridanum,    DC.      Smooth;    stem  panicled  above;  leaves  all 
pinnatifid  and  toothed,  with  the  terminal  lobe  larger  and  3-angled,  or  the  upper- 
most lanceolate,  sessile  or  clasping  ;  heads  racemose-panicled ;  flowers  .blue. — 
Eich  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high. 

*  *  Pappus  tawny. 

3.  M.  leucophseum,  DC.     Smoothish  ;    stem   panicled   above  ;    leaves 
numerous,  irregularly  pinnatifid,  with  coarsely -toothed  lobes  ;  the  terminal  lobe 
3-angled,  or  in  the  upper  leaves  often  linear  and  entire ;  racemes  panicled.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     Sept.     ®  —  Stem  3°  -  12°  high.     Leaves  6'- 
12'  long.     Flowers  pale  blue. 

91.     SONCHUS,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenia  compressed,  ribbed,  not  beaked  nor  narrowed  at  the  apex.  Pappus  of 
copious  soft  white  hairs.  —  Annuals.  Leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid.  Heads  some- 
what umbelled.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  oleraceus,  L.     Smooth  ;  stem  branching  ;   leaves   pinnatifid,  with 
spiny-toothed  lobes,  clasping ;  the  lowest  petioled ;  achenia  transversely  rough- 
ened. —  Waste  places.     Introduced.    June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  S.  asper,  Vill.     Smooth,  or  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  peduncles 
hispid  ;  leaves  entire,  clasping,  fringed  with  weak  spines  ;  the  lowest  oblong- 
obovate,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Fields,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 


ORDKR  73.     LOBELIACE^E.     (LOBELIA  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  witli  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  irregular.  —  Calyx  5-lobed,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  2-celled 
ovary.  Corolla  unequally  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  split  on 
one  side  to  the  base.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  calyx  ;  the  anthers,  and 
commonly  the  filaments,  united  into  a  tube.  Style  solitary :  stigma  2- 
lobed,  surrounded  with  a  ring  of  hairs.  Fruit  baccate  and  indehiscent,  or 
capsular  and  2-3-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo 
straight  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Acrid  poisonous  plants. 

1.    LOBELIA,  L.     LOBELIA. 

Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  small,  erect  or  reflexed,  2-parted,  the  lower 
spreading,  palmately  3-cleft ;  the  tube  straight.  Anthers,  or  a  part  of  them, 
bearded  at  the  apex,  curved.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved  at  the  apex,  many- 
seeded. —  Stems  erect.  Leaves  undivided;  the  serratures  glandular  Flowers 
blue,  white,  or  scarlet,  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes. 
22 


254  LOBELIACE^E.       (LOBELIA   FAMILY.) 

*  Flowers  scarlet. 

1.  L.  cardinalis,  L.     (CARDINAL-FLOWER.)     Smooth  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent ;  stem  stout,  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  denticulate ;  bracts  leafy ;  stamens 
and  style  much  longer  than  the  corolla.  —  Muddy  banks,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.    July  -  Sept.     1J.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Raceme  many-flowered. 
Flowers  very  showy. 

*  *  Flowers  blue  and  white. 
•«-  Sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  deflexed  appendages. 

2.  L.  syphilitica,  L.     Hairy ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
coarsely  serrate ;   racemes  leafy,  many-flowered ;    calyx  hairy ;    the  lanceolate 
denticulate  lobes  half  as  long  as  the  large  (!'  long)  light  blue  corolla. —  Swamps 
along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.    Aug.  and  Sept.     y. —  Stem  1°- 
3°  high. 

3.  L.  puberula,  Michx.     Softly  pubescent  or  villous,  or  sometimes  nearly 
smooth ;    leaves   thickish,  mostly  obtuse,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  glandular-den- 
ticulate ;    spikes  mostly  1-sided ;    calyx  top-shaped,  the  linear  lobes  nearlv  as 
long  as  the  tube  of  the  bright  blue  corolla.  —  Swamps  and  low  ground,  Florida 
to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.     1J. —  Stem  1°-  2°  high.     Co- 
rolla half  as  large  as  in  the  preceding.     Appendages  of  the  calyx  obtuse. 

4.  L.  leptOStachys,  A.  DC.     Closely  pubescent;  stem  slender,  simple; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  denticulate  ;  flowers  small,  crowded  in  an  elon- 
gated spike  ;  appendages  of  the  calyx  10,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  South 
Carolina  and  northward.    July  and  Aug.     1J. —  Stem  l°-l£°  high.     Corolla 
311-411  long. 

5.  L.  brevifolia,  Nutt.     Stem  thick,  virgate,  angled,  smooth  or  pubescent ; 
leaves  short  (4" -12"  long),  fleshy,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  toothed,  spreading  or 
reflexed ;   the  lowest  wedge-shaped ;  calyx   hirsute,  the  ovate-lanceolate  lobes 
strongly  toothed,  the  5  appendages  obtuse ;  corolla  pale  blue.  —  Damp  open  pine 
barrens,  Florida,  Alabama,  and   westward.      Oct.      1J. —  Stem  l°-l£°  high. 
Leaves  very  numerous. 

-<-   •<—   Sinuses  of  the  calyx  without  appendages. 

6.  L.  amCBna,  Michx.      Smooth  or  rough-pubescent;    leaves  scattered, 
oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate,   the  lower  ones  tapering  into  a  long  petiole,  the 
uppermost  nearly  sessile;  racemes  1-sided,  many-flowered;  calyx-lobes  linear- 
subulate,  mostly  glandular  ;  corolla  (!'  long)  bright  blue.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept.  and  Oct.      y.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Low- 
est leaves  3'  -  6'  long.     Bracts  small. 

7.  L.  glaildulosa,  Walt.      Smooth  or  pubescent ;    stem  mostly  simple, 
nearly  leafless  above;    leaves   thick,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  glandular-den- 
ticulate, sessile,  the  uppermost  scattered  and  bract-like;  racemes  1-sided,  3-9- 
flowered,  the  flowers  distant ;   calyx  smooth  or  hirsute,  with  linear  glandular 
lobes;  corolla  (8" -10"  long)  pale  blue.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida,  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.    Oct.    U  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  long.    Lower  leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

8.  L.  inflata,  L.     Pubescent  or  hairy;    stem   leafy,  branching  from  the 
base ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed,  sessile :  racemes  leafy  below  ;  corolla  small, 


GOODENIACE^E.       (GOODENIA    FAMILY.)  255 

Dale  blue  ;  mature  capsule  ovoid,  inflated.  —  Dry  sterile  soil  in  the  upper  districts, 
and  northward.  Aug.  and  Sept.  (J)  or  (g)  —  Stem  1°  - 1£°  high.  Corolla  2"- 
3''  long. 

9-  L.  Spi.C8.t3>,  Lam.  Closely  pubescent ;  stem  slender,  simple ;  lowest 
leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate  ^  the  upper  ones  small,  lanceolate, 
scattered ;  flowers  small,  in  a  long  and  dense  raceme,  on  short  pedicels  ;  corolla 
pale  blue.  (L.  Claytoniana,  Michx.) — Dry  soil  in  the  middle  and  upper  dis- 
tricts, Mississippi,  and  northward.  Aug.  and  Sept.  (f)  ? —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 
Corolla  4"  -  5"  long. 

10.  L.  Nuttallii,  R.  &  S.     Stem  very  slender,  mostly  simple,  roughish; 
leaves  small,  entire ;  the  lowest  clustered,  spatulatc  or  obovate ;  the  others  dis- 
tant, linear;  flowers  small,  scattered  in  a  long  and  slender  raceme,  on  filiform 
pedicels  which  are  longer  than  the  bracts.     (L.  Kalmii,  Ell.) — Low  pine  bar- 
rens, Georgia,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  — 1^°  high.     Corolla 
3"  — 4"  long,  pale  blue. 

11.  L.  Boykinii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth ;  stem  slender,  creeping  at  the 
base,  sparingly  branched  above ;  leaves  small  (6"  long),  subulate,  scattered,  the 
lowest  scale-like ;  racemes  loosely  many-flowered,  the  filiform  pedicels  and  slen- 
der calyx-lobes  spreading ;  corolla  (3"  -  5"  long)  bright  blue.  —  Margins  of  pine- 
barren  ponds,  Florida  and  Georgia.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

12.  L.  paludosa,  Nutt.      Smooth;   stem  mostly  simple,  nearly  leafless; 
radical  leaves  fleshy,  spatulate-lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse,  crenulate ;  the  others 
small,  linear  and  remote;  racemes  slender,  loose;  bracts  minute;  corolla  small, 
white  or  pale  blue.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward.    May -Aug.     1J. —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Lowest  leaves  3' -  9' long.     Co- 
rolla j'  long. 


ORDER  74.     GOODENIACE^.     (GOODENIA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and 
irregular  flowers.  —  Calyx  tubular,  3-5-lobed  or  entire,  more  or  less  ad- 
herent to  the  1  -  4-celled  ovary.  Corolla  irregular,  unequally  5-lobed, 
induplicate  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  split  on  one  side,  or  5-parted.  Stamens 
5,  free  from  the  corolla,  the  filaments  and  anthers  rarely  united.  Style 
commonly  single  :  stigma  thick,  surrounded  with  a  cup-shaped  mostly 
ciliate  membrane.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupaceous.  Embryo  straight,  in 
the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    SC^JVOLA,    L. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  villous  within,  5-lobed,  with  the  lobes  nearly  equal 
and  winged ;  the  tube  split  on  one  side.  Filaments  and  anthers  free.  Drupe 
1 -4-celled,  the  cells  1-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Pedun- 
cles axillary,  dichotomous.  Flowers  blue  or  white. 


256  (A.MPANULACE^E.        (CAMPANULA    FAMILY.) 

1 .  S.  Plumieri,  Vahl.  Shrubby,  fleshy,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong-obovatc, 
entire,  bearded  in  the  axils ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  calyx  tubular, 
truncate,  obscurely  5-toothed ;  corolla  thick,  split  to  the  base;  stamens  short; 
ovary  4-ovuled  ;  drupe  2-celled,  2-seeded.  —  Sea-shore,  South  Florida. 


ORDER  75.     CAMPANULACE^E.     (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  regular  mostly  blue 
flowers.  — Calyx  3  -  5-lobed,  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  5-lobed, 
valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  free  from  the  corolla,  the  broad  fila- 
ments and  anthers  distinct.  Style  single,  hairy  above.  Stigmas  2  or 
more.  Capsule  2  -  several-celled,  many-seeded,  splitting  at  the  apex,  or 
opening  by  lateral  valves  or  holes.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    CAMPANULA,    L.      BELLFLOWER. 

Calyx  5-lobed.     Corolla  5-lobed,  mostly  bell-shaped.     Filaments  dilated  at 
the  base.     Stigmas  3,   slender     Capsule  short,  3-celled,   opening  by  lateral 
valves.  —  Flowers  spiked  or  panicled. 
*  Flowers  panicled,  on  slender  spreading  pedicels :  corolla  small  (3  "-4"),  bell-shaped. 

1.  C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.     Stem  weak,  reclining,  the  angles,  as  also  the 
margins  and  midrib  of  the  linear  nearly  entire  leaves,  hispid  backward ;  panicle 
few-flowered;  calyx-lobes  triangular;  corolla  white.     (C.  erinoides,  Muhl.)  — 
Swamps  among  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.     July  and  August.  — 
Stem  1°-  1  J°  high.     Lowest  leaves  narrowly  obovate. 

2.  C.  divaricata,  Michx.     Smooth ;  stem  terete,  paniculate  above ;  the 
branches  somewhat  naked,  spreading ;    leaves  scattered,  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate at  each  end,  coarsely  serrate ;  calyx-lobes  subulate ;  style  slightly  ex- 
serted ;   corolla  blue,  nodding.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.     July 
and  August.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

3.  C.  flexuosa,  Michx.      Branches   erect;    leaves   lanceolate,  the   upper 
ones  approximate ;    otherwise   like   the  preceding.  —  Mountains   of  Carolina. 
Michaux.     ( * ) 

*  *  Flowers  spiked,  single  or  2  -  3  together :  corolla  large,  somewhat  wheel-shai^ed. 

4.  C.  Americana,  L.     Stem  tall,  smooth  or  hairy,  mostly  simple ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceola.te,  acuminate,  serrate;    spike  elongated,  leafy;  corolla  ( 1 '  wide ) 
blue.     (C.  acuminata,  Michx.)  —  Dry  rocky  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     Aug.  and  Sept,  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Spike  1°  -  2°  long.     Style 
exserted. 

2.    SPECULARIA,     Heist. 

Calyx  3 -5-lobed  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  free;  the  fila- 
ments membranaceous,  hairy,  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3.  Capsule 
prismatic,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  lateral  valves.  —  Low  annuals.  Flowers  axil- 
lary. Corolla  blue. 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  257 

1.  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.  Pubescent;  stem  angled,  simple  or  branched; 
leaves  round-cordate,  crenate,  clasping ;  the  lowest  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  flowers 
single  or  clustered,  sessile,  the  lower  ones  apetalous.  (Campanula,  L.)  — Fields, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  May  -  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  high. 


ORDER  76.     ERICACEAE.     (HEATH   FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  rarely  herbs,  with  undivided  alternate  ex- 
stipulate  leaves,  and  regular  flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla 
4-5-parted  or  toothed,  or  4  -  5-petalous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens free  from  the  corolla,  and  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  its  divisions : 
anthers  2-celled,  often  variously  awned,  opening  commonly  by  terminal 
pores.  Style  1  :  stigma  entire  or  3-lobed.  Fruit  3  -  10-eelled.  Seeds 
anatropous,  attached  to  a  central  placenta.  Embryo  small,  in  fleshy 
albumen. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  VACCINIEJS.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Corolla  superior.  Anther-cells  prolonged  into  a  slender  tube.  Fruit  a 
berry.  —  Shrubs.  Corolla  monopetalous. 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA.    Berry  8  -  10-ceUed ;  the  cells  1-seeded.     Anthers  awnless. 

2.  VACCINIUM.    Berry  4-5-celled,  or  partially  8-10-celled  by  false  partitions,  many- 

seeded. 

SrmmoER  II.  ERICINE^E.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla 
hypogynous.  Fruit  a  capsule.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

TRIBE  I.     A  XDROHIEDE^.  —  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent. 
*  Anther-cells  opening  lengthwise.     Corolla  monopetalous. 

3.  EPIG&A.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Leaves  cordate. 

*  *  Anther-cells  opening  at  the  apex.     Corolla  monopetalous 

4.  GAULTHERIA.     Calyx  becoming  berry -like  in  fruit.     Authers  4-awned  at  the  apex. 

5.  LEUCOTHOE.     Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Valves  of  the  capsule  entire. 

6.  CASSANDRA.     Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Pericarp  separating  into  two  layers  ;  the 

outer  one  5-valved,  the  inner  10-valved. 

7.  ANDROMEDA.     Calyx  valvate  in  the  early  bud.     Capsule  globular.     Seeds  pendulous. 

8.  OXYDENDRUM.     Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud.     Capsule  pyramidal.     Seeds  ascending. 

*  *   *  Anthers  inverted  in  the  bud,  opening  by  terminal  pore?.     Corolla  6-petalous. 

9.  CLETHRA.     Stamens  10.     Style  3-cleft.     Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved. 

TRIBE  II.     RHODORE.*:.  —  Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent. 
*  Corolla  monopetalous. 

10.  KALMIA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  10  cavities  in  which  the  anthers  are  lodged. 

11.  MENZIESIA.     Corolla  (small)  ovoid,  4-toothed     Stamens  8,  included. 

12.  RHODODENDRON.     Corolla  (large)  funnel  or  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.     Stamens  5  or  10, 

exserted. 

*   *  Corolla  of  5  or  7  separate  petals. 

13.  LEIOPHYLLUM.     Corolla  5-petalous.     Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

14.  BE.TARIA.     Corolla  7-petalous.     Anthers  opening  at  the  apex. 

22* 


258  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  HI.  PYROLEJE.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla 
5-petalous.  —  Low  nearly  herbaceous  plants.  Leaves  evergreen. 

*  CapsuleS-celled. 

15.  PYROLA.    Flowers  racemose,  on  scape-like  stems.     Style  filiform,  elongated. 

16.  CHIMAPHILA.    Flowers  umbellate.     Style  very  short,  top-shaped. 

*   *  Capsule  3-celled. 

17.  SHORTIA.    Flower  solitary,  terminating  the  scape-like  scaly  stem. 

SUBORDER  .  IV.  MONOTROPE.E.  Calyx  of  4  -  5  scale-like  or 
bract-like  sepals.  Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-petalous.  Seeds  very  minute. 
• —  Fleshy  scaly  herbs,  parasitic  on  roots,  and  destitute  of  green  foliage. 

18.  SCHWEINITZIA.     Corolla  monopetalous,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.     Anthers  2-celled. 

19.  MONOTROPA.     Corolla  4  -  5-petalous.     Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top. 


SUBORDER  I.     TACCINIE^E.     THE  WHORTLEBERRY  FAMILY. 

1.     GAYLTJSSACIA,  Kunth.     HUCKLEBERBV. 

Corolla  tubular,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Stamens  10  :  anthers  awnless. 
Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  containing  10  seed-like  nutlets.  — Low  branching  mostly 
resinous-dotted  shrubs,  with  white  or  reddish  nodding  flowers,  in  lateral  bracted 
racemes. 

1.  G.  frondosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Leaves  entire,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
rugose,  glaucous,  and,  like  the  spreading  branches,  slightly  pubescent ;  corolla 
small  (2"),  short-bell-shaped,  reddish;   berry  depressed-globose,  blue,  glaucous  ; 
bracts  small,  oblong.     (Vaccinium  frondosum,  Ell.)  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.     April.  —  Shrub  l°-2°  high. 

2.  G.  dumosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Branches  and  racemes  pubescent ;  leaves 
thick,  oblong-obovate,  serrulate,  mucronate,  soon  smooth  and  shining;  corolla 
(4"  long)  bell-shaped,  angled,  white;  bracts  ovate,  leafv;  berry  globose,  smooth, 
black.     (Vaccinium  dumosum,  Ell.)  —  Var.  HIKTELLA.     Stem  taller  (l°-2° 
high) ;  branches,  leaves,  and  berries  hirsute  or  hairy.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens 
and  swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  Shrub 
6'  - 1 2'  high.     Berry  4"  -  6"  in  diameter. 

3.  G.  resinosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  much  branched ;  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate,  entire,  coated,  like  the  branchlets,  &c.,  with  resinous  viscid  globules ;  ra- 
cemes few-flowered ;  bracts  small,  deciduous ;  corolla  small,  ovoid  or  cylindrical, 
reddish;  berry  black,  smooth.     (Vaccinium  resinosum,  Ell.)  —  Sandy  woods  in 
the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3° 
high. 

4.  G.  ursina,  Gray.     Leaves  large  (2' -3'  long),  thin,  lanceolate-oblong, 
acute,  entire ;  the  veins,  like  the  branches,  rusty-tomentosc  ;  racemes  remotely 
few-flowered;  bracts  minute  ;  corolla  bell-shaped ;  berry  black.     (Vaccinium  ur- 
sinum,  M.  A.  Curtis.)  —Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  — Shrub  2° -3°  high. 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  259 

2.     VACCINIUM,    L.      HUCKLEBERRY.     BLUEBERRY. 

Corolla  cylindrical,  urceolate,  or  campanulate.  4-5-toothed  or  parted.  Sta- 
mens 8-10:  anthers  awnless,  or  2-awned  on  the  back  ;  the  cells  prolonged  into 
a  tube,  and  opening  at  the  apex.  Berry  4-5-celled,  or  by  false  partitions  8-10- 
cellcd,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs.  Flowers  nodding,  solitary,  clustered,  or  racemed, 
white  or  reddish.  Pedicels  2-bracted. 

4  1.     OXYCOCCUS. —  Ovary   4-celled:    corolla   4-parted,   the  narrow  divisions  re- 
curved: stamens  8:  anthers  awnless:  pedicels  axillary,  solitary. 

1.  V.  macrocarpon,  Ait.  Stems  slender,  creeping;  leaves  evergreen, 
small  (^'  long),  oblong,  obtuse,  pale  or  whitish  beneath ;  pedicels  longer  than  the 
leaves ;  corolla  rose-color  ;  berry  large,  red.  —  Cold  mossy  swamps,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.  July. —  Stems  1  °  -  2°  long.  Berry  very  sour,  £'  in  diameter. 

2  V.  erythrocarpon,  Michx.  Stem  erect  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  decid- 
uous, oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  hairy  beneath ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
leaves ;  flowers  pale  rose-color ;  berry  small,  red.  —  High  mountains  of  North 
Carolina.  July.  —  Branches  flexuous.  Berry  insipid. 

§  2.  VITIS-!D,EA.  —  Ovary  4  -  5-cetted :  corolla  cylindrical  or  globose-campanulate, 
4-5-toothed:  stamens  10:  anthers  awnless :  flowers  in  short  bracted  racemes: 
leaves  persistent. 

3.  V.  crassifolium,  Andr.     Smooth;   stems  (l°-2°)  filiform,  procum- 
bent; leaves  small  (3"- 7"),  short-petioled,  oval  or  oblong,  thick  and  shining, 
the  revolute  margins  entire  or  slightly  serrulate:  racemes  short,  cluster-like,  few- 
flowered  ;  corolla  small,  globose-campanulate,  5-toothed ;  berry  black.     (V.  myr- 
tifolium,   Michx.)  —  Sandy   pine-barren   swamps,  Georgia  to  North   Carolina. 
April.  —  Corolla  white  or  rose-color. 

§  3.  BATODENDRON. —  Ovary  more  or  less  Ib-celled  by  false  partitions:  corolla 
Mi-shaped,  5-cleft:  stamens  10,  hairy  :  anthers  "2-awned  on  the  back:  flowers  in 
leafy  racemes,  seemingly  axillary. 

4.  V.  Stamineum,  L.      Tomentose;    leaves  deciduous,  ovate  or  oblong, 
obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base ;  often  whitish  beneath  ;  anthers  exserted ; 
berry  greenish,  globose  or  pear-shaped.  —  Dry  woods,  Florida,  and  northward. 
May  and  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  10°  high.      Branches  spreading.     Corolla  short, 
drying  purplish. 

5.  V.  arboreum,  Michx.     Arborescent,  smoothish ;  leaves  deciduous, 
oval  or  obovate,  shining  above ;  the  veins  beneath  more  or  less  pubescent ;  co- 
rolla large,  angled,  white ;  anthers  included ;  berry  globose,  black.  —  Open  woods, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May.  —  Stem  8°  -  15°  high.     Flowers  very  numer- 
ous.   Berry  mealy,  ripening  in  the  winter. 

§4.  CYANOCOCCUS.  —  Ovary  more  or  less  10-celled  by  false  partitions:  corolla 
cylindrical,  urceolate  or  obovate:  stamens  10,  hairy :  anthers  awnless:  flowers 
in  short  small-bracted  racemes  or  cluster's. 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  small. 

6.  V.  nitidum,  Andr.  *      Smooth  and  shining   throughout ;    stem  much 
'branched  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  acute,  glandular-serrulate,  punctate 


260  ERICACEAE.       (HEATH    FAMILY.) 

beneath ;  calyx-teeth  obtuse,  and,  like  the  pedicels  and  broadly  oval  bracts,  red- 
dish ;  corolla  ovoid  or  obovate,  white ;  berry  somewhat  pear-shaped,  black.  — 
Low  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.  March  and  April.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 
Leaves  £'  long. 

7.  V.  myrsinites,  Michx.     Stem  much  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, oblong,  or  obovate,  bristly-serrulate,  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  glau- 
cous when  young ;  calyx-teeth  acute,  reddish,  like  the  pedicels  and  oblong  bracts  ; 
corolla  cylindrical  or  obovate,  white,  purplish  in  the  bud  ;  berry  globose,  blue. 
—  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     March  and 
April.  —  Shrub  6'  -  1 8'  high.    Leaves  £'  - 1 '  long. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous. 

8.  V.  tenellum,   Ait.      Stem   much   branched;    the   spreading   greenish 
branches  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceolate,  mucronate,  acute  at 
the  base,  slightly  serrulate  near  the  apex,  pubescent  when  young  ;  corolla  oblong, 
white  ;  calyx-teeth  obtuse ;  bracts  oblong-linear ;  berry  globose,  black  or  with  a 
blue  bloom.  —  Varies  with  the  branches  and  leaves  more  pubescent,  almost  vil- 
lous,  and  the  calyx-teeth  narrower  and  acute.     (V.  galezans,  Michx.)  — Margins 
of  pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     April.  — 
Shrub  l°-3°  high.     Leaves  £'-!'  long,  commonly  thin  and  deciduous,  but 
along  its  southern  limits  mostly  coriaceous  and  persistent. 

9.  V.  EUiottii.     Stem  tall,  slender,  with  spreading  branches ;  leaves  dis- 
tichous, ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute,  bristly  serrulate  from  the  obtuse  or  rounded 
base,  pubescent  on  the  veins ;    clusters  sessile,  2  -  4-flowered  ;   corolla  reddish, 
cylindrical,  short-pedicelled;  calyx-teeth  triangular ;  berry  mostly  solitary,  small, 
globose,  black.     (V.  myrtilloides,  Ell.,  not  of  Michx. )  —  River-swamps,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina.     March.  —  Shrub  4° -8°  high;   the  branches  smooth  and 
mostly  flexuous.    Leaves  £'-f  long. 

10.  V.  COrymbosum,  L.      Stem   tall    (4° -10°);    leaves  varying   from 
ovate-lanceolate  to  broadly  oval,  entire  or  nearly  so,  pubescent  when  young,  be- 
coming smoothish  especially  above  (!'  -2'  long) ;  racemes  or  clusters  numerous, 
mostly  on  leafless  branches ;  corolla  cylindrical  or  oblong ;  berry  globose,  black 
or  blue.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.     Feb.  to 
April.  —  Varies  greatly  in  the  thickness,  pubescence,  and  form  of  the  leaves,  and 
includes  several  nominal  species. 

11.  V.  Constablsei,  Gray.     Stem  low  (l°-3°);  leaves  oval,  pale,  glau- 
cous, glandular-mucronate,  entire  or  obscurely  serrulate,  ciliate ;  racemes  very 
short,  sessile ;  corolla  short-cylindrical ;  berry  blue.  —  On  the  summit  of  Roan 
Mountain,  North  Carolina.      July.  —  Leaves   H'-2'  long.      Racemes  5-10- 
flowered. 

12.  V.  hirsutum,  Buckley.      Hirsute  throughout;    stem   low   (1°   high), 
much  branched  ;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  slightly  mucronate  ,  racemes  short,  corolla 
oblong,  contracted  at  the  apex,  the  teeth  short;  berry  globose.  —  Mountains  of 
Cherokee  County,  North  Carolina.     Buckley. 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  261 

SUBORDER  II.     EKICINKJK.     THE  HEATH  FAMILY. 

3.    EPIGJEA,     L.      GROUND  LAUREL. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  colored  ;  the  lobes  acuminate.  Corolla  salver-shaped, 
5-cleft.  Stamens  10 :  anthers  oblong,  awnless,  opening  lengthwise.  Capsule 
depressed-globose,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  —  A  prostrate  shrubby  plant,  hispid 
with  rust-colored  hairs.  Leaves  evergreen,  cordate-oval,  entire,  reticulated. 
Flowers  in  dense  bracted  racemes,  white,  fragrant. 

1.  E.  repens,  L.  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  Feb.  and 
March. —  Stem  6'—  12'  long.  Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

4.     GAULTHERIA,  Kalm.     WINTERGREEN. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.  Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed. 
Stamens  10  :  anther-cells  2-awned  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Capsule  enclosed  in  the  berry-like  calyx,  depressed-globose,  5-celled,  5-valved, 
many-seeded. —  Shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  white  or  red  flowers. 

1.  G.  procumbens,  L.  Smooth;  stem  creeping;  the  short  (3'  — 5') 
branches  erect,  naked  below ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  serrulate,  shining ;  pedi- 
cels axillary,  1-flowered,  nodding ;  fruiting  calyx  bright  red.  Shady  woods 
and  banks,  especially  among  the  mountains,  North  Carolina  and  northward. 
June.  —  Whole  plant  aromatic. 

5.    LETJCOTHOE,  Don. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  unchanged  in  fruit.  Corolla 
ovate  or  cylindrical,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10 :  anthers  awnless,  or  the  cells 
1  -  2-awned  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule 
depressed-globose,  not  thickened  at  the  sutures,  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  pendulous.  —  Shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  axillary 
or  terminal  one-sided  racemes. 

*  Anthers  awnless  or  nearly  so:  racemes  axillary,  shorter  than  the  evergreen  leaves. 

1.  L.  cixillaris,  Don.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  spinulose- 
sm-ulate  toward  the  apex,  on  short  petioles ;  racemes  short,  dense-flowered ; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute;  anther-cells  2-horned.     (Andromeda  axillaris,  Lam.) 
—  Sandy  swamps,  and  banks  of  streams  in  the  lower  districts,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and    westward.      Feb.    and   March.  —  Stem   and   branches   curving. 
Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

2.  L.  Catesbsei,   Gray.      Leaves   ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  spinulose- 
serrulata  throughout,  on  conspicuous  petioles  ;  racemes  dense-flowered ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate-oblong  ;  anther-cells  not  horned.     (Andromeda  spinulo.sn,Purs/<f.) — 
Banks  of  streams  along  the  mountains,  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.     March 
and  April.  —  Stem  2°-  4°  high. 

3.  L.  acuminata,  Dunal.     Stem  tall,  Avith  straight  and  hollow  branches  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire ;  corolla  cylindrical ;  anthers 


262  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

gibbous  near  the  base.  —  Margins  of  swamps,  East  Florida  to  South  Carolina, 
Elliott,  and  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Curtis,  April.  —  Shrub  3° -12° 
high.  Leaves  reticulated. 

*  *  Anther-cells  1  -  2-awned  at  the  apex :  racemes  terminal,  lomjer  than  the.  serrulate 

pubescent  deciduous  leaves :  calyx  bracted. 

4.  L.  racemosa,  Gray.     Branches  and  racemes  straight;    leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  soon  smooth ;  racemes  long,  single  or  somewhat  paniculate ; 
corolla  cylindrical-ovate;  anther-cells  2-awned;  capsule  not  lobed.     (A.  race- 
mosa, L. )  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward.    April  and  May.  —  Shrub  4°  - 10°  high. 

5.  L.  recurva,  Gray.      Branches   and   racemes   recurved :    leaves   ovate, 
acuminate,  pubescent  on  the  veins ;  racemes  long,  single ;  corolla  cylindrical ; 
anther-cells  1-awned;  capsule  5-lobed.     (Andromeda  recurva,  Buckl.) — Moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina,  Buckley.     April.  —  Shrub  3°-  4°  high. 

6.  CASSANDRA,    Don. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  2-bracted.  Corolla  cylindrical- 
oblong,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10 :  anthers  awnless,  opening  by  terminal  pores. 
Capsule  depressed,  5-celled,  many-seeded  ;  the  pericarp  separating  at  maturity 
into  2  layers,  the  outer  one  5-valved,  the  inner  10-valved.  —  A  small  shrub,  with 
evergreen  serrulate  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  nodding  flowers. 

1.  C.  calyculata,  Don.  Leaves  oblong,  mucronate,  paler  and  scurfy 
beneath,  the  floral  ones  oval ;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  small, 
white;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute.  (Andromeda  calyculata,  L.)  —  Varies  with  the 
leaves  and  calyx-lobes  narrower.  (Andromeda  angustifolia,  Pursh.) —  Swamps 
in  the  mountains  of  South  Carolina,  and  northward.  April.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3° 
Mgh.  Leaves  1'  long. 

7.  ANDROMEDA,    L. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  valvate  in  the  early  bud.  Corolla  5-toothcd.  Stamens 
10 :  anther-cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  pendulous  or  spreading.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
in  lateral  and  terminal  racemes  or  clusters,  nodding. 

*  Flowers  in  racemes:   corolla  ovoid  or  urn-shaped:   anther-cells  l-awned  on  the 

back:  leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen. 

1.  A.  floribunda,  Pursh.     Young  branches,  leaves,  and  racemes  hirsute  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  bristly-serrulate  ;  racemes  dense-flowered,  crowded 
in  a  terminal  panicle  ;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute.  —  Damp  soil  along  the  moun- 
tains.    April.  —  Shrub  3°  -  10°  high.     Flowers  very  numerous. 

2.  A.   phillyresefolia,    Hook.      Smooth  ;    stem    alternately   leafy   and 
bracted ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  glandular-serrate  near  the 
apex ;  racemes  solitary,  axillary,  loosely  4-  12-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate ; 
corolla  ovoid  ;  capsule  depressed-globose.  —  Shallow  ponds  in  the  pine  barrens, 
chiefly  near  the  coast,  West  Florida.    January  -  March.  —  Shrub  1°  -  2°  high. 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  263 

*  *  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters:    capsule  more  or  less  ribbed  at  the  sutures,  the 

ribs  separating  at  maturity. 

-i-    Corolla  ovate,  cylindrical,  or  somewhat  bell-shaped:  anthers  or  filaments  awned : 
capsule  ovate,  truncate :  shrubs  smooth  throughout. 

3.  A.  uitida,  Bartr.     Branches  3-angled ;  leaves  evergreen,  ovate  or  ob- 
long, entire,  shining ;  clusters  axillary,  very  numerous,  6- 12-flowered ;  sepals 
lanceolate-ovate,  spreading ;  corolla  cylindrical-ovate,  gibbous  at  the  base  ;  fila- 
ments 2-awned  at  the  apex.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  common.     March  -  May.  — 
Shrub  2°-  6°  high.     Corolla  white,  red,  or  purple,  odorous. 

4.  A.  Mariana,  L.     Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire ; 
flowering  stems  commonly  leafless ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long 
as  the  large  (£'  long)  cylindrical  white  corolla ;   filaments  2-awned  near  the 
apex.  —  Damp  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.     April  and  May. — 
Stem  2°-  4°  high,  often  simple.     Leaves  2'-  3'  long. 

5.  A.  speciosa,  Michx.     Leaves  deciduous,  oblong  or  elliptical,  obtuse, 
serrate,  often  whitish   beneath ;    flowering  stems  mostly  leafless ;    calyx-lobes 
ovate,  several  times  shorter  than  the  large  bell-shaped  white  corolla;  anther- 
cells  2-awned  at  the  apex.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. — 
Shrub  3°  -  4°  high. 

•+-   -*-    Corolla  small,  nearly  alobular,  scurfy :  anthers  and  filaments  awnless :  cap- 
sule y/obose  :  shrubs  pubescent,  or  scurfy. 

6.  A.  ferruginea,  Walt.     Branches   and   young  leaves   scurfy ;   leaves 
evergreen,  obovate  or  lanceolate-obovate,  rigid,  at  length  smooth  above  and 
whitish  beneath  ;  the  margins  mostly  revolute  ;  clusters  few-flowered.     (A.  ri- 
gida,  Pursh.)  —  Low  sandy  pine  ban-ens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.—  A  low  shrub  or  small  tree.     Branches  very  leafv,  rigid.     Leaves  £'-  1' 
long. 

7.  A.  ligustrina,  Mnhi:     Leaves  deciduous,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate, 
serrulate,  acute,  pubescent  like  the  branches,  paler  beneath ;  clusters  few-flow- 
ered, disposed  in  compound  more  or  less  leafy  panicled  racemes ;  filaments 
hairy,  awnless.     (A.  frondosa,  Pursh.,  with  racemes  more  leafy  and  the  fila- 
ments slightly  awned  at  the  apex.)  —  Margins  of  swamps,  Florida  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.     May. —  Shrub  3° -4°  high.     Leaves  2' long.     Flowers 
very  small. 

8.     OXYDENDRUM,     DC.      SOUR-WOOD.     SORREL-TREE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  ovate,  5-toothcd.  Stamens  10:  anthers  awnless, 
opening  by  terminal  chinks ;  the  cells  acuminate.  Capsule  conical,  5-angled, 
5-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ascending  —  A  small  tree,  with  deciduous  oblong 
serrulate  acuminate  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  white  flowers  in  long  and 
slender  1 -sided  terminal  panicled  racemes. 

1.  O.  arboreum,  DC.  (Andromeda  arborea,  L  )  —  Rich  woods,  Florida 
to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  April  and  May.  —  Tree  1 5°  -  40°  high.  Leaves 
4'-  6'  long,  sour.  Corolla  pubescent. 


264  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

9.    CLETHRA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-pctalous.  Stamens  10: 
anthers  obcordate,  inverted  in  the  bud,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style  slen- 
der, 3-cleft.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 
Leaves  alternate,  oblong  or  obovate,  sen-ate,  deciduous.  Flowers  white,  in  ter- 
minal racemes.  Stamens  and  style  exserted. 

1.  C.  alnifolia,  L.     Shrubby;   branches  and  racemes  tomentose ;    leaves 
short-petioled,  obovate  or  wedge-oblong,  acute,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  racemes 
simple  or  panicled  ;  style  and  filaments  smooth  ;  bracts  partly  persistent.     (C. 
paniculata,   Pursh.)  —  Varies,  with   the   leaves    hoary   beneath,   rough   above 
(C.  tomentosa,  Lam.),  or  on  both  sides  (C.  scabra,  Pers.) ;  style  hairy;  bracts 
caducous.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.      July.  —  Shrub 
4°  -  8°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Flowers  fragrant. 

2.  C.  acuminata,  Michx.      Arborescent ;    branches  and   racemes  white- 
tomcntose ;  leaves  thin,  smooth,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  on  slender 
petioles  ;  racemes  solitary  ;  style  smooth  ;  filaments  hairy.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina.    July  and  Aug.  —  Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.     Bracts  caducous. 

10.     KALMIA,    L.      LAUREL. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  depressed-campanulate  or  rotate,  5-lobed,  with  10 
cavities  at  the  sides  in  which  the  anthers  are  lodged.  Filaments  elastic.  Style 
single.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  globose,  5-cclled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  — 
Shrubs,  with  entire  alternate  opposite  or  whorled  evergreen  leaves,  and  showy 
white  or  rose-colored  flowers. 

*  Flowers  in  corymbs. 

1.  K.  latifolia,  L.     (CALICO-BUSH.)     Branches  smooth;   leaves   mostly 
alternate,  petioled,  elliptical,  acute  at  each  end,  green  on  both  sides ;  corymbs 
terminal,  viscid ;  corolla  large,  varying  from  white  to  deep  rose-color.  —  Shady 
banks,  Florida,  and  northward.    May  and  June.  —  Shrub  4°-  10°  high.    Leaves 
shining. 

2.  K.  angustifolia,  L.      (SHEEP  LAUREL.)     Branches  smooth ;   leaves 
petioled,  opposite  or  three  in  a  whorl,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  pale  or  glaucous 
beneath ;  corymbs  lateral,  glandular ;  flowers  small,  deep  rose-color.  —  Barren 
hills,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.      April  and   May.  —  Shrub  2° -3°  high. 
Leaves  and  flowers  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding. 

3.  K.  cuneata,  Michx.     Branches   pubescent ;    leaves   sessile,  alternate, 
wedge-oblong,    pubescent   beneath,   bristle -pointed ;    corymbs   lateral ;    flowers 
white.  —  Swamps,  South  and  North  Carolina,  not  common.  —  A  small  shrub. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary,  axillary. 

4.  K.  hirsuta,  Walt.      (WICKY.)     Hirsute;  stems  low,  very  leafy ;  leaves 
small  (£'  long),  oblong  or  oval,  mostly  obtuse  and  alternate,  the  margins  revo- 
lute ;  calyx-lobes  leafy ;  flowers  numerous,  approximate,  pale  or  deep  rose-color; 
pedicels  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves.  —  Flat  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  Geor- 
gia.    June  to  Sept.  —  Shrub  6'  -  1 8'  high. 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  26f> 

11.     MENZIESIA,     Smith. 

Calyx  4-toothecl.  Corolla  ovoid,  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  included:  anthers 
awnless,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  woody,  4-celled, 
4-valved,  opening  septieidally,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire  alternate 
membranaceous  leaves,  and  nodding  greenish-white  flowers  in  terminal  clusters, 
appearing  with  the  leaves. 

1.  M.  globularis,  Salisb.  —  Mountains  of  North    Carolina.     July.  —  A 
straggling  shrub,  3°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  acute,  hairy,  glaucous 
beneath,  glandular-pointed. 

12.     RHODODENDRON,    L.     HOSE-BAY.     HONEYSUCKLE. 

Calyx  mostly  minute,  5-toothed.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  usu- 
ally somewhat  irregular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5  or  10,  mostly  declined :  anthers 
opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style  single,  elongated  :  stigma  capitate.  Capsule 
5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  scale-like.  —  Shrubs  or  small 
trees  Leaves  alternate,  entire.  Flowers  showy,  in  terminal  clusters  from  large 
scaly  buds. 

4  1.     AZALEA. — Corolla  funnel-shaped,  mostly  glandular-viscid  externally :  stamens 

5:  the  long  filaments  and  style  exserted :  leaves  deciduous. 

*  Flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves. 

1  R.  nudiflorum,  Torr.  Branchlets  hairy ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong, 
pubescent,  soon  smoothish  above ;  calyx-lobes  minute ;  tube  of  the  corolla  finely 
pubescent,  rather  longer  than  the  lobes  ;  corolla  white,  varying  to  deep  rose-color, 
or  sometimes  yellow.  —  Swamps  and  banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.  April  and  May.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high.  There  are  many  va- 
rieties. 

2.  R.  calendulaceum,  Ton-.     Branchlets  hairy ;  leaves  oblong  or  obo- 
vate, hairy ;    calyx-lobes  conspicuous  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  hairy,  shorter  than 
the  lobes. —  Woods  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     May. — 
Shrub  3°  -  10°  high.     Flowers  flame-color,  very  showy. 

*     *  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

3.  R.  viscosum,  Torr.     Branchlets  bristly;   leaves  coriaceous,  obovate, 
with  the  margins  and  veins  beneath  hirsute,  green  on  both  sides  or  glaucous 
beneath ;     corolla    glandular-viscid,   white ;     calyx-teeth    minute,    rounded.  — 
Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug.  —  Shrub  4°  - 
6°  high.     Capsule  hispid. 

4.  R.  arborescens,  Ton-.     Branchlets  smooth ;  leaves  smooth,  obovate, 
ciliateon  the  margins,  pale  beneath;  corolla  glandular-viscid,  rose-color;  calyx- 
lobes  conspicuous,  acute.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.    June. — 
Shrub  3°  -  10°  high.     Flowers  fragrant. 

§  2.     RHODODENDRON. —  Corolla,  bell-shaped,  smooth:    stamens  10:    leaves  coria- 
ceous, evergreen. 

5.  R.  maximum,  L.     Leaves  obovate-oblong,  abruptly  acute,  smooth  and 
green  on  both  sides ;  calyx-lobes  conspicuous,  rounded ;  corolla  white  or  rose- 

23 


266  -     ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

color,  spotted  within  with  yellow  or  green.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams  on  the 
mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  6°  -  20°  high.  Leaves 
4'— 10'  long.  Corolla  I1'  in  diameter. 

6.  R.  Catawbiense,  Michx.  Leaves  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end, 
mncronate,  smooth ;  the  young  ones  and  branchlets  tomentose  ;  calyx-lobes 
small ;  corolla  purple  ;  pedicels  and  capsule  rusty-pubescent.  —  Highest  sum- 
mits of  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high.  Leaves 
3' -5' long. 

'  7.  B.  punctatum,  Andr.  Leaves  elliptical,  acute  at  each  end,  glabrous  ; 
the  lower  surface  and  dense  corymbs  thickly  dotted  with  resinous  globules ; 
calyx-lobes  small,  rounded;  corolla  somewhat  funnel-shaped,  rose-color,  spot- 
ted within,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  capsule  elongated.  —  Varies  with  smaller 
(!'-!£')  oval  or  obovate  obtuse  leaves,  minute  calyx-lobes,  and  shorter  capsule 
(4"- 5"  long).  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina;  the  variety  in 
the  sandy  pine  barrens  of  West  Florida.  May  and  June.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high. 
Leaves  2'  -3'  long. 

13.    LEIOPHYLLTJM,    Pers. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  of  5  spreading  petals.  Stamens  10,  exserted : 
anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  3-celIed,  3-valved,  many- 
seeded.  —  A  low,  smooth,  much  branched  shrub,  with  very  numerous  thick,  oval, 
entire  evergreen  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  clusters. 

1-  L.  buxifolium,  Ell.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  and  on  the  mountains  of 
Carolina.  May.  —  Shrub  6' -  10' high.  Leaves  £'  long,  alternate  or  opposite, 


14.    BEJARIA,    Mutis. 

Calyx  7-lobed  or  7-toothed.  Corolla  of  7  oblong  spreading  petals.  Stamens 
14  :  anthers  versatile,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style  elongated  :  stigma  de- 
pressed. Capsule  depressed-globose,  7-celled,  7-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs, 
with  alternate  entire  coriaceous  leaves,  and  white  or  purple  flowers  in  racemes 
or  corymbs. 

1.  B.  racemosa,  Vent,  Branches  rough  witli  scattered  rigid  hairs;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  smooth;  racemes  terminal,  elongated;  calyx  7-toothed. — Dry 
sandy  soil,  Georgia  and  East  Florida.  June  and  July.  — Shrub  3° -4°  high. 
Flowers  white,  showy. 

SUBORDER  III.     PYROL.EJE.     THE  PYROLA  FAMILY. 

15.    PYROLA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  concave,  deciduous.  Stamens  10 :  anthers  some- 
what 4-celled,  opening  by  terminal  pores,  inverted  in  the  bud.  Style  long, 
mostly  declined :  stigma  5-lobed  or  5-rayed.  Capsule  globose,  5-celled,  5-valved, 
opening  through  the  cells  from  the  base  upward ;  the  sutures  pubescent.  Seeds 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)     '  267 

very  minute,  numerous.  —  Smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  roots,  and 
evergreen  radical  leaves.  Flowers  commonly  white,  nodding,  in  a  simple  raceme 
at  the  summit  of  the  nearly  naked  scape. 

1.  P.  rotundifolia,  L.  Leaves  orbicular,  thick,  nearly  entire,  shorter 
than  the  petioles  ;  racemes  many-flowered  ;  stigma  5-crenate.  —  Dry  woods  in 
the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  June  and  July.  —  Scape  1°  high. 

16.      CHIMAPHILA,    Pursh.      PRINCE'S  PINE. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading,  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  the  filaments 
dilated  in  the  middle  :  anthers  somewhat  4-celled,  opening  by  terminal  pores, 
inverted  in  the  bud.  Stigma  broad,  5-crenate,  nearly  sessile.  Capsule  globose, 
opening  from  the  apex  downward ;  the  sutures  naked.  —  Low  creeping  ever- 
greens, with  erect  branches,  lanceolate  serrate  whorled  leaves,  and  whitish 
umbellate  nodding  flowers  on  long  peduncles. 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.     Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  nan-owed  at  the  base, 
serrate  above  the  middle,  not  spotted  ;  umbels  4  -  7-flowered  ;  filaments  smooth. 
—  Open  woods,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    June.  —  Branches  6'  - 10'  high. 
Leaves  glossy. 

2.  C.  maculata,  Pursh.     Leaves  lanceolate.  bro*ad  at  the  base,  toothed- 
serrate  throughout,  blotched  with  white  ;  umbels  2  -  5-flowered  ;  filaments  vil- 
lous  below.  —  Dry  open  woods  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts,  Mississippi, 
and  northward.     June.  —  Smaller  than  the  preceding. 

17.     SHORTIA,     Gray. 

Calyx  5-sepalous,  scale-like,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Capsule  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  nearly  globose,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Placenta  large,  central. 
Seeds  small,  numerous.  Embryo  terete,  straight,  shorter  than  the  albumen. 
Style  filiform,  somewhat  persistent.  Corolla  and  stamens  unknown.  —  A 
smooth  perennial  nearly  stemless  herb.  Leaves  roundish,  subcordate,  crenate- 
serrate,  long-petioled.  Scape  scaly -bracted  towards  the  summit,  1 -flowered. 

1.    S.  galacifolia,  Gray.  —  High  mountains  of  Carolina,  Michaux. 


SUBORDER  IV.     MONOTROPEJE.     THE  INDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY. 

18.    SCHWEINITZIA,    Ell. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  persistent,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 10 :  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments,  fixed  near  the  apex,  awnless ;  the 
cells  opening  at  the  apex.  Style  short  and  thick  :  stigma  large,  5-angled. 
Capsule  ovoid,  5-celled.  Seeds  very  numerous. —  Stem  low  (3' -4'),  smooth, 
brownish,  scaly.  Spike  several-flowered.  Flowers  flesh-colored,  odorous. 

1.  S.  odorata,  Ell.  —  Shady  woods,  North  Carolina,  and  northward 
rare.  April. — Parasitic  on  the  roots  of  herbs.  Flowers  nodding. 


268  GALACINE^E.       (GALAX    FAMILY.) 

19.      MONOTROPA,    L.      IKDIAS-PIPE. 

Calyx  of  2  -  5  deciduous  sepals.  Corolla  4  -  5-petalous,  gibbous  at  the  base, 
deciduous.  Stamens  8- 10:  anthers  reniform,  opening  across  the  apex.  Stigma 
broad,  4  -  5-rayed.  Capsule  ovoid,  8  -  10-furrowed,  4  -  5-celled.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, minute.  —  Stems  low,  fleshy,  white  or  reddish,  scaly.  Flowers  solitary 
or  racemose,  nodding.  Capsules  erect.  Herbs  parasitic  on  roots,  or  decayed 
vegetable  matter. 

§   1.  MOXOTROPA,  Nutt.  —  Stem  I- flowered:  sepals  2-4  :  petals  5  :  anthers  ojien- 
ing  by  2  chinks  :  style  short  and  thick. 

1.  M.  uniflora,  L. —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  smooth,  4' -10'  high,  white,  turning  black  in  drying. 
Flower  showy. 

§  2.  HTPOPITYS,  Dill.  —  Stem  several-flowered;  the  upper  flower  commonly  with 
5  petals  and  10  stamens;  the  others  with  4  petals  and  8  stamens:  sepals  as  many 
as  the  petals:  antlters  opening  by  2  unequal  valves;  the  smaller  one  erect:  style 
longer  than  the  ovary. 

2.  M.  Hypopitys,  L.     (M.  lanuginosa,  Michx.)  —  Shady  woods,  Florida 
to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Aug.  —  Stems  4'-  8'  high,  pubescent,  reddish. 


ORDER  77.     GALACINE.^E.      (GALAX  FAMILY.) 

Calyx  small,  5-sepalous,  persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  obovate- 
spatulate,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous ;  the  filaments  united  into 
a  10-toothed  tube ;  those  opposite  the  petals  sterile,  the  5  alternate  ones 
shorter  and  bearing  a  roundish  1-celled  anther,  which  opens  across  the 
top.  Style  short :  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-celled,  loculicidally 
3-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  fixed  to  the  central  placenta.  Embryo 
straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  smooth  perennial  stemless  herb,  erect 
from  a  creeping  scaly  rhizoma.  Leaves  all  radical,  evergreen,  round- 
cordate,  crenate,  petioled.  Scape  (l°-2°high)  simple,  bearing  a  long 
spiked  raceme  of  small  white  flowers. 

1.     GALAX,    L 

Characters  of  the  order. 

1.  G.  aphylla,  L. —  Open  woods  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
June  and  July.  —  Rhizoma  deep  red. 


ORDER  78.     AQUIFOLIACE^E.     (HOLLY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  small  white  or  green- 
ish flowers.  —  Calyx   4  -  9-toothed.      Corolla   hypogynous,   rotate,   4-9- 


AQUIFOLIACE.*:.       (HOLLY    FAMILY.)  269 

parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-9,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  base :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary 
free  from  the  calyx,  4  -  9-celled.  Stigma  lobed,  nearly  sessile.  Drupe 
berry-like,  composed  of  4-9  one-seeded  nutlets.  Seeds  anatropous,  sus- 
pended. Embryo  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.     ILEX,     L.      HOLLY. 

Flowers  perfect  or  diceciously  polygamous,  of  4 -9  parts.  Drupe  containing 
4-9  nutlets.  —  Leaves  evergreen  or  deciduous.  Fertile  flowers  commonly  soli- 
tary on  the  young  branches,  the  sterile  ones  mostly  in  sessile  or  peduncled  clus- 
ters or  cymes. 

§  1.     AQUIFOLIUM.  — Parts  of  the  flower  4  :  drupe  red:  nutlets  ribbed  or  veiny  on 
the  back:  leaves  evergreen. 

1.  I.  opaca,  Ait.     ( HOLLY.)      Smooth;   leaves  oval,  concave,  wavy  and 
spiny  on  the  margins  ;  sterile  flowers  cymose,  on  slender  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes 
acute.  —  Sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  — 
A  small  tree. 

2.  I.  Dahoon,  Walt.     Young  branches,  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  and 
clusters  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  varying  from  obovate  to  oblong-linear, 
acute  or  obtuse,  mucronate,  entire,  or  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle,  on  short 
petioles ;  sterile  peduncles  many-flowered,  the  fertile  ones  shorter,  ami  mostly 
1 -flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  acute ;  nutlets  3-ribbed  on  the  back.     (I.  laurifolia,  Nutt. 
I.  ligustrina,  Ell.)  —  Var.  MYRTIFOLIA.     Leaves  small  (^'-1'),  linear-oblong, 
entire,  or,  on  the  young  branches,  sharply  2-4-toothed  toward  the  apex.     (I. 
myrtifolia,  Walt.)  —  Margins  of  swamps  and  pine-barren  ponds,  South  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     April  and  May.  —  A  handsome  shrub  or 
small  tree.     Leaves  2' -3' long. 

3.  I.  Cassine,  L.     (YAUPOX ) —  Leaves  small  (£'-!'  long),  oval  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  crenate;  clusters  very  numerous,  nearly  sessile;  calyx-lobes  minute, 
obtuse.  —  Light  sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     April. 

—  Shrub  8°-  12°  high,  slender,  the  short  spreading  branches  often  spine-like. 
Fruit  clustered,  abundant. 

§  2.     PIUNOIDES.  —  Parts  of  the  flower  4  -  6  :  drupe  red  or  purple :  nutlets  4-6, 
ribbed  on  the  back :  shrubs :  leaves  deciduous. 

4.  I.  decidua,  Walt.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtusely  serrate,  pu- 
bescent on  the  veins  beneath,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole ;  flowers  on  short 
pedicels,  in  sessile  clusters ;  calyx-teeth  smooth,  acute.     (I.  prinoides,  Ait.)  — 
Varies  with  the  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  and  the  flowers  on  longer  pedicels. 

—  River-swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  A 
large  shrub.     Leaves  thin,  ]'  — 2'  long.     Drupe  red. 

5.  I.  ambigua.     Branches  slender;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute  or  some- 
what acuminate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  rarely,  like 
the  branchlets,  softly  pubescent ;  pedicels  of  the  sterile  flowers  clustered,  longer 
than  the  petioles  ;  those  of  the  fertile  ones  very  short,  solitary ;  calyx-teeth  ob- 

23* 


270  STYRACACE^E.       (STORAX    FAMILY.) 

tusc,  ciliatc.     (I.  monticola,  Gray?)  —  Sandy  margins  of  swamps,  Florida,  and 
northward.     April.  — A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  l'-4'  long. 

6.  I.  Amelanchier,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Leaves  oblong,  barely  acute  at  each 
end,  serrulate,  pubescent  and  finely  reticulate  beneath  ;  fruiting  pedicels  solitary, 
as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  drupe  large,  red ;  nutlets  strongly  3-ribbed  on  the  back  ; 
calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Swamps,  Society  Hill,  South  Carolina,   Curtis.  —  Leaves 
about  2'  long,  1'  wide.     Drupe  3" -4"  in  diameter. 

4  3.    PKINOS.  —  Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  6-  9  :  nutlets  smooth  and  even  on  theback. 
*  Leaves  deciduous :  drupe  red. 

7.  I.  verticillata,  Gray.     Leaves  (thick)  oval,  obovate,  or  wedge-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  rather  coarsely  serrate,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  all 
clustered,  6-parted,  on  short  pedicels ;  fruit  abundant.     (Prinos  verticillatus,  L.) 
—  Low  ground,  West  Florida,  and  northward.    April.  —  A  large  shrub.     Leaves 
about  2'  long.     Pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

8.  I.  lanceolata.    Leaves  lanceolate,  finely  and  remotely  serrate,  acute  at 
each  end,  smooth  on  both  sides,  membranaceous ;  fertile  flowers  scattered  gener- 
ally in  pairs,  6-parted  ;  sterile  ones  clustered,  triandrous ;  drupes  small.    (Prinos 
lanceolatus,  Pursh.) — Lower  districts  of  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  Pursh. 
June.     (*) 

*  *  Leaves  smooth,  evergreen  :  drupe  black. 

9.  I.  glabra,  Gray.      Leaves  wedge-oblong   or  obovate,   crenately   2-4- 
toothed  near  the  apex  ;  sterile  peduncles  many-flowered ;  the  fertile,  1 -flowered  ; 
flowers  all  6-9-parted.     (Prinos  glaber,  L.) — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.     May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  4°  high. 

10.  I.  coriacea.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong-obovate,  entire  or  with  sharp  scat- 
tered teeth,  viscid  when  young;  peduncles  1-flowered,  the  sterile  ones  mostly 
clustered,  the  fertile  solitary;  flowers  6-9-parted.     (Prinos  coriaceus,  Ell.)  — 
Wet  thickets,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.    May.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high. 


ORDER  79.     STYRACACE^.      (STORAX   FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect. 
—  Calyx  4  -  8-toothed,  or  entire,  free,  or  adherent  to  the  2  -  5-celled 
ovary.  Corolla  hypogynous,  or  inserted  on  the  calyx,  4  —  8-lobed  or  4  —  8- 
petalous.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  twice  as  many  as 
its  divisions,  or  more  numerous,  separate,  or  monadelphous  or  polyadel- 
phous at  the  base.  Style  single.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupaceous,  1  -  5- 
celled.  Seeds  anatropous,  mostly  solitary  in  each  cell.  Embryo  nearly 
as  long  as  the  albumen.  Cotyledons  flat.  Radicle  slender. 

TRIBE  I.  STYRACE.?E.  Calyx4-  8-toothed,  or  en  tire  :  stamens  2  -4  times  as  many  as 
the  divisions  of  the  corolla :  ovules  partly  erect  or  spreading,  and  partly  pendulous  :  pu- 
bescence stellate. 

1.  STY  It  AX      Fruit  capsular,  1-celled.    Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  or  partly  adherent. 

2  HALESIA.  Fruit  drupaceous,  2-4-winged,  2 -4  celled.  Ovary  wholly  united  with  the 
calyx. 


STYRACACE^E.       (STORAX   FAMILY.)  271 

TRIBE  II.     SYMPLOCINE^E.     Calyx  5-cleft :  stamens  indefinite  :  ovules  pendulous : 

pubescence  simple. 
3.  SYMPLOCOS.     Flowers  in  sessile  clusters.     Fruit  baccate. 

1.     STYRAX,     Tourn.     STORAX. 

Calyx  5  -  8-toothed,  free,  or  partly  adherent  to  the  3-celled  ovary.  Corolla 
deeply  5-parted,  with  spreading  or  reflexed  lobes,  hypogynous  or  perigynous. 
Stamens  10,  free  or  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  filiform.  Ovary 
completely  or  partly  3-celled.  Capsule  globose,  3-valved,  1-seeded.  —  Shrubs, 
with  a  downy  or  scurfy  stellate  pubescence.  Leaves  entire  or  toothed.  Flowers 
white,  in  leafy  racemes. 

1.  S.  pulverulentum,  Michx.     Leaves  small   (!'- 1^' long),  elliptical 
or  obovate,  entire  or  toothed,  the  lower  surface  and  branches  scurfy ;  racemes 
lateral,   3  -  7-flowered,   often  by  pairs,   hoary;    calyx-teeth   subulate. — Pine- 
barren  swamps,  Florida  and  Georgia.     April  and  May.  —  Shrub  2°-  12°  high. 
Racemes  l'-2'  long.     Flowers  fragrant. 

2.  S.  grandifolium,  Ait.     Leaves  large  (2' -4' long),  oval  or  obovate, 
acute,  mostly  entire ;  the  lower  surface,  like  the  branches  and  many-flowered 
racemes,  hoary ;  calyx  furrowed,  with  triangular  acute  teeth.  —  Rich  woods, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     April  and  May.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6° 
high.     Racemes  3'  -  5'  long. 

3.  S.  Americanum,  Lam.      Leaves   thin,   obovate,   or  oblong-obovate, 
acute,  smooth  ;  racemes  scurfy,  not  hoary,  4  -  6-flowered,  terminal ;  calyx-teeth 
short,  subulate.     (S.  glabrum  and  S.  laeve,  Ell.) — Banks  of  streams,  in  the 
middle   and   upper  districts,  Mississippi   to   North  Carolina.      May.  —  Shrub 
4° -8°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long.     Racemes  1'  long. 

2.      HALESIA,    Ellis.      SNOWDROP-TREE. 

Calyx  obconical,  slightly  4  -  8-toothed,  adnate  to  the  3  -  4-celled  ovary. 
Corolla  inserted  on  the  calyx,  4-lobed  or  4-petalous.  Stamens  8- 16,  separate 
or  united  below,  free  from  the  corolla  :  anthers  linear.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell, 
2  of  them  erect,  and  2  pendulous.  Drupe  dry,  2  -  4-winged,  1  -  3-seeded. 
Seeds  cylindrical. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  ample.  Flowers  in  short 
lateral  racemes,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  white,  drooping. 

*   Ovary  3-celled :  corolla  4-petalous  :  stamens  mostly  8,  distinct :  drupe  2-wnged. 

1.  H.  diptera,  L.     Leaves  oval,  coarsely  serrate,  pubescent,  4' -  5' long ; 
racemes  2 - 4-flowered,  the  flowers  on  long  pedicels;  corolla  1'  long;  anthers 
spreading;    drupe  compressed,   1'  long.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida  and  Georgia. 
March  and  April. 

*  *  Ovary  4-celled:  corolla  4-lobed:  stamens  mostly  12,  united  below  tlie  middle: 
drupe  4-winged. 

2.  H.  tetraptera,  L.     Leaves  oblong,  finely  serrate,  at  length  smoothish, 
2' -4'  long;  flowers  2-4  in  a  cluster,  8" -10"  long;  anthers  erect.  —  River- 
banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     March  and  April. 


272  CYRILLACE^E.       (CYRILLA    FAMILY.) 

3.  H.  parviflora,  Michx.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  pubescent  on  both 
sides,  glaucous  beneath,  slightly  toothed,  when  young  entire ;  racemes  somewhat 
compound,  4  -  5-flowered,  leafy ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  calyx  tomen- 
tose ;  the  teeth  ovate,  acute ;  corolla  small,  tomentose,  4-parted  ;  stamens  8 ; 
drupe  slightly  and  unequally  winged.  —  In  Florida,  Michaux.  —  Leaves  2'  long. 
Corolla  10"  long.  ( * ) 

3.    SYMPLOCOS,    Jacq. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  2  -  5-celled  ovary.  Corolla  5-10- 
petalous.  Stamens  15  or  more,  monadelphous  or  polyadelphous,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  corolla:  anthers  roundish.  Ovules  2 -4  in  each  cell,  suspended, 
anatropous.  Style  slender:  stigma  entire  or  3-5-parted.  Berry  1 -5-seeded. 
—  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  serrate.  Flowers  axillary,  in  racemes  or 
clusters. 

1.  S.  tinctoria,  L'Her.  Leaves  smooth,  coriaceous,  oblong,  partly  per- 
sistent; clusters  sessile,  6  -  12-flowered ;  calyx  smooth,  top-shaped,  the  lobes 
obtuse;  corolla  yellow;  stamens  in  5  sets  ;  stigma  entire,  berry  1 -seeded. — 
Low  woods  and  banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
March.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  3'  -  4'  long,  sweetish.  Flowers  very  numerous. 


ORDER  80.     CYRILLACE^E.     (CYRILLA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves,  without  stipules,  and 
perfect  white  flowers  in  lateral  or  terminal  racemes.  —  Calyx  of  4-5  sepals. 
Petals  5-8,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  -  10,  inserted 
with  the  petals :  anthers  introrse,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  2  -  4-celled, 
with  a  single  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Stigma  entire  or  2  -  4-lobed. 
Fruit  2  -  4-seeded.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 
Radicle  superior. 

1.     CYBJLLA,     Garden. 

Calyx  small,  5-sepalous,  persistent.  Corolla  5-petalous,  spreading,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals,  subulate,  spreading  :  anthers  oval.  Style 
persistent :  stigma  2-lobcd.  Drupe  ovate,  2-celled,  2-seeded ;  the  pericarp 
spongy.  —  A  smooth  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaves  entire.  Racemes  clustered 
at  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  season,  rigid,  spreading.  Flowers  small,  on 
short  2-bracted  pedicels. 

1.  C.  racemiflora,  Walt.  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate-oblong  (2' -  4' 
long),  on  short  petioles ;  racemes  straight,  many-flowered  ;  drupe  dry,  ovate, 
tipped  with  the  conspicuous  slender  style,  mostly  1 -seeded.  —  Varies  with  smaller 
(!'-!£')  oblanceolate  and  more  rigid  leaves,  and  the  nearly  globose  drupe  tipped 
with  the  short  and  thick  style.  —  Shady  banks,  and  (the  variety)  in  pine-barren 
ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July.  —  Racemes  3'  -  6'  long. 


EBENACE.E.       (EBONY    FAMILY.)  273 

2.      CLIFTONIA,    Banks.      TITI. 

Calyx  minute,  composed  of  5  -  8  scale-like  persistent  sepals.  Petals  5-8, 
obovate,  concave,  short-clawed,  spreading.  Stamens  mostly  10,  in  2  rows;  the 
filaments  erect,  thick,  contracted  above  the  middle  ;  those  opposite  the  petals 
longer:  anthers  round.  Stigma  sessile,  3- 4-lobed.  Drupe  dry,  3-4-winged, 
3  -  4-celled,  with  a  single  linear  seed  in  each  cell.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 
Leaves  oblong,  smooth,  and  somewhat  glaucous.  Racemes  terminal,  many- 
flowered,  with  leafy  deciduous  bracts.  Drupes  nodding. 

1.  C.  ligUStrina,  Banks.  (Mylocarium,  Wittd.) — Pine-barren  ponds  and 
swamps,  Florida,  and  the  lower  districts  of  Georgia,  westward.  March  and 
April.  —  Leaves  2'  long.  Racemes  2' -4'  long.  Flowers  white,  fragrant. 

3.    ELLtlOTTIA,    Muhl. 

Calyx  minute,  4-sepalous.  Petals  4,  oblong-linear,  slightly  adhering  at  the 
base.  Stamens  8,  included:  anthers  sagittate,  thickened  at  the  apex.  Style 
slender,  slightly  exserted :  stigma  capitate.  Ovary  4-celled,  the  cells  many- 
ovuled.  Fruit  unknown.  —  A  smooth  shrub,  4°-  10°  high.  Leaves  elliptical- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  glaucous  beneath.  Racemes  terminal,  bract- 
less,  simple  or  compound. 

1.  E.  racemosa,  Muhl.—  Near  Waynesboro',  Georgia,  Elliott.  —  June. 


ORDER  81.     EBENACEJE.     (EBONY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  polygamous ;  the  sterile  cymose ;  the  fertile  ones  larger, 
solitary.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  3  -  12-celled  ovary,  persistent,  3  -  7-lobed. 
Corolla  3-  7-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  mostly  16, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  often  united  by  pairs ;  the  filaments 
short  and  hairy  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovules  1  -  2  in  each  cell,  anatropous, 
suspended.  Styles  distinct,  or  united  below.  Fruit  baccate,  roundish, 
few-seeded :  the  seeds  large,  compressed.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  hard 
albumen.  Radicle  superior. 

1.    DIOSPYROS,    L.     PERSIMMON. 

Calyx  4  -  6-lobed  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4  -  6-cleft.  Stamens  in  the  sterile 
flower  mostly  16;  in  the  fertile  8,  with  the  anthers  sterile.  Styles  2  or  4,  united 
below.  Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells.  Berry  4  -  8-seeded. 

1.  D.  Virginiana,  L.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  mostly  smooth,  petioled; 
calyx  4-partcd ;  corolla  4-cleft  ;  styles  4,  each  2-lobed ;  ovary  8-celled.  —  Woods 
and  old  fields,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  May  and  June.  —  A 
small  tree.  Flowers  greenish.  Berry  eatable  when  fully  ripe. 


274  SAPOTACE^E.       (SAPODILLA    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  82.     SAPOTACEJE.     (SAPODILLA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  entire  exstipulate  short- 
petioled  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  (small)  flowers,  commonly  in  sessile 
axillary  clusters.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  3-12-celled  ovary,  4  -  8-parted. 
persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  4-8-cleft,  mostly  with  one  or  two  ap- 
pendages between  each  lobe.  Fertile  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  and  opposite  them,  alternating  with  as  many  scale-like  or  petal- 
like  sterile  ones,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  extrorse. 
Ovules  anatropous,  single,  suspended  from  the  central  angle  of  each  cell, 
or  ascending  from  its  base.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  Seeds  few.  Albu- 
men fleshy  or  oily,  or  none.  Embryo  straight. 


*  Calyx  6-parted. 
-t-  Corolla  with  a  single  appendage  between  the  lobes. 

1.  SIDEROXYLON.     Sterile  stamens  none.    Fruit  a  drupe.     Albumen  copious. 
•  •*-•(-  Corolla  with  two  appendages  between  the  lobes. 

2.  DIPHOLIS.    Seed  with  copious  albumen.     Sterile  stamens  flmbriate.     Ovary  smooth. 

3.  BUMELIA.     Seed  without  albumen.     Sterile  stamens  entire.    Ovary  hairy. 

*  *  Calyx  6 -8-parted. 

4.  MIMUSOPS.     Appendages  of  the  corolla  two  between  the  lobes.    Stamens  6-8. 

1.    SIDEROXYLON,    L. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  single  appendage  between  the  lobes. 
Stamens  5,  the  sterile  ones  none.  Ovary  hairy,  5-celled.  Drupe  mostly  1-celled, 
1-seeded.  Albumen  copious.  —  Tropical  trees.  Flowers  clustered. 

1.  S.  pallidum,  Spreng.  Smooth;  leaves  membranaceous,  elliptical,  ob- 
tuse, wavy  on  the  margins,  on  slender  petioles ;  clusters  few-flowered ;  drupes 
purplish,  ovoid.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  5'-  6'  long.  Drupe  9"  long. 

2.  DIPHOLIS,    A.  DC. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  two  toothed  appendages  between  the 
lobes.  Stamens  5,  each  alternating  with  an  ovate-lanceolate  fimbriate  sterile  one. 
Ovary  smooth.  Berry  juiceless,  1-seeded.  Albumen  copious,  fleshy.  —  A  small 
tree,  with  silky  branches.  Leaves  smooth,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  narrowed 
into  a  short  petiole.  Flowers  clustered,  on  short  pedicels. 

1.  D.  salicifolia,  A.  DC.  — South  Florida,  Dr.  Blodgett.  Leaves  2' -3' 
long.  Calyx  silky.  Drupe  small,  oblong. 

3.  BUMELIA,    Swartz. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  two  appendages  between  the  lobes. 
Stamens  5,  each  alternating  with  a  petal-like  sterile  one.  Ovary  5-celled,  hairy. 


SAl'OTACE^E.       (SAPODILLA    FAMILY.)  275 

Berry  ovoid,  1-seeded.  Albumen  none.  —  Spiny  shrubs,  with  hard  wood. 
Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  clustered,  white  or 
greenish. 

1.  B.  lycioides,  Gasrt.      Leaves  obovate-oblong,  smooth  on  both  surfaces ; 
clusters  many-flowered,  smooth ;   pedicels  twice  as  long  as  the  flower,  rather 
shorter  than   the  petioles;    corolla  nearly  twice   the   length  of  the  calyx. — 
Eivcr-banks,  Florida  to   North  Carolina,  and  westward.      June  and  July.  — 
A  large  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  2' -4' long.     Flowers  greenish.     Berry 
ovoid. 

2.  B.  tenax,  Willd.      Leaves  oblanceolate   or   obovate-oblong,   thin,    the 
lower  surface,  like  the  b'ranchlets  and  many-flowered  clusters,  covered  with  silky 
brown  hairs  ;  pedicels  three  times  as  long  as  the  flower,  shorter  than  the  petioles  ; 
corolla  white,  barely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Dry  soil,  South  Carolina,  and 
westward ;  not  common.  —  Leaves  1^'-  2|'  long.     Berry  oval. 

3.  B.  lanuginosa,  Pers.     Leaves  obovate-oblong  or  obovate,  coriaceous, 
the  lower  surface,  like  the  branchlets  and  many-flowered  clusters,  covered  with  a 
dense  rusty  villous  pubescence ;  corolla  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  Florida  to   South    Carolina,  and  westward.    June  and  July.  —  A 
shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  2'  -3'  long.    Berry  small,  ovoid. 

4.  B.  redinata,  Vent.     Smooth ;  branches  diffuse ;  leaves  obovate,  often 
emarginate;   clusters  few-flowered. —  Varies   with   the   branchlets,  leaves,  and 
clusters  sprinkled  with  appressed  silky  fulvous  hairs  ;  flowers  smaller.  —  River- 
banks,  Florida  to    South    Carolina.      June   and  July.  —  Shrub   3°  -  4°  high. 
Leaves  1'- 2' long.     Flowers  white.     Berry  globose. 

5.  B.  parvifolia,  A.  DC.      Smooth  throughout;    lateral  branches  short 
and  spine-like  ;  leaves  small,  coriaceous,  lanceolate-spatulate  or  oblong-obovate, 
obtuse,  clustered  ;  flowers  few  in  a  cluster,  on  short  pedicels  ;  calyx-lobes'  ovate, 
obtuse,  the  two  outer  ones  smaller ;  corolla  yellowish-white ;  berry  large,  oblong. 
(B.  angustifolia,  Nutt.)  —  South  Florida. — A  small  tree.     Leaves  1'  long. 
Berry  3" -4"  long. 

4.     MIMTJSOPS,    L. 

Calyx  6  -  8-parted  ;  the  lobes  in  two  rows.  Corolla  6  -  8-cleft,  with  2  appen- 
dages between  the  lobes.  Stamens  6-8,  with  as  many  2-lobed  sterile  ones  inter- 
posed. Ovary  6-8-celled,  hirsute.  Berry  globose,  1-2-celled.  Albumen 
fleshy.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  coriaceous,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
branches.  Flowers  axillary,  white. 

1.  M.  Sieberi,  A.  DC.  Branches  short,  thick,  tubercular;  leaves  rigid, 
smooth,  oblong,  emarginate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base,  on  stout  petioles ; 
pedicels  as  long  as  the  petiole,  recurved ;  calyx-lobes  coriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent,  as  long  as  the  corofta. —  South  Florida. — Leaves  2'- 3'  long;  the 
midrib  stout,  the  lateral  veins  obscure. 


276  MYRSINACEuE.       (MYRSIXE    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  83.     THEOPHRASTACE.E.     (THEOPHRASTA 
FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice.  Leaves  coriaceous,  often  resinous- 
dotted,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  thick,  white,  orange,  or  red. 

—  Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  single  appendage  between  the 
lobes.     Stamens  5,  fertile,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  ex- 
trorse,    2-celled,  the   thickened  connective    prolonged    above   the   cells. 
Ovary  free,  1-celled,  many-ovuled.     Placenta  central,  globose.     Stigma 
capitate.     Fruit  globose.     Seeds  few,  enclosed  in  gelatinous  pulp.     Em- 
bryo in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen.     Radicle  inferior. 

1.    JACQUINIA,    L. 

Calyx-lobes  obtuse.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  ovate  obtuse  appendages. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla :  filaments  broad  and  flat.  Style 
cylindrical  from  a  conical  base :  stigma  capitate,  5-angled.  Berry  pointed,  3  - 
10-seeded.  Albumen  hard.  —  Leaves  entire,  short-petioled.  Flowers  in  racemes. 

1.  J.  armillaris,  Jacq.  ?  Branches  puberulent;  leaves  wedge-obovate, 
smooth,  emarginate,  3-nerved,  punctate,  short-petioled,  the  margins  revolute ; 
racemes  chiefly  terminal,  somewhat  fleshy,  many-flowered,  rather  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  bracts  ovate ;  pedicels  erect,  club-shaped  ;  corolla  short,  bell-shaped, 
fleshy,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  rounded  lobes ;  stamens  short ;  the  filaments 
dilated  and  connate  at  the  base,  lining  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  fruit  subglobose. 

—  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  1'  -  H'  long.    Fruit  5"  in  diameter,  orange-red. 


ORDER  84.     MYRSINACE^.     (MYRSINE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  glandular-dotted,  with  alternate  exstipulate 
mostly  entire  leaves,  and  regular,  often  monoecious  or  dioecious,  white 
or  rose-colored  flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  6-parted.  Corolla  4  -  6-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 4-6,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla :  anthers  2-celled,  introrse. 
Ovary  mostly  free,  1-celled,  smooth  :  ovules  1  -  many,  imbedded  in  the 
cavities  of  the  central  placenta.  Style  simple.  Fruit  drupaceous,  glo- 
bose, somewhat  fleshy,  commonly  1-seeded.  Seeds  roundish,  concave  at 
the  base.  Embryo  transverse,  in  hard  albumen. 

1.    MYKSINE,     L. 

Flowers  polygamo-diacious.  Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  4  -  5-cleft,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  :  anthers 
longer  than  the  filaments,  opening  from  the  base  upward.  Style  short  :  stigma 
capitate.  Ovules  4-5,  amphitropous.  Drupe  globose,  1-seeded.  —  Leaves 
coriaceous.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters,  on  short  pedicels. 


rLANTAGINACEJE.       (PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  '277 

1.  M.  Floridana,  A.  DC.  Smooth;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  entire,  on 
short  petioles  ;  clusters  few-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  5  ;  drupes 
small,  longer  than  the  pedicels.  ~-  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  2'-  3'  long.  Drupes 
1"  in  diameter. 

2.    ARDISIA,    Swartz. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5  ;  the  anthers  mostly  longer  than  the  filaments,  opening  from  the 
apex  downward.  Ovary  1 -celled,  many-ovuled.  Style  slender:  stigma  acute. 
Drupe  globular,  1 -seeded — Leaves  coriaceous.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes 
or  panicles. 

1 .  A.  Pickeringia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth ;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  pale  beneath ;  panicles  terminal,  short ; 
corolla  dotted  with  minute  black  globules.  —  South  Florida.  July.  — Leaves  2' 
long.  Drupe  1  ^"  in  diameter,  shorter  than  the  pedicel. 


ORDER  85.     PLANTAGINACE^E.     (PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  stemless  herbs,  with  radical  mostly  ribbed  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  spiked  or  capitate  flowers,  borne  on  a  naked  scape.  —  Calyx 
of  4  imbricated  sepals,  with  scarious  margins.  Corolla  salver-shaped, 
4-parted,  withering.  Stamens  2-4,  included  or  exserted,  inserted  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes :  anthers  2-celled, 
deciduous.  Style  slender.  Ovary  free,  2-4-celled.  Capsule  2-celled, 
few  -  many-seeded,  opening  transversely.  Seeds  attached  to  the  de- 
ciduous partition.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.      PLANTAGO,    L.      PLANTAIN. 

Characters  same  as  the  order. 

*  Flower  perfect. 

1-  P.  major,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  smooth  or  pubescent,  5-7-ribbed, 
mostly  toothed,  narrowed  into  a  broad  concave  petiole ;  scape  pubescent ;  spike 
long-cylindrical,  densely  many-flowered  ;  bracts  ovate  ;  capsule  many-seeded.  — 
Low  ground  around  dwellings.  Introduced.  May  -  Aug.  —  Scape  6'  -  1 2'  high . 
Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

2.  P.  cordata,  Lam.     Smooth ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  cordate,  toothed, 
7  -  9-ribbed,  on  long  flat  petioles ;  spike  long-cylindrical,  rather  loosely  flowered  ; 
bracts  roundish ;  capsule  2-4-seeded.  —  Low  ground,  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Georgia,  Tennessee,  and  northward.   April -June.    1J.  —  Scape  1  °  high.   Leaves 
3' -8'  long. 

3.  P.  Rugelii,  Decaisne.     Leaves  smooth  or  pubescent,  oblong,  entire  or 
obscurely  denticulate,  3  -  5-ribbed ;  spike  cylindrical,  rather  loosely  flowered  ; 
bracts  acute,  shorter  than  the  smooth  calyx  ;  capsule  conical,  4-seeded.  —  Hills 
near  Decatur,  Alabama.     Rugel.  —  Plant  small.     Scape  slender. 

24 


278  PLUMBAGINACE.E.       (LEADWORT    FAMILY.) 

4.  P.  lanceolata,  L.      Smooth  or  pubescent ;   leaves   lanceolate,  acute, 
denticulate,  3  -  5-ribbed,  long-pctioled  ;  spikes  dense,  ovate  or  oblong  ;  capsule 
2-seeded.  —  Pastures  and  waste  ground.     Introduced.  —  Scapes  l°-2°  high. 
Spikes  1'- 2' long. 

5.  P.  sparsiflora,  Michx.    Leaves  smooth,  lanceolate,  toothed  or  entire, 
narrowed  into  a  long  petiole ;  scape  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  pubescent 
below ;  spike  long,  loosely  flowered  ;  bracts  ovate ;  calyx-lobes  obtuse ;  capsule 
2-seeded.    (P.  interrupta,  Lam.)  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  South  Caro- 
lina.   June  -  Sept.  —  Spikes  6'  -  9'  long. 

*  *  Flowers  dicecious :  annuals. 

6.  P.  Virginica,  L.     Pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  toothed  or 
entire,  3  -  5-ribbed,  on  rather  short  petioles  ;  spike  cylindrical,  densely-flowered ; 
stamens  4;  capsule  2-4  seeded.     (P.  purpurascens,  Nutt.) — Low  sandy  soil, 
very  common.     April -June.  —  Scapes  1'  (and  then  2-4-flowered)  -  1°  high. 
Leaves  £'  -  6'  long. 

7.  P.  heterophylla,    Nutt.      Smooth   or  pubescent ;    leaves   somewhat 
fleshy,  linear,  entire,  or  with  scattered  spreading  teeth ;  spikes  linear,  closely 
flowered ;    the  lower  flowers  scattered  ;    stamens  2,  exserted ;   capsule  many- 
seeded,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Waste  places  and  fields,  Florida  and 
northward.     April  and  May.  —  Scape  2' -6'  high,  commonly  longer  than  the 
leaves. 

P.  PUSILLA,  Nutt.  (which  may  be  found  within  our  limits)  differs  from  No.  7  in 
having  the  ovoid  4-seeded  capsule  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 


ORDER   86.     PL,UMBAGINACE^E.     (LEADWORT   FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  scattered  or  radical  and  clustered  leaves. — 
Calyx  tubular  or  funnel-shaped,  5-toothed,  plaited,  persistent.  Corolla 
salver-shaped,  5-lobed  or  5-petalous,  with  the  5  stamens  opposite  the 
lobes  or  petals,  and  inserted  on  their  claws  or  on  the  receptacle.  Styles 
5,  distinct  or  united.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  the  solitary  anatropous  ovule 
suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  filiform  cord  which  arises  from  the  base 
of  the  cell.  Fruit  utricular  or  capsular,  variously  dehiscent.  Embryo 
straight,  in  mealy  albumen. 

1.      STATICE,    L.      MARSH  ROSEMARY. 

Calyx  bracted ;  the  limb  scarious,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  distinct,  or  united  by 
their  claws.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Styles  separate 
or  nearly  so  :  stigmas  slender.  Utricle  variously  dehiscent.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
growing  in  saline  marshes,  with  fleshy  chiefly  radical  leaves,  and  scape-like 


1.   S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  tapering  into  a 
long  petiole;  scape  scaly,  widely  branching ;  flowers  mostly  single,  in  1-sided 


PKIMULACK.E.       (iMtlMKOSE    FAMILY.)  279 

spreading  spikes  •  calyx  funnel-shaped,  smooth,  the  lobes  of  the  scarious  limb 
alternating  with  5  smaller  ones. —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug. 
and  Sept.  —  Scape  i°-  2°  high.  Leaves  3'-  6'  long.  Flowers  blue. 

2.      PLUMBAGO,    Tourn.      LKADWORT. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-ribbed,  5-toothcd.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Styles  united.  Stigmas  linear.  Utricle  splitting 
into  valves  from  the  base  upward.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire 
mostly  clasping  leaves,  and  blue  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

!•  P.  scandens,  L.  Shrubby;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed 
into  a  clasping  petiole ;  calyx  glandular-viscid,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
corolla;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  white ;  style  smooth. —  South  Florida. — 
Leaves  -2'  -  3'  long.  Spike  elongated. 


ORDER  87.     PRIMUL.ACEJE.     (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  simple  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  regular  flowers.  — 
Calyx  4  -  5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  4  -  5-lobed.  Stamens  4-5,  oppo- 
site the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Ovary  free,  or 
partly  adherent  to  the  calyx,  1-celled,  many-ovuled.  Placenta  central, 
globose.  Style  single.  Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded,  valvate  or  circum- 
scissile.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy 
albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx. 
+-   Capsule  opening  by  valves  or  teeth. 

1.  IIOTTONIA.     Corolla  salver-shaped.    Leaves  pectinately  dissected. 

2.  LYS1MACIITA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped.     Stems  leafy.     Leaves  opposite,  entire. 

3.  DODECATIIEON.     Corolla  wheel-shaped.     Stemless.    Leaves  radical. 

H-  H-  Capsule  opening  transversely. 

4.  AXAGALLIS.    Parts  of  the  flower  5.    Leaves  opposite.     Stamens  bearded. 

5.  CENTUNCULUS.     Parts  of  the  flower  4.   Leaves  alternate.    Stamens  beardless. 

*  *  Ovary  partly  adherent  to  the  calyx. 
(I    SVMOLL'S.     Stamens  5,  with  sterile  filaments  interposed.     Capsule  valvate. 

1.    HOTTONTA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Style  slender. 
Capsule  globose,  at  length  splitting  into  5  valves,  which  cohere  at  the  base  and 
apex.  Seeds  fixed  by  the  base,  anatropous.  —  Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with 
pectinately  dissected  leaves.  Flowering  stems  mostly  clustered,  nearly  leafless, 
inflated,  bearing  at  the  joints  whorls  of  small  white  flowers. 

1.  H.  illflata,  Ell.  Flowering  stems  3 -several  in  a  terminal  cluster,  much 
inflated  ;  upper  stem-leaves  crowded,  with  filiform  divisions ;  bracts  entire.  — 
Ponds  and  ditches  in  the  upper  districts,  Mississippi,  and  northward.  June. 


280  I'RIMULACE^E.         (PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

2.     LYSIMACHIA,     L.     LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5  ;  the  filaments 
often  monadelphous  at  the  base,  and  commonly  with  the  rudiment  of  a  sterile 
one  interposed.  Style  slender.  Capsule  globose,  5-10-valved,  few -many- 
seeded.  Seeds  amphitropous.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  opposite  or  whorled 
leaves,  and  axillary  or  racemose  yellow  flowers. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  L.  Stricta,  Ait.     Stem  smooth,  erect,  branching;  leaves  very  numerous, 
opposite,  dotted,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  racemes  long,  leafy  at  the  base ; 
pedicels  slender ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  marked 
with  dark  lines ;  filaments  monadelphous,  unequal ;  sterile  ones  none ;  capsule 
5-valved,  3-5-seeded. — Var.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate,  acute.     (L.  angustifolia,  Miclu.     L.  Loomisii, 
Torr.,  corolla-lobes  broader.) — Low  ground  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts. 
July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  long.     Flowers  small. 

2.  L.  Fraseri,  Duby.      Stem  glandular-pubescent  at  the  summit,  erect; 
leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  ; 
flowers  in  a  leafless  panicle  ;    calyx  bell-shaped,  the  lobes  fringed  on  the  mar- 
gins ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire ;  filaments  monadel- 
phous, unequal ;  sterile  ones  none. —  South  Carolina.     Eraser.     (*) 

3.  L.  Herbemonti,  Ell.     Stem  erect,  smooth,  simple  ;  leaves  (and  flow- 
ers) four  in  a  whorl,  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  dotted  ;  flowers  racemose,  or.  short 
pedicels,  the  upper  ones  scattered ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong-lanceolate,  dotted ; 
filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base.      (L.  asperulaefolia,  Pair  :-')  — Near  Colum- 
bia, South  Carolina,  Elliott.     North  Carolina.  Curtis,  Groom.  —  Stem  2°  high. 
Leaves  faintly  3  -  5-nerved. 

*  *  Flowers  axillary. 

4.  L.  quadrifolia,  L.     Stem  pubescent,  simple  ;  leaves  4-5  in  a  whorl, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  dotted,  sessile;  peduncles  filiform;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate-oblong,  dotted,  filaments  monadclphous.  —  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  dis. 
iricts,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

5.  L.  ciliata,  L.     Stem  mostly  branching,  smooth  ;  leaves  opposite,  lance- 
olate-ovate, acute,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  on  ciliate  petioles ;  corolla 
longer  than  the  calyx,  with  broadly  ovate  or  roundish  denticulate  lobes  ;  pedun- 
cles opposite.  —  Varies  (L.  hybrida,  Michx.)  with  the  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole;  the  uppermost,  like  the  peduncles, 
often  whorled  ;  or  (L.  heterophylla,  Michx.)  with  the  lowest  leaves  obovate,  the 
others  long,  lanceolate;   or  (L.  angustifolia,  Lam.)  with  linear  nearly  sessile 
leaves,  and  a  more  slender  stem,  and  smaller  flowers.  —  Woods  and  thickets, 
chiefly  in  the  upper  districts,  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug.  — 
Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

6.  L.  radicans,  Hook.     Smooth  throughout ;    stem  long,  prostrate ;    the 
slender  branches  often  rooting  at  the  apex;   leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  on  long  and  slender  petioles ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  corolla 


PRIMTJLACE^E.       (PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  281 

as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Swamps  and  marshy  banks  of  streams,  in  the  upper 
districts.  July.  — Stem  2° -3°  long.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  any  form  of  the 
preceding. 

7.  L.  longifolia,  Pursh.  Smooth ;  stem  erect,  mostly  simple,  4-angled ; 
leaves  linear,  obtuse,  sessile,  with  the  margins  revolute,  the  lowest  ones  spatu- 
late ;  corolla  large,  with  roundish  abruptly  acute  lobes.  —  Wet  banks,  South 
Carolina,  and  northward.  July  to  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.  Leaves  2' -4' 
long,  rather  rigid.  Corolla  8"  -  9"  in  diameter. 

3.    DODECATHEON,    L.     AMERICAN  COWSLIP. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  reflexed.  Corolla-tube  very  short,  the  5-parted  limb 
reflexed.  Stamens  5,  the  filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base  :  anthers  long  and 
linear,  erect.  Capsule  oblong-ovate,  5-valved  at  the  apex,  many-seeded.  —  Stem- 
less  herbs.  Leaves  radical,  clustered,  spatulate  or  oblong.  Flowers  umbellate, 
terminating  the  naked  scape,  white  or  purple. 

1.  D.  Meadia,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  crenate;  umbel 
bracted,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  showy,  nodding.  —  Woods,  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  May  and  June.  1J. —  Scape  1°  high.  Leaves  4' -  6' long. 

4.    ANAGALLIS,    L.     PIMPERNEL. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens five :  filaments  bearded.  Capsule  globose,  opening  transversely,  many- 
seeded.  —  Low  herbs,  with  opposite  or  whprled  leaves,  and  axillary  peduncled 
flowers. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  L.  Stem  branching,  spreading,  4-angled;  leaves  ovate, 
sessile ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  nodding  in  fruit ;  flowers  red.  —  Fields 
and  pastures.  Introduced.  July.  (J)  —  Stem  6'  long. 

5.    CENTUNCULUS,    L. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 4,  beardless.  Capsule  globose,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely.  — 
Small  annuals,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  minute  nearly  sessile  axillary  white 

flowers. 

1  •  C.  minimus,  L.  Stem  3-angled,  ascending,  mostly  branched ;  leaves 
obovate,  acute  ;  flowers  often  clustered.  (C.  lanceolatus,  Michx.)  — Low  ground 
near  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  March  and  April.  — 
Stem  l'-6'  long. 

6.    SAMOLUS,    L. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  5-parted,  commonly  with  slender  filaments  interposed.  Stamens  5, 
included.  Capsule  5-valved  at  the  apex,  many-seeded.  —  Smooth  and  some- 
what fleshy  marsh  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes. 

24* 


282  LENTIBULACE^E.       (BLADDERWORT    FAMILY.) 

I-  S.  floribundus,  Kunth.  Stem  at  length  much  branched  ;  leaves  obo- 
vate,  the  lowest  tufted,  spreading,  the  others  scattered ;  racemes  many-flowered  ; 
pedicels  long,  filiform,  minutely  bracted  in  the  middle;  capsule  globose,  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  flowers  minute.  —  Brackish  marshes,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.  May  -  July.  @  —  Plant  6'  -  12'  high,  pale  green. 

2.  S.  ebracteatUS,  Kunth.  Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  naked 
above  ;  leaves  spatulate-obovate  ;  racemes  few-flowered  ;  pedicels  bractless  ; 
capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  flowers  conspicuous.  —  Saline  marshes,  Florida, 
and  westward.  May  and  June.—  Stem  1°  — 2°  high. 


ORDER  88.    LENTIBULACEJE.     (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  entire  or  dissected  leaves,  and  irregular 
flowers.  —  Calyx  2-lipped.  Corolla  2-lipped,  personate,  spurred  at  the 
base.  Stamens  2,  short,  included  :  anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  free,  ovoid, 
1-celled.  Ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  inserted  on  the  free  central 
globose  placenta.  Style  short :  stigma  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  larger  and 
covering  the  anthers.  Capsule  globose,  many-seeded,  opening  irregularly. 
Embryo  straight  and  thick.  Albumen  none. 


1.     UTBICULARIA,    L. 

Lips  of  the  calyx  entire.  Throat  of  the  corolla  nearly  closed  by  the 
projecting  palate ;  the  lips  entire  or  slightly  lobed,  the  lower  one  with  an  ap- 
pressed  or  depending  spur  at  the  base.  —  Herbs,  floating  in  still  water  by  means 
of  small  air-bladders  attached  to  the  finely  dissected  leaves  (or  roots),  or  rooting 
in  damp  earth,  with  entire  leaves,  and  few  or  no  air-bladders.  Scapes  or  pe- 
duncles 1  -  many-flowered. 

*  Stem  floating :  upper  leaves  whorled,  on  inflated  petioles ;  the  others  scattered  and 
finely  dissected :  flowers  yellow. 

1.  U.  inflata,  Walt.     Scape  5  -  10-flowered ;  corolla  large  ($'  wide) ;  the 
lower  lip  3-lobed,  twice  as  long  as  the  appressed  conical  notched  spur,  the  upper 
concave,   nearly  entire  ;  fruit  nodding.  —  Var.  MINOR.     Every  way  smaller ; 
scape  2-flowered.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    April  and  May.  —  Stem  2°  long.     Scape  6'-  12'  high. 

*  *  Stem  floating :  leaves  all  scattered  and  finely  dissected:  flowers  ydlow. 

2.  U.  VUlgaris,  L.     Leaves  decompound  ;    scape  scaly,  5  -  1 2-flowered  ; 
throat  of  the  corolla  closed  by  the  prominent  palate ;  the  lobes  nearly  entire, 
with  reflexed   margins,  longer  than  the  conical  obtuse  somewhat   spreading 
spur;  fruit  nodding.  —  Ponds  and  still  water,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.     May  -  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  long.     Scapes  6'  -  1 2'  high.     Co- 
rolla £'  wide. 

3.  TJ.  striata,  Leconte.    Leaves   decompound  ;    scape   slender,   sparingly 
bracted,  5  -  6-flowered ;  lips  of  the  long-pedicelled  corolla  nearly  equal,  3-lobed ; 


LENTIBULACE^E.       (BLADDERWORT    FAMILY.)  283 

the  upper  one  concave,  striate  in  the  middle,  the  lower  with  rcflcxed  margins, 
as  long  as  the  linear  nearly  appressed  notched  spur ;  palate  dotted  with  brown  ; 
fruit  erect.  (U.  fibrosa,  Ell.)  —  Still  water,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept.  — - 
Scapes  10'  high.  Corolla  £'  wide. 

4.  U.  fibrosa,  Walt.     Small;   leaves  short,  sparingly  divided,  root-like; 
scape  1-3-  (mostly  2-)  flowered,  almost  bractless ;  lips  of  the  small  (4" -5") 
corolla  equal,  roundish  ;  the  upper  one  slightly  3-lobed ;  the  lower  entire,  rather 
shorter  than  the  subulate  appressed  spur ;  palate  globose,  2-lobed ;  fruit  erect>. 
on   stout  pedicels.      (U.  longirostris,  Leconte.      U.  biflora,  Lam.l) — Ponds, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.      May  and  June.  —  Stem  4'  —  6'  long,  with  clus- 
tered branches.     Scape  2'  -  4'  high. 

5.  U.  gibba,  L.     Stem  short,  with  clustered  branches;  leaves  sparingly 
divided  ;  scape  1  -  2-flowered  ;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the 
gibbous  obtuse  appressed  spur;  fruit  erect.     (U.  fornicata,  Leconte.)  —  Shallow 
ponds,    South  Carolina,  Elliott,   and   northward.     June.  —  Stem  2'  -  3'  long. 
Scape  l'-3'  high. 

*  *  *  Stem  floating :  leaves  whorled,  finely  dissected :  flowers  purple. 

6.  U.  purpurea,  Walt.     Stem  long,  filiform ;  scape  mostly  1 -flowered ; 
npper  lip  of  the  corolla  truncated;  the  lower  3-lobed,  with  the  lateral  lobes 
sac-like,  longer  than  the  subulate  spur.  —  Shallow  ponds,  Florida  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.     June.  —  Stem  l°-2°  long.     Scape  2' -3'  high.     Co- 
rolla 4"  wide. 

*  *  *  #  Stemless :  scape  rooting,  scaly :  leaves  linear  and  entire,  or  none :  air- 
bladders  few  or  none :  flowers  yellow. 

7.  U.  COmuta,  Michx.    Scape  2  -  4-flowered ;  pedicels  short,  as  long  as  the 
calyx  ;  lips  of  the  large  (|'  wide)  corolla  obovate,  unequal ;  the  lower  one  larger, 
abruptly  pointed,  entire,  as  long  as  the  horn-shaped  acute  depending  spur,  the 
margins  strongly  reflexed.     (U.  personata,  Leconte,  the  more  numerous  (4-12) 
and  scattered  flowers  much  smaller.)  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.   July  - 
Sept.  —  Scape  1°  high. 

8.  U.  SUbulata,  L.     Scape  setaceous,  3  -  9-flowered ;  pedicels  much  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  lower  lip  of  the  small  (3" -4")  corolla  3-lobed,  longer  than  the 
appressed  conical  green-pointed  spur;  leaves,  when  present,  linear,  fugacious. 
(U.  setacea,  Michx.)  — Wet  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.     Feb.  -  May.  —  Scape  2'  -  8'  high. 

9.  U.  bipartita,  Ell.?     Scape  filiform,  1-3-flowered;  pedicels  long  and 
slender ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  slightly  3-lobed ;  the  lower  entire,  as  long  as 
the  conical  obtuse  spur ;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  sometimes  2-cleft ;  fruit  erect.  — 
Miry  margins  of  ponds  near  Tallahassee,  Florida,  to  South  Carolina.     Sept.  — 
Scape  4'  -  6'  high.     Corolla  6"  -  8"  wide. 

2.      PINGUICULA,    Tourn.      BUTTERWORT. 

Upper  lip   of    the  calyx   3-lobed,   the   lower  2-lobed.      Corolla   somewhat 
2-lipped  ;    the   upper  lip   2-lobed  ;   the   lower  3-lobed.    spurred   at   the  base : 


284  KIGNONIACK.K.       (BIGXONIA    FAMILY.) 

palate  hairy.  —  Stemless  herbs.     Leaves  all  radical,  clustered,  entire,  with  the 
margins  commonly  involute.     Scape  naked,  commonly  viscid. 

*  Flowers  yellow. 

1 .  P.  lutea,  Walt.      Clammy-pubescent ;   leaves   oblong-obovate ;    corolla 
large,  with  the  rounded  lobes  2  -  4-cleft ;  spur  subulate.  —  Open  flat  pine  bar- 
rens, common.     Fcl). -April.  —  Plant  yellowish.     Scape  6' -  1 2' high.     Corolla 
!'-!£' wide,  nodding. 

*  *  Flowers  puj-ple,  often  changing  to  white. 

2.  P.  elatior,  Michx.     Leaves  clammy-pubescent,  spatulate-ovate ;  scapes 
villous  near  the  base  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  2-cleft,  rounded  ;  spur  obtuse.  —  Mar- 
gins of  ponds.  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     March  and  April.  —  Scapes  8' -12' 
high.     Corolla  1'  wide. 

3.  P.  australis,  Nutt.     Smoothish ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  flat ;  co- 
rolla 5-parted,  the  wedge-obovate  lobes  2-cleft,  acutish  ;  spur  sac-like,  obtuse.  — 
Shallow  ponds,  West  Florida,  near  the  coast.     March.  —  Scapes  1 9  high.     Co- 
rolla 1'  wide. 

4.  P.  pumila,  Michx.     Clammy-pubescent  ;  leaves  roundish  or  obovate ; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  obcordate ;   spur  somewhat  sac-like,  obtuse.  —  Low  sandy 
pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.     March  and  April.  —  Scape  2'- 
6'  high.     Corolla  £'  - 1'  wide. 


ORDER   89.     BIGNONIACEJE.       (BIGNONIA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  regular  or 
somewhat  irregular  showy  flowers.  —  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-lobed,  or  truncate 
and  entire.  Corolla  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  mostly  2-lipped.  Fertile  sta- 
mens 2,  or  4  and  didynamous,  inserted  on  the  corolla :  anther-cells  diverg- 
ing. Ovary  2-celled,  many-ovuled  ;  the  base  surrounded  with  a  glandular 
disk.  Style  filiform :  stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  2-valved,  2-  or  4-eelled, 
many-seeded.  Embryo  flat.  Albumen  none. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  BIGNONIE^E.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines.  Cap- 
sule 2-celled,  the  valves  separating  from  the  partition.  Seeds  flat,  winged. 
Cotyledons  notched  at  each  end.  —  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  BIGNONIA.    Valves  of  the  capsule  parallel  with  the  partition.    Leaves  compound. 

2.  TECOMA.    Valves  of  the  capsule  contrary  to  the  partition.     Leaves  compound. 

3.  CATALPA.     Valves  of  the  capsule  contrary  to  the  partition.    Leaves  simple. 

SUBORDER  II.    SESAMES.     Herbs.     Capsule  4-celled.     Seeds  wing- 
less.    Cotyledons  thick,  entire. 
4   MARTYNIA.    Capsule  woody,  beaked.     Leaves  simple,  alternate  or  opposite. 


BIGNONIACE^E.       (BIGNONIA    FAMILY.)  285 

1.     BIGNONIA,     Tourn.      CROSS-VINE. 

Calyx  cup-shaped,  truncate  or  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular-bell- 
shaped,  5-lobed.  Fertile  stamens  4,  didynamous ;  anthers  smooth.  Valves 
of  the  capsule  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition,  and  separating  from  it 
at  maturity.  Seeds  flat,  winged.  —  Climbing  woody  vines.  Leaves  opposite, 
compound. 

1.  B.  capreolata,  L.  Leaves  evergreen;  the  short  petiole  terminated  by 
2  cordate-oblong  entire  stalked  leaflets,  with  a  branched  tendril  between;  pedi- 
cels clustered,  axillary,  elongated.  —  Woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward. April.  —  Stem  climbing  high.  Leaflets  3'  -  6'  long.  Corolla  2'  long,  red 
without,  yellow  within.  Capsule  ^°  long. 

2.     TECOMA,    Juss.      TRUMPET-FLOWER. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Fertile  sta- 
mens 4,  didynamous:  Valves  of  the  capsule  convex,  contrary  to  the  parti- 
tion. Seeds  winged.  —  Shrubs  or  woody  vines.  Leaves  opposite,  compound, 
deciduous. 

1.  T.  radicans,  Juss.  —  Stem  climbing  by  rootlets  ;  leaves  pinnate,  more 
or  less  pubescent ;  leaflets  9-11,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
serrate  ;  racemes  terminal,  few-flowered.     (Bignonia  radicans,  L.)  — Woods  and 
margins  of  fields,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     May  and  June.  — 
Corolla  2'  -3'  long,  scarlet  without,  yellow  within.     Capsule  4'  -  5'  long. 

2.  T.  Stans,  Juss.      Stem  erect ;    leaves   smooth,   pinnate,   long-petioled ; 
leaflets  7,  lanceolate,  acute,  finely  serrate  ;  racemes  many-flowered ;  calyx  tubu- 
lar ;    stamens  5,  the  fifth  bearing  an  abortive  anther.  —  South  Florida.     March 
-  May.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Corolla  l£'  long,  yellow. 

3.    CATALPA,    Scop. 

Calyx  2-lipped  Corolla  bell-shaped,  somewhat  2-lipped,  5-lobed.  Fertile 
stamens  2.  Valves  of  the  cylindrical  capsule  contrary  to  the  partition.  Seeds 
flat,  with  fimbriate  wings.  —  Small  trees.  Leaves  simple  opposite.  Flowers  in 
terminal  panicles. 

1.  C.  bignonioides,  Walt.  Leaves  large,  cordate,  entire  or  angularly 
lobed,  acuminate,  long-petioled,  pubescent;  panicle  trichotomous,  many-flow- 
ered ;  calyx  purple ;  corolla  white,  variegated  with  yellow  and  purple  within, 
the  lobes  undulate  ;  capsule  slender,  elongated,  pendulous.  (C.  cordifolia,  Ell.) 
—  River-banks,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  May.  —  Corolla  1'  long.  Cap- 
sules 1°  long. 

4.     MARTYNIA,    L.    UNICORN-PLANT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  2-3-bracted.  Corolla  irregular,  tubular-bell-shaped,  unequally 
5-lobed.  Fertile  stamens  2  or  4.  Capsule  woody,  falsely  4-celled,  ending  in 
two  long  recurved  horns,  and  opening  between  them.  Seeds  wingless.  —  Viscid 


286  OROBANCHACE^E.       (BROOM-RAPE    FAMILY.) 

branching  annuals.     Leaves  petioled,  entire,  roundish,  the  upper  ones  alternate. 
Flowers  racemed. 

1.  M.  proboscidea,  Glox.  —  Stems  thick,  at  length  prostrate;  leave* 
round-cordate;  corolla  (l£'  long)  whitish,  spotted  with  yellow  and  purple;  cap- 
sule crested  on  one  side,  shorter  than  the  beaks.  —  Waste  places.  Introduced. 
July  and  Aug. 


ORDER  90.     OKOBANCHACEJE.     (BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.) 

Low,  leafless,  scaly  herbs,  parasitic  on  roots,  with  bilabiate  diclynamous 
flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  5-toothed  or  parted.  Corolla  withering-persistent 
tubular,  the  upper  lip  2-clefl  or  entire,  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  in 
serted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  persistent.  Ovary  free,  1 -celled 
with  2-4  parietal  placentse.  Style  simple,  curved  at  the  apex :  stigma 
thick,  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  very  small,  ana- 
tropous,  with  the  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  transparent  albumen.  — 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  solitary  or  spiked. 

Synopsis. 

1.  EPIPHEGUS.    Flowers  polygamous,  spiked  ;  the  lower  ones  fertile,  the  upper  sterile.    Ca- 

lyx 2-bracted,  5-toothed.    Stem  branching. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS.     Flowers  perfect,  spiked.     Calyx  2-bracted,  cleft  on  the  lower  side.     Stem 

simple,  thick  and  fleshy. 

3.  APHYLLON.    Flowers  solitary,  perfect.     Calyx  bractless,  5-cleft.     Corolla  nearly  equally 

6-lobed. 

1.     EPIPHEGUS,    Nutt.      BEECH-BROPS. 

Flowers  polygamous ;  the  upper  ones  slender  and  sterile,  the  lower  abbreviated 
and  fertile.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Capsule  2-valved  at  the  apex,  with  2  placentas 
on  each  valve. —  Stem  smooth,  slender,  much  branched,  purplish.  Flowers 
small,  in  loose  slender  spikes.  Corolla  purplish. 

1.  E.  Virginiana,  Bart. —  Under  Beech-trees,  in  deep  shades,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.  Aug. —  Stems  6' -12'  high.  Flowers  scattered. 
Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  4"  -  6"  long,  4-toothed,  curved. 

2.     CONOPHOLIS,     Wallr.      SQUAW-ROOT. 

Flowers  perfect,  densely  spiked.  Calyx  2-bracted,  tubular,  4-toothed,  cleft  on 
the  lower  side.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arching,  notched  ;  the  lower  short,  3- 
toothed.  Stamens  exserted.  Capsule  2-valved,  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve. 
— A  thick  and  fleshy  whitish  simple  herb,  covered  with  imbricated  scales.  Flow- 
ers yellowish,  spreading. 

1.  C.  Americana,  Wallr.  (Orobanche,  L.)  —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.  April.  —  Stems  clustered  from  matted  roots,  4'~  6' 
high,  £'  thick. 


SCROPHULAR1ACE7E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  287 

3.    APHYLLON,    Mitchell. 

Flowers  solitary,  perfect.  Calyx  5-cleft,  bractless.  Corolla  tubular,  curved, 
Ticarly  equally  5-lobcd.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  2-valved,  with  4  equidistant 
placentae.— Stemlcss  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  purplish,  on  a  long  scape  or  peduncle. 

1 .  A.  uniflorum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  —  Stem  very  short  and  scaly ;  peduncles 
1  -  several,  3'  -  5'  high,  pubescent ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate.  ( Orobanche 
uniflora,  L.)  — Woods,  Florida,  and  northward. 


ORDER  91.    SCROPHULARIACE^E.     (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs.  Leaves  commonly  opposite,  without  stipules.  Calyx 
4  -  5-cleft  or  parted.  Corolla  4  -  5-lobed,  regular,  or  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Fertile  stamens  4  (sometimes  2,  rarely  5),  mostly 
didynamous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  anther-cells  often  sepa- 
rate, opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  free,  2-celled,  many-ovuled.  Placentae 
central.  Style  simple  or  2-cleft.  Capsule  2-celled,  many-  (rarely  1-few-) 
seeded.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  small,  in  copious  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

{  1.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  exterior  in  the  bud  (except  Mimulus).     Capsule  commonly 

septicidally  dehiscent. 
*  Stamens  5,  all  perfect.     Corolla  regular. 

1.  VEUBASCUM.     Corolla  wheel-shaped.     Filaments,  or  a  part  of  them,  bearded.    Leaves 

alternate. 
*  *  Fertile  stamens  4  ;  the  fifth  sterile  or  rudimentary.     Flowers  cymose.    Leaves  opposite. 

2.  SCROPHULARIA.    Fifth  stamen  scale-like.     Corolla  globose  or  oblong ;  four  of  the  lobes 

short  and  erect. 

3.  CHELONE.    Fifth  stamen  shorter  than  the  others.    Corolla  tubular,  inflated,  contracted 

at  the  throat.    Seeds  winged. 

4.  PENTSTEMOX.     Fifth  stamen  as  long  as  the  others.     Corolla  dilated  upward.     Seeds 


*  *  *  Fertile  stamens  4  :  sterile  ones  none.     Flowers  axillary  or  racemed. 

5.  LINARIA.     Corolla  spurred  at  the  base.     Capsule  toothed  at  the  apex. 

6.  MIMULUS.     Calyx  tubular,  5-augled,  5-toothed.    Corolla  large. 

7.  IIERPESTIS.     Calyx  5-parted ,  the  three  outer  lobes  much  larger.    Corolla  short. 

*  *  *  *  Fertile  stamens  2  :  sterile  ones  2  or  none. 

8.  GRATIOLA.    Calyx  Smarted.  Sterile  filaments  entire,  included.  Capsule  ovate  or  globose. 

9.  ILYSANTIIE3.     Calyx  5-parted.     Sterile  filaments  2-cleft,  exserted.     Capsule  oblong. 

10.  M1CRANTHEMUM.     Calyx  4-parted.     A  scale-like  appendage  below  the  filaments. 

»  2.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  interior  in  the  bud.     Capsule  commonly  loculicidally  dehiscent. 

*  Corolla  regular  or  slightly  2-lipped ;  the  lobes  nearly  equal. 

H-  Stamens  2,  distant.     Capsule  mostly  obcordate. 

11.  AMPHIANTHUS.     Style  2-cleft.     Flowers  solitary,  terminating  the  central  scape  and  in 

the  axils  of  the  tufted  radical  leaves. 

12.  VERONICA.    Style  simple.     Flowers  in  leafy  racemes  or  spikes. 

•t-  *-  Stamens  4  -  5,  equal.     Peduncles  axillary,  2  or  more  together. 

13.  CAPRARIA.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.    Capsule  loculicidal.    Leaves  alternate. 

14.  SCOPARIA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-cleft.  Capsule  septicidal.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled 


288  SCROPHULARIACF^E.     (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 


sns  4     Flowers  racemed  or  spiked. 
•H-  Anthers  1-celled. 

15.  BUCHNERA.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Stamens  didynamous.     Flowers  spiked. 

-.-I-  -H.  Anthers  2-celled.     Stamens  equal. 

16.  SEYMERIA.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  yellow.     Stamens  included. 

17.  MACRANTHERA.     Corolla  tubular,  orange.     Stamens  long-exserted. 

4H-  w  «  Anthers  2-celled.     Stamens  didynamous. 

18.  OTOPHYLLA.     Anthers  unequal.   Corolla  bell-shaped.    Upper  leaves  2-eared  at  the  base. 

19.  DASYSTOMA.     Anthers  equal,  awned  at  the  base.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  yellow.   Leaves 

mostly  pinnatifid. 

20.  GERARDIA.     Anthers  equal,  pointed  at  the  base.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  purple.     Leaves 

narrow,  entire. 

*  *  Corolla  tubular,  2-lipped  ;  tbe  upper  lip  arching  and  enclosing  the  4  didynamous  stamens, 
•t-  Anther-cells  unequal. 

21.  CASTILLEIA.    Anther-cells  separate.     Leaves  alternate,  the  floral  ones  colored. 

-i-  -i-  Anther-cells  equal. 

22.  SCHWALBEA.     Calyx  10  -  12-ribbed,  the  upper  teeth  smaller.     Capsule  oblong,  many- 

seeded.    Leaves  entire,  alternate. 

23.  PEDICULARIS.    Capsule  sword-shaped,  few-seeded.    Leaves  pinnatifid. 

24.  MELAMPYRUM.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Capsule  flat,  1-4-seeded.    Upper  leaves  bristly-toothed 

at  the  base. 

1.     VERBASCUM,    L.     MULLEIN. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobcd ;  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  roundish. 
Stamens  5,  declined,  all,  or  a  part  of  them,  bearded.  Stigma  simple.  Capsule 
globose,  many-seeded.  —  Tall  biennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in 
racemes. 

1.  V.  Thapsus,  L.      Woolly  throughout;    stem   stout,  simple;    leaves 
slightly  crenate,  rugose ;  the  lowest  large,  oblong,  petioled,  the  others  broadly 
decurrent  on  the  stem ;  raceme  spike-like,  dense,  cylindrical ;  flowers  yellow.  — 
Old  fields  and  waste  ground.     Introduced. —  Stem  2°-  5°  high.     Lowest  leaves 
1°  long.     Raceme  rigid,  1°  -  2°  long. 

2.  V.  Blattaria,  L.      Stem   smooth    below,  pubescent   above,  sparingly 
branched  or  simple ;  leaves  smooth ,  oblong,  acute,  serrate  or  pinnately  lobed  ; 
the  lowest  petioled ;    the  upper   clasping ;    racemes  elongated,  glandular,  the 
flowers  scattered ;  corolla  bright  or  pale  yellow ;   filaments  all  bearded  with 
purple  hairs.  —  Waste  ground,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     Introduced.  — 
Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

3.  V.  Lychnitis,  L.     Plant  mealy-white  ;   stem   branching  and   angled 
above  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  sessile ;  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  greenish 
above;  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  panicle,  yellow;  filaments  bearded  with  white 
hairs.  — In  Carolina,  Muhlenberg.     Introduced. 

2.      SCROPHULARIA,    L.     FIGWORT 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  globose  or  oblong,  5-cleft ;  the  4  upper  lobes  erect, 
with  the  two  uppermost  longer ;  the  lowest  spreading.  Stamens  4,  declined  ; 
the  fifth  sterile  and  scale-like,  placed  near  the  orifice  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla : 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  289 

anther-cells  transverse  and  confluent  into  one.  Capsule  many-seeded.  —  Tall 
herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  greenish-purple  flowers  in  loose  cymes,  forming 
a  narrow  panicle. 

1.  S.  nodosa,  L.  Smooth;  stem  4-sided;  branches  elongated,  spreading ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  rounded  or 
cordate  at  the  base;  flowers  small.  (S.  Marilandica,  L.)  —  Shady  banks  and 
thickets,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high. 

3.     CHELONE,    Tourn.      SNAKE-HEAD. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  5-sepalous,  bracted.  Corolla  inflated-tubular,  contracted  at 
the  throat,  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  concave,  emarginate ;  the  lower  obtusely 
3-lobed,  woolly  in  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  with  the  filaments  and  cordate  anthers 
woolly,  and  a  fifth  sterile  one  shorter  than  the  others.  Seeds  imbricated,  broadly 
winged.  —  Smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  serrate  leaves,  and  large  white 
or  purple  flowers  in  short  dense  bracted  spikes. 

1 .  C.  glabra,  L.     Stem  simple  or  branched,  4-sided  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  on  very  short  petioles ;  spike  terminal,  imbricated, 
nearly  sessile,  simple  or  branched ;  bracts  and  sepals  ovate ;  corolla  white  or 
rose-color.     (C.  obliqua,  L.}  —  Wet  banks  of  streams,  Florida  and  northward, 
rare  in  the  lower  districts.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  — 4'  long,  some- 
times pubescent  beneath.     Corolla  1'  -  1  £'  long,  concave  beneath. 

2.  C.  Lyoni,  Pursh.     Stem  simple  or  branched;    leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate,  serrate,  conspicuously  peti- 
oled,  mostly  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  spike  sessile,  simple  or  branched  ; 
bracts  and  calyx-lobes  ovate,  ciliate;  flowers  purple.     (C.  latifolia,  MuhL,  leaves 
acute  at  the  base.)  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high. 
Leaves  4'  -  6'  long,  thinner,  and  the  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

4.    PENTSTEMON,    L'Her. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  inflated-tubular,  or  somewhat  bell-shaped,  open  at 
the  throat,  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  rounded,  concave,  emarginate  or  2-lobed ; 
the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  declined  at  the  base,  and  a  fifth  sterile  one  as 
long  as  the  others,  and  commonly  bearded  above.  Capsule  2-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  wingless.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
white  or  purple  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  cymes,  forming  a  close  or  open 
narrow  terminal  panicle. 

*  Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

1.  P.  dissectus,  Ell.  Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent;  divisions  of  the 
leaves  linear,  obtuse,  entire  or  sparingly  lobed ;  cymes  few-flowered,  long-pedun- 
cled;  corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  with  rounded  and  nearly  equal  lobes;  an- 
ther-cells smooth,  spreading;  sterile  stamen  bearded  at  the  apex.  —  Dry  soil  in 
the  middle  districts  of  Georgia.  —  Stem  2°  high,  slender.  Calyx-lobes  small, 
acute.  Corolla  9"-  10"  long,  purple. 
25 


290  SCROPHULARIACEuE.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Leaves  undivided. 

2.  P.  pubescens,  Solander.      Pubescent  or  smooth ;    leaves   lanceolate, 
acute,  sen-ate  or  entire,  sessile  or  clasping ;  the  lowest  ovate  or  oblong,  tapering 
into  a  slender  petiole  ;  cymes  spreading,  few-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  grad- 
ually dilated  above  the  middle ;  the  lower  lip  longer  than  the  upper ;   sterile 
stamen   bearded  down  one  side;    anthers  smooth.      (P.  laevigatus,  So/and.,  a 
smooth  form.)  —  Dry  open  woods  and  fence-rows,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.    June  and  July.  —  Stem  2°  high.    Lowest  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 
Corolla  1'  long,  pale  purple. 

3.  P.  Digitalis,  Nutt.    Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem-leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate  or  entire,  clasping ;  the  lowest  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  cymes 
few-flowered,  spreading,  forming  a  narrow  panicle  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  abruptly 
dilated  near  the  base ;  the  lips  nearly  equal ;  sterile  stamen  bearded  down  one 
side.  —  Dry  soil,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.    July.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Co- 
rolla 9"  -  1 2"  long,  white  or  pale  purple. 

Var.  multiflorus,  Benth.  Larger  (3°  -  4°  high)  ;  leaves  thicker;  cymes 
many-flowered,  forming  a  large  spreading  panicle;  corolla  smaller.  —  Pine  bar- 
rens, Florida. 

• 

5.     LINARIA,    Juss.      TOAD-FLAX. 

Calvx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  spurred  at  the  base;  the  upper  lip 
emarginate  or  2-lobed  ;  the  lower  3-lobed ;  the  throat  commonly  closed  by  the 
prominent  palate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  opening 
at  the  apex,  with  few  or  several  tooth-like  valves,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs,  with 
alternate  or  (on  the  radical  branches)  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  axillary  or 
racemose  flowers. 

*  Stems  with  prostrate  tranches  at  the  l>ase,  which  bear  broader  opposite  or  whorled 
leaves. 

1 .  L.  Canadensis,  Spreng.     Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  slender,  mostly  simple ; 
leaves  linear,  flat,  scattered ;   those  on  the  radical  branches   oblong ;    racemes 
straight;  pedicels  erect,  as  long  as  the  calyx;  lobes  of  the  small  (3" -4")  blue 
and  white  corolla  rounded  ;  spur  filiform,  curved,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.     (An- 
tirrhinum  Canadense,   L.) — Cultivated  ground,   common.     April   and   May. 
<D  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

2.  L.  Floridana,  n.  sp.      Stem   smooth,  ascending,   paniculately   much 
branched ;   leaves  scattered,  fleshy,  terete,  linear  or  club-shaped ;   those  on  the 
radical  branches  obovate ;  racemes  elongated,  flexuous,  glandular-hairy ;  pedicels 
spreading,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  lobes  of  the  small  (2")  blue  corolla 
truncate  or  emarginate ;  spur  very  short.  —  Drifting  sands  near  the  coast,  West 
Florida.     April  and  May.     (f)  —  Stem  3'  -  1 2'  high. 

*  *  Prostrate  branches  none. 

3.  L.  vulgaris,  Miller.     Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched  ;  leaves 
alternate,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  crowded;  raceme  dense;  flowers  large  (!' 
long),  yellow  ;  spur  subulate  ;  seeds  flattened,  margined.  —  Waste  places,  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.    Naturalized.    Aug.     1J.  — Stem  l°-3°  high. 


SCROPHULARIACEJi.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  291 

4.  L.  Elatine,  Miller.  Hairy ;  stem  prostrate,  slender,  branching ;  leaves 
small,  ovate  and  hastate ;  the  lowest  sometimes  opposite  and  toothed  ;  pedicels 
axillary,  filiform,  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  small,  yellow  and 
purplish  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Waste  places,  North  Carolina.  Nat- 
uralized. ®  —  Stem  4'  -  1 2'  long. 


6.    MIMULUS,    L.     MOXKKY-FLOWEK. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-angled,  sharply  5-toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip 
2-lobed,  erect  or  reflexed  ;  the  lower  3-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous  :  anther-cells  somewhat  confluent.  Stigma  ovate,  2-lipped.  Capsule  locu- 
licidally  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Erect  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  axillary  purple  flowers. 

3.  M.  ringens,  L.  Stem  compressed,  4-anglcd,  the  angles  wingless; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  denticulate,  cordate  and  clasping  at  the  base ;  pe- 
duncles longer  than  the  flowers.  —  Swamps  in  the  upper  districts.  Aug.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high.  Leaves  thin,  2' -4'  long.  .  Corolla  showy,  the  palate  greenish  and 
pubescent. 

2.  M.  alatus,  Ait.  Stem  square,  with  winged  angles ;  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  petiole ;  peduncles  shorter  than, 
the  flowers.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  and  Aug. —  Stem  2° 
high.  Leaves  2'-  5'  long.  Calyx-teeth  small. 


7.     HERPESTIS,    Gtertn. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  3  outer  lobes,  especially  the  upper  one,  broader.  Corolla 
bell-shaped,  5-lobed  or  bilabiate,  with  the  upper  lip  2-lobed  or  emarginate,  the 
lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous :  anther-cells  contiguous  or  divaricate. 
Style  dilated  and  flattened  at  the  apex.  Capsule  2-valvcd,  many-seeded.  —  Low 
herbs,  with  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  opposite,  axillary,  or  in  leafy  terminal 
racemes. 

*  Stems  4,-amjled :  leaves  serrate :  peduncles  2-bracted  at  the  base :  exterior  calyx-lobes 
oblong:  corolla  white. 

1.  H.  nigrescens,  Benth.      Smooth;     stem  erect,  simple  or  branched; 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  rather  obtuse,  serrate  above  the  middle  ;  lower 
peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the  upper  much  longer ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
striped  with  blue  ;  the  upper  lip  rounded.     (Gratiola  acuminata,  Walt.)  — Low 
ground,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  1° 
-U°high.     Leaves  1'- 2' long. 

2.  H.  peduncularis,  Benth.     Smooth;  stem  decumbent,  diffuse,  creep- 
ing near  the  base ;  leaves  small,  obovate-oblong,  entire  near  the  base ;  peduncles 
filiform,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  leaves.  —  Key  West.  —  Stems  6'  -  12'  long 
Leaves  4" -6"  long.     Flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 


292  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Stems  terete,  succulent,  creeping :  leaves  orate  or  roundish,  entire:  exterior  calyx- 

lobes  cordate  or  ovate :  peduncles  2-bracted  at  the  apex. 

,  3.  H.  Monnieria,  Kunth.  Smooth ;  stems  diffuse,  creeping ;  leaves 
fleshy,  wedge-obovate,  entire  or  obscurely  orcnate ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  with  the 
rounded  lobes  nearly  equal ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  exterior  calyx- 
lobes  ovate.  (H.  cuneifolia,  Pumli.) — Ditches  and  muddy  banks  along  the 
coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June -Sept.  1J.— Stem  1° 

-  2°  long.     Leaves  1'  long.     Corolla  white  or  pale  blue. 

4.  H.  amplexicaulis,  Pursh.  Stem  villous,  ascending  from  a  creeping 
base ;  leaves  smoothish,  ovate,  cordate  and  clasping,  obtuse ;  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  flowers  ;  exterior  calyx-lobes  cordate  ;  base  of  the  ovary  surrounded  by 
a  12-toothed  disk.  (H.  rotundifolia,  Ell.,  not  of  Pttrsh.)  —  Pine-barren  ponds, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July-  Sept.  1J. —  Flowering  stems 
6' -8' high.  Leaves  ^' long,  crowded.  Flowers  blue.  Plant  odorous. 

8.     GRATIOLA,    L.      HEDGE-HYSSOP. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  narrow.  Corolla  bilabiate,  with  the 
upper  lip  entire  or  emarginate,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included, 
the  anterior  ones  sterile  or  wanting.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  4-valvcd,  many- 
seeded.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  white 
or  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  mostly  2-bracted. 

*  Connective  of  the  anthers  dilated,  the  cells  transverse :  stems  tender :  flowers 

peduncled. 
H-  Sterile  stamens  minute  or  none. 

1.  G.  Virginiana,  L.      Stem  branching  from  the  base,  glandular-pubes- 
cent above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  serrate,  sessile,  the  lower  ones  nar- 
rowed at  the  base ;  peduncles  slender,  the  upper  ones  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
corolla  white,  with  the  yellowish  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  capsule  ovate, 
acute.  —  Muddy  banks   and  ditches,   Florida   to   Mississippi,   and  northward. 
April  and  May.  —  Stem  6'  -12'  high.     Leaves  1' long.     Corolla  5" -6"  long, 
hairy  within. 

2.  G.  Floridana,  Nutt.     Stem  simple  or  branched,  smooth  ;  leaves  lance- 
olate or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  nearly  so,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile,  the 
lowest  slightly  petioled ;  peduncles  filiform,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  lobes  of  the 
corolla  emarginate,  white ;  the  slender  yellowish  tube  three  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx. —  Muddy  banks  of  the  Chipola  River,  West  Florida.     April.  — Stem 
1  °.  high.     Leaves  1 '  long.     Corolla  8"  long.     Capsule  globose. 

3.  G.  sphserocarpa,  Ell.     Smooth;  stem  thick,  ascending, branching  at 
the  base;   leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  serrate  above,  narrowed  and  entire 
towards  the  base,  sessile,  the  lowest  mostly  obovate  ;  peduncles  thick,  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  sometimes  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  corolla  white,  the  tube  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx ;    capsule  globose.  —  Springs  and  branches,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina,  and  westward.     March -May.  —  Stem  4' -12'  high.     Leaves 
1' long.     Corolla  £'  long. 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  293 

•*-   •*-  Sterile  stamens  manifest. 

4.  G.  viSGOSa,  Schwein.     Viscid-pubescent ;    stem   ascending,   simple  or 
sparingly  branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  clasping, 
3-nerved ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  white,  emar- 
ginate,  the  tube  yellowish  and  bearded  within;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  much 
longer  than  the  small  globose   capsule.  —  Ditches  and  muddy  places  in  the 
upper  districts,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina.    June  — Aug.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  high. 
Leaves  £'  long.     Corolla  5"  -  6''  long.     Bracts  wider  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

5.  G.  Drunnnondi,  Benth.     Viscid-puberulent ;  stem  decumbent  at  the 
base,  ascending  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  serrate,  3-nerved,  clasping ; 
bracts  and  calyx-lobes  subulate,  much  longer  than  the  capsule.  —  In  Georgia, 
Boykin,  and  westward. 

6.  G.  quadridentata,  Michx.     Pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid;  stem 
decumbent  at  the  base,  ascending,  simple  or  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile, 
4-toothed ;  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  yellowish-white ; 
capsule  small,  globose,  much  shorter  than  the  linear  unequal  calyx-lobes  ;  bracts 
minute.  —  Margins  of  pine-barren  ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.   June- Aug. —  Stem  4' -6'  high.     Leaves  ^'  long.     Corolla  5"  long. 

7.  G.  aurea,  Muhl.     Smooth ;   stem  decumbent,  creeping,  the  flowering 
branches  ascending,  4-angled  ;  leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate ; 
peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or  the  upper  ones  longer ;  bracts  as  long  as 
the  calyx  ;  corolla  bright  yellow.  —  Wet  pine  barrens  in  the  lower  districts  of 
Georgia  and   South   Carolina.     April -June.  —  Stem   l°-2°  long.     Leaves 
I'  -  1'  long.     Corolla  6"  long. 

8.  G.  officinalis,  L.     Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  4-angled  above ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, serrulate  or  entire,  slightly  clasping ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
corolla  pale  yellow,  striped  with  red,  bearded  with  yellow  hairs  within  ;  capsule 
acute,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Swamps,  in  the  Southern  States,  Leconte.  — 
Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Corolla  8"  -  10"  long. 

*  *   Connective  of  the  anthers  not  dilated ;  the  cells  vertical :  stems  rigid,  hairy  : 
flowers  sessile :  sterile  stamens  manifest. 

9.  G.  pilosa,  Michx.     Hirsute  ;    stem  erect,  simple  or  branching  at  the 
base  ;    leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  sparingly  toothed,  sessile  or  slightly  clasp- 
ing ;   corolla  tubular,  white,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Low  ground, 
Florida  to   Mississippi,   and   northward.      June -Aug.  —  Stem   8' -16'   high. 
Leaves  %'  long.     Corolla  4"  long. 

10.  G.    SUbulata,    Baldwin.       Shrubby,   hispid  ;    stem   much   branched, 
mostly  prostrate ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  the  margins  revolute ;  calyx-lobes  sub- 
ulate,  unequal  ;    corolla    salver-shaped,   somewhat    persistent,    the    upper    lip 
roundish,  the  lower  3-partcd  ;  the  slender  curved  tube  three  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  hairy  within  ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  emarginate ;  capsule  acute.  —  Low 
sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida,  near  the  coast.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3'  -  6'  long. 
Leaves  3"  -  6"  long.     Corolla  6"  long. 

25* 


294  SCKOPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWOItT    FAMILY.) 

9.    ILYSANTHES,    Raf. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  bractless.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  short,  erect, 
2-cleft ;  the  lower  larger,  spreading,  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included  ;  the 
two  anterior  ones  sterile,  2-lobed,  with  one  of  the  lobes  tipped  with  a  gland,  the 
other  smooth,  acute.  Capsule  ovate  or  oblong,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Smooth 
annuals,  growing  in  wet  or  muddy  places.  Stems  4-anglcd.  Leaves  opposite. 
Peduncles  axillary,  often  reflexed  in  fruit.  Flowers  small,  purplish. 

1.  I.  grandiflora,  Benth.     Stem  creeping,  very  leafy;  leaves  roundish, 
entire,  nerveless,  partly  clasping ;  peduncles  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves ; 
sterile  stamens  lobcd  at  the  middle.  —  In  Georgia,  Nuttall.  —  Leaves  3" -4" 
long.     Corolla  larger  than  in  the  next. 

2.  I.  gratioloid.es,  Bcnth.     Stem   erect,   at   length   diffusely  branched  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  ovate ;  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the 
upper  sessile,  acute,  obscurely  toothed  or  entire ;  lower  peduncles  mostly  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  the  upper  much  longer,  spreading ;  corolla  pale  blue,  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx  ;    capsule  oblong,  acute,  scarcely  longer  than   the  calyx. 
(Lindernia  dilatata  and  attcnuata,  Ell.     Gratiola  anagallidea,  Michx.     G.  tctra- 
gona,  Ell.?)  —  Springs  and  rivulets,  common.      May -Sept.  —  Stem   6' -12' 
long.     Leaves  ^'-  1'  long.     Corolla  3" -4"  long. 

3.  I.  refracta,  Benth.     Stem  erect,  very  slender,  forking  ;  radical  leaves 
tufted,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  the  others  remote,  small, 
lanceolate,  sessile ;  peduncles  filiform,  many  times  longer  than  the  leaves,  re- 
flexed  in  fruit ;  corolla  pale  blue  variegated  with  purple ;  capsule  oblong-linear, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     (Lindernia  monticola,  Null.)  —  Springs  and  muddy 
banks  of  rivulets  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts,  Mississippi  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem   6' -12'  high.      Radical   leaves    1'  long.     Corolla 
3" -4"  long. 

4.  I.  saxicola.      Stems  clustered,  leafy,  simple  or  sparingly  branched ; 
leaves  oblong,  entire,  obtuse,  sessile ;  the  radical  ones  densely  tufted,  narrowed 
into  a  petiole  ;  peduncles  rather  stout,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  widely 
spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit ;  corolla  blue,  variegated ;  capsule  ovoid,  rather 
longer   than   the   calyx.     (Lindernia  saxicola,  M.  A.  Curtis.)  —  On   rocks   at 
Tolula  Falls,  Georgia,  and  Cherokee,  North  Carolina,  Curtis.     Aug.     1J.  ?  — 
Stems  3'  -  5'  high.     Stem-leaves  2"  -  4"  long.     Corolla  4"  long. 


10.    MICRANTHEMUM,    Michx. 

Calyx  4-parted,  or  4-cleft.  Corolla  somewhat  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip 
shorter,  entire  ;  the  lower  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  longer.  Stamens  2, 
included ;  the  filaments  with  a  gland-like  appendage  at  the  base  :  anther-cells 
diverging.  Style  short :  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-valved,  few-seeded  ;  the 
delicate  partition  vanishing  at  maturity.  Seeds  oblong,  reticulate.  —  A  small 
smooth  perennial  herb,  with  diffuse  creeping  stems,  roundish  opposite  entire 
leaves,  and  minute  nearly  sessile  axillary  white  flowers. 


SCROPHULARIACEyE.       (PIGWORT    FAMILY.)  295 

1.  M.  orbiculatum,  Michx.  (M.  emarginatum,  Ell.  Hemianthus  mi- 
oranthemoides,  Nutt.  Herpestis  micrantha,  Ell.  ?  not  of  Pursh.)  —  Muddy 
bunks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June -Oct.  —  Stem  6' -12' 
long.  Leaves  3"  -  5"  long,  sometimes  emarginate.  Corolla  not  longer  than 
the  minute  (£")  calyx. 

11.    AMPHIANTHTJS,     Torr. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  funnel-shaped,  4-cleft;  the  upper  and 
lower  lobes  rather  longer.  Stamens  2  :  anther-cells  distinct.  Style  minutely 
2-cleft  at  the  apex,  acute.  Capsule  obcordate,  compressed,  loculicidal.  Seeds 
oblong,  rugulose.  —  A  very  small  annual,  with  the  linear  obtuse  leaves  clustered 
at  the  summit  of  the  short  stem,  and  minute  white  flowers,  some  of  which  are 
borne  on  short  naked  recurved  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  others 
on  a  slender  (!'  long)  terminal  2-bracted  scape. 

1.  A.  pusillus,  Torr.  —  In  shallow  excavations  of  flat  rocks,  Newton 
County,  Georgia,  Dr.  Leavenworth.  March  and  April. 

12.      VERONICA,    L.      SPEEDWELL. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  or  salver-shaped,  4  —  5-lobed. 
Stamens  2,  one  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  capitate. 
Capsule  compressed  and  obcordate,  or  oblong  and  obtuse,  septicidal  or  locu- 
licidal. Seeds  few  or  many,  flattened  or  concave  on  the  inner  face.  —  Chiefly 
herbs,  with  the  stem-leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  the  floral  ones  alternate. 
Flowers  small,  axillary,  racemed  or  spiked,  blue  or  white. 

*  Leaves  whorled :  corolla  tubular :  capsule  oblong. 

1.  V.  Virginica,  L.    Perennial,  smooth  or  pubescent;  stem  tall,  erect; 
leaves  4  —  7  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate,  serrate,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  very  numer- 
ous, crowded  in  axillary  (whorled)  and  terminal  spikes;  stamens  long-exserted ; 
corolla  white  or  purple.    (Leptandra,  Nutt.)  — Mountain-meadows,  Georgia,  and 
northward.  .  June  -  August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Leaves  2' -4' long. 

*  *  Stem-leaves  opposite :  corolla  wheel-shaped :  capsule  obcordate. 
-t-    Flowers  in  dense  axillary  racemes. 

2.  V.  officinalis,  L.     Perennial,  pubescent ;  stem  prostrate,  rooting  at  the 
base  ;  leaves  obovate-elliptical,  or  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  short-petioled ; 
racemes  alternate,  many-flowered ;  corolla  blue.  —Mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  6'  - 1 2'  long.     Racemes  2'  -  4'  long. 

•>-   •<—   Flowers  scattered,  in  leafy  terminal  racemes. 

3.  V.  serpyllifolia,  L.     Perennial,  smoothish  ;  stem  ascending,  diffusely 
branched  ;  leaves  oval  or  roundish,  crenate,  short-petioled,  the  floral  ones  lance- 
olate and  entire  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  corolla  blue.  —  Low  pastures 
in  the  upper  districts.     May  -  Sept.  —  Stern  4'  -  6'  long.    Leaves  4"  -  6"  long. 

4.  V.  peregrina,  L.     Annual,  smooth;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched; 
leaves  sessile,  oblong,  toothed ;  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  the  floral 


2i)6  SCROPHULAKIACE^E.       (FIGWOKT    FAMILY.) 

ones  entire;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  white,  minute.  —  Cul- 
tivated ground,  very  common.  April -June.  —  Stem  2' -12'  high.  Leaves 
i'-l'long. 

5.  V.  arvensis,  L.     Annual,  hairy ;    stems   ascending,  branched   at  the 
base ;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate,  petioled  ;  the  floral  ones  lanceolate,  entire, 
sessile  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  ;  corolla  pale  blue.  —  Cultivated  ground.     Intro- 
duced.    May  and  June.  —  Stems  6'  - 12'  high.     Leaves  4"  -  6"  long. 

6.  V.  agrestis,  L.  Annual,  pubescent ;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely  branched  ; 
leaves  all  petioled,  ovate,  coarsely  serrate ;   peduncles  much  longer  than  the 
calyx,  recurved  in   fruit ;   corolla  blue,  striate.  —  Cultivated   ground.      Intro- 
duced.    Feb.  -  May.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  long.      Leaves  6" -9"  long.      Fruiting 
calyx  much  enlarged. 

13.  CAPRARIA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  equally  5-lobed,  smooth  within. 
Stamens  4  -  5  :  anthers  sagittate.  Style  slender  :  stigma  thick,  ovate,  at  length 
2-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous,  ovate,  septicidally  2-valved,  the  valves  2-cleft  at 
the  apex.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulate.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubby  plants. 
Leaves  alternate,  serrate.  Peduncles  axillary,  single  or  by  pairs,  mostly  1- 
flowered. 

1.  C.  biflora,  L.  Shrubby,  smooth  or  pubescent ;  stem  erect,  branching  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  narrowed  and  entire  below  the 
middle ;  peduncles  filiform,  mostly  by  pairs,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  calyx- 
lobes  linear ;  corolla  deeply  5-cleft ;  stamens  5,  included.  —  South  Florida. 
Nov.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Leaves  1 '  -  l£'  long.  Flowers  white  ? 

14.  SCOPARIA,    L. 

Calyx  4 -5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-form,  4-cleft,  hairy  in  the  throat.  Sta- 
mens 4.  Style  club-shaped  at  the  apex.  Capsule  septicidally  2-valved,  the 
valves  membranaceous,  entire.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulate.  —  Herbaceous  or 
shrubby  plants,  with  opposite,  or  whorled  leaves.  Peduncles  axillary,  com- 
monly by  pairs,  1 -flowered. 

1.  S.  dulcis,  L.  Annual,  smooth;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  toothed,  mostly 
three  in  a  whorl,  much  longer  than  the  peduncles  ;  calyx-lobes  oblong  ;  flowers 
small,  white.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  high.  Leaves  £'  - 1  £'  long. 

15.    BUCHNERA,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  wedge- 
obovate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included :  anthers  1 -celled.  Style  simple, 
club-shaped  at  the  apex.  Capsule  coriaceous,  straight,  loculicidally  2-valved, 
the  valves  entire.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulate.  —  Rough  herbs,  turning  black 
in  withering.  Leaves  opposite,  toothed  or  entire ;  the  uppermost  small,  and 
passing  into  the  bracts  of  the  many-flowered  spike.  Flowers  bjue. 


SCROPHULAKIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  2U7 

1.  B.  elongata,  S wartz.      Rough  with   short   rigid  hairs;  stem  mostly 
simple ;   leaves   entire   or  slightly  toothed,  1-nerved,  or  obscurely  3-nerved ; 
the  lowest  obovate  or  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  the  lower  stem-leaves  narrowly 
lanceolate ;  the  uppermost  distant,  acute ;  spikes  interrupted,  long-peduncled ; 
flowers  opposite  or  alternate.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  west- 
ward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Corolla  4"  •-  5"  long. 

2.  B.  Americana,  L.    Very  rough,  with  bristly  hairs ;  stem  often  branch- 
ing above ;  leaves  prominently  3-nerved,  mostly  toothed ;  the  lower  ones  oblong, 
obtuse,  the  others  lanceolate,  acute ;  calyx-teeth  acuminate.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
Corolla  6''-  7 ;' long. 

16.     SEYMEBIA,    Pursh. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong.  Stamens  4, 
equal,  the  filaments  woolly  :  anthers  oblong,  opening  at  the  apex,  awnless. 
Style  simple,  obtuse.  Capsule  ovate,  flattened  above,  loculicidally  2-valved. 
Seeds  numerous,  covered  by  the  loose  hyaline  testa.  —  Chiefly  annuals.  Stems' 
erect,  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  pinnately  divided.  Flowers  yellow,  in  ter- 
minal leafy-bracted  racemes. 

1.  S.  tenuifolia,  Pursh.      Smooth   or  nearly   so ;    stem  with  elongated 
erect-spreading  branches  ;  leaves  pinnate,  the  entire  or  lobcd  divisions  filiform ; 
capsule  smooth,  acute  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  pedicel.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4° 
high. 

2.  S.  pectinata,  Pursh.  Viscid-pubescent ;  stem  with  ascending  branches  ; 
leaves  pinnatifid,  the  entire  obtuse  divisions  oblong-linear ;  capsule  hairy,  obtuse 
at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  pedicel.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina, 
and  westward     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  6'  -  18'  high. 

17.    MACRANTHEEA,    Torr. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  elongated.  Corolla  cylindrical,  5-toothed ;  the  teeth 
reflexed.  Stamens  4,  equal,  long-exserted,  woolly  :  anthers  large,  oblong,  ap- 
proximate. Style  simple,  filiform,  elongated  :  stigma  minute,  flat.  Capsule 
ovate,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  A  tall  biennial,  with  pinnatifid 
opposite  leaves,  and  showy  orange-colored  flowers,  in  terminal  leafy  racemes. 

1.  M.  fuchsioid.es,  Torr.  Smoothish;  stem  branching,  4-sided ;  earliest 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  entire  ;  those  of  the  stem  lyrate-pinnatifid,  with  the  lobes 
denticulate  ;  the  uppermost  toothed-serrate  ;  pedicels  slender,  recurved,  the 
upper  ones  longer  than  the  floral  leaves;  flowers  erect:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate, 
denticulate,  rather  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Var.  LECONTEI  has  the  shorter 
and  narrower  lobes  of  the  calyx  entire.  (M.  Lecontei,  Torr.)  —  Marshy  banks 
of  pine-barren  streams,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem 
3°-5°high.  Earliest  leaves  6' -8'  long;  those  of  the  stem  2' -4'  long.  Co- 
rolla 9"-  12"  long.  — The  plant  turns  black  in  drying. 


298  SCROPHULARIACE^E.        (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

18.     OTOPHYLLA,    Bcnth. 

Calyx  deeply  5-clcft ;  the  lobes  leafy,  unequal.  Tube  of  the  corolla  dilated 
upward,  sparse-hairy  within,  the  lobes  broad  and  entire.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous,  included :  anthers  oblong,  awnless ;  those  of  the  shorter  stamens  much 
smaller.  Style  elongated,  dilated  and  flattened  at  the  apex,  entire.  Capsule 
sub-globose,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  O.  Michauxii,  Benth.  Hairy:  stem  erect,  simple;  leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate,  entire,  sessile ;  the  upper  ones  mostly  2-eared  at  the  base ;  flowers 
opposite,  in  a  leafy  spike.  (Gcrardia  auriculata,  3fL:hx.)  — Low  ground,  Ten- 
nessee, North  Carolina,  and  northward.  Aug.  ®  1  —  Stem  rigid,  2°  high. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long.  Corolla  9"  -  12"  long,  purple. 

19.     DASYSTOMA,     Raf.     FALSE  FOXGLOVE. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  often  toothed.  Corolla  tubular-bcll- 
shaped,  woolly  within,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  4,  didynamous  : 
anthers  oblong ;  the  cells  parallel  and  awned  at  the  base.  Style  filiform,  thick- 
ened and  slightly  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Capsule  ovate,  acute,  loculicidally  2- 
valved,  many-seeded.  —  Tall  herbs,  with  opposite  ovate  or  oblong  mostly  pin- 
nately  divided  or  lobed  leaves,  and  large  yellow  flowers  in  a  leafy  raceme.  F:l- 
aments  woolly. 

1.  D.  pubescens,  Bcnth.     Pubescent;   leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  or 
the  lowest  ones  pinnatifid ;  calyx  longer  than  the  pedicel,  with  oblong  obtuse 
lobes.     (Gerardia  flava,  Z.)  —  Dry  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and 
northward.     July -Sept.      1J. — Stem  2°  -4°  high,   mostly   simple.      Leaves 
narrowed  into  a  short  petiole.     Corolla  1  ^'  long. 

2.  D.  quercifolia,  Benth.       Smooth    and    glaucous ;    stem    simple    or 
branched ;  lowest  leaves  twice-pinnatifid  ;  the  others  pinnatifid,  or  the  uppermost 
lanceolate  and  entire;  calyx  shorter  than  the  pedicel,  with  lanceolate  or  subulate 
acute   lobes.      (Gerardia  quercifolia,   Pursh.)  —  Rich   woods   and  river-banks, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.      1J.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  toothed.     Corolla  2'  long,  the  tube  more  slender  and  with 
smaller  lobes  than  the  preceding. 

3.  D.  pedicularia,  Benth.       Smooth   or   somewhat  pubescent;     leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;  the  lobes  finely  toothed ;   flowers  opposite ;  calyx 
shorter  than  the  pedicel;  the  toothed  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube.     (Gerardia  pe- 
dicularia, L.) — Dry  sandy  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts,  Mississippi  to 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  high,  much  branched. 
Leaves  about  2' long,  the  lobes  numerous  and  short.     Corolla  12"- 15"  long, 
with  a  rather  slender  tube  and  short  lobes. 

4.  D.  pectinata,  Benth.     Pubescent  or  somewhat  villous  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  finely  pinnatifid  and  toothed  ;  the  earliest  ones  entire ; 
flowers  alternate,  scattered  on  the  outside  of  the  ascending  branches ;    calyx 
longer  than  the  pedicel ;  the  pinnatifid  lobes  longer  than  the  tube.  —  Dry  sand- 
ridges  in  the  pine  ban-ens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    Aug.  and  Sept.     (f)  — 


SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  299 

Stem  2° -4°  high,  widely  branched.     Corolla  l£'  long,  with  a  wider  tube  uiiid 
larger  lobes  than  in  No.  3. 

20.     GERARDIA,    L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed ;  the  teeth  short,  acute,  entire.  Corolla  tubular- 
bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded,  spreading ;  the  throat  oblique.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous,  the  longer  ones  commonly  woolly :  anthers  woolly,  connivent 
in  pairs ;  the  cells  diverging  and  pointed  at  the  base.  Style  slender,  dilated,  and 
flattened  upward.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose,  smooth,  loculicidal.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, angled,  reticulated.  —  Chiefly  slender  branching  annuals.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, or  rarely  alternate,  narrow,  entire.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
showy,  purple  ;  the  tube  of  the  corolla  mostly  dotted  with  red  and  yellow,  often 
woolly  at  the  throat. 

*  Perennial. 

1.  G.  linifolia,  Nutt.     Smooth;  branches  elongated,  erect;  leaves  erect, 
linear  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or  the  uppermost  longer ;  calyx  truncate, 
with  minute  teeth ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal,  fringed  on  the  margins ; 
capsule  large  (3"  wide),  globose,  one  third  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Corolla  1'  long,  pubescent. 

*  *  Annuals. 

-i-   Corolla  small,  the  '2  upper  lobes  short,  truncate  and  erect. 

2.  G.  divaricata,  n.  sp.      Stem  6'  -12'  high,   smooth,  widely   branched 
from  the  base ;  leaves  all  opposite,  spreading  or  reflexed,  filiform,  roughish  on 
the  margins,  |'  long ;  the  uppermost  minute ;  pedicels  all  opposite,  setaceous, 
spreading,  the  upper  ones  4-5  times  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
one  third  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  corolla  £'  long,  the  lobes  ciliate ;  capsule  ovoid, 

.twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens.     West  Florida.     Sept. 

3.  G.  filicaulis.     Stem  6' -12' long,  filiform,  reclining,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous; branches  alternate,  setaceous;  leaves  minute,  1"  long,  subulate,  rough; 
flowers  few,  terminal ;  calyx-teeth  triangular,  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  tube  ; 
t-orolla  4"  -  5"  long,  compressed,  the  lobes  slightly  fringed ;  capsule  globose, 
one  third  longer  than  the  calyx.     (G.  aphylla,  var.  filicaulis,  Benth.  ?)  —  Low- 
grassy  pine  barrens,  West  Florida.     Sept. 

-i-   -i-    Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal,  spreading. 
++  Pedicels  as  long,  or  twice  as  long,  as  the  calyx,  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

4.  G.  aphylla,  Nutt.      Stem  2° -3°   high,   smooth,   4-angled,   sparingly 
branched  near  the  summit ;  leaves  minute,  1"  long,  subulate,  appressed ;  flowers 
mostly  alternate,  on  one  side  of  the  spreading  branches  ;  pedicel  as  long  as  the 
calyx ,  calyx-teeth  minute,  obtuse  ;  corolla  i'  long,  hairy  within,  the  upper  lobes 
reflexed  ;  capsule  globose,  2"  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —Low  sandy  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept. 

5.  G.  purpurea,  L.     Stem  1°  -  3°  high,  smooth,  the  branches  elongated  ; 
leaves  opposite,  broadly  or  narrowly  linear,  rough  above,  1'-  l£'  long,  flowers 
opposite  or  nearly  so,  the  stout  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  con- 


300  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

spicuous,  triangular,  sometimes  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  spreading ;  corolla  8" 
-10"  long,  the  lobes  minutely  fringed ;  capsule  globose,  one  third  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  Sept. 

Var.  fasciculata.  Stem  taller  (3°  -  5°),  much  branched  above,  rough ; 
leaves  rough  on  both  sides,  clustered,  the  uppermost,  like  the  flowers,  alternate  ; 
calyx-teeth  more  pointed ;  corolla  larger.  ( G.  fasciculata,  Eli]  —  Brackish  soil, 
along  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 

6.  G.  maritima,  Raf.     Smooth;  stem  8'-  1 6' high,  4-angled,  with  numer- 
ous short  and  leafy  branches  near  the  base ;    leaves  fleshy,  linear,  obtuse,  oppo- 
site, the  upper  ones  small  and  remote ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  the 
floral  leaves;   calyx-teeth  short,  obtuse;    corolla  6" -8"  long,  slightly  oblique 
at  the  throat,  the  upper  lobes  fringed,  and  villous  within ;  capsule  globose,  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward. 

Var.  major.  Stem  2°  high,  much  branched;  leaves  flat,  acute;  floral  leaves 
longer  than  the  pedicels ;  calyx-teeth  triangular,  acute  ;  corolla  and  capsule 
larger.  —  Brackish  marshes,  Apalachicola,  Florida.  —  Corolla  1'  long. 

7.  G.  setacea,  Ell.     Very   smooth;  stem  l°-2°  high,  much   branched, 
slender ;     leaves    1'   long,   setaceous,   opposite  ;     pedicels   stout,    club-shaped, 
three  times   as   long  as  the   calyx,  mostly  alternate,  or  terminating  the  seta- 
ceous peduncle-like   branchlets ;    calyx-teeth  short,  subulate ;    corolla  1 '  long, 
woolly  within,  the  rounded  lobes  thickly  fringed  ;    capsule  ovoid,  barely  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx.     (G.  Plukenetii,  Ell.  ?)  —  Damp  or  dry  sandy  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.     Sept. 

+*   +*  Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves. 

8.  G.  tenuifolia,  Vahl.     Stem  smooth,  l°-l£°  high,  much  branched; 
leaves  linear,  smooth,  or  rough  on  the  margins,  1'-  l£'  long  ;  pedicels  filiform, 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  opposite ;  calyx-teeth  broadly  subulate,  ^  as  long 
as  the  tube ;  corolla  £'  long  ;  capsule  globose,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Var.  FILI- 
FORMIS.      Stem  and  pedicels  rough ;  leaves  filiform,  clustered ;  corolla  larger 
(I'  long).  —  Light  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Sept. 

9.  G.  filifolia,  Nutt.     Stem  1°  -  2°  high,  much  branched,  smooth  ;  leaves 
very  numerous,  all  alternate  and  clustered,  smooth,  fleshy  and  somewhat  club- 
shaped  ;  pedicels  alternate,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
one  fourth  the  length  of  the  5-angled  tube  ;  corolla  f  long  ;  capsule  ovoid,  as 
long  as  the  calyx. —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.     Sept. 

10.  G.  parvifolia.    Stem  ixmgh,  striatc,  12'-  1 8'  high,  the  slender  branches 
erect ;  leaves  4"  -  6"  long,  opposite  or  alternate,  linear,  very  rough,  rather  ob- 
tuse; pedicels  filiform,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  minute  floral  leaves;  calyx- 
teeth  minute,  obtuse;  corolla  £'  long,  pale  purple  or  white.     (G.  setacea,  var. 
parvifolia,  Benth.?)  —  Grassy  margins  of  ponds,  Florida,  and  westward.     Sept. 
—  Unlike  the  other  species,  this  remains  unchanged  in  drying. 

21.    CASTILLEIA,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  compressed,  cleft  at  the  summit ;  the  lobes  entire  or  2-cleft. 
Tube  of  the  corolla  included  in  the  calyx ;  the  upper  lip  long,  narrow,  curred. 


SCROPHTJLARIACE.E.       (FIGWOKT    FAMILY.)  301 

faterally  compressed,  and  enclosing  the  four  didynamous  stamens ;  the  lower 
lip  short,  3-lobed  :  anther-cells  oblong-linear,  unequal ;  the  outer  one  fixed  by 
the  middle,  the  inner  pendulous.  Capsule  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs, 
with  alternate  entire  or  incisely-lobed  leaves,  the  uppermost  colored.  Flowers 
in  leafy  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  C.  COCCinea,  Spreng.  Stem  hairy;  radical  leaves  clustered,  nearly 
entire ;  those  of  the  stem  pinnatifid,  with  the  lobes  linear ;  the  floral  ones  3- 
lobed,  bright  scarlet  at  the  summit ;  corolla  greenish-yellow.  —  Damp  soil  .in 
the  upper  districts .  June  -  Aug.  (g)  —  Stem  1  °  -  1  i°  high. 

22.    SCHWALBEA,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  oblique,  10  -  12-ribbed,  4-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  very  small, 
the  lowest  elongated,  2-cleft.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  oblong,  arched, 
enclosing  the  four  didynamous  stamens ;  the  lower  rather  shorter,  obtusely 
3-lobed :  anther-cells  parallel,  equal.  Capsule  oblong,  acute,  loculicidally 
2-valved,  many -seeded. 

1.  S.  Americana,  L.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.  May  and  June.  1J. —  Stem  simple,  1°  - 1£°  high,  pubescent.  Leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile;  the  lower  ones  oblong,  the  uppermost  linear, 
small.  Flowers  in  a  spiked  raceme.  Corolla  1'  long,  yellow  and  purple. 

23.    PEDICULARIS,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  more  or  less  cleft  at  the  apex,  variously  2  -  5-toothed.  Corolla 
bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  compressed,  curved  and  bearded  at  the  apex,  enclosing 
the  4  didynamous  stamens;  the  lower  lip  2-crested  above,  3-lobed,  with  the 
lateral  lobes  larger  and  rounded :  anthers  transverse.  Capsule  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, compressed,  the  upper  portion  empty.  —  Herbs,  with  finely  and  pinnately 
divided  leaves.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes  or  spikes. 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L.     Stem  simple,  hairy  (6' -9'  high):  leaves  alter- 
nate, smooth,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;   the  lobes  oblong,  simply  or 
doubly  crenate  ;  spike  dense,  capitate,  elongated  in  fruit ;  corolla  pale  yellow 
and  purple ;  the  upper  lip  hooked,  2-awned  under  the  apex  ;  capsule  lanceolate, 
exserted.  —  Shady  woods  and  banks,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
March  and  April.     1J.  —  Stem  bearing  slender  leafy  and  rooting  runners.    Fruit- 
ing spike  3' -5'  long. 

2.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.     Stem  tall  (l°-3°),  smooth,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched ;  leaves  nearly  opposite,  lanceolate,  pinnately  toothed,  the  teeth 
crenate ;  spike  dense  ;  corolla  pale  yellow,  the  upper  lip  curved,  awnless,  the 
lower  erect ;  capsule  ovate,  scarcely  exserted.  —  Swamps  on  the  mountains  of 
JSorth  Carolina,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept. 

24.    MELAMPYRUM,     Tourn. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  with  4  subulate  teeth.  Corolla  bilabiate  ;  the  tube  dilated 
above ;  the  upper  lip  short,  compressed,  obtuse,  straight ;  the  lower  rather  longer, 


302          ACANTHACE^E.   (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

spreading,  biconvex,  with  three  short  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  under  the 
upper  lip  :  anthers  approximate,  oblong,  hairy  ;  the  cells  nearly  equal,  slightly 
pointed  at  the  base.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Capsule  compressed, 
oblique,  loculicidally  2-valved,  1  -  4-seeded.  —  Annual  herbs,  with  opposite  lan- 
ceolate or  linear  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers. 

1.  M.  Americanum,  Michx.  Stem  naked  below,  leafy  and  commonly 
branched  above  the  middle ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  short-petioled ;  the  upper 
ones  broader  and  sharply  toothed  at  the  base ;  flowers  greenish-yellow.  —  Dry 
woods  along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  Aug.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 2' 
high.  Leaves  2'  long.  Flowers  4"  -  5"  long. 


ORDER  92.     ACAJVTHACE^].     (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  (rarely  alternate  or  clustered)  undivided 
exstipulate  leaves,  and  bracted,  often  showy  flowers.  —  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate,  5-lobed,  twisted  in  the  bud.  Fertile  sta- 
mens 2  or  4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  2-celled. 
Ovary  free.  Style  single  :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  loculici- 
dally 2-valved,  2-celled,  4  -  several-seeded,  opening  elastically.  Seeds 
anatropous,  flat,  rounded,  without  albumen,  mostly  supported  by  curved 
appendages  of  the  placentae.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Stems  commonly  swol- 
len between  the  joints. 

Synopsis. 

*  Capsule  oblong,  bearing  the  seeds  at  the  base.    Appendages  of  the  placentae  none. 
1.  ELYTRARIA.    Spike  borne  on  a  closely-bracted  scape.    Leaves  radical. 

*  *  Capsule  club-shaped,  bearing  the  seeds  above  the  base,  appendaged. 
2-   DIPTERACANTHUS.     Corolla  nearly  regular.^   Stamens  4.    Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or 
clustered. 

3.  DIANTHERA.     Corolla  bilabiate.    Stamens  2.    Cells  of  the  anthers  placed  one  lower  than 

the  other.     Flowers  in  long-peduncled  axillary  spikes. 

4.  DICLIPTERA.     Corolla  bilabiate,  resupinate.     Stamens  2.     Cells  of  the  anthers  placed 

one  behind  the  other.     Flowers  in  leafy -bracted  heads  or  clusters. 

1.    ELYTRARIA,    Vahl. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted,  the  lateral  lobes  narrower.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or 
bilabiate,  5-lobed.  Fertile  stamens  2,  the  2  anterior  ones  sterile :  anther-cells 
parallel.  Stigma  2-cleft.  Capsule  sessile,  about  8-seeded  ;  the  seeds  fixed  near 
the  base  of  the  capsule,  without  appendages.  —  Low  herbs.  Leaves  all  radical, 
clustered.  Scape  covered  with  imbricated  bracts.  Flowers  spiked,  2-bracted. 

1  E.  virgata,  Michx.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  narrowed  downward, 
entire  or  wavy  on  the  margins,  smooth  or  pubescent ;  bracts  of  the  scape 
alternate,  rigid,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  clasping;  those  of  the  spike  ovate; 
corolla  white,  salver-shaped,  the  lobes  nearly  equal ;  capsule  cylindrical.  — 
Banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  Aug.  y.  — Scapes  6'-  12  high 
Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 


ACANTHACEJE.   (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.)  303 

2.    DIPTERACANTHUS,    Nees. 

Calyx  2-bracted,  5-parted,  with  linear  or  bristle-like  lobes.  Corolla  funnel- 
shaped,  5-lobed;  the  lobes  equal,  rounded.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included  : 
anthers  sagittate.  Style  simple,  or  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Capsule  narrowed 
below  the  middle,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  4  -  12-seeded.  Seeds  borne 
above  the  middle,  supported  by  curved  appendages  of  the  placentae.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  tumid  joints,  entire  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  solitary  or- clustered 
nearly  sessile  flowers.  Corolla  white,  blue,  or  purple. 

§   1.     CALOPHANES.  —  Anther-cells  pointed  at  the  base :   style  simple :   capsule 
4-seeded. 

1.  D.  Oblongifolius.     Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary;  stem  4-angled, 
erect  from  a  creeping  base,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  nearly  sessile, 
oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  narrower  and  often  acute  ;  flowers  soli- 
tary or  2  -  3  in  a  cluster ;  calyx-lobes  subulate-setaceous,  as  long  as  the  oblong 
bracts,  and  tube  of  the  spotted  purple  corolla.     (Ruellia  oblongifolia,  Michx.)  — 
Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.     June- 
August.  —  Stem  6' -12'  high.     Leaves  £'-!'  long.     Corolla  1'  long,  rather 
exceeding  the  leaves. 

2.  D.  riparillS,  n.  sp.     Stem  minutely  pubescent,  erect  from  a  creeping 
base,  simple,  slender ;  leaves  smooth,  membranaceous,  oblong,  obtuse,  slightly 
crenate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender  petiole ;  flowers  clustered,  sessile ; 
calyx-lobes  subulate-setaceous,  shorter  than  the  spatulate-oblong  bracts  ;  corolla 
white,  3-4  times  shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  Shady  banks  of  Little  River,  Middle 
Florida.    June  and  July.  — Stems  l°-l£°  high.     Leaves  !'-!£'  long.     Co- 
rolla y  long. 

3.  D.  humistratus.     Stem  smooth,  diffuse,  creeping ;  leaves  oblong-oval, 
entire,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  solitary  or  2  -  3  in  a  clus- 
ter ;  bracts  oblong-spatulate,  shorter  than  the  setaceous  calyx-lobes ;  capsule 
lanceolate,  smooth.     (Ruellia  humistrata,  Mlckx.)  —  Grassy  places,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.  —  Plant  small.     Leaves  £'  long. 

4.  D.  linearis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Small,  rough-pubescent;  stem  prostrate, 
diffuse,  very  leafy ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  entire,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  ob- 
tuse ;  calyx-lobes  setaceous,  hairy  ;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves  ;  capsule  oblong, 
4-angled,  at  length  4-valved,  2  -  4-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  6'  long. 
Leaves  4" -6"  long. 

§  2.  Dii'TERACANTHCS. —  Anther-ctlls  pointless  :  styles-cleft  at  the  apex :  capsule 
B- 12-seeded. 

5.  D.  ciliosus,  Nees.     Hirsute  with  white  hairs  ;   leaves  oval  or  ovate- 
oblong,  nearly  sessile  ;  flowers  solitary  or  2-3  in  a  cluster;  tube  of  the  corolla 
twice  as  long  as  the  setaceous  calyx-lobes,  and  much  longer  than  the  short 
funnel-shaped  throat ;  capsule  smooth.     (Ruellia  ciliosa  and  R.  hybrida,  Pursh.) 
—  Dry  soil,  Georgia,  near  Savannah,  Pursh.,  and  westward.    July  and  Aug.  — 
Stem  varying  from  a  few  inches  to  3°  high.    Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long.    Corolla  2* 
long,  pale  blue. 


304  ACAXTHACE^E.   (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

6.  D.  Strepens,  Nees.     Smooth,  pubescent,  or  hairy  ;  leaves  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  orbicular,  mostly  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  flowers  sessile  or  pedun- 
cled  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  barely  longer  than  the  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  hairy 
calyx-lobes,  and  about  the  length  of  the  funnel-shaped  throat ;  capsule  smooth. 
(Ruellia  strepens,  L.)  — Dry  rich  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     June  -  Sept. — 
Stem  2' -3°  high.     Leaves  l'-4'  long.    Corolla  l'-2'  long,  blue  or  purple.    A 
polymorphous  species.     Later  flowers  sometimes  fruiting  in  the  bud. 

7.  D.  noctiflorus,  Nees.     Closely  pubescent ;  stem  simple,  rigid ;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  or  slightly  toothed  ;  flowers  solitary,  pedun- 
cled  ;  corolla  large  ;  the  elongated  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  linear  hairy  calyx- 
lobes  ;   capsule  pubescent.  —  Low  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
westward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Corolla  2'-  4'  long,  white. 

3.     DIANTHERA,     Gronov. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  emarginate ;  the  lower  3- 
lobed,  rugose  or  veiny  in  the  middle,  spreading.  Stamens  2  :  anther-cells  sep- 
arated, one  placed  lower  down  than  the  other.  Stigma  simple,  acute.  Capsule 
flattened,  narrowed  downward,  bearing  the  seeds  above  the  middle.  Seeds 
mostly  4,  supported  by  the  appendages  of  the  placentae.  —  Perennial  smooth 
herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  short-bracted  mostly  alternate  flowers  in 
long-peduncled  axillary  spikes. 

1.  D.  Americana,  L.     Stem  tall,  angled  ;  leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate ; 
spikes  oblong,  dense  or  somewhat  capitate,  on  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
(Justicia  ensiformis,  Ell.  ?  J.  pedunculosa,  Michx.) — In  slow-flowing  streams, 
South  Carolina,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  and 
peduncles  4' -6' long.     Spike  £'  long.     Flowers  pale  purple. 

2.  D.  ovata,  Walt.     Stem  low  (4' -8'  high),  4-angled;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate, rather  acute,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole ;  the  lowest  small,  lanceolate  ; 
spikes  3 - 4-flowered,  on  simple  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla  small, 
pale  purple,  the  lower  lip  striped  with  deeper  lines.     (Justicia  humilis,  Michx.)  — 
Muddy  banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  —  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long, 
I'-lpwidc. 

Var.  lanceolata.  Stem  taller  (I0-l£°);  leaves  smaller,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, nearly  sessile ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  spikes  many-flowered, 
1-sided,  often  branching.  — River-banks,  Florida.  July. 

Var.  ?  angUSta.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  reflexed,  the  lower  ones 
very  remote ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  spikes  several-flowered,  the 
lower  flowers  often  opposite.  —  Pine-barren  ponds,  Florida.  May.  —  Stem  1° 
high.  Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long.  Corolla  4"  -  5"  long. 

3.  D.  crassifolia,  n.  sp.     Stem  rigid,  angled ;  leaves  fleshy,  linear,  chan- 
nelled, acute  ;  the  lower  distant,  small  and  obtuse  ;  peduncles  stout,  erect,  longer 
than  the  leaves,  exceeding  the  stem ;  spike  few-flowered ;  corolla  large,  bright 
purple ;  the  lower  lip  striped  with  deeper  lines  ;  capsule  2-seeded :  seeds  circular, 
smooth.  —  Wet  pine  ban-ens,  Apalachicola,  Florida.     April  and  May.  —  Stem 
6' -12' high.    Leaves  4' -  6' long.    Peduncles  4' -  9' long.     Corolla  and  capsule 
1'  long. 


VERBENACE.E.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY;)  305 

4.    DICLIPTERA,    Juss. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  mostly  leafy-bracted.  Corolla  bilabiate,  mostly  reversed  ;  the 
lower  lip  3-lobed ;  the  upper  2-cleft  or  entire.  Stamens  2 :  anther-cells  equal, 
one  placed  behind  the  other.  Capsule  oblong  or  oval,  bearing  2  or  4  seeds  be- 
low the  middle  ;  the  partitions  at  length  free  from  the  valves.  —  Herbs,  with  sim- 
ple leaves,  and  purple,  scarlet,  or  white  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  heads  or 
spike-like  cymes. 

1-  D.  brachiata,  Spreng.  Smooth  or  nearly  so;  stem  6-angled,  with 
numerous  spreading  branches ;  leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  long  and  slender  petiole;  spikes  solitary  or  2-3  together, 
interrupted,  unequal ;  bracts  oblong,  mucronate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  at  length 
inflated  ;  corolla  small,  purple.  ( Justicia  brachiata,  Pursh.)  —  River-banks, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  D.  Halei,  Riddell.     Stem  tomentose,  mostly  simple ;  leaves  ovate-hm- 
ceolate,  acuminate  but  rather  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  sprinkled  on  the 
upper  surface  and  veins  beneath  with  very  short  hairs  ;  the  lower  ones  smaller 
and  obtuse;  spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  short-peduncled,  leafy  at  the  base, 
compact,  few-flowered ;   bracts  oblong  or  oval,  mucronate,  short-stalked,  and, 
like  the  linear-spatulate  bracteoles,  and  subulate  calyx-lobes,  fringed  with  long 
hairs ;    capsule  oval,  4-seeded.      (.Justicia  laetevirens,  Buckley  ?     Rhytoglossa 
viridiflora,  Nees.) — Shady   banks   of  rivers,   Florida,  and  westward.      June- 
September.  —  Stem  J°-2°  high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long.      Corolla  4" -5"  long, 
white. 

3.  D.  assurgens,  Juss.      Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent;    stem  angled, 
much  branched ;    leaves  elliptical,  acute,  on  slender  petioles ;    flowers  mostly 
single,  scattered  in  1-sided  spike-like  cymes ;  bracts  small,  unequal,  the  interior 
ones  subulate,  the  exterior  larger  and  somewhat  spatulate ;  calyx-lobes  subulate, 
unequal;  corolla  (scarlet)  curved,  nearly  equally  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  entire, 
the  lower  minutely  3-toothed ;  anthers  slightly  exserted ;  style  hair-like,  elon- 
gated. —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.    Leaves  1'  -  2'  long.     Corolla  9" 
-12"  lone. 


ORDER  93.     VERBENACE^.     (VERVAIN  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  4-angled  mostly  rough  stems,  and  oppo- 
site and  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  spiked,  capitate,  or  cymose.  —  Ca- 
lyx 4  -  5-cleft  or  parted,  free.  Corolla  regular  and  salver-shaped,  or  more 
or  less  bilabiate,  4  -  5-lobed.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  entire,  1  -  8-celled,  with  1  or  (in  Avi- 
cennia)  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  simple,  terminal.  Fruit  dry  or  bac- 
cate, 1  -  8-celled,  commonly  separable  into  as  many  1-seeded  indehiscent 
nutlets.  Albumen  scarce  or  none.  Embryo  straight. 
'26* 


306  VEUBENACEJE.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.    VERBEIVEJE.  —  Ovule  solitary,  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  anatropous. 
Radicle  pointing  downward.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 
*  Herbs.    Fruit  dry. 

1.  PRIVA.     Stamens  4.     Fruit  of  2  two-celled  nutlets,' enclosed  in  the  inflated  calyx. 

2.  VERBENA.    Stamens  4.     Fruit  of  4  one-celled  nutlets.    Fruiting  calyx  not  inflated. 

3.  STACHYTARPHA.    Stamens  2.    Fruit  of  2  one-celled  nutlets,  imbedded  in  excavations  of 

the  thickened  rachis. 

4.  LIPPIA.     Stamens  4.     Fruit  of  2  one-celled  nutlets.     Flowers  capitate. 

*  *  Shrubs.    Fruit  fleshy  or  pulpy. 
.5.  LANTANA.    Fruit  of  2  one-celled  nutlets.    Flowers  capitate. 

6.  CITHAREXYLUM.    Fruit  of  2  two-celled  nutlets  surrounded  by  the  cup-shaped  calyx. 

Flowers  spiked. 

7.  DURANTA.     Fruit  of  4  two-celled  nutlets  enclosed  in  the  beaked  calyx. 

TRIBE  II.  ~VITEJE.  —  Ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  am- 
phitropous.  Radicle  pointing  downward.  Flowers  in  cymes.  Fruit  baccate. 

8.  CALLICARPA.     Fruit  of  4  separate  1-celled  nutlets.    Shrubs. 

TRIBE  III.  AVICENNI^.  —  Ovules  by  pairs,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell, 
amphitropous.  Radicle  pointing  downward.  Flowers  in  imbricated  spikes  or  heads. 
Fruit  capsular. 

9.  AVICENNIA.    Embryo  large,  germinating  within  the  capsule.    Trees. 

TRIBE  IV.     PHRYMEjE. —Ovule  solitary,  erect  from  the  base  of  the  1-celled  ovary, 
orthotropous.      Radicle  pointing  upward.      Cotyledons  convolute  around   their  axis. 
Flowers  in  elongated  slender  spikes.     Fruit  a  caryopsis. 
10.  PHRYMA.    Corolla  bilabiate.    Stamens  4,  didynamous.     Fruit  reflexed. 


1.    PRIVA,     Adans. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didy- 
namous, included.  Ovary  4-celled.  Style  persistent.  Fruit  dry,  separating 
into  two  2-celled  spiny-angled  nutlets,  and  included  in  the  inflated  mcmbrami- 
ceous  calyx.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  serrate  petioled  undivided  leaves,  and  mi- 
nute flowers  in  a  loose  slender  spike. 

1 .  P.  echinata,  Juss.  Smooth  or  hispid ;  stem  branching  ;  leaves  cordate- 
ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate ;  flowers  alternate ;  fruiting  calyx  bristly  with 
hooked  hairs,  ovoid ;  fruit  ovate,  4-angled,  the  angles  armed  with  tubercular 
spines,  pointed  by  the  persistent  bent  style.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  l'-2' 
long.  Spikes  6'  -  9'  long,  terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  stem. 

2.    VERBENA,    L.     VERVAIN. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-ribbed,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  bearded  in  the 
throat ;  the  limb  somewhat  bilabiate,  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included. 
Stigma  2-lobed.  Ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  of  4  separate  1 -seeded  nutlets.  —  Herbs, 
with  serrate  or  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  mostly  small  flowers  in  lengthen- 
ing slender  spikes. 


VERBENACE^E.       (VERVAIN   FAMILY.)  807 

*  Anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  tipped  icith  a  gland-like  appendage :  flowers  showy. 

1.  V.  Aubletia,  L.     Hairy;  stem  creeping  at  the  base,  ascending,  fork- 
ing ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  3-cleft,  with  the  lobes  toothed,  narrowed  into  a  slender 
petiole;  the  lower  ones  smaller,  rounded,  toothed;  spikes  terminal  and  in  the 
forks  of  the  stem,  long-peduncled,  closely  flowered ;  calyx  long,  slender,  the 
unequal  teeth  subulate  ;   corolla  showy,  purple.  —  Dry  light  soil,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina,  and  westward.     May- August.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Corolla 
o'  long. 

*  *  Anthers  without  appendages  :  Jlowers  small. 
H—   Leaves  undivided. 

2.  V.  urticifolia,  L.     Rough-hairy ;  stem  tall,  branching ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  mucronate-serrate,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a 
long  petiole  ;  spikes  very  long,  filiform,  axillary  and  terminal ;  flowers  minute, 
white   or  pale   blue.  —  Low  ground,   Florida  to   Mississippi,  and   northward. 
Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  2°-  5°  high.     Leaves  very  rough,  2'  -  6'  long. 

3.  V.  hastata,  L.     Rough-hairy;  stem  branching;   leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole  ;  the 
lowest  broader,  and  often  hastate-lobed  at  the  base ;  spikes  linear,  short,  close- 
flowered;  flowers  violet.     (V.  paniculata,  Lam.) — Low  ground,  in  the  upper 
districts,  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July-  Sept. —  Stem  2°- 3°  high.  Flowers 
larger  than  in  No.  2. 

4.  V.  angUStifolia,  Michx.      Rough-hairy  ;    stem   simple  or  branched 
above ;    leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  father  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate, 
tapering  from  near  the  apex  to  the  sessile  base ;  spikes  linear,  terminal,  close- 
flowered  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Dry  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 2'  high.     Flowering  spikes  2'  -  3'  long. 

5.  V.  Caroliniana,  Michx.     Rough  with  short  rigid  hairs  ;  stem  simple, 
ascending ;  leaves  oblong,  or  the  lowest  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  sharply 
and  doubly  serrate,  entire  toward  the  narrowed  base,  sessile  ;  spikes  1-3,  elon- 
gated ;  flowers  flesh-color.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and 
westward.     Aug.  —  Stem  4'  — 6'  high,  shorter  than  the  spikes.     Leaves  l'-2' 
long.     Nutlets  tardily  separating. 

•t-   •+-   Leaves  pinnatijid.  - 

6.  V.  officinalis,  L.     Stem  smoothish,  erect,  branching  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  pinnately  lobed  or  toothed,  narrowed  and  entire  near  the  base, 
sessile,  pubescent  beneath ;  spikes  linear  or  filiform,  panicled ;  bracts  shorter 
than  the  calyx  ;  flowers  purple.     (V.  spuria,  L.)  —  Waste  ground,  chiefly  in  the 
upper  districts.     Introduced.     July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 

7.  V.  canescens,  Kunth  ?     Hirsute  and  hoary ;    stems  numerous,  pros- 
trate, diffuse ;  leaves  small,  pinnately  toothed  or  lobed,  oblong,  narrowed  into  a 
petiole ;  spikes  terminal,  dense ;  bracts  linear,  entire,  spreading,  much  longer 
than  the  flowers,  the  lower  ones  recurved  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Streets  of  Apa- 
lachicola,  Florida,  and  along  the  Central  Railroad  in  the  middle  districts  of 
Georgia.    Aug.  —  Stems  4'  -  6'  long.    Spikes  3'  -  6'  long.    Leaves  6''  -  9"  long. 


308  VERBENACE^E.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY.) 

3.    STACHYTARPHA,    Vahl 

Calyx  tubular,  compressed,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-cleft,  hairy 
in  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  the  upper  pair  sterile.  Ovary  2-celled. 
Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  of  two  1 -celled  1 -seeded  nutlets.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
4-angled  forking  stems,  and  opposite  undivided  leaves.  Flowers  in  straight  and 
rigid  spikes,  imbedded  in  excavations  of  the  thickened  rachis,  and  covered  by 
the  imbricated  bracts. 

1.  S.  Jamaicensis,  Vahl.  Herbaceous,  smoothish;  stems  ascending; 
leaves  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  tapering  into  a  slender  margined  petiole ;  spikes 
linear,  terete,  elongated ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  appressed,  with  scarious 
rough  margins  ;  flowers  small,  blue.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 
Spikes  8' -12'  long. 

4.    LIPPIA,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  membranaceous,  2  -  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular-funnel-shaped, 
somewhat  bilabiate;  5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  Ovary  2-celled, 
2-ovuled.  Style  short :  stigma  obliquely  capitate.  Fruit  of  two  1-seeded  sepa- 
rable nutlets.  —  Herbs,  with  4-angled  stems,  opposite  or  whorled  simple  leaves, 
and  small  flowers  in  dense  spikes  or  heads. 

1 .  L.  nodiflora,  Michx.  Stem  creeping,  finely  pubescent,  the  flowering 
branches  erect ;  leaves  obovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  rough,  tapering  and  entire 
below  the  middle,  serrate  above ;  heads  dense,  globose  in  flower,  oblong  or 
cylindrical  in  fruit,  on  axillary  peduncles  which  are  2  -  3  times  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  flowers  white  or  purple.  (Zapania  nodiflora,  Lam.)  —  Damp  sandy 
soil  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  May  -  Sept.  — 
Flowering  stems  6'-  12'  high.  Leaves  1'  long. 

5.    LANTANA,    L. 

Calyx  minute,  slightly  4-toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  notched 
or  entire  ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  Style  short : 
stigma  oblique.  Fruit  fleshy  or  berry-like,  of  two  mostly  rugose  or  tuberculate 
1-seeded  nutlets,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  membranaceous  calyx. —  Shrubs,  with 
simple  rugose  serrate  leaves,  and  axillary  peduncled  capitate  bracted  flowers. 

1.  L.  involucrata,  L.     Var.  Floridana.     Stem   much  branched,  pu- 
bescent;  leaves  small  (£'-  1'),  oval  or  obovate,  crenate,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
densely  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  rough  above,  contracted  into  a  slender 
petiole;  peduncles  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the  upper  ones  corymbose; 
heads  small;  bracts  ovate,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  small  (2" -3")  white? 
corolla ;  the  outer  ones  empty  and  narrower,  involucrate.  —  South  Florida. 

2.  L.  Camara,  L.      Stem   pubescent,   hirsute,   or  spiny ;    leaves   ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  crenate,  short-petioled,  very  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath; 
peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  bracts  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
yellow  corolla;  involucre  none. —  St.  Mary's,  Georgia,  Elliott.     June -Nov. — 
Shrub  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  2'  long. 


VERBENACE.S.       (  VERVAIN    FAMILY.)  309 

6.    CITHAREXYLTTM,    L. 

Calyx  cup-shaped  or  somewhat  tubular,  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  5-lobed,  the  throat  pubescent.  Stamens  4-5,  included :  anthers  sagit- 
tate. Ovary  4-celled.  Style  thickened  upward  :  stigma  notched.  Drupe  juicy, 
of  two  2-seeded  bony  nutlets,  partly  included  in  the  enlarged  indurated  calyx.  — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  mostly  glandular-petioled  leaves,  and  small  flowers 
in  slender  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  C.  villosum,  Jacq.  Branches  4-angled,  hairy  or  tomentose ;  leaves 
somewhat  coriaceous,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  tomentose  and 
pale  beneath,  roughened  and  shining  above,  narrowed  into  a  short  biglandular 
petiole ;  spikes  declining,  loose-flowered ;  corolla  smooth  externally,  the  tube 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  lobes  rounded  or  notched ;  stamens  4 ;  drupe  globose, 
half  included  in  the  enlarged  calyx.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  2'  -  5'  long. 
Spikes  2' -  4' long.  Corolla  2"  long.  Drupe  4"  in  diameter. 

7.    DTJRANTA,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-ribbed,  5-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  bilabiate,  pubescent  in 
the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  included. 
Ovary  8-celled.  Style  short :  stigma  oblique.  Drupe  baccate,  of  four  2-seeded 
bony  nutlets,  included  in  the  enlarged  beak-pointed  calyx.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves 
opposite  or  whorled,  entire,  dotted.  Flowers  showy,  in  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  D.  Plumieri,  Jacq.  Spineless  or  spiny;  branches  and  racemes  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  or  serrate  near  the  apex,  tapering 
into  a  slender  petiole ;  racemes  curving,  loose-flowered ;  lower  bracts  leafy ; 
drupe  globose.  —  South  Florida. — Leaves  l'-2'  long.  Corolla  5"  long,  lilac. 
Drupe  yellow. 

8.    CALLICARPA,    L.     FRENCH  MULBERRY. 

Calyx  small,  cup-shaped,  4-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  4-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 4,  equal,  exserted.  Ovary  4-celled.  Style  slender;  stigma  capitate. 
Drupe  baccate,  of  four  separate  1-seeded  nutlets.  —  Shrubs,  with  a  glandular  or 
scurfy  mostly  stellate  pubescence.  Leaves  opposite,  undivided,  serrate,  petioled. 
Flowers  in  axillary  forked  cymes. 

1.  C.  Americana,  L.  Branches  and  leaves  scurfy ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  crenate-serrate,  rough  above,  hoary  beneath,  becoming  smooth- 
ish ;  cymes  many-flowered,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  corolla  blue ;  drape  purple. 
—  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Mississippi.  June 
and  July.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high.  Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

9.    AVICENNIA,    L. 

Calyx  of  5  imbricated  concave  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  equal,  exserted :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  two  collateral 
amphitropous  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  short  or  none.  Capsule- 


310  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

ovate,  coriaceous,  indehiscent.  Embryo  large,  naked,  germinating  within  the 
capsule.  —  Low  evergreen  trees,  with  extensively  creeping  roots,  forming  impen- 
etrable thickets  on  the  muddy  shores  of  the  sea.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  smooth 
above,  hoary  and  velvety  beneath.  Flowers  in  dense  heads,  on  axillary  and 
terminal  peduncles. 

1.  A.  oblongifolia,  Nutt.  ?      Tomentose   throughout,  except  the   upper 
surface  of  the  rigid  oblong  obtuse  short-petioled  leaves  ;  peduncles  three  together, 
terminal,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  heads  oval ;  sepals  and  bracts  orbicular  :  co- 
rolla tomentose  on  both  sides ;  style  exseited.  —  Key  West.    Oct.  —  Branches 
terete.     Leaves  2' -3'  long.     Peduncles  4-angled.     Heads  £'  long.     Corolla 
3"  long. 

2.  A.  tomentosa,  Jacq.     Leaves  obovate-elliptical,  very  obtuse,  tapering 
into  a  petiole,  smooth  above,  white-tomentose  beneath ;  spikes  short,  the  lower 
flowers  mostly  scattered ;    corolla-lobes  truncate,  silky  below,  smooth  above ; 
stigma  nearly  sessile.  —  South  Florida.     Nuttall.  —  Leaves  3'  long.     Corolla 
white. 

10.    PHRYMA,    L.    LOPSEED. 

Calyx  tubular,  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  of  3  bristle-pointed  teeth ;  the  lower 
shorter,  2-cleft.  Corolla  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  notched,  the  lower  longer,  3- 
lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  Style  slender :  stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit 
oblong,  pointed  by  the  persistent  style.  —  A  perennial  branching  pubescent 
herb,  with  opposite  ovate  or  oblong  coarsely-serrate  long-petiolcd  leaves,  and 
small  opposite  purplish  flowers  in  a  slender  terminal  spike.  Fruit  reflexed. 

1.  P.  leptostachya,  L.  —  Eich  shaded  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high,  tumid  above  the  joints. 
Leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 


ORDER  94.     L.ABIATVE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  4-angled  branches,  and  opposite  exstip- 
ulate  leaves.  Flowers  opposite,  solitary,  or  oftener  in  close  axillary  spiked 
or  capitate  cymes  (whorls).  Calyx  3  -  10-cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  more 
or  less  bilabiate,  4  -  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
diandrous  or  didynamous.  Ovary  4-clefl  or  4-parted,  the  lobes  surround- 
ing the  base  of  the  single  style.  Ovule  solitary,  erect,  anatropous.  Fruit 
of  1  -  4  one-seeded  nutlets.  Albumen  scarce  or  none.  Embryo  straight 
or  (in  Scutellaria)  curved.  Radicle  short,  inferior.  —  Plants  commonly 
dotted  with  minute  glands,  which  are  filled  with  an  aromatic  voldtile  oil. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     OCIMOIDK.E.  —  Stamens  4,  didynamous  ;  the  lower  pair  longer,  reclining  on 
the  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla.    Anthers  2-celled.    Nutlets  smooth,  distinct. 

1.  OCIMUM.     Upper  lobe  of  the  calyx  broad,  decurrent     Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal 

2.  HYPTIS.    Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.    Lowest  lobe  of  the  corolla  longest,  saccate,  bent 

downward. 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  311 

TRIBE  II.  S ATUREIE JE.  —  Stamens  2  or  4,  straight  and  spreading,  or  connivent  undet 
the  upper  Jip  ;  the  upper  pair  shorter,  or  abortive.  Anthers  2-celled.  Nutlets  smooth, 
distinct. 

»   Corolla-lobes  nearly  equal.    Stamens  distant. 

3.  MENTIIA.    Fertile  stamens  4.    Whorls  spiked.    Nutlets  obtuse. 

4.  LYCOPUS      Fertile  stamens  2.    Whorls  axillary.    Nutlets  truncate. 

*  *  Corolla  2-lipped.    Stamens  straight,  distant,  spreading. 

5.  CUNILA.    Stamens  2.    Calyx  equally  5  toothed,  hairy  in  the  throat. 

6.  PYCNANTHEMUM.    Stamens  4.     Calyx  2.1ipped  or  &  toothed,  naked  in  the  throat, 

7.  COLLINSONIA.    Stamens  2  or  4.     Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  truncate,  3-toothed.    Co- 

rolla  fimbriate. 
»   *   *   Corolla  2-lipped.    Stamens  ascending  and  spreading  above,  or  connivent  under  the 

upper  lip. 
+•  Fertile  stamens  2 ,   the  two  sterile  ones  small. 

8.  HEDEOMA.    Calyx  13-nerved,  2  lipped,  the  lower  lip  hispid. 

+•    +    Fertile  stamens  4.    Calyx  13-nerved. 

9.  MICKOMERIA.    Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.    Flowers  solitary.    Low  herbs. 

10.  CALAMINTHA.    Calyx  2-lipped.    Flowers  in  cymes.     Anthers  awnless.    Chiefly  shrubs. 

11.  DICERANDRA.    Calyx  2-lipped.    Anther-cells  awned.     Branching  annuals. 

12.  MELISSA.    Calyx  tubular -bell-shaped,  flattened  on  the  upper  side.    Tube  of  the  corolla 

curved  upward. 

TRIBE  III.  MONAR.DE.3E.  —  Stamens  2,  ascending  and  parallel.  Anthers  1  celled,  or 
with  2  confluent  cells.  Calyx  and  corolla  2-lipped.  Nutlets  smooth,  distinct. 

13.  SAL  VIA.    Connective  of  the  anther  elongated,  oblique  ;  the  upper  cell  fertile;  the  lower 

abortive  or  wanting. 

14.  MONARDA.    Anther  2-celled,  the  cells  confluent.    Calyx-teeth  equal. 

15.  BLEPHILIA.    Anther  2-celled,  the  cells  confluent.   Calyx  2-lipped;  the  upper  teeth  awned. 
TRIBE  IV.     NEPETE^:.  —Stamens  4,  the  upper  pair  longer     Nutlets  smooth,  distinct. 

16.  LOPHANTHUS.    Upper  stamens  curving  downward ;  the  lower  ascending.    Anther-cells 

parallel. 

17.  NEPETA.    Stamens  all  ascending.     Anther-cells  diverging. 

18.  CEDRONELLA.     Stamens  all  ascending.    Anther-cells  parallel. 

TRIBE  V.  ST AC HYDEJE. —Stamens  4;  the  lower  pair  longer,  parallel,  ascending 
Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  concave  or  keeled.  Calyx  3  -  10-toothed  or  lobed.  Nutlets 
smooth,  distinct. 

*   Calyx  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit. 
Ifc.  BRUNELLA.     Lips  of  the  calyx  toothed.     Flowers  3  in  a  cluster,  spiked. 

20.  SCUTELLARIA.     Lips  of  the  calyx  entire ;  the  upper  one  appendaged.     Flowers  single, 

opposite. 

*   *   Calyx  not  2-lipped  ;  the  teeth  or  lobes  spineless. 

21.  MACBRIDEA.     Calyx  3-lobed.    Flowers  capitate,  in  crowded  4-flowered  whorls. 

22.  PHYSOSTEGIA.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Flowers  opposite,  spiked.    Nutlets  3  angled. 

23.  LAMIUM.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.    Nutlets  truncated. 

*   »  *  Calyx  not  2-lipped  ;  the  teeth  rigid  or  spiny. 

24.  MARRUBIUM.    Calyx-teeth  10,  nearly  equal.     Stamens  included.    Herbs  woolly. 

25.  LEONOTIS.     Calyx-teeth  8-10.  very  unequal.     Stamens  exserted.     Whorls  globose. 

26.  LEONURUS.    Calyx-teeth  5.     Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate.     Leaves  incisely  lobed 

27.  STACHYS.     Calyx-teeth  5.     Nutlets  truncate,  sharp-angled.     Leaves  undivided. 

TRIBE  VI.  A  JUGE  JE.  —  Stamens  4,  ascending,  parallel,  exserted.  Nutlets  reticulated 
and  pitted,  their  bases  partially  united  within. 

*  Stamens  barely  exserted,  nearly  equal. 
23.  ISANTHUS.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  and  calyx  nearly  equal.     Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered. 


312  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Stamens  long-exserted,  didynamous. 

29.  TRICHOSTEMA.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Flowers  soBtary. 

30.  TEUCRIUM.    Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  longest.    Calyx  5-toothed.     Whorls  crowded. 


1.     OCIMUM,    L.     BASIL. 

Calyx  ovate  or  bell-shaped,  5-toothed,  angled,  deflexed  in  fruit ;  the  upper 
tooth  roundish,  with  the  margins  decurrent.  Corolla  nearly  equally  2-lipped ; 
the  upper  lip  4-eleft ;  the  lower  entire,  flat.  Stamens  4,  didynamous ;  the  lower 
pair  longer,  resting  upon  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla.  Style  2-clcft  at  the  apex. 
Glands  of  the  disk  1-4.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovoid  or  globular.  —  Chiefly  tropical 
herbs  or  shrubs.  Whorls  6-flowered,  in  a  terminal  bracted  spike  or  raceme. 

1.  O.  Campechianum,  Miller.  Stem  branched,  pubescent,  especially  at 
the  joints ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  finely  serrate,  narrowed  into 
a  slendei  pubescent  petiole,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  dotted ; 
raceme  many-flowered,  pubescent ;  bracts  ovate  ;  calyx  hispid  on  the  nerves,  the 
lower  teeth  awned  ;  corolla  small,  slightly  exserted  ;  stamens  smooth.  —  South 
.Florida.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.  Leaves  1'-  2'  long.  Flowers  purple. 

2.     HYPTIS,    Jacq. 

Calyx  tubular,  with  5  equal  subulate  teeth.  Corolla  5-lobed ;  the  four  upper 
lobes  short,  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  the  lowest  longer,  saccate,  abruptly  deflexed, 
thickened  at  the  base.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included  in  the  bud  hi  the 
lower  lobe  of  the  corolla.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovoid. 

1.  H.  radiata,  Willd.  Herbaceous;  stem  erect,  mostly  simple,  pubescent 
above ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate  or  toothed,  tapering  into  a  petiole, 
smooth  ;  heads  peduncled,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  globose,  surrounded 
by  an  involucre  of  several  lanceolate  whitish  bracts,  pubescent ;  corolla  small, 
white,  dotted  with  purple.  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward. July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

3.     MENTHA,    L.     MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  nearly  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  equally  4-lobed,  the  upper 
lobe  notched  or  entire.  Stamens  4,  equal,  distant,  straight :  anther-cells  parallel. 
Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Nutlets  smooth,  obtuse. — Pungent  aromatic  herbs. 
Whorls  (in  our  species)  approximate,  forming  a  dense  or  interrupted  terminal 
spike. 

1.  M.  viridis,  L.     Stem  and  leaves  smooth;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  un- 
equally serrate,  nearly  sessile ;  bracts  leafy,  and,  like  the  calyx,  smooth  or  hairy ; 
spike  cylindrical,  interrupted  below ;  calyx-teeth  linear-subulate.      (M.  tennis, 
Michx.)  —  Damp  soils.    Introduced,  and  sparingly  naturalized.    July-  Sept.  — 
Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  pale  blue. 

2.  M.  rotundifolia,  L.     Soft-hairy;  stem  erect;  leaves  roundish,  rugose, 
crenate,  sessile,  hoary  beneath ;  spikes  oblong,  interrupted ;  bracts  lanceolate ; 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  313 

fruiting  calyx  roundish,  the  teeth  short  and  acute.  —  Near  Wilmington,  North 
Carolina.     Introduced.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high.     Corolla  white. 

3.  M.  piperita,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  creeping  at  the  base,  ascending, 
branched  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base, 
short-petioled  ;  spikes  slender,  interrupted  ;  bracts  mostly  longer  than  the 
•whorls,  the  upper  ones  linear  ;  calyx-teeth  hairy.  —  Low  ground.  Introduced. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  high.  Flowers  white  or  blue. 

4.     LYCOPUS,    L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  equally  4  -  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  throat.  Corolla  bell- 
shaped,  exserted,  equally  4-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  exserted ;  the  upper  pair 
sterile,  included  or  wanting  :  anther-cells  parallel.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex. 
Nutlets  3-angled,  truncate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base.  — Marsh  or  aquatic 
herbs,  with  long  runners  at  the  base.  Leaves  mostly  toothed  or  pinnatih'd. 
Whorls  dense,  axillary.  Flowers  small,  sessile. 

1.  L.  Virginicus,  L.     Stem  smoothish ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed- 
serrate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  roughened  above  ;  calyx-teeth  4,  ovate, 
obtuse;  corolla  small,  exserted ;  sterile  stamens  minute.  —  Ponds  and  ditches, 
Florida?  and  northward.      Sept.  — Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 
Flowers  white. 

2.  L.  sinuatUS,  Ell.     Stem  smooth,  much  branched  ;   leaves  pinnatifid- 
toothed,  ovate-oblong,  tapering  at  each  end ;  the  upper  ones  narrower ;  calyx- 
teeth  5,  lanceolate-subulate,  acute ;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  sterile 
stamens  minute  or  none.     (L.  exaltatus,  Pursh.) 

Var.  intermedius.  Closely  pubescent  or  tomentose ;  stem  simple  or 
branched,  very  leafy ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  coarsely 
serrate,  pale  beneath ;  whorls  dense ;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  pubescent,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  corolla ;  seeds  pitted. 

Var.  angustifolius,  Benth.  (L.  angustifolius,  Ell.)  Pubescent ;  stem 
simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear,  toothed- 
serrate  or  entire,  resinous-dotted  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate.  —  Ponds  and  ditches, 
Tlorida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high. 
Leaves  2' -4'  long.  Flowers  white. 

5.     CUNILA,    L.     DITTANY. 

Calyx  tubular,  »10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  2,  distant, 
exserted:  anther-cells  parallel.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Nutlets  smooth. — 
Perennial  herbs.  Flowers  small,  in  corymbose  or  crowded  whorls. 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  much  branched ;  leaves  ovate, 
serrate,  acute,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  subsessile ;  cymes  loose,  axillary 
and  terminal,  peduncled,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves,  corymbose ;  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate,  acute. — Dry  soil  along  the  mountains,  Georgia  and  northward. 
July -Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  1'  long.  Flowers  purple. 
27 


314  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY j 

6.     PYCNANTHEMUM,    Michx.     HORSE-MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed,  or  slightly 
2-lipped.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  straight,  spreading,  commonly  exserted :  anther-cells 
parallel.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Perennial  mostly  pu- 
bescent or  hoary  herbs,  with  erect  branching  stems.  Floral  leaves  often  white- 
tomentose.  Cymes  mostly  terminal,  bractcd.  Corolla  small,  white  or  purplish. 
—  Plants  aromatic  and  pungent. 

*  Calyx  mare  or  less  2-lipped,  the  subulate  teeth  often  bearded  with  weak  jointed  hairs  : 
cymes  mostly  terminal,  widely  Dreading  in  fruit :  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers : 
leaves  pubescent,  the  uppermost  whitened. 

1.  P.  incanum,  Michx.    Stem  densely  pubescent  and  hoary ;  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  short-petioled,  hoary-tomentose  beneath  ; 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  and,  like  the  bracts,  commonly  bearded  with  weak  hairs. 
(P.  Loomisii,  Nutt.)  —  Var.  TULLIA.     (P.  Tullia,  Benth.)     Leaves  smaller  and 
smoother;  cymes  larger  and  more  expanded;  calyx-teeth  longer.  —  Var.  AL- 
BESCENS.    (P.  albescens,  Gray.)    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  smooth  above, 
hoary  beneath ;  calyx-teeth  triangular  lanceolate,  obtuse,  not  bearded.  —  Dry 
woods  and  fence-rows,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    Aug.  and  Sept.  — 
Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long.     Flowers  white. 

2.  P.  dubium,  Gray.     Stem  villous-pubescent ;   leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  entire ;  cymes  hoary,  dense-flowered,  short  - 
peduncled ;   calyx-teeth  subulate,  tipped,  like  the  bracts,  with  a  tuft  of  weak 
hairs ;  the  2  lower  ones  shorter.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     Aug.  and 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

*    *   Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal, 

H-    Calyx  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  the  teeth  subulate  and  awn-pointed,  like  the  rigid 
bracts :  cymes  dense-flowered 

3.  P.  aristatum,  Michx.     Tomentose   and   hoary,  or  sometimes  hairy ; 
stem  branched ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  sparingly  serrate,  rounded  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  the  uppermost  somewhat  whitened  ;  cymes  mostly  terminal ; 
ovary  bearded.  —  Var.  HYSSOPIFOLIUM,   Gray.      Stem  simple  or  corymbose 
above;   leaves  rigid,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire.  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  l£°-3°  high.     Leaves 
l'-2'  long.  « 

^_    ^_    Calyx-teeth  beardless  and  awnless :   cymes  capitate,  mostly  terminal :  bracts 
shorter  than  the  flowers :  leaves  subsessile. 

4.  P.  pilosum,  Nutt.     Softly  pubescent  or  villous ;  branches  short,  erect , 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  none  of  them  whitened ;  cymes 
small,  compact,  corymbose ;  calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  and,  like  the 
bracts,  hoary-tomentose,  or,  in  var.  LEPTODON,  Gray,  subulate  and  villous.  — 
Upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept. —  Stem  2°  high. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long.    . 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  315 

5.  P.  muticurn,  Pcrs.    Smooth  or  tomentose ;  stem  corymbosely  branched ; 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at 
the  base,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  the  uppermost  whitened ;  cymes  small,  com- 
pact, corymbose,  minutely  hoary-tomentose ;  calyx-teeth  short,  triangular-ovate, 
obtuse.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  — • 
Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

4_   ^_   ^_   Cymes  capitate,  in  compact  corymbose  clusters :  bracts  shorter  than  the 
flowers :  stem  and  rigid  entire  leaves  smoothish. 

6.  P.  lanceolatum,  Pursh.     Stem  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base  ;  cymes  numerous,  pubescent ;  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  calyx-teeth  short,  triangular.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts. 
Aug.  and  Sept. —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

7.  P.  linifoliu.Hl,  Pursh.     Stem  branched;  leaves  very  numerous,  linear, 
sessile;  cymes  smoothish  ;  bracts  linear,  acute  ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate, 
rigid,  acute.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    Aug.  and  Sept. 
—  Stem  2°  high. 

8.  P.  nudum,  Nutt.     Smooth  ;  stem  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit, 
straight ;    leaves   sessile,   ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  rounded   at  the   base ;    cymes 
smooth ;  exterior  bracts  narrow-lanceolate,  the  inner  short,  subulate ;    calyx- 
teeth  short,  triangular-lanceolate,  and,  like  the  corolla,  pubescent.  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  Dale  County,  Alabama,  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.     Aug. 
and  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  £'  -  1'  long. 

H-  -t-   -i-   -t-    Cymes  axillary  and  terminal,  large,  dense-Jlotvered :  bracts  ciliate. 

9.  P.  montanum,  Michx.     Stem  slender,  smooth,  simple  or  branched; 
leaves  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  the 
lowest  rounded  at  the  base ;   cymes  globose,  the  upper  ones  closely  sessile  ; 
bracts  numerous,  ciliate  ;  the  exterior  ovate,  very  acute,  as  long  as  the  flowers, 
the  inner  ones  linear  ;  calyx-teeth  short,  acute ;  ovary  bearded.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  1  °  -  3°  high.    Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

7.     COLLINSONIA,    L.     HORSE-BALM. 

Calyx  obovate,  enlarged  and  deflexed  in  fruit,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  flat- 
tened, truncate,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  2-lipped, 
dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  four  upper  lobes  equal,  the  lowest  larger,  declining, 
toothed  or  fimbriate.  Stamens  2  or  4,  long-exserted,  spreading  :  anther-cells 
diverging.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Strong-scented  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  large, 
coarsely  serrate,  dotted  beneath.  Flowers  yellowish,  solitary,  opposite,  in 
racemes  or  panicles.  Petioles  tumid  at  the  base. 

*  Fertile  stamens  2. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  Nearly  smooth;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  acute,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  long-petioled, 
the  uppermost  smaller,  sessile ;  panicle  elongated ;  bracts  minute,  very  acute ; 
flowering  calyx  very  small,  the  upper  lip  much  shorter  than  the  lower,  with 


316  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

subulate  teeth ;  corolla  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  yellowish.  —  Rich  shaded 
soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves 
4' -  9'  long.  Corolla  3"  -  5"  long. 

2.  C.  scabriuscula,  Ait.     Stem  smoothish ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  acute, 
dentate,  rounded  at  the  base,  smooth  above,  the  uppermost  sessile ;  bracts  small, 
subulate-acuminate ;    panicle  elongated,  leafy  at  the  base ;   calyx-teeth  short, 
acute  ;    stamens  included  or  exserted.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida,  Pursk,  to  South 
Carotin*,  Elliott.     Sept.  —  Stem  3°  high.     Leaves  2'    3' long,  on  short  petioles 
Corolla  half  as  large  as  in  the  preceding,  the  lowest  lobe  purple. 

3.  C.  punctata,  Ell.     Stem  pubescent;    leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, mucronate-serrate,  pubescent  and  dotted  beneath ;  panicle  pubescent,  leafy 
at  the  base ;  bracts  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  calyx-teeth  large,  lanceolate, 
acute,  nearly  equal,  £  -  J  as   long  as  the  yellowish  corolla ;    sterile  stamens 
included,  capitate.  —  Rich  shady  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  — 
Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long.     Corolla  4"  -  6"  long,  hairy  within. 

4.  C.  ovalis,  Pursh.      Stem  slender,   putescent  above ;   leaves  ovate  or 
round-ovate,  acute,  smooth,  with  few  very  coarse  mucronate  teeth,  the  lower 
ones  barely  longer  than  the  very  slender  petiole,  the  upper  sessile ;   racemes 
panicled ;  calyx  pubescent,  with  unequal  subulate  teeth ;  bracts  ovate,  acumi- 
nate. —  Mountains  of  North   Carolina.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves   (excluding 
the  petiole)  2'  long,  l£'  wide. 

*  *  Fertile  stamens  4. 

5.  C.  verticillata,  Baldw.     Stem  simple,  smooth  below ;  leaves  4,  mem- 
branaceous,  elliptical,  acute,  rather  finely  serrate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  base, 
short-petioled,  approximate,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  simple  long-peduncled 
raceme,  viscid-pubescent;   lower  flowers  whorled,  the  upper  opposite;  bracts 
minute;  calyx-teeth  linear-subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla.  —  Light  shaded 
soil,  Georgia,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     Sept. —  Stem  1°  high.     Corolla 
yellow  or  purplish. 

6.  C.  anisata,  Pursh.    Viscid-pubescent;  stem  stout,  simple  or  branched  : 
leaves  large,  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  mucronate-crenate,  mostly  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  the  uppermost  sessile ;  panicle  many-flowered ;  bracts  ovate ;  calyx- 
lobes  large,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  equal;  corolla  large,  yellow.  —  Dry  shaded 
soil,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Florida.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Leaves  4'  -  8'  long.     Corolla  £'  -  f '  long. 

8.    HEDEOMA,    Pers. 

Calyx  tubular,  somewhat  gibbous  under  the  base,  equally  5-toothed  or  bilabi- 
ate, with  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft,  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  2,  ascending  : 
anther-cells  diverging.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  small  leaves,  and  axil- 
lary few-flowered  cymes. 

1.  H.  pulegioides,  Pers.  Annual,  pubescent,  much  branched;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  sparingly  serrate,  pale  beneath,  contracted  into  a  slender 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  317 

petiole  ;  whorls  6-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  hispid. 
—  Dry  hills  in  the  upper  districts.  June  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  1' 
long.  Corolla  small,  pale  blue. 

9.     MICROMERIA,    Benth. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  mostly  hairy  in  the  throat. 
Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  flat,  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  spreading,  3- 
lobed ;  the  straight  tube  commonly  shorter  than  the  calj'x.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous,  arching  inward  :  anther-cells  parallel,  or  at  length  diverging  Nutlets 
smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  the  small  white  or  purple  flowers  solitary,  or  few  in  a 
whorl,  chiefly  axillary. 

1.  M.  Brownei,  Benth.  Smooth;  stem  prostrate  or  ascending,  mostly 
simple ;  leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse,  crenate  or  entire,  short-petioled ;  flowers  sol- 
itary, opposite,  on  widely  spreading  peduncles,  exceeding  the  leaves,  erect,  pur- 
ple.—  River-banks,  Florida.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  6' -12'  long.  Leaves  4" 
-  6"  long. 

1O.    CALAMINTHA,    Benth. 

Calyx  tubular.,  13-nerved,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  spreading,  3-toothed,  the 
lower  2-cleft,  bearded  or  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2-lipped,  open  at  the 
throat ;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  3-lobed,  the  tube  commonly 
exserted.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  arching  inward :  anther-cells  at  length 
diverging.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  white,  scarlet,  or 
purple  flowers 

§  1.    CALAMINTHA.     Herbs:  cymes  pedimcled,  compound,  small -bracted ;  the  upper 
ones  forming  a  1  -sided  compound  raceme :  flowers  small. 

1.  C.  Nepeta,  Link.     Villous;  stem  much  branched,  ascending;    leaves 
small,  ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  petioled ;   cymes   numerous,  dichotomous,  loose- 
flowered  ;   calyx  bearded  in  the  throat,  half  as  long  as  the  purple  corolla.  — 
Waste  places  and  road-sides,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina,  introduced.      July  - 
Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  long.    Leaves  \'  long. 

\  2.    CALOMEiAssA.      Shrubs :  cymes   nearly  sessile,  axillary,  few-flowered,  often 
leafy-bracted :  pedicels  elongated:  throat  of  the  calyx  bearded:  flowers  showy. 

2.  C.  Caroliniana,  Sweet.      Stem   much  branched,   closely  pubescent; 
leaves  rigid,  smooth,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  finely  dotted,  nan-owed  into 
a  slender  petiole ;  axillary  leaves  small  and  clustered ;  cymes  6-flowered,  the 
lower  bracts  leafy ;  corolla  white  or  purple,  spotted.  —  Sandy  or  rocky  banks, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Shrub  1°  -2°  high,  the  flowering 
branches  simple.     Leaves  1'  -  1J'  long.     Corolla  1'  long. 

3.  C.  COCCinea,  Benth.     Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole ;  flowers 
solitary,  or  in  3-flowered  bracted  cymes  ;  corolla  large,  scarlet.  —  Sandy  shores 
of  St.  Andrew's  Bay,  West  Florida.     Oct.  and  Nov.  —  Stem  2°  high,  the  outer 
bark  loose  and  shreddy.     Leaves  £'  long.     Corolla  l£'  long. 

27* 


318  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

4.  C.  dentata,  n.  sp     Densely  tomentose  ;  stem  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves 
small,  obovate  or  wedge-shaped,  rounded  and  2  -  4-toothed  at  the  apex,  nearly 
sessile ;  flowers  solitary  or  3  together ;  calyx  smooth,  the  upper  lip  emarginate 
or  obscurely  3-toothed,  much  shorter  than  the  lower  ;  upper  stamens  abbreviated, 
sterile. —  Sand  ridges  near  Aspalaga,  Florida.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  high. 
Leaves  very  numerous,  £'  long. 

5.  C.   canescens,    Ton-.   &    Gray.      Hoary-tomentose  ;     stem    diffusely 
branched ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  with  the  margins  revolute ;  cymes  very 
numerous,    1  -  3-flowered ;    calyx    smooth   or   hairy,   the   upper    lip   obtusely 
3-toothed ;  corolla  hairy,  white  or  purple,  dotted  in  the  throat ;  anthers  hairy. 

—  Dry  sands  along  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  flowering  throughout  the  year.  — 
Stem  1°  -2°  high.     Leaves  £'  - 1'  long.     Corolla  £'  long. 

11.    DICERANDRA,    Benth. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  minutely  3-toothed, 
the  lower  scarcely  longer,  2-cleft,  the  throat  bearded.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the 
upper  lip  erect,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  spreading, 
exserted :  anther-cells  distinct,  diverging,  awned  at  the  apex  Nutlets  smooth. 

—  Smooth  annuals,  with  narrow  leaves.     Cymes  loose,  spreading,  several-flow- 
ered, forming  a  leafy  terminal  raceme.     Flowers  purple. 

1.  D.  linearifdlia,  Benth.     Stem  mostly  branching,  erect ;   leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire,  obtuse,  sessile  ;  cymes  peduncled,  3  -  9-flowered  ; 
calyx  purple,  declined  in  fruit.     (Ceranthera  linearifolia,  Ell.)  —  Dry  sandy  pine 
barrens,  Florida,   Georgia,   and   westward.     Oct.  and  Nov.  —  Stem   1°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Flowers  very  numerous,  purple,  dotted.     Style  hairy. 

2.  D.  densiflora,  Benth.     Stem  loosely  branched ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, or  the  uppermost  linear;   cymes  sessile,  5 -  1 0-flowered.  —  East  Florida, 
Bentham.  —  Cymes  more  compact,  calyx  smaller,  and  the  awns  of  the  anthers 
shorter,  than  in  No.  1. 

12.    MELISSA,    L.     BALM. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  13-nerved,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  flattish,  3-toothed, 
the  lower  2-cleft,  beardless  in  the  throat.  Corolla-tube  recurved-ascending, 
2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  the  lower  3-cleft,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  curved 
and  connivent  under  the  upper  lip  :  anther-cells  at  length  diverging.  Nutlets 
smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  few-flowered  1 -sided  axillary  cymes,  and  white  or  yellow 
flowers. 

1.  M.  officinalis,  L.  Stem  erect,  branching  ;  leaves  ovate,  crenate,  trun- 
cate or  cordate  at  the  base;  cymes  3 - 6-flowercd,  with  ovate  bracts.— North 
Carolina,  and  northward.  Introduced. 

13.    SALVIA,    L.     SAGE. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  3-toothed,  the 
lower  2-cleft,  beardless  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  entire  or 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  319 

notched,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobcd,  witli  the  middle  lobe  larger,  entire  or 
notched.  Stamens  2,  short :  anther-cells  linear,  widely  separated  by  the  elon- 
gated oblique  connective  ;  the  upper  one  fertile,  the  lower  imperfect  or  wanting. 
—  Cymes  in  spikes,  racames,  or  panicles. 

*   Upper  lip  of  tlie  calyx  entire :  lower  anther-cell  wanting. 

1.  S.  azurea,  Lam.     Smooth  ;  stem  simple  or  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  ones  serrate,  tapering  at  the  base ;  racemes 
elongated  ;  whorls  nearly  sessile,  6  -  12-flowered  ;  calyx  longer  than  the  pedicel, 
the  teeth  ovate,  acute;  corolla  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  white  or  blue; 
style  bearded.  —  Dry  light  or  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  1  y  -  3'  loug.     Corolla  6" 

-  8"  long. 

2.  S.  urticifolia,  L.     Stem  (l°-2°)  mostly  simple,  villous-pubescent  and 
somewhat  viscid  ;  leaves  thin,  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  winged  petiole,  the  upper  surface  and  veins  beneath  sparse-hairy  ;  racemes 
terminal;   bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  caducous;  whorls  6- 12-flowered,  remote; 
calyx  bell-shaped,  longer  than  the  pedicel,  broadly  3-toothed,  about  half  as  long- 
as  the  blue  and  white  corolla ;  style  bearded. 

Var.  major.  Leaves  rigid,  narrower,  acuminate,  crenate,  with  longer  and 
broader-winged  petioles;  the  lower  surface,  like  the  taller  (4° -6°)  branching 
stem,  hoary-tomentose  ;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal ;  flowers  smaller.  —  Dry 
soil  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward:  the  variety  in  Middle 
Florida.  July  -  Sept.  —  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long.  Corolla  4"  -  5"  long. 

3.  S.  serotina,  L.      Stem   tomentose,   branching ;    leaves   ovate,  mostly 
acute,  crenate-serrate,  tomentose,  paler  beneath,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
petioled ;   racemes  many-flowered ;    whorls  mostly  6-flowered,  the   lower  ones 
rather  distant,  the  upper  much  crowded  ;  calyx  glandular,  longer  than  the  pedi- 
cel, acutely  toothed,  the  upper  lip  purple ;  corolla  small,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx  ;  style  beardless  ;  the  lower  lobe  spatulate,  acute,  the  upper  short,  subulate, 
reflexed.  —  South  Florida.     Nov.  — ;  Stem  rigid,  1°  high.     Leaves  1'  long,  twice 
as  long  as  the  petiole.     Corolla  blue  and  white,  3"-  4"  long. 

4.  S.  Blodgettii,  n.   sp.      Stem  much  branched,  shrubby  at  the  base ; 
branches  erect,  filiform,  pubescent;   leaves  small,  thin,  oval  or  ovate,  slightly 
crenate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  acute  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  very  slen- 
der petiole  ;  racemes  filiform,  few-flowered ;  whorls  distant,  2  -  6-flowered ;  calyx 
somewhat  glandular,  acutely  toothed,  slightly  inflated  in  fruit ;    corolla  very 
small ;  lower  lobe  of  the  style  spatulate  obtuse.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  6'  - 
12'  high.     Leaves  6'' -9"  long.     Flowers  blue,  smaller  than  in  No.  3. 

*  *  Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  broad,  3-toothed :  lower  anther-cell  pollen-bearing,  but  sterile. 

5.  S.  lyrata,  L.     Hairy  ;  stem  erect,  sparingly  branched ;   leaves  chiefly 
radical,  spreading,   lyrate-pinnatifid,  mostly   discolored ;     stem-leaves  2  or  4, 
smaller ;  the  upper  pair  lanceolate  and  entire ;  raceme  many-flowered ;  whorls 
6-flowercd,  distant  in  fruit,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  ;  upper  lip  of 
the  bell-shaped  calyx  truncate,  with  short  erect  teeth ;  corolla-tube  elongated, 


320  LABIAT/E.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

widening  upward,  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  dilated  and  notched.  —  Var. 
OBOVATA  is  less  hairy,  with  the  obovate  leaves  merely  toothed  or  wavy  on  the 
margins.  (S.  obovata,  Ell.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward. April  and  May.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  3'  -  6'  long,  commonly  purple 
beneath.  Racemes  in  fruit  6' -12'  long.  Corolla  9" -12"  long,  blue,  white- 
spotted  in  the  throat. 

6.  S.  Claytoni,  Ell.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  sinuate,  toothed,  rugose ;  teeth 
of  the  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  connivent.  —  Dry  sandy  pastures,  around  Beaufort, 
South  Carolina,  Elliott.  North  Carolina,  Curtis ;  flowering  through  the  summer. 
—  Root  thick,  perennial.  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  pubescent  on  the  veins  and 
margins.  Bracts  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  toothed. 

S.  OFFICINALIS,  L.,  is  the  common  GARDEN  SAGE. 

S.  COCCINEA,  L.,  is  common  in  gardens,  and  occasionally  spontaneous  around 
dwellings. 

14.     MONARDA,    L.     HORSE-MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  15-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  bearded  in  the 
throat.  Corolla  nearly  equally  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the 
lower  3-toothed.  Stamens  2,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  and  oftener  ex- 
serted :  anther-cells  linear,  diverging,  confluent.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Herbs. 
Leaves  undivided.  Whorls  large,  dense-flowered.  Bracts  colored. 

*  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  linear,  acute. 

1.  M.  didyma,  L.     Stem  smoothish ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  petioled,  smooth  or  hispid ;  whorls  mostly  solitary, 
terminal;  calyx  smooth,  incurved;   corolla  large,  bright  red.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.    Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  erect,  2°  high.    Leaves 
2' -3'  long.    Bracts  lanceolate,  red.     Corolla  1'  long. 

2.  M.  fistulosa,  L.     Stem  branching,  more  or  less  pubescent,  commonly 
hairy  at  the  joints;   leaves  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,   acute,   sharply  serrate, 
mostly  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base  ;  whorls  terminal ;  calyx  slightly  incurved, 
hispid  in  the  throat ;  corolla  slender,  rose-color.    (M.  Clinopodia,  and  M.  mollis, 
L.) — Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -5° 
high.     Leaves  smoothish,  tomentose,  or  hispid,  l'-3'  long.     Bracts  pale  purple. 

#   *    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  broader,  notched. 

3.  M.  punctata,  L.     Closely  and  finely  pubescent ;  stem  much  branched ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acutish,  slightly  serrate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  , 
whorls  lateral  and  terminal ;  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  purple ;  corolla  yellowish  , 
the  lower  lip  dotted  with  brown,  the  upper  keeled  ;  stamens  not  exsertcd.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1  °  -  3° 
high.    Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

4.  M.  gracilis,  Pursh.     Very  smooth ;  whorls  lateral  and  terminal ;  exte- 
rior bracts  linear,  ciliate ;  corolla  short ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate.—  Mountains  of  Carolina,  Lyon. —  Stem  obtuse-angled.     Whorls  small, 
naked.     Calyx  pubescent,  ciliate.      Corolla  very  slender,  smooth,   yellowish- 
white.     ( * ) 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  321 

15.     BLEPHILIA,    Eaf. 

Calyx  ovate-tubular,  13-nerved,  beardless  in  the  throat,  2-lipped;  the  upper 
lip  with  three  awned  teeth,  the  lower  2-cleft,  awnless  or  short-awned.  Anthers 
1-celled.  Otherwise  like  Monarda.  —  Stem  erect.  Whorls  several,  lateral  and 
terminal,  the  upper  ones  crowded. 

1.  B.  ciliata,  Raf.     Stem  hirsute;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
finely  serrate,  smoothish  above,  paler  and  tomentose  beneath ;  whorls  globose, 
crowded,  or  the  lower  ones  distinct ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  long-ciliate  ;  calyx 
and  corolla  hairy.     (Monarda  ciliata,  L.)  — Dry  soil,  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Georgia,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug. —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  2' -3' 
long      Corolla  ^'  long,  blue. 

2.  B.  hirsuta,  Benth.     Stem  hirsute;  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong-ovate, 
serrate,  smooth  or  hirsute ;  whorls  globose,  distinct,  or  the  upper  ones  crowded, 
the  lower  axillary ;   bracts  linear-subulate,  long-ciliate ;  corolla  slightly  pubes- 
cent.    (Monarda  hirsuta,  Pursh.) — Damp  woods  on  the  mountains  of  North 
Carolina,   and  northward.      July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,   branching. 
Leaves  thin,  3'  -  4'  long.     Corolla  pale  blue. 

16.    LOPHANTHUS,    Benth. 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  slightly  incurved,  with  the  mouth  oblique,  and  un- 
equally 5-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  deeply  notched,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4,  distant  or  spread- 
ing, the  upper  pair  longer  :  anther-cells  parallel.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Erect 
perennial  herbs.  Whorls  numerous,  crowded  in  a  cylindrical  spike. 

1.  L.  scrophularisefolius,  Benth.      Stem  pubescent;  leaves  petioled, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  hairy  beneath ;  spike  interrupted 
at  the  base  ;  calyx-teeth  whitish,  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and 
northward.     Aug.  —  Stem  3° -4°  high.     Spikes  4'- 15'  long.     Bracts   ovate. 
Corolla  purplish. 

2.  L.  nepetoides,  Benth.      Smooth ;    leaves   petioled,  ovate  or  oblong, 
acute,  serrate ;  spike  interrupted  at  the  base ;  calyx-teeth  green,  ovate,  barely 
acute.  —  Woods,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Aug.  —  Stem  4°  -  6°  high. 
Bracts  ovate.     Corolla  greenish-yellow. 

17.     NEPETA,    L.     CATNIP. 

Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  2-cleft  or  entire.  Stamens  ascending :  anthers  ap- 
proximate by  pairs,  the  cells  diverging.  Otherwise  like  Lophanthus.  —  Corolla 
blue  or  white. 

1.  N.  Cataria,  L.  Erect,  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  petiolate,  cordate-ovate, 
acute,  coarsely  serrate ;  whorls  many-flowered,  the  upper  ones  crowded  in  a 
thick  dense  raceme,  the  lower  axillary  ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  pedicel ;  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  the  upper  ones  longer;  corolla  small,  white.— Waste 
grounds,  introduced.  —  Stem  2°-  3°  high. 


322  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.; 

2.  N.  Glechoma,  Bcnth.  Stem  prostrate  or  creeping,  pubescent ;  leavei 
round-cordate,  obtuse,  serrate,  pctioled ;  whorls  in  nearly  all  the  .ixils,  few- 
flowered ;  corolla  blue.  —  Low  shady  places,  near  dwellings.  Introduced. — 
Stem  4'-  12'  long.  Leaves  £'  -  1'  long.  Anthers  forming  a  cross. 

18.     CEDRONELLA,    Moench. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  equally  5-toothed ;   the  mouth  oblique.     Corolla 
dilated  at  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  straight,  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cletr, 
with  the  middle  lobe  largest.     Stamens  4,  ascending,  the  upper  pair  longest 
anther-cells  parallel.     Nutlets  smooth.  —  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike  or  raceme. 

1.  C.  COrdata,  Benth.  Stem  low,  pubescent,  bearing  long  runners ;  leaves 
long-petioled,  cordate,  crenate,  smoothish ;  the  floral  ones  ovate ;  raceme  few- 
flowered,  1-sided;  cymes  1  - 3-flowered ;  calyx  and  pale-blue  corolla  large. 
(Dracocephalum  cordatum,  Nutt.)  —  Shady  banks,  on  the  mountains  of  North 
Carolina.  May  and  June. —  Stem  £°  high,  creeping  at  the  base.  Leaves  1' 
long.  Corolla  1 J'  long.  Plant  pleasant-scented. 

19.  BRUNELLA,    Tourn.      SELF-HEAL. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  10-nervcd,  flat  above,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  broad, 
truncated,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla-tube  slightly  inflated  under  the 
throat,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  roundish,  arching,  entire,  the  lower  3-lobed, 
•with  the  middle  lobe  rounded,  concave,  crenate.  Stamens  4,  exserted,  the 
smooth  filament  prolonged  above  the  anther  :  anther-cells  spreading.  —  Herbs, 
with  6-flowered  densely-spiked  whorls.  Floral  leaves  orbicular,  imbricated, 
persistent. 

1.  B.  VUlgaris,  L.  Pubescent  or  smoothish;  stem  erect,  mostly  simple ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  pctioled  ;  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical ;  flowers 
purple.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.  Introduced.  —  Stem  6'- 12* 
high.  Spikes  thick,  lateral  and  terminal. 

20.  SCTJTELLARIA,    L.     SKULLCAP. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  2-lipped,  entire  and  closed  after  flowering ;  the  upper  lip 
furnished  with  a  helmet-shaped  appendage  on  the  back,  and  falling  away  at 
maturity,  the  lower  persistent.  Corolla-tube  recurved-ascending,  dilated  at  the 
throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  arching,  entire  or  notched,  with  the  small  lateral 
lobes  united  with  its  sides,  the  lowest  lobe  large  and  spreading.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  :  anthers  ciliate,  approximate  by  pairs,  those  on  the  shorter  filaments 
1-celled,  on  the  longer  ones  2-celled,  cordate. — Perennial  mostly  inodorous 
herbs.  Flowers  opposite,  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper,  mostly  bract-like 
leaves,  rarely  in  lateral  racemes.  Corolla  blue  or  white. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

t-   Leaves  cordate,  ovate  or  oblomj,  crenate,  petioled  ;  the  floral  ones  shorter  than  the 
flowers,  entire. 

1.  S.  versicolor,  Nutt.  Softly  pubescent;  stem  stout,  branched  above; 
leaves  large,  long-petioled,  all  broadly  cordate,  rugose  and  reticulate ;  the  floral 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  323 

onci;  ovate,  sessile ;  racemes  terminal  and  axillary,  many-flowered,  viscid ;  calyx 
hairy;  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  conspicuous.  (S.  cordifolia,  Muhl.) — Dry 
open  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves 
2'- 4'  long.  Racemes  3'  -  6'  long-.  Corolla  6"-  8"  long,  blue  and  white. 

Var.  minor.  Small  (6'-  12') ;  leaves  tomentosc,  finely  crenate  ;  the  lowest 
ones  orbicular,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  truncated  at  the  base  (£'- 1'  long), 
the  floral  ones  narrower.  (S.  saxatilis  j3?  pilosior,  Benlh.i)  —  Dry  woods,  near 
Washington,  Wilkes  County,  Georgia.  August. 

2.  S.  arguta,  Buckley.     Stem  somewhat  procumbent,  pubescent ;  leaves 
ovate,  cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  on  long  pubescent  petioles,  nearly  smooth ; 
racemes  axillary  and  terminal ;  flowers  small.  —  Black  Mountain,  North  Caro- 
lina, Buckley.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  8'  -  12'  long.     Leaves  l£'-  2'  long,  paler 
beneath,  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

3.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.,  var.  ?  punctata.    Stem  erect,  tomentose,  branched 
above  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  sinoothish,  paler  and  strongly  veined 
beneath,  resinous-dotted  on  both  sides,  short-petioled,  the  lower  ones  cordate, 
the  upper  and  floral  ones  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  racemes  simple,  axil- 
lary and  terminal,  pubescent,  many-flowered;  corolla  blue  and  white. — Dry 
open  woods,  Florida  and  Georgia.     July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves 
H'-2'  long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  pubescent  petioles.    Corolla  8" -9"  long. 

4.  S.  serrata,  Andr.     Smooth ;  stem  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  dccurrcnt  into  the  margined  petiole ,  the  floral 
ones  small,  lanceolate ;    racemes  short,  simple,  few-flowered,   1-sided ;    calyx 
mostly  hairy ;  corolla  large,  blue.  —  Dry  woods,  North  Carolina.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  I'-lJ'  long.     Corolla  1' long. 

5..  S.  pilosa,  Miehx.  Hairy ;  stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  leaves 
distant,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  crenate ;  the  lowest  rounded  at  the  base,  the 
upper  ones  abruptly  short-petioled,  the  floral  ones  spatulate,  obtuse ;  racemes 
short,  few-flowered  ;  corolla  pale  blue.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.  Leaves  1'  -  2'  long.  Co- 
rolla 8" -9"  long. 

6  S.  villosa,  Ell.  Stem  erect,  branching,  villous  ;  leaves  large,  lanceo- 
late, acute  at  each  end,  coarsely  toothed,  villous  beneath,  hispid  above ;  racemes 
paniculate,  with  the  flowers  crowded.  —  Georgia,  between  the  Ocmulgee  and 
Flint  Rivers,  Elliott.  May  -  July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  3'-4£'  long, 
on  petioles  ^'  long.  (  * ) 

H_   j_   Upper  and  floral  leaves  alike,  entire,  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  broader, 

petioled,  and  mostly  crenate. 

7.  S.  integrifolia,  L.  Pubescent  throughout;  stem  mostly  simple  (6'- 
12'  high) ;  leaves  small  (£'-!'  long),  lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  tapering  down- 
ward, sessile ;  the  lowest  ovate  or  obovate,  short-petioled,  crenate  or  entire,  the 
lower  floral  ones  sometimes  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  racemes  leafy,  few  -  many- 
flowered.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 

Var.  major.  Stem  taller  (l°-2°  high),  branching;  leaves  larger  (l'-2' 
long) ;  the  upper  oblong,  entire,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  the  lower  ovate  or  cor- 


324  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

date,  coarsely  crenate,  long-petiolcd,  rounded  at  the  apex.  —  Swamps,  Florida, 
and  northward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Corolla  8"- 10"  long,  blue  or  white. 

4-   •«-•»-    Leaves  all  linear  and  entire  ;  the  lowest  bract-like. 

8.  S.  Floridana,  n.  sp.     Minutely  pubescent ;  stem  slender,  branching ; 
leaves  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile,  with  revolute  margins  ;  the  lowest  minute 
and  bract-like,  the  floral  ones  shorter  than  the  flowers ;    racemes  loose,  few- 
flowered  ;  corolla  large,  much  dilated  at  the  throat,  the  nearly  equal  lips  broad 
and  obtuse  ;  filaments  hairy  at  the  base.  —  Pine-barren  swamps  near  the  coast, 
West  Florida.    July.  — Stem  1°  high.    Leaves  1'  long,  £"-  1"  wide.     Corolla 
1-  long,  deep  blue,  the  lower  lip  white  in  the  middle. 

*  *  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  racemes. 

9.  S.  lateriflora,  L.    Smooth  ;  stem  elongated,  diffusely  branched ;  leaves 
petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate,  the  lower  rounded  at  the 
base ;  racemes  slender,  1-sided  ;  corolla  blue.  —  Shady  swamps,  Florida  to  Mis- 
sissippi, and  northward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  membra- 
naceous,  2' -3'  long.     Corolla  2"  long. 

#  #  #  Flowers  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 

10.  S.  galericulata,  L.     Stem  erect  or  ascending,  simple  or  branched, 
smooth  or  pubescent;    leaves   short-petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,   acute,  slightly 
crenate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the   base,  paler  and   pubescent  beneath ; 
flowers  nearly  sessile,  turned  to  one  side.  —  Wet  shaded  places,  North  Carolina, 
and   northward.     July  and  Aug. —  Stem    l°-2°  high.     Leaves  !'-!£'  long. 
Corolla  7"-  8"  long,  blue,  the  lower  lip  white  in  the  middle,  spotted  with  blue. 

11.  S.  parvula,  Michx.     Stem  low,  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish, 
obtuse,  mostly  entire,  nearly  sessile,  strongly  veined ;  flowers  small,  peduncled.  — 
Rocky  woods,  West  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug.  — 
Fibres  of  the  root  often  bearing  small  tubers.    Stem  6'- 9'  high.    Leaves  4"- 6" 
long.     Corolla  blue,  2"  -  3"  long. 

21.    MACBBIDEA,    Ell. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  3-lobed  ;  the  upper  lobe  lanceolate,  entire,  the  two 
lower  ones  oblong,  notched  or  entire.  Corolla  inflated,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip 
arching,  concave,  the  lower  broadly  3-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  ascending 
under  the  upper  lip.  Filaments  hairy  :  anthers  approximate  by  pairs,  the  cells 
diverging,  hairy  within,  denticulate  on  the  margins.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Erect 
mostly  simple  perennials.  Whorls  crowded  in  a  dense  cone-like  terminal  head. 
Corolla  large,  white  or  purple. 

1-  M.  pulchra,  Ell.  Smooth  or  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate, 
dotted ;  the  lower  ones  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  upper  sessile,  the  floral  ones 
ovate,  acute ;  whorls  4-flowcred ;  calyx  striate,  the  lobes  entire ;  corolla  purple, 
the  tube  striped  with  purple  and  white,  the  upper  lip  entire.  —  Pine-barren 
swamps,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  1°-1|°  high. 
Corolla  \y  long. 


LABIATE.       (MIXT    FAMILY.)  325 

2.  M.  alba,  n.  sp.  Smooth  or  hirsute  ;  leaves  wedge-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
toothed,  rounded  at  the  apex  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base  ;  the  lowest  oblong, 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  the  floral  ones  ovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse ;  whorls 
4-flowered ;  calyx  nerveless,  with  the  two  larger  lobes  notched ;  corolla  white, 
the  upper  lip  emarginate.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  West  Florida,  near  the  coast. 
July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -  l£°  high.  Leaves  2'  long,  or  the  radical  ones  4'-  5' 
long,  and,  like  the  calyx  and  corolla,  thick  and  somewhat  fleshy. 

22.    PHYSOSTEGIA,    Benth. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  inflated  in  fruit,  nearly  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla 
tubular-funnel-shaped,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  concave,  entire  or  notched, 
the  lower  spreading,  broadly  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper 
lip :  anthers  approximate,  with  the  cells  parallel,  ciliate.  Nutlets  smooth, 
acutely  3-angled.  —  Smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  erect  mostly  simple  stems, 
and  opposite  showy  purplish  flowers,  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  P.  Virginiana,  Benth.  Leaves  large  (6' -9'  long),  oblong,  sharply 
serrate,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  spikes  thick,  dense-flowered ;  calyx- 
teeth  acute ;  corolla  1'  long.  (Dracocephalum  Virginianum,  L.) — Varies  through 
several  intermediate  forms,  including  Dracocephalum  variegatum,  Vent.,  and  D. 
obovatum,  Ell.,  into  var.  DENTICULATA,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  denticulate  or 
entire  leaves,  and  smaller  (6" -9"  long)  flowers  in  a  long  loosely  flowered  spike. 
—  Low  ground  and  swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  June  — 
Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Racemes  simple  or  compound. 

23.     LAMIUM,    L.     DEAD-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  the  teeth  subu- 
late, not  spiny.  Corolla  slender,  dilated  at  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip 
ovate  or  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  the  lateral  lobes  small,  at  the  margins  of 
the  throat ;  the  lowest  lobe  large,  notched,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short 
stalk.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anther-cells  at  length  spread- 
ing. Nutlets  3-angled,  truncate  at  the  apex.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  incised  ;  the 
lower  ones  petioled,  the  floral  ones  sessile,  longer  than  the  dense  whorls. 

1 .  L.  amplexicaule,  L.  Leaves  orbicular,  incisely  crenate-lobed ;  the 
floral  ones  clasping,  the  others  long-petioled ;  tube  of  the  corolla  straight,  the 
lateral  lobes  truncate ;  anthers  hairy.  —  Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places, 
common.  May.  ®  —  Stems  4' -12'  high.  Corolla  small,  purple,  often  im- 
perfectly developed. 

24.     MARRTJBIUM,    L.     HOREHOUND. 

Calyx  tubular,  5  - 1 0-nerved,  nearly  equally  5- 10-toothed;  the  teeth  spiny, 
mostly  spreading  in  fruit.  Corolla-tube  included  in  the  calyx,  2-lipped;  the 
upper  lip  erect ;  the  lower  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4, 
included  :  anther-cells  diverging.  Lobes  of  the  style  short,  obtuse.  Nutlets 
obtuse  at  the  apex.  —  Chiefly  tomentose  or  woolly  perennial  herbs,  with  rugose 
leaves,  and  axillary  whorls. 
28 


32G  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

1.  M.  vulgare,  L.  Woolly;  stems  branching  at  the  base,  ascending, 
leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  roundish,  crenate,  the  floral  ones  smaller,  but  longer 
than  the  capitate  many-flowered  whorls  ;  calyx-teeth  10,  recurved-spreading ; 
corolla  small,  white.  —  Waste  ground  and  road-sides.  Introduced.  —  Stems 
l°-2°high. 

25.    LEONOTIS,    R.  BROWN. 

Calyx  tubular,  10-nerved,  incurved,  unequally  8  - 1 0-toothed  ;  the  teeth 
straight,  spiny,  the  upper  one  largest.  Corolla  slender,  2-lipped ;  the  upper 
lip  long,  arching,  entire,  the  lower  very  short,  3-cleft,  spreading.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anther-cells  diverging.  Nutlets  3-angled,  trun- 
cate. —  Tall  herbs,  with  very  large  globose  whorls  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves,  Flowers  yellow  or  scarlet. 

1.  L.  nepetaefolia,  R.  Br.  Annual ;  stem  tomentose,  simple  or  branched  ; 
leaves  remote,  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  crenate,  the  floral  ones  lanceolate ; 
whorls  1  -  several ;  calyx  8-toothed  ;  corolla  villous,  scarlet.  —  Waste  grounds, 
Georgia  and  Florida.  June  -  Aug.  Introduced.  —  Stem  1  °  -  6°  high.  Whorls 
1'  -  2'  in  diameter.  Corolla  1'  long. 

26.     LEONURUS,    L.     MOTHERWORT. 

Calyx  top-shaped,  5-nerved,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  spiny  and  at  length  spread- 
ing. Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  entire,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  with 
the  middle  lobe  obcordate.  Stamens  4,  ascending  :  anther-cells  parallel,  naked. 
Nutlets  3-angled,  truncate.  —  Herbs,  with  incisely  lobed  leaves ;  the  floral  ones 
longer  than  the  dense  whorls.  Bracts  subulate. 

1.  L.  Cardiaca,  L.  Stem  (2° -4°  high)  square,  pubescent;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  the  lower  ones  round-cordate,  palmately  lobed  and  toothed  ;  the  floral 
ones  wedge-shaped,  3-cleft  toward  the  apex;  whorls  distant,  6  - 1 5-flowered  ; 
corolla  villous,  purplish,  spotted  with  brown  in  the  throat.  —  Waste  places. 
Introduced.  June -July. 

27.     STACHYS,    L.     HEDGE-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-  or  10-nerved,  5-toothed;  the  teeth  equal,  or  the 
upper  one  larger,  more  or  less  spiny  (in  our  species),  spreading  in  fruit.  Co- 
rolla hairy  within,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed, 
with  the  middle  lobe  much  larger.  Stamens  4,  ascending  :  anthers  2-cclled. 
Nutlets  not  truncate.  —  Chiefly  hairy  or  hispid  herbs,  with  few-flowered  whorls 
in  terminal  racemes. 

*  Perennial. 

1.  S.  aspera,  Michx.  Stem  erect,  with  the  angles  rough  with  recurved 
bristly  hairs,  rarely  smoothish  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  smooth,  or  sprinkled  with  hairs 
above  ;  the  floral  ones  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  whorls  6  -  10-flowered,  the  lower 
ones  distant ;  calyx-teeth  spine-pointed.  (S.  hispida,  Pursh.  S.  tenuifolia,  Willd) 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  327 

—  Swamps,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  1  ^°  -  2°  high. 
Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Corolla  purple. 

2.  S.  hyssopifolia,  Michx.     Smooth  or  nearly  so;  stem  erect,  slender; 
leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse,  entire  or.  sparingly  serrate;  raceme 
short,  of  few  4  -  6-flowered  whorls ;  calyx  smooth,  with  spiny  spreading  teeth, 
J-J  as  long  as  the  smooth  violet  corolla. —  Wet  pine  barrens,  in  the  middle 
districts  of  South  Carolina,  and  northward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -  H°  high. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

*    *  Annual. 

3.  S.  Floridana,  Shuttl.     Smooth  or  hirsute  ;  stem  slender,  erect ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  petioled,  or  the  upper  ones  sessile,  acute  or  obtuse,  serrate, 
truncate,  or  the  lowest  subcordate  at  the  base;  whorls  few  or  numerous,  distant, 
6  - 1 0-flowered  ;  calyx  pubescent,  with  lanceolate-subulate  rigid  teeth;  corolla 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  purple.     (S.  annna,  Walt.  ?)  — Low  grounds,  Middle 
and  South  Florida.     July.  —  Stem  10' -15' high.     Leaves  1'long,  the  lowest 
shorter  than  the  petiole. 

-  28.    ISANTHUS,    Michx. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  5-cleft.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  equally  5-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  incurved-ascending,  exserted  :  anthers  2-celled.  Nutlets  obovoid, 
impressed-reticulated,  laterally  cohering  at  the  base.  —  An  annual  pubescent 
and  somewhat  viscid  branching  herb,  with  lanceolate  entire  or  sparingly  toothed 
acute  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers,  on  1  -  3-flowered  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  I.  COeruleus,  Michx. — Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  July -Aug. — 
Stem  terete,  1°-  l£°  high.  Leaves  1'-  l£'  long,  3-nerved  below  the  middle. 

29.    TRICHOSTEMA,    L.    BLUE-CURLS. 

Calyx  short,  reversed,  oblique,  5-toothed ;  the  3  lower  teeth  long,  connate ; 
the  2  upper  ones  very  short.  Corolla  slender,  nearly  equally  5-cleft.  Stamens 
4,  long-exserted,  partly  coiled  :  anther-cells  diverging.  Nutlets  pitted,  united 
at  the  base.  —  Branching  annuals,  with  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  blue  flowers 
on  lateral  peduncles. 

1.  T.  dichotomum,  L.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid,  or  nearly 
smooth  ;  stem  much  branched,  obscurely  4-angled  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.  (T.  lineare,  Nutt.  is  a  smoother  form,  with  linear 
leaves.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  Aug.  and 
Sept.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high. 

30.     TETJCRIUM,    L.     GERMANDER. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  5-lobed ;  the  4  upper  lobes 
short,  the  lowest  large,  oblong  or  rounded,  concave.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
the  lowest  pair  longest,  exserted  between  the  2  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla : 
anther-cells  confluent.  Nutlets  rugose. 


328  BORRAGINACE.E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  Canadense,  L.  Stem  tomentose,  erect,  simple  or  branched;  leaves 
short-petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  pubescent  above,  white-velvety 
beneath ;  flowers  mostly  alternate,  in  a  long  hoary  spiked  raceme,  longer  than 
the  subulate  bracts;  calyx  bell-shaped.  (T.  Virginicum,  L.)  —  Swamps  and 
low  ground,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  July  -  Sept.  1J.  —  Stem 
2°-  3°  high.  Leaves  2'-  6'  long.  Flowers  purplish. 


ORDER  95.     BORRAGINACE^E.     (BORAGE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  terete  or  irregularly  angled  stems,  and  alternate 
entire  exstipulate  mostly  rough-hairy  leaves.  Flowers  usually  in  1 -sided 
spikes  or  racemes,  which  are  coiled  in  the  bud.  —  Calyx  free,  5-cleft  or 
5-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Corolla  regular  (except  No.  6), 
hypogynous,  5-lobed,  imbricated  or  (in  Myosotis)  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5,  equal,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
its  lobes.  Ovary  4-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  single. 
Fruit  various.  Albumen  scarce  or  none.  Cotyledons  flat  or  folded. 
Radicle  superior. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.  CORDIEJE.  Ovary  undivided.  Style  terminal,  twice  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 
Fruit  a  4-celled  drupe.  Cotyledons  folded.  Albumen  none.  —  Shrubs.  Flowers  in 
heads  or  spikes. 

1.  CORDIA.     Calyx  opening  regularly,  not  circumscissile. 

TRIBE  II.  EHRETIEJE.  Ovary  undivided.  Style  terminal,  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 
Fruit  a  4-seeded  berry.  Cotyledons  flat.  Albumen  scanty.  —  Shrubs. 

2.  EHRETIA.     Style  slender.    Flowers  corymbose 

3.  TOURNEFORTIA.    Style  short.     Flowers  cymose  or  spiked. 

TRIBE  III.  HELIOTROPE-*:.  Ovary  undivided.  Style  terminal,  simple.  Fruit 
separating  into  2  or  4  nutlets.  —  Chiefly  herbs. 

4.  HELIOTROP1UM.     Fruit  separating  into  4  nutlets,  each  1-seeded. 

5.  HELIOPHYTUM.     Fruit  separating  into  2  nutlets,  each  2-seeded. 

TRIBE  IV.  BORRAGEJE.  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  simple 
style.  Fruit  of  1  -  4  one-seeded  nutlets.  —  Herbs. 

*  Throat  of  the  corolla  naked.     Nutlets  not  hispid. 
•4-  Corolla  irregular. 

6.  ECHIUM.     Corolla  funnel-shaped,  unequally  lobed. 

•»-  H-  Corolla  regular. 

7.  ONOSMODIUM.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  erect,  acute.     Nutlets  smooth  and  stony. 

8.  LITHOSPERMUM.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded.     Nutlets  smooth  or  rugose. 

9.  MERTENSIA.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded.     Nutlets  somewhat  fleshy. 

10.  MYOSOTIS.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.     Nutlets  smooth. 

»  *  Throat  of  the  corolla  closed  with  scales.    Nutlets  hispid. 

11.  CYNOGLOSSUM.    Corolla  funnel-shaped.    Nutlets  depressed. 


BORRAGINACE^E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  329 

1.  CORDIA,    Plum. 

Calyx  ovate  or  bell-shaped,  4  -  5-toothed,  not  circumscissile.  Corolla  funnel 
or  salver  form,  4  -  5-lobed.  Stamens  4-5.  Ovary  entire,  4-celled.  Style  ter- 
minal, twice  2-cleft,  mostly  exserted.  Drupe  ovate  or  globose,  pulpy,  1—4- 
seeded,  commonly  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves 
toothed  or  entire.  Flowers  spiked  or  capitate,  white. 

1.  C.  bullata,  L.  Rough  throughout  with  white  bristly  hairs;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  serrate-toothed,  rugose,  paler  beneath,  abruptly  petioled ;  flowers 
capitate,  on  peduncles  which  are  shorter  than  the  leaves,  and  nearly  terminal, 
but  elongated  and  lateral  in  fruit ;  calyx  ovoid,  the  subulate  bristly  teeth  spread- 
ing ;  corolla  short,  hairy  in  the  throat ;  stigmas  club-shaped ;  drupe  1 -seeded.  — 
South  Florida.  —  Leaves  £'  -  1 J'  long.  Heads  4"  -  5"  in  diameter 

2.  EHRETIA,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  4 -5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-form  or  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5  :  anthers  ovate.  Ovary  entire,  4-celled.  Style  terminal,  2-cleft  at 
the  apex.  Berry  composed  of  2  more  or  less  separable  2-seeded  nutlets.  — 
Tropical  shrubs.  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  corymbose,  white. 

1.  E.  Beurreria,  L.     Smooth  ;  leaves  petiolate,  obovate  or  oblong-obo- 
vate,  entire,  mucronate,  obtuse,  or  notched  at  the  apex,  paler  beneath  ;  corymb 
many-flowered,  divaricate ;  calyx  leathery,  the  teeth  acute,  pubescent  on  the 
margins  ;    stigmas   depressed ;    nutlets  4,  apparently  2-celled,   1-seeded,  finely 
furrowed  on  the  back.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.     Leaves  l£'-3'  long, 
acute  at  the  base.     Flowers  white  and  fragrant. 

2.  E.  Radula,  Poir.     Stem  smooth;   leaves  obovate,  entire,  rounded  or 
notched  at  the  apex,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole,  smooth  beneath, 
very  rough  and  at  length  white-spotted  above ;  corymb  few-flowered ;  pedicels 
minutely  bracted  and  sparingly  hispid ;  calyx  4  -  5-toothed ;    the  teeth  ovate, 
acute,  pubescent  on  the  margins ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded,  wavy ;  stigmas 
peltate,  depressed  in  the  centre ;  beny  ovate,  separable  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets. 

—  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  !'-!£'  long.     Corolla  6"  long. 

3.    TOTJRNEFORTIA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form  or  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5, 
included.  Style  short,  terminal;  stigma  conical.  Berry  composed  of  two 
2-seeded  nutlets,  which  are  either  united  or  separable,  or  by  abortion  1  —  2-seeded. 

—  Erect  or  twining  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  white  or  yellowish  flowers, 
in  1 -sided  bractless  often  cymose  spikes. 

*  Fruit  ovate,  separable  into  two  2-seeded  nutlets  :  corolla-lobes  ovate,  plicate. 
1.   T.  gnaphalodes,  R.  Br.     White-silky  throughout ;  stem  thick,  erect; 
leaves  very  numerous  and  imbricated,  linear,  obtuse,  fleshy,  tapering  to  the  base ; 
peduncles  axillary ;    spikes  2  -  4-parted,  dense,  recurved ;    calyx-lobes  oblong, 
obtuse ;  corolla  fleshy ;  anthers  ovate  ;   berry  deeply  excavated  at  the  base.  — 
28* 


330  BORRAGINACE^E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

Sea-shore,  South  Florida.  —  Shrub   2° -4°   high.     Leaves   3'   long.     Corolla 
small,  white. 

*  *  Fruit  globose,  more  or  less  lobed,  composed  of  I—  4  nutlets,  each  1-seeded:  corolla* 

lobes  narrow,  acute. 

2.  T.  VOlubilis,  L.  Stem  twining,  and,  like  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves  and  spikes,  tomentose ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  petioled,  roughish 
above,  paler  beneath ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  very  slender,  cymose,  short- 
peduncled,  spreading ;  tube  of  the  corolla  contracted  in  the  middle,  the  lobes 
linear-subulate;  anthers  connivent;  berry  small,  1— 3-seeded. — South  Florida. 

•  -  Leaves  1'  - 1£'  long.     Corolla  2"  long. 

4.     HELIOTROPITJM,    Tourn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salver-form,  open  at  the  throat,  folded 
between  the  5  lobes.  Filaments  and  style  very  short.  Stigma  somewhat  coni- 
cal. Fruit  separable  into  four  1-seeded  nutlets.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants. 
Leaves  rarely  opposite.  Spikes  1 -sided.  Flowers  white  or  blue. 

1.  H.  Curassavicum,  L.      Annual,   smooth,   fleshy;    stems   at  length 
prostrate  and  diffuse ;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse, 
narrowed  at  the  base ;  spikes  peduncled,  simple  or  2-parted,  coiled  in  the  bud ; 
flowers  small,  sessile,  white,  bractless  ;  nutlets  smooth.  —  Saline  marshes,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina.    June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  6'-  18'  long.     Leaves  1'  -2'  long. 
—  Plant  dries  black. 

2.  H.  myosotoides,  n.  sp.     Annual ;  stem  erect,  branched,  rough  with 
rigid  white  appressed  hairs ;  the  young  branches  hoary  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance- 
olate, obtuse,  hispid  on  both  sides,  narrowed  to  the  base,  the  lower  ones  opposite ; 
spikes  filiform,  elongated,  1-sided;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  some  of  them  leafy- 
bracted,  others  bractless  ;  exterior  calyx-lobes  larger  ;  corolla  minute  (£"  long), 
white ;  anthers  hairy  at  the  apex ;  nutlets  united,  hispid  at  the  apex,  with  the 
sides  concave.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  4'  -  6'  high.     Leaves  £'  long.     Corolla 
slightly  hispid. 

5.    HELIOPHYTUM,    DC. 

Throat  of  the  corolla  bearded,  or  closed  by  5  inflexed  folds.  Fruit  separating 
into  two  2-celled  nutlets.  Otherwise  like  Heliotropium. 

1.  H.  Indicum,  DC.     Annual ;  stem  erect,  rough-hairy ;   leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  often  cordate,  toothed  or  wavy  on  the  margins,  rugose,  slightly  roughish, 
decurrent  into  a  long  petiole  ;  spikes  hairy,  coiled,  at  length  elongated  ;  corolla 
blue  ;  nutlets  spreading.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June  - 
Oct.  — Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Fruiting  spike  6' -9'  long. 

2.  H.  parviflorum,  DC.      Perennial,   hirsute ;    stem  erect,'  branching ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole,  the 
lower  ones  mostly  opposite ;  spikes  slender ;  corolla  white,  bearded  in  the  throat ; 
nutlets  uneven,  united.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  shrubby  at  the  base,  6' -18' 
high.    Leaves  membranaceous,   l'-2'  long.     Corolla  1"  long.     Spikes  2' -4' 
long. 


BORRAGINACE^E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  331 

6.    ECHIUM,    Tourn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  unequally  5-lobcd,  naked  at  the  throat. 
Stamens  5,  unequal,  mostly  exserted.  Style  filiform.  Nutlets  4,  closed  at  the 
base,  uneven  or  rough.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  blue  or  purple  flow- 
ers in  spiked  often  panicled  racemes. 

1.  E.  vulgare,  L.  Hispid  with  bristly  spreading  hairs  ;  stem  simple, 
erect  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  large,  in  short 
axillary  racemose  spikes ;  corolla  purple,  pubescent,  twice  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate  calyx-teeth,  shorter  than  the  stamens  and  style.  —  Fields,  North 
Carolina.  Introduced,  June -Aug.  (f) 


7.    ONOSMODIUM,    Michx. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  linear  and  acute.  Corolla  ovate-tubular,  naked  in 
the  throat,  with  five  acute,  connivent  lobes.  Anthers  nearly  sessile,  sagittate, 
included.  Ovary  4-parted.  Style  smooth,  exserted.  Nutlets  1-4,  ovoid,  shin- 
ing. —  Erect  hispid  herbs,  with  entire  somewhat  ribbed  sessile  leaves,  and  green- 
ish flowers  in  a  terminal  bracted  raceme  or  spike. 

1.  O.  Carolinianum,  DC.      Rough  with  spreading  white  rigid  hairs; 
stem  stout,  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  hairy ; 
anthers  oblong ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the  dull  white  nutlets.  — 
Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     June.     1J. —  Stem  3° -4°  high.     Leaves  2' -3' 
long.     Racemes  leafy. 

2.  O.  Virginianum,  DC.      Rough  with  appressed  bristly  hairs ;   stem 
slender,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or 
acute  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate-subulate,  bristly  ;  calyx-lobes  3-4  times  as 
long  as  the  white  polished  nutlets.     (O.  hispidum,  Michx.)  — Dry  pine  barrens, 
Florida,  and  northward.     May  and  June.     1J. —  Stem  1°- 2°  high.     Leaves  2' 
long.     Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Racemes  leafy. 


8.    LITHOSPERMUM,    L.     CROMWELL. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  equal.  Corolla  funnel  or  salver  form,  obtusely 
5-lobed,  smooth,  gibbous  or  hairy  in  the  throat.  Anthers  oblong,  nearly  sessile, 
included.  Stigma  capitate,  somewhat  2-lobed.  Nutlets  1-4,  ovate,  stony, 
truncate  at  the  base.  —  Chiefly  rough-hairy  herbs,  with  red  roots,  alternate  entire 
leaves,  and  variously  colored  flowers  in  leafy-bracted  racemes  or  spikes. 

*  Annual :  nutlets  roughened. 

1.  L.  arvense,  L.  Rough  with  appressed  hairs;  stem  nearly  simple,  or 
branched  from  the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  acute,  the 
lower  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  flowers  scattered  ;  corolla  yellowish- white, 
about  as  long  as  the  linear-subulate  lobes  of  the  calyx ;  nutlets  4.  —  Cultivated 
grounds  and  waste  places,  Florida,  and  northward.  March  and  April.  Intro- 
duced —  Stem  6'  -  18'  high.  Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 


332  BORRAGINACE.E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Perennials :  nutlets  smooth,  white. 

2.  L.  tuberosum,  Rugel.     Hispid  with  scattered  rigid  hairs  ;  stem  erect, 
branching  above ;  leaves  somewhat  3-nerved ;  radical  ones  large  (4'  -  6'  long), 
obovate-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  dotted  with  white  above ;  the  middle  ones 
oblong,  sessile ;  the  floral  ones  ( 1 '  long)  elliptical ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  as  long  as 
the  tube  of  the  small  yellowish-white  corolla,  and  twice  as  long  as  the  mostly 
solitary  polished  nutlet.  —  Rocky  banks  of  the  Apalachicola  and  Chipola  Rivers, 
Florida.     March  and  April. — Plant  6' -10'  high,  increasing  in  fruit  to  2°  or 
more.     Roots  bearing  oblong  tubers. 

3.  L.  hirtum,  Lehm.     Hispid  with  rigid  glossy  hairs ;  stem  mostly  sim- 
ple, erect ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sessile  ;  the  lowest  scale-like ;  the 
floral  ones  ovate-lanceolate ;  corolla  large,  yellow ;  the  tube  hairy  at  the  base 
•within,   rather   longer  than   the   linear  calyx-lobes  ;    nutlets   ovate,   polished. 
(Batschia  Gmelini,  Michx.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to   South  Carolina. 
April  and  May.  —  Stem  l°-l£°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long.     Corolla  6" -8" 
long. 

4.  L.  canescens,  Lehm.     Stem  villous,  erect,  nearly  simple ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  obtuse,  somewhat  silky  with  appressed  glossy  hairs ;  the  lowest 
small  and  scale-like  ;  corolla  large,  yellow ;  the  tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     April  and  May.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high. 
Corolla  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

9.    MERTENSIA,    Roth. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed,  naked,  or  with  5  folds  in  the 
throat.  Stamens  partly  exserted.  Style  filiform.  Nutlets  somewhat  fleshy,  not 
flattened  at  the  base.  —  Smooth  or  soft  hairy  perennial  herbs,  with  entire  leaves, 
and  showy  purplish-blue  flowers  in  corymbed  or  panicled  racemes,  the  upper 
ones  bractless. 

1.  M.  Virginica,  DC.  Smooth;  stem  erect,  simple ;  leaves  membrana- 
ceous,  elliptical  or  obovate-oblong,  the  lower  ones  narrowed  into  a  petiole ; 
racemes  corymbose  ;  corolla  large,  naked  and  expanding  at  the  throat,  slightly 
lobed ;  the  tube  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  villous  at  the  base  within ;  fila- 
ments longer  than  the  anthers.  (Pulmonaria  Virginica,  L.)  —  River-banks  and 
along  mountain  streams,  South  Carolina  to  Tennessee,  and  northward.  May.  — 
Stem  l°-2°high.  Leaves  2' -3'  or  the  lowest  4' -6'  long.  Corolla  1' long, 
sometimes  white. 

10.    MYOSOTIS,    L.    FORGET-ME-NOT. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud ;  the  tube 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  with  5  obtuse  appendages  in  the  throat.  Stamens  very 
short,  included.  Nutlets  4,  elliptical,  compressed,  smooth,  with  a  minute  scar 
at  the  base.  —  Low  hairy  herbs,  with  entire  alternate  leaves,  and  small  white  or 
blue  flowers  in  terminal  bractless  racemes. 


IIYDROPHYLLACE-iE.       (WATERLEAF    FAMILY.)  333 

1.  M.  laxa,  Lchm.     Smooth,  or  slightly  roughened  with  appressed  scat- 
tered hairs ;  stem  weak,  slender,  creeping  at  the  base,  branching ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, obtuse,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  racemes  elongated  in  fruit ;  flowers  distant, 
on  widely  spreading  pedicels  ;  calyx  hispid  with  straight  hairs,  the  teeth  equal 
and  obtuse ;    corolla  pale  blue.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     May.     (3)  —  Stem  1°  high.    Leaves  !'-!£'  long. 

2.  M.  verna,  Nutt.     Hirsute  with  rigid  spreading  hairs ;  stem  erect  (4' -8' 
high),  branching  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile;  the  lower  ones  spatulate,  ob- 
tuse ;  calyx  longer  than  the  appressed  pedicel,  hispid,  with  the  hairs  near  the 
base   hooked ;    the  teeth  unequal,  acute.  —  Var.  MACROSPERMA  is  every  way 
larger  (1°-  l£°  high) ;  calyx  with  all  the  hairs  hooked,  the  lower  teeth  twice  as 
long  as  the  upper  ones.  —  Dry  places  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward; 
the  variety,  Florida,  and  westward.     March  and  April.     ®  —  Corolla  white  or 
pale  blue. 

11.     CYNOGLOSSUM,    Tourn.     HOUXD'S-TONOUE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  the  throat  closed  with  5  obtuse 
scales.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  4,  fixed  near  the  apex  to  the  base  of  the 
style,  covered  all  over  with  barbed  or  hooked  bristles-  —  Racemes  with  the  lower 
flowers  commonly  bracted,  the  upper  ones  bractless. 

1.  C.  officinale,  L.     Villous;  stem  leafy,  branched  above ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  acute  ;  the  upper  sessile,  the  lowest  tapering  into  a  long  petiole  ; 
racemes  hoary,  nearly  bractless ;  nutlets  flattened  anteriorly  and  slightly  mar- 
gined; corolla  reddish-violet.  —  Waste  grounds,  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
Introduced.  —  Stem  l£°-  2°  high. 

2.  C.  Virginicum,  L.     Hispid ;  stem  simple,  stout,  naked  above  ;  leaves 
oval  or  oblong  ;  the  lowest  petioled,  the  upper  auriculate  and  clasping ;  racemes 
single  or  corymbose,    bractless ;    pedicels   slender,  recurved  in  fruit ;   nutlets 
rounded  anteriorly ;  corolla  pale  blue.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  2°  — 3°  high.     Lowest  leaves  6' -9'  long. 
Nutlets  1-4. 

3.  C.  Morisoni,  DC.    Hairy ;  stem  erect,  rather  slender,  widely  branched ; 
leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute ;   the  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole ;   racemes 
numerous,  slender,  villous,  bracted ;  pedicels  short,  recurved  in  fruit ;  corolla 
small,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  white  or  pale  blue.     (Myosotis  Virginiana, 
Pursh. )  —  Dry  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  South  Carolina  and  northward. 
June  and  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 


ORDER  9G.     HYDROPHYL.LACEJE.     (WATERLEAF 
FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  (the  lowest)  opposite  palmately  or  pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  regular  flowers,  either  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in 
1 -sided  recurved  spikes  or  racemes.  —  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ;  the 


334       HYDROPHYLLACEJS.   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.) 

lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  often  with  reflexed  appendages  in  the 
sinuses.  Corolla  obtusely  5-lobed,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes :  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  free,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placenta;, 
each  bearing  2  or  more  amphitropous  ovules.  Style  slender,  2-cleft. 
Capsule  globose  or  oblong,  loculicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  reticulated. 
Embryo  small  in  the  axis  of  hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  hud. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM.     Calyx  without,  appendages.     Stamens  exsertcd.     Stems  erect. 

2.  NEMOPHILA.     Calyx  appendaged  at  the  sinuses.     Stamens  included.     Stems  prostrate. 

*  «  Lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  PHACELIA.     Calyx  without  appendages.     Capsule  4  -  many-seeded. 

1.     HYDROPHYLLUM,    L.     WATERLEAF. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  subulate ;  without  appendages.  Corolla  broadly 
tubular,  5-cleft,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  with  5  linear  appendages  on  the 
tube  within,  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  and  style  exserted  :  anthers  linear. 
Ovary  hispid.  Placentas  2,  thick  and  fleshy,  connected  with  the  pericarp  at 
the  base  and  apex ;  each  2-ovuled.  Style  filiform,  2-cleft.  Capsule  globose, 
2-valved,  1  -4-seeded.  —  Erect  perennial  mostly  hairy  herbs,  with  long-petioled 
pinnately  or  palmately  divided  leaves,  and  white  or  blue  flowers  in  peduncled 
cymes,  without  bracts. 

1-  H.  Virginieum,  L.  Stem  leafless  below,  sprinkled,  like  the  leaves, 
with  rigid  hairs  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  5-7  ovate  cleft  or  toothed  lobes, 
paler  beneath  ;  peduncles  forking,  longer  than  the  petioles ;  cymes  dense ;  calyx- 
lobes  linear,  hispid  ;  filaments  slightly  hairy.  —  Low  woods  along  the  mountains, 
Georgia,  and  northward.  June.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high. 

2.  H.  Canadense,  L.  Smoothish  ;  leaves  orbicular-cordate,  palmately 
5  -  7-lobed,  sharply  toothed ;  cymes  dense,  on  forking  peduncles  which  are 
shorter  than  the  petioles ;  calyx-lobes  sparingly  hispid  ;  filaments  densely 
bearded.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  northward.  June.  — 
Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  3' -5'  in  diameter.  Corolla  white. 

2.    NEMOPHILA,    Nutt. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  reflexed  appendages  in  the  sinuses.  Corolla  tubular  or 
short  bell-shaped,  with  10  scale-like  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  filaments. 
Stamens  included  :  anthers  ovoid.  Ovary  hispid,  2  -  12-ovuled.  Placentae  large, 
lining  the  walls  of  the  pericarp.  Style  2-parted.  Capsule  globose,  1  -  2-seeded. 
—  Tender  prostrate  annual  herbs,  with  divided  leaves,  and  solitary  long  pedun- 
cled flowers  opposite  the  leaves. 

1.  N.  microcalyx,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Pubescent,  or  at  length  smootbish  ; 
stem  filiform,  diffuse ;  leaves  thin,  long-petioled,  alternate,  3-lobed  ;  the  lobes 


HiTDROPHYLLACE^E.       (WATERLEAF   FAMILY.)  335 

obovate  or  wedge-shaped,  crcnately  toothed ;  the  lowest  ones  mostly  opposite, 
and  3  -  5-lobed ;  flowers  minute,  white,  on  slender  spreading  peduncles,  which 
are  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  ovary  4-ovuled ;  capsule  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Shady 
woods,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  April -June.  —  Stem  3'-l°  long. 
Leaves  £'-  1'  long.  Corolla  1"  long.  Seeds  bony. 

3.    PHACELIA,    Juss. 

Calyx  5-parted,  not  appendaged  in  the  sinuses.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included  or  exserted :  anthers  ovoid  or  oblong. 
Ovary  2  —  many-ovuled  ;  the  2  narrow  placentae  often  projecting  inwards,  and 
forming  an  imperfect  partition  in  fruit.  Style  2-cleft.  Capsule  2-valved,  4  - 
many-seeded.  —  Low  chiefly  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  white  or  blue  flowers  in  one-sided  racemes. 

§  1.     PHACELIA.  —  Ovules  and  seeds  4:    corolla  variously  appendaged  within,  the 
lobes  entire. 

1.  P.  bipinnatiflda,  Michx.     Hairy;  stem  erect,  much  branched ;  leaves 
long-petioled,  3  — 5-lobed,  with  the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  acutely  toothed;  the  lower 
ones  short-stalked,  the  upper  confluent ;  racemes  loosely  many-flowered,  gland- 
ular ;   pedicels  slender,  recurved  in  fruit ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  hispid ;  stamens 
bearded  below,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  corolla.  —  Shaded  banks,  Alabama 
to  North  Carolina.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high.     Corolla  blue,  £'  wide. 
$  2.     COS.MANTHUS.  —  Ovules  and  seeds  4  :  corolla  not  appendaged  within,  the  lobes 

fimbriate :  filaments  hairy  below. 

2.  P.  Purshii,  Buckley.       Stems   erect  or  ascending,  clustered,  smooth 
or  hairy,  branched  ;  leaves  hirsute  ;  the  lower  ones  petioled,  almost  pinnate,  the 
upper  clasping,  pinnatifid,  with  the  lobes  acute  ;  racemes  many-flowered ;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate-linear,  bristlv-ciliate ;    corolla  blue.      (P.  fimbriata,  Pursh.)  — 
Shady  banks,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  northward.     May  and  June.  — 
Stem  8'  -  12'  high.     Corolla  %'  wide. 

3.  P.  fimbriata,  Michx.     Smoothish  or  slightly  hairy;   stems  spreading 
or  ascending ;  leaves  few,  the  lowest  petioled,  with  3-5  roundish  leaflets ;  the 
upper  ones  pinnately  5  -  7-lobed,  with  the  lobes  obtuse ;  racemes  3  -  10-flowered  ; 
calyx-lobes  linear-oblong,  obtuse ;    corolla  white.  —  High  mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  Michaux,  Buckley.     May.  —  Stems  5'  -  8'  long. 

§  3.     EUTOCA.  —  Ovules  more  than  4  :  corolla  usually  with  minute  appendages 
within,  the  lobes  entire. 

4.  P.  parviflora,  Pursh.    Pubescent;  stems  several,  spreading, branching; 
leaves  petioled  ;  the  lowest  3  -  7-lobed,  the  upper  3-parted ;  racemes  loosely  5  - 
la-flowered;  pedicels  slender,  much  longer  than  the  calvx;  calyx-lobes  linear- 
oblong,  bristly-ciliatc  ;  corolla  small,  pale-blue  or  white.  —  Shady  banks,  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  Stems  3' -8'  high.     Corolla  3''- 
4"  wide      Capsule  few-seeded. 

5.  P.  pusilla,  Buckley.      Pubescent  and  somewhat  glaucous;    stems  as- 
cending, branched ;    leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  the  segments  obovate,  abruptly 


336          HYDROLEACE^E.   (HYDROLEA  FAMILY.) 

acuminate ;  pedicels  short  or  elongated ;  sepals  linear-oblong,  acute,  two  thirds 
the  length  of  the  pale  blue  or  white  corolla;  stamens  exserted — Prairies  of 
Alabama,  Buckley.  April. 


ORDER  97.     HYDROLEACE^E.     (HYDROLEA  FAMILY.) 

Glandular-pubescent  or  bristly  herbs,  with  entire  alternate  leaves. 
Flowers  regular,  axillary  and  solitary  or  clustered,  or  in  terminal  corymbs 
or  coiled  bracted  spikes.  —  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  bell- 
shaped,  5-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  the  filaments  oftener  hairy. 
Styles  2,  separate :  stigmas  capitate.  Ovules  numerous,  anatropous. 
Capsule  many-seeded,  more  or  less  2-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  2  pari- 
etal placentae,  2-  or  rarely  4-valved,  opening  through  the  middle  of  the 
cells,  or  at  their  margins.  Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    HYDROLEA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short,  bell-shaped,  5-cleft;  the  lobes  spreading. 
Stamens  somewhat  exserted,  with  the  filaments  dilated  at  the  base :  anthers 
sagittate.  Styles  2  (rarely  3),  separate.  Capsule  globose,  2-celled,  or  imper- 
fectly 4-celled  by  the  introversion  of  the  placentae,  2-valved.  —  Herbs,  grow- 
ing in  water  or  muddy  places,  with  entire  leaves,  often  with  spines  in  their  axils, 
and  blue  axillary  or  corymbose  flowers. 

1  H.  COrymbosa,  Ell.  Spineless;  stem  erect,  hirsute,  and  branching 
above;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile ;  the  veins  and  margins  slightly  pubes- 
cent ;  flowers  in  a  close  terminal  corymb  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  hispid, 
J  as  long  as  the  corolla.  —  Pine-barren  ponds,  in  St.  Stephen's,  South  Carolina, 
Elliott.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  high,  creeping  at  the  base.  Leaves  !'-!£' 
long.  Corolla  "  azure,  with  yellowish  veins  and  5  white  spots  near  the  base." 
Capsule  2-valved. 

2.  H.  quadrivalvis,  Walt.  Spiny ;  stem  ascending  from  a  creeping 
base,  hispid,  mostly  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent  on  the  veins, 
tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  flowers  axillary,  the  lower  ones  clustered,  the  upper  sol- 
itary, short-peduncled ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  sta- 
mens included  ;  capsule  almost  4-celled,  by  the  introversion  of  the  placenta;, 
2-valved.  —  Pools  and  muddy  banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.  July  and  Aug. —  Stem  1° -3°  long.  Leaves  3' -4' long. 

2.    NAMA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular-funnel-shaped,  5-cleft,  Stamens  included, 
the  filaments  equal :  anthers  reniform.  Ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  pendulous. 
Styles  2,  distinct.  Capsule  oblong,  many-seeded,  seemingly  2-celled  by  the 
meeting  of  the  placentae  at  the  axis,  2-  or  at  length  4-valved.  Seeds  pitted.  — 


POLEMONIACE^E.       (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.)  337 

Diffuse,  hairy  herbs,  with  alternate,  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  and  terminal  sin- 
gle, clustered,  or  cymose  purple  or  white  flowers. 

1.  N.  Jamaicensis,  L.  Pubescent;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely  branched, 
angled  or  slightly  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves ;  leaves  spatulate-obovate, 
obtuse,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  flowers  solitary  or  2  -  3  together,  short-pedun- 
cled ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  capsule  oblong,  splitting 
loculicidally  into  2  valves,  and  at  length  septicidally  into  4  valves,  leaving  the  2 
placentae  free.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  12' -18'  long.  Leaves  £'-!'  long. 
Corolla  small,  purple,  ciliate.  Capsule  4-angled,  smooth. 

ORDER  98.     POLEMONIACEJE.      (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  regular  solitary  or 
eymose  flowers.  —  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  with  membranaceous-mar- 
gined  lobes,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-lobed,  convolute  or  (in  Xo. 
4)  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Ovary  3-celled,  with-  3  -  many  amphitropous  ovules  attached  to  the  cen>- 
tral  placenta.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved. 
Seeds  angular.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen.  Cotyle- 
dons leafy.  Radicle  inferior. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     POL.EMONIEJE.  —Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.     Anther-cells 
parallel,  opening  lengthwise. 

1.  PHLOX.     Corolla  salver-form.    Filaments  unequally  inserted  ofl  the  tube.     Leaves  entire. 

2.  GILIA.     Corolla  tubular-funnel-shaped.    Filaments  equally  inserted  near  the  throat  of  the 

corolla.    Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

3.  POLEMONIUM.    Corolla  short-bell-shaped.    Filaments  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  co- 

rolla.   Leaves  pinnate. 

TRIBE  II.     DI  APENSIE.3E.  —  Lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Anther-cells 
opening  transversely. 

4.  PYXIDANTHERA.    Anther-cells  awned  at  the  base.    Leaves  entire,     flowers  solitary. 

1.    PHLOX,    L. 

Calyx  cylindrical  or  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a  long  and 
slender  tube,  and  obovate  or  roundish  lobes.  Stamens  5,  included,  unequally 
inserted  on  the  tube.  Style  filiform.  Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells.  Capsule 
ovoid,  1  -  3-seeded ;  the  valves  at  length  separating  from  the  central  placenta. 
Seeds  erect.  —  Mostly  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or  (the  upper)  alternate 
entire  leaves,  and  showy  purple  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  panicled  cymes. 

§  1 .     Stems  herbaceous,  erect  or  ascending. 
*  Style  long,  filiform  :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  not  aim-pointed  (except  in  No. 

1 ) :  lobes  of  the  corolla  entire. 

1.  P.  panic ulata,  L.     Smooth;  stem  tall,  branched  above  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  upper  ones  often  cordate ;  cymes  numerous, 
29 


338  rOLKMONIACKJE.       (I'OLEMONIUM    FAMILY.; 

close-flowered,  forming  a  corymbose  or  pyramidal  panicle ;  calyx-teeth  long, 
bristle-pointed;  lobes  of  the  corolla  round-obovate.  (P.  undulata,  Pursh.  P. 
cordata,  Ell.?)  — Var.  ACUMINATA.  (P.  acuminata,  Pursh.)  Leaves  acuminate 
at  each  end,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  stem,  pubescent ;  calyx-lobes  shorter.  — 
Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  June  and  July. 

—  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long,  thin,  strongly  veined  beneath,  the 
primary  veins  uniting  within  the  margins.     Corolla  purple  or  white. 

2.  P.  maculata,  L.     Stem  erect,  pubescent  and  roughish,  especially  above, 
rarely  branched,  often  spotted  with  purple  ;  leaves  rather  rigid,  lanceolate,  acute ; 
the  lowest  often  linear  and  elongated,  the  upper  broader  and  rounded  at  the  base, 
rough  on  the  margins  ;  cymes  closely  many-flowered,  lateral  and  terminal,  form- 
ing an  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicle ;  calyx-lobes  straight,  acute  ;  tube  of  the 
corolla  slender,  curved ;  the  lobes  obovate.     (P.  pyramidalis,  Smith.     P.  suavco- 
lens,  Ait.)  —  Var.  NITIDA.     (P.  nitida,  Ell.'?)     Stem  rigid,  rough;  leaves  nu- 
merous, uniform,  ovate-oblong,  mostly  cordate  at  the  base ;  calyx-lobes  acuminate. 

—  Low  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     June  and  July.  —  Stem. 
2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  2'-  4'  long.     Corolla  purple  or  occasionally  white. 

3.  P.  Carolina,  L.     Smooth  ;  stem  (1°  high)  erect  or  ascending,  sparingly 
branched  ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  upper 
ones  often  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base;  panicle  corymbose,  few-flow- 
ered ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  short-acuminate.     (P.  triflora,  Michx.?) — North 
Carolina,  De.nt.ham. 

4.  P.  glaberrima,  L.    Smooth  ;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  sparingly  branched 
above ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  the  lower  tapering  to  the  base,  the  upper 
broader  and  rounded  at  the  base ;  cymes  usually  3,  terminal,  few-flowered ;  calyx  - 
lobes  lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  large,  with  the  lobes  wedge-obovate.  —  Moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.    Pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Corolla  1'  long,  pale 
purple. 

5.  P.  reptans,  Michx.     Pubescent  or  smoothish  ;  stem  low,  slender,  simple, 
bearing  long  runners  at  the  base.     Stem-leaves  few,  distant,  lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse  ;  the  radical  ones  and  those  on  the  runners  larger,  spatulate  or'obovate, 
pctioled  ;  cyme  terminal,  few-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  linear-subulate,  much  shorter 
than  the  spreading  or  recurved  pedicels ;  corolla-lobes  obovate,  shorter  than  the 
slender  straight  tube ;    anthers  slightly  exserted.  —  Damp  shady  woods  near 
Washington,  Wilkes  Co.,  Georgia,  and  northward  along  the  mountains.     May 
and  June. —  Stem  G'-lO'high.     Leaves  6"  -  8''  long,  the  radical  ones  l'-3' 
long.     Corolla  1 '  long,  purple. 

*  *  Style  short,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary :  calyx-teeth  linear-subulate,  ta)x-nwj 
.  info  an  awn-like  jwmt :  lobes  of  the  corolla  often  notched :  slews  pubescent. 

6.  P.  divEricata,  L.     Softly  pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular ;  stems 
ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  simple  ;  leaves  distant,  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rather  acute,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base  ;  cymes  corymbose,  loosely, 
flowered ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  notched  or  entire,  as  long  as  the  tube, 
and  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Woods  and  banks,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 


POLEMONIACEJE.       (I'OLEMONIUM    FAMILY.)  339 

northward.     April  and  May.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  l'-iy  long.     Corolla 
6" -9"  long,  pale  bluish-purple. 

7.  P.  Walter!.     Softly  pubescent  or  villous  ;  stem  low,  ascending,  simple ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  sessile,  erect ;  the  lower  ones  approximate, 
the  upper  distant  and  often  alternate ;  cymes  terminal,  compact,  leafy-bracted ; 
corolla-tube  longer  than  the  obovate  lobes,  and  twice  as  long  as  the  straight  barely 
awncd  ciliate  calyx-teeth.     (P.  pilosa,  var.  Walteri,  Gray.     P.  pilosa,  Walt.,  Ell. 
P.  glutinosa,  Buckl.  1 )     Dry  gravelly  hills  and  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    April  and  May.  —  Stem  6' -12' high.     Leaves  1' long.     Corolla  bright 
purple,  sometimes  white,  the  tube  6"  -  8"  long. 

8.  P.  pilosa,  L.     Pubescent  or  villous;    stem   erect,  mostly  branching; 
leaves   linear,    or  linear-lanceolate,   spreading,   distant,    acute,   the  uppermost 
rounded  at  the  base  ;  cymes  corymbose,  loose-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  |  as  long  as 
the  tube  of  the  corolla,  prolonged  into  long  and  spreading  bristle-like  points, 
hairy.     (P.  aristata,  Michx.) — Dry  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.     April  and 
May.  —  Stem  rather  slender,  1  °  - 1  £°  high.    Leaves  2'  -  4'  long.    Corolla  £'  long, 
purple. 

9.  P.  Floridana,  Benth.     Stem  erect,  simple,  closely  pubescent;  leaves 
uniform,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  spreading  or  recurved,  the  upper  ones  often  al- 
ternate ;  cymes  crowded  or  corymbose  ;  calyx-teeth  spreading,  somewhat  bristle- 
pointed,  glandular-pubescent,  J  — ^-  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  large  corolla. — 
Dry  open  woods,  Middle  Florida.     May.  —  Stem  l£°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  & 
long.     Corolla  1'  broad,  pale  purple,  the  lobes  round-obovate  and  entire. 

§  2.     Stems  shrubby,  tufted,  creeping :  leaves  subulate,  rigid,  leafy  in  the  axils :  style 
short. 

10.  P.  subulata,  L.     Pubescent;  flowering  stems  erect;  leaves  very  nu- 
merous, the  upper  ones  linear  and  mostly  alternate ;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  erect, 
spiny-pointed ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  notched  or  entire.     (P.  setacea,  L.     P.  Hent- 
zii,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April 
and  May.  —  Stems  4' -12'  long.     Leaves  4" -6"  long.     Corolla  £'-!'  broad, 
purple  or  white. 

P.  DRUMMONDII,  Hook.,  is  an  annual  species,  common  in  gardens. 

2.     GILIA,    Euiz  and  Pavon. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens inserted  equally  near  the  mouth  of  the  corolla.  Ovules  commonly  numer- 
ous in  the  cells.  Capsule  oblong  or  obovoid.  Seeds  angled  or  compressed.  — 
Herbs,  with  finely  divided  leaves,  and  showy  flowers. 

I.  G.  coronopifolia,  Pers.  Stem  tall,  simple,  pubescent  or  hairy,  very 
leafy ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  many  filiform  very  acute  segments ;  flowers 
scarlet,  crowded  in  a  long  compound  raceme  or  narrow  panicle  ;  corolla  tubular- 
funnel-shaped,  with  the  oval-oblong  obtuse  lobes  about  J  as  long  as  the  tube ; 
stamens  exserted.  (Cantua  Floridana,  Nutt.?) — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina,  and  westward.  July,  g;  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high.  Corolla  1' 
long,  yellow  and  spotted  with  red  within. 


340      CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.; 

3.    POLEMONIUM,    L 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  short-bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5, 
declined,  inserted  equally  on  the  throat  of  the 'corolla,  with  a  hairy  appendage 
at  the  base  of  the  filaments.  Ovules  numerous  in  the  cells.  Capsule  ovoid. 
Seeds  angled.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  bine  or 
white  flowers  in  a  nearly  bractless  corymb. 

1.  P.  reptans,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  weak,  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  peti- 
oled,  pinnate,  with  5-13  lanceolate  or  elliptical  entire  leaflets ;  corymbs  pedun- 
rled,  few-flowered ;  flowers  nodding ;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute ;  corolla  blue ; 
anthers  white.  —  Shady  mountain  woods,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.  April 
and  May.  TJ.  —  Stem  £°  - 1°  high.  Leaflets  £'  - 1£'  long.  Calyx  enlarged  in 
fruit. 

4.    PYXIDANTHERA,    Michx. 

Calyx  3-bracted,  5-sepalous.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  rounded, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  broad,  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anther- 
cells  roundish,  awned  at  the  base,  opening  by  a  transverse  line.  Ovules  5-8 
in  each  cell.  Capsule  few-seeded.  —  A  small  creeping  shrub,  with  ascending 
very  leafy  branphes.  Leaves  evergreen,  linear,  bearded  at  the  base,  the  upper 
ones  alternate.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal.  Sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate. 
Corolla  small,  white. 

1.  P.  barbulata,  Michx.  (Diapensia,  Ell.) — Dry  pine  barrens,  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.  April  and  May.  —  Stems  3'  -  6'  long.  Leaves  2"  - 
3"  long. 


ORDER  99.     CONVOL.VTJL.ACE.aE.     (CONVOLVULUS 
FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  twining  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  regular  mostly  showy  and  fugaceous  flowers.  —  Calyx  5-sepalous,  im- 
bricated. Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  or  salver-form,  5-plaited  or 
5-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla :  anthers  2-celled,  sagittate.  Ovary  free,  single  or  double,  1-4- 
celled,  with  1-2  erect  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  1  or  2, 
entire  or  2-cleft.  Stigmas  capitate,  ovate,  or  acute.  Capsule  2-6-seeded. 
Embryo  large,  coiled  or  curved  in  mucilaginous  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.    CONVOY  VTJLEJE.—  Ovary  single.    Embryo  with  leafy  cotyledons.    Cap- 
sule opening  by  valves.  —  Flowers  axillary,  single  or  cymose. 
*  Style  single.     Stigmas  globose. 

1.  QUAMOCLIT.     Capsule  4-celled,  4-seeded.     Corolla  (red)  salver-shaped.     Stamens  ex- 

serted. 

2.  BATATAS.     Capsule  4-celled,  4-seed.ed.    Corolla  bell-shaped.     Stamens  included. 


CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)       341 

3.  PIIARBIiaS.     Capsule  3-celled,  the  cells  2-seeded.    Corolla  bell-shaped. 

4.  IPOMCEA.     Capsule  2-celled,  the  cells  2-seeded.    Corolla  bell-  or  funnel-shaped.     Stamens 

mostly  included. 

*  *  Style  single.     Stigmas  ovate  or  cylindrical. 

5.  JACQUEMONTIA.     Capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded.     Stigmas  ovate,  flattened. 

6.  CALYSTEGIA.     Capsule  imperfectly  2-celled,  4-seeded.     Stigmas  cylindrical.     Calyx  in- 

cluded in  the  membranaceous  bracts. 

*  *  *  Styles  2.  separate  or  partly  united.    Ovary  2-celled. 

7.  EVOLVULUS.     Styles  separate,  2-parted  or  2-cleft. 

8.  STYLISMA.    Styles  separate  or  partly  united,  entire. 

TRIBE  II.      DICHONDKE^.  —  Ovary   double.     Embryo  with  cotyledons.      Capsule 
utricular,  1-seeded.  —  Stems  creeping. 

9.  DICHONDRA.     Corolla  bell-shaped.     Stigmas  thick.    Peduncle  1-flowered. 

TRIBE  III.    CTJSCTJTEJE.  — Ovary  single.    Embryo  destitute  of  cotyledons.     Capsule 

closed. 
10.   CUSCUTA.    Twining  parasites,  with  scale-like  leaves.    Styles  2. 

1.     QTJAMOCLIT,    Tourn.     CYPRESS- VINE. 

Sepals  5.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-plaited,  with  the  tube  elongated.  Stamens 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  tube,  dilated  at  the  base,  exserted.  Ovary  4-celled. 
Style  single  :  stigma  globular,  2-lobed.  Capsule  4-valved,  4-seeded.  —  Twining 
annual  herbs,  with  cordate  entire  or  pinnatih'd  leaves,  and  red  flowers,  on  axil- 
lary peduncles. 

1 .  Q.  COCCinea,  Moench.     Leaves  petioled,  cordate,  acuminate,  angled  at 
the  base ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  3  -  5-flowered ;  sepals  awned ;  co- 
rolla slightly  lobed,  scarlet.    (Ipomoea  coccinea,  L.)  —  Cultivated  ground,  in  the 
middle  and  upper  districts,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug. —  Corolla  1'  long, 
sometimes  yellowish. 

2.  Q.  vulgaris,  Chois.    Leaves  pinnatifid,  with  long  and  linear  segments ; 
peduncles  1 -3-flowered,  the  pedicels  much  thickened  upward;  sepals  ovate  or 
oblong,  awnless.  —  Spontaneous  near  gardens.    July  -  Oct 

2.    BATATAS,    Chois. 

Sepals  5  Corolla  bell-shaped,  the  limb  5-plaited,  spreading.  Stamens  slightly 
dilated  at  the  base,  included.  Ovary  4-celled.  Style  simple  :  stigma  globular, 
2-lobed.  Capsule  4-celled,  4-seeded.  —  Trailing  or  twining  herbs,  with  entire 
or  lobed  leaves.  Peduncles  axillary,  1  -  several-flowered. 

1.  B.  littoralis,  Chois.  Smooth  and  fleshy;  stem  prostrate,  creeping; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  cordate,  notched  at  the  apex,  entire  or  hastate-lobed,  the 
lateral  lobes  entire  or  2-cleft ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  1-flowered  ; 
bracts  subulate  ;  sepals  oblong,  mucronate  ;  corolla  obscurely  lobed,  white,  the 
tube  yellowish.  (Convolvulus  obtusilobus,  Michx.)  —  Drifting  sands  along  the 
coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  May-  Sept.  1J.  — Leaves  l'-2'  long.  Co- 
rolla 2'  long. 

B.  EDULIS,  Chois.,  includes  the  different  kinds  of  the  cultivated  SWEET 
POTATO. 

29* 


342       CONVOLVULACE.E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

3.    PHARBITIS,     Chois.     MORNING-GLORY.* 

Sepals  5.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  5-plaited.  Stamens  dilated 
at  the  base,  included.  Style  simple:  stigma  globose.  Capsule  3  —  4-celled,  3  - 
4-valvcd,  6  -  8-seeded.  —  Twining  herbs,  with  petioled  cordate  entire  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  single  or  cymose  blue  or  purple  flowers,  on  axillary  bracted  pe- 
duncles. 

1 .  P.  hispida,  Chois.      Annual ;   stem  glandular-roughened  and  hairy ; 
leaves  entire,  round-cordate,  acuminate ;  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves, 
3  -  5-flowered  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  hairy  ;  corolla  showy,  blue, 
purple,  or  variegated.     (Convolvulus  purpureus,  L.) — Around  dwellings.     In- 
troduced.    June  -  Sept. 

2.  P.  Nil,  Chois.     Annual,  hairy  ;  leaves  membranaceous,  broadly  cordate, 
3-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  2  -  3-flowered ; 
sepals  densely  hispid,  ending  in  a  long  subulate  point ;  bracts  linear ;  corolla 
purple.      (Convolvulus  Nil,  L.)  —  Cultivated  ground,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July-  Sept.  —  Corolla  l£'  long, 

4.    IPOMCEA,    L.     MORNING-GLORY. 

Sepals  5.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  5-plaited.  Stamens  dilated 
at  the  base,  included  (except  No.  8).  Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  imperfectly  4-celled. 
Style  simple  :  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-cclled,  2-4-valved,  4-seeded, 
or,  by  abortion,  1  -  3-seeded.  Seeds  smooth  or  hairy.  —  Twining  or  trailing 
rarely  erect  herbs,  with  cordate  or  sagittate  entire  or  variously  lobed  leaves,  and 
showy  white  or  purple  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 

*  Flowers  crowded  in  a  leafy-bracted  capitate  cyme :  corolla  small,  bell-shaped. 

1.  I.  tamnifolia,  L.     Hairy  ;  stem  erect  or  twining ;  leaves  cordate-ovate, 
acuminate,  somewhat  plicate  with  impressed  parallel  veins  ;  peduncles  longer  than 
the  petioles  ;  lower  bracts  longer  than  the  many-flowered  heads  ;  sepals  subulate, 
bristly,  nearly  as  long  as  the  blue  corolla ;  stigmas  distinct ;  capsule  depressed, 
somewhat  4-sided.  —  Cultivated  ground,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    July  -  Oct.     CD  —  Stem  1°  -4°  long.     Corolla  £'  long. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary,  or  few  in  an  open  cyme. 
•+-  Corolla  bell-shaped :  leaves  orbicular :  stems  prostrate. 

2.  I.  Pes-Caprse,  Sweet.     Smooth  and   fleshy ;   stem  prostrate ;    leaves 
petioled,  orbicular,  or  slightly  notched  at  the  apex,  parallel-veined ;  peduncles 
1 -3-flowered,  the  ovate  bracts  minute;  sepals  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  mucro- 
nate;    tube  of  the  corolla  very  short.     (I.  orbicularis,  Ell.)  —  Drifting  sands 
along  the  coast,  Florida  and  Georgia.    Aug.  -Oct.     y. —  Leaves  2'  long.     Co- 
rolla 2'  long,  purple. 

->-  •»-  Corolla  (mostly  small)  bell-shaped:  capsule  hairy:  seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so: 
stems  slender,  twining :  leaves  petioled,  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed:  stamens 
included. 

3.  I.  commutata,  R.  &  S.     Stem  pubescent  or  hairy ;  leaves  thin,  cor- 
date, acuminate,  entire,  angled  or  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  acute  or  sometimes 


CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)      343 

2-clefc,  sprinkled  with  hairs  on  both  sides  ;  peduncles  4-angled,  about  as  long  as 
the  filiform  petioles,  1  —  5-flo\vered  ;  bracts  small,  subulate  ;  corolla  purple,  4-5 
times  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  ciliate  sepals  ;  capsule  globose, 
4-valvccl,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  (I.  trichocarpa,  Ell.)  —  Margins  of  swamps, 
and  cultivated  grounds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  Aug.  -  Oct. 
—Leaves  1'  -  1 J'  long.  Corolla  l  J'  -  2'  long. 

4.  I.  triloba,  L.  ?     Stem  slender,  hairy  ;    leaves  cordate,  abruptly  atten- 
uated, but  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  hastate-lobed,  with  the  lateral  lobes 
rounded,  smooth  below,  slightly  hairy  above ;  peduncles  3-flowered,  longer  than 
the  leaves  ;  bracts  subulate  ;  corolla  small,  purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong, 
acute,  hairy  sepals  ;  capsule  globose  ;  seeds  slightly  pubescent  on  the  angles.  — 
South  Florida.  —Leaves  !'-!£'  long.     Corolla  £'  long. 

5.  I.  lacunosa,  L.     Stem  and  leaves  smoothish  ;  leaves  cordate,  obtuse  or 
acuminate,  entire  or  3-lobed  ;  peduncles  1  -  3-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
often  shorter  than  the  petioles;  corolla  small,  white,  twice  as  long  as  the~ovate- 
lanceolate   acuminate   ciliate  sepals ;    capsule   globose,   slightly   hairy.  —  Low 
grounds,  in  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia,  and  westward.    Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Ca- 
lyx and  corolla  commonly  longer  than  the  preceding. 

*-  -t-  -i-   Corolla  large,  funnel-shaped,  the  tube  elongated:  capsule  smooth :  seeds  often 
woolly :  steins  elongated :  leaves  cordate,  petided,  entire  or  3-lobed. 

6.  I.  pandurata,  Meyer.     Stem  twining,  smoothish ;  leaves  cordate,  acu- 
minate, but  scarcely  acute,  entire  or  fiddle-shaped,  more  or  less  pubescent  above, 
paler  and  smooth  beneath  ;  peduncles  commonly  longer  than  the  petioles,  1-6- 
flowered ;  bracts  minute ;  sepals  smooth,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  the 
two  outer  ones  shorter ;  corolla  white,  with  pointed  lobes,  the  tube  purple  within. 
—  Var.  HASTATA.     Stem  mostly  prostrate  ;  leaves  hastately  3-lobed,  the  lateral 
lobes  rounded ;  peduncles  mostly  1 -flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  inner  sepals 
acute.  —  River-banks  and  margins  of  swamps,  the  var.  in  sandy  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     Aug. -Oct.     1J. —  Root  tuberous,  very 
large.     Corolla  3'  long.     Capsule  globose.     Seeds  woolly  on  the  angles. 

7.  I.  Michauxii,  Sweet.     Stem  pubescent,  stout ;  leaves  membranaceous, 
deltoid,  cordate  but  decurrent  on  the  petiole,  obtuse,  plaited  by  the  strong  im- 
pressed veins,  wavy  on  the  margins,  slightly  roughened  above,  hoary-pubescent 
beneath  ;  peduncles  1  -  5-flowered ;  sepals  thick,  oblong,  obtuse,  tomentose  ;  co- 
rolla pubescent,  white  tinged  with  purple,  notched  at  the  angles  of  the  limb,  and 
bright  purple  on  the  tube  within ;  capsule  ovate,  pointed,  2-valved  ;  seeds  very 
silky.     (I.  macrorhiza,  Michx.) — Light  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina, 
along  the  coast.    July  -  Sept.     y.  —  Root  very  large.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long,  occa- 
sionally 3-lobed.     Corolla  3' -4'  long,  opening  at  night.     Ovary  imperfectly 
4-celled. 

8.  I.  Bona-Nox,  L.      Smooth ;    leaves  membranaceous,  cordate,  acumi- 
nate, entire,  long-petioled ;  peduncles  very  stout,  5  -  7-flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaves ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse  ;  the  2  outer  ones  prolonged  in  a  long  filiform  ap- 
pendage ;  corolla  white,  almost  salver-form ;  the  tube  very  long  and  slender ; 
stamens  and  style  partly  exserted  ;  capsule  ovate,  pointed  with  the  conical  per 


344       CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

sistent  base  of  the  style.  (Calonyction  speciosum,  Chois.)  —  South  Florida. — 
Stem  sometimes  prickly.  Leaves  2'  -3'  long.  Tube  of  the  corolla  3'  -  41'  long, 
l"-2"  in  diameter. 

9.  I.  sagittifolia,  Bot.  Reg.    Smooth  and  somewhat  fleshy  ;  stem  slender; 
leaves  sagittate,  lanceolate  or  linear ;  the  lateral  lobes  long,  spreading,  acute ; 
peduncles  1  -  3-flowered,  club-shaped,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  minutely  bracted  ; 
sepals  oval,  rounded  and  purple  at  the  apex,  shorter  than  the  ovate  4-valved 
pointed  capsule ;  seeds  silky  on  the  angles;  corolla  bright  purple.     (C.  sagitti- 
folius,  Michx.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July  -Sept.     1J.— 
Stem  commonly  2°  -  3°  long.     Corolla  3'  long. 

10.  I.  fastigiata,  Sweet  ?      Smooth  ;   leaves  cordate,   3-lobed,  with   the 
lobes  acuminate;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  3 -several-flowered, 
with  leafy  lanceolate  bracts ;  sepals  lanceolate,  terminating  in  a  long  subulate 
point,  on  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  greenish,  the  ex- 
panding acutely  lobed  border  purple.  —  South  Florida. — Leaves  l£'-  2'  long. 
Corolla  3'  long. 

H-   -t-   •)-•*-    Corolla  bell-shaped :  leaves  pedately  1 -parted. 

11.  I.  sinuata,  Ort.     Stem  very  long,  shrubby  at  the  base,  the  branches 
muricate,  hairy ;  leaves  smooth,  with  the  divisions  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed ; 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1  -  2-flowered  ;  pedicels  flattened,  dilated  up- 
ward, nodding ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish,  smooth,  half  as  long  as  the 
corolla,  widely  spreading  in  fruit ;  corolla  white,  purple  in  the  throat ;  capsule 
globose;    seeds   smooth.      (Convolvulus   dissectus,  Michx.) — South   Florida. 
July -Oct.     U  —  Stem  sometimes  40°  long.    Leaves  4' -  6' wide.     Corolla  1^' 
long. 

5.  JACQUEMONTIA,    Chois. 

Sepals  5,  unequal.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-plaited.  Style  single  :  stigmas  2, 
ovate  or  oblong,  flattened.  Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-4- 
valved,  4-seeded.  —  Habit  of  Ipomcea. 

1-  J.  Violacea,  Chois.  Stem  smoothish,  twining ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong- 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent,  the  lower  ones  slightly  cordate ; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  many-flowered ;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  the  2 
outer  ones  larger ;  corolla  small,  purple ;  stigmas  oblong,  diverging ;  capsule 
smooth,  4-valved,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1° -  3°  long. 
Leaves  1'- 2' long.  Corolla  £'  long.  Seeds  roughish. 

6.  CALYSTEGIA,    R.  Brown. 

Sepals  5,  included  in  the  two  large  membranaceous  bracts.  Corolla  bell- 
shaped.  Style  single  :  stigmas  2,  oblong  or  cylindrical.  Capsule  imperfectly 
2-celled,  4-seeded.  —  Leaves  petioled,  cordate  or  sagittate.  Peduncles  1 -flowered. 

1.  C.  sepium,  R.  Br.  Smooth;  stem  twining;  leaves  broadly  sagittate, 
acute,  the  wide  lateral  lobes  obliquely  truncated  and  often  toothed  ;  peduncles 
4-angled,  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  bracts  cordate-ovate  or  oblong,  strongly  keeled 


CONVOLVULACEJE.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)      345 

on  the  back ;  sepals  acute ;  corolla  white  or  rose-color.  (Convolvulus  sepium, 
L.)  —  Varies  with  the  stem  and  shorter  peduncles  pubescent ;  leaves  smaller 
and  narrower.  (C.  Catesbeiana,  PA.?)  —  Rich  soil,  Florida  (the  var.),  and 
northward.  Aug.  and  Sept.  \ — Leaves  2' -4'  long.  Corolla  l£'-2'  long. 
Stigmas  oblong-ovate.  Stamens  dilated  and  flattened  below. 

2.  C.  spithamsea,  Pursh.     Pubescent ;  stem  erect,  rarely  twining  at  the 
summit :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  the  upper  ones  acute ;  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves,  terete ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate ;  corolla  white.  —  Dry 
soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     May -Sept.     y. — Stem  l°-2°  high.    Leaves 
I'-Sf  long.     Corolla  l£' -  2'  long. 

3.  C.  paradoxa,   Pursh.      Stem    prostrate,   tomentose  ;    leaves    oblong, 
cordate-sagittate,  acute ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaf ;  bracts  remote  from 
the  flower,  linear ;  sepals  naked,  smooth,  acuminate ;  corolla  large,  white.  — 
In  Carolina  or  Virginia,  Pursh.     (  *  ) 

7.    EVOLVULTJS,    L. 

Sepals  5.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  somewhat  wheel-shaped,  mostly  hairy. 
Stamens  included.  Styles  2;  distinct,  2-cleft  or  2-parted :  stigma  obtuse. 
Capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded. —  Small  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  silky  or  hairy 
prostrate  stems,  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Cap- 
sules nodding. 

*   Common  peduncle  very  short  or  none  ;  the  pedicels  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

1.  E.  seriCGUS,  Swartz.     Silky  with  appressed  hairs  throughout,  except 
the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  ;  stem  dividing  at  the  base  into  numerous  pros- 
trate or  ascending  simple  filiform  branches ;  leaves  sessile,  linear  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate, acute  at  each  end,  erect ;  peduncle  almost  wanting,  1-flowered,  rarely 
2"  -  3"  long  and  2  -  3-flowered ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ^  as  long  as 
the  white  wheel-shaped  corolla. — Varies  with  shorter  (4'  -  6'  long)  and  more  rigid 
stems,  and  oblong  or  elliptical  and  obtuse  leaves.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  westward.     June -Oct. —  Stems  6' -12'  long.     Leaves  6" -9"  long.     Co- 
rolla 4" -5"  in  diameter. 

*  *  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves. 

2.  E.  glabriusculus,  Chois.     Stem  creeping,  simple,  sprinkled  with  ap- 
pressed hairs  ;  leaves  rigid,  elliptical-obovate,  mucronate,  nearly  sessile,  smooth 
above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath ;  peduncles  bristle-like,  rather  longer  than 
the  leaves,  1  -  3-flowered  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  hairy,  as  long  as  the 
pedicel ;  corolla  very  small.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  long.     Leaves  4"  -  6" 
long.     Corolla  2"  wide. 

3.  E.  diffusus,  n.  sp.     Silky  with  long  spreading  hairs ;  stems  very  nu- 
merous, filiform,  diffuse  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  mucronate,  short-petioled  ; 
peduncles  bristle-like,  often  by  pairs,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  1-3- 
flowered  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels  ;  corolla 
wheel-shaped,  styles  parted  nearly  to  the  base.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stems  1°^ 
2°  long.    Leaves  4"  -  6'''  long.     Corolla  2"  wide. 


34(5  CONVOLVULACEA:.      (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

8.    STYLISMA,    Raf. 

Sepals  5.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  hairy.  Stamens  included.  Styles  2,  distinct 
or  united  below,  entire  :  stigmas  peltate.  Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Capsule 
1  -4-seeded.  —  Perennial  prostrate  pubescent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small 
flowers  on  axillary  peduncles  which  are  longer  than  the  leaves. 

1.  S.  humistrata.     Hairy  and  roughish  ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  slightly 
cordate,  obtuse  or  emarginatc  at  the  apex,  mucronate ;  peduncles  filiform,  1-7- 
flowered ;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  smooth,  fringed  on  the  margins  ;  capsule  smooth, 
nodding;  bracts  minute;  corolla  white;  filaments  hairy;  styles  united  below. — 
Varies  with  linear  or  lanceolate,  often  acute,  nearly  sessile  leaves,  shorter  and 
uniformly  1 -flowered  peduncles,  and  more  pubescent  sepals.     (Convolvulus  hii- 
mistratus,  Walt.     C.  tenellus,  Ell.)  — Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.     July -Sept.  —  Stems  2° -3°  long.     Leaves  l'-3' 
long.     Corolla  10"  long.     Capsule  ovate,  commonly  1-seeded,  crowned  with  a 
tuft  of  hairs  when  young. 

2.  S.  aquatica.     Silky-pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary;  leaves  linear-ob- 
long, obtuse,  mucronate,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  short-petioled  ; 
peduncles  1-7   (mostly  3- ) -flowered ;   sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  very 
silky ;  capsule  erect,  pubescent ;  bracts  subulate,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  corolla 
purple;  filaments  smooth;  styles  distinct.     (Convolvulus  aquaticus,  Walt.)  — 
Margins  of  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     July  -  Sept.  — 
Steins  2° -3°  long.     Leaves  £'-  1'  long.     Corolla  5"  long. 

3.  S.  Pickeringii,  Gray.      Soft-pubescent  or  villous ;  leaves  linear,  ob- 
tuse, narrowed  at  the  nearly  sessile  base ;  peduncles  1  -  3-flowered ;  bracts  linear, 
as  long  as  the  flower ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  very  hairy,  longer  than  the  pedi- 
cel ;  corolla  small,  white ;  styles  united  nearly  to  the  apex ;  stamens  slightly 
exserted. —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July -Sept. 
—  Stems  2° -3°  long.     Leaves  12"- 15"  long.     Corolla  5"  long. 

9.     DICHONDRA,    Forst. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  obovate.  Corolla  somewhat  wheel-shaped, 
5-parted,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  included.  Ovaries  2,  distinct, 
2-ovuled.  Styles  2  :  stigmas  capitate.  Utricles  2,  one-seeded.  — Low  pubescent 
creeping  herbs,  with  broadly  cordate  petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  bractless  flow- 
ers on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  D.  repens,  Forst.,  var.  Carolinensis,  Chois.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  March -Oct.  y.—  Stems  filiform,  6' -12' 
long.  Leaves  £'-!£'  in  diameter,  on  petioles  1'- 4' long.  Peduncles  shorter 
than  the  petioles.  Calyx  silky.  Corolla  minute,  greenish  white. 

1O.    CUSCUTA,     Tourn.      DODDER. 

Calyx  4  -5-cleft,  or  4  -  5-sepalous.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped,  bell-shaped, 
or  somewhat  tubular,  4  -  5-cIcft.  Stamens  4-5,  with  fimbriate  mostly  confluent 
scales  at  the  base.  Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Styles  2  :  stigmas  capitate  (in 


SOLANACE^E.       ^NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.)  347 

our  species).  Capsule  4-seeded.  Embryo  filiform,  coiled  around  fleshy  alba- 
men.  Cotyledons  none.  —  Twining  parasites,  germinating  in  the  ground,  buC 
early  decaying  at  the  root.  Stems  filiform,  yellow  or  reddish,  without  leaves, 
or  with  minute  scales  in  their  place.  Flowers  white,  small,  variously  clustered. 

*  Flowers pedicelled,  with  few  and  distant  bracts :  calyx  4  -  5-cleft :  corolla  bell- 
shaped,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  capsule. 

1 .  C.  arvensis,  Beyrich.     Low ;  flowers  small,  5-parted,  in  loose  umbel- 
like  cymes ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading  or  reflexed, 
longer  than  the  tube  ;  scales  ovate,  often  partly  exserted  ;  capsule  globose,  thin, 
yellowish. — Fields  and  sterile  soil,  on  small  herbs,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
June  and  July.  —  Steins  1°  high.     Flowers  the  smallest  of  our  species. 

2.  C.  Gronovii,  Willd.     Stem  climbing  high;  flowers  mostly  5-cleft,  in 
loose  paniculate  cymes  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  obtuse,  spreading,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  tube ;  scales  large,  confluent  at  the  base ;    capsule  globose, 
brown.     (C.  Americana,  Pursh.,  DC*) — Low  shady  places,  on  coarse  herbs, 
Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

3.  C.  neuropetala,  Engclm.      Stem   branching ;    flowers   rather    large, 
5-parted,  in  smooth  umbel-like  cymes ;   lobes   of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  acuminate,  crenulate,  1 -nerved,  spreading,  as 
long  as  the  tube ;  scales  ovate,  incurved,  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Damp  soil, 
Florida,  and  westward.     May. 

4.  C.  TOStrata,  Shuttl.     Stem  twining  high;    flowers  large,  5-parted,  in 
umbel-like  cymes  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  obtuse  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate, 
obtuse,  spreading  and  at  length  reflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  tube ;  scales  connate 
at  the  base ;  capsule  large,  acute.  —  Shaded  moist  places  on  tall  herbs,  on  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

*  *  Flowers  sessile,  in  compact  clusters :  calyx  of  5  separate  sepals,  surrounded  by 
several  similar  bracts :  corolla  persistent  at  the  apex  of  the  capsule. 

5.  C.  COmpacta,  Juss.     Stems  climbing  high ;  bracts  and  sepals  orbicu- 
lar, concave,  denticulate,  imbricated  ;   tube  of  the  corolla  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  calyx,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes  spreading;    scales   confluent  at   the 
base;   capsule   globose-ovate.  —  Damp  shady  places,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  —  Oct.  —  Clusters  often   continuous,   and  spirally   coiled    around    herbs 
and  shrubs. 


ORDER  100.     SOLANACE^E.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  colorless  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  regular  axil- 
lary or  supra-axillary  flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  7-cleft,  or  4  -  7-toothed,  persist- 
ent, often  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  5  -  10-lobed,  plaited  and  valvate, 
convolute,  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-7,  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla  :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise  or  by  terminal  pores. 
Style  and  stigma  single.  Fruit  a  2-celled  (rarely  3  -  5-celled)  many- 


348  SOLANACE^E.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

seeded  capsule  or  berry.  Placentae  adnate  to  the  partition  and  projecting 
into  the  cells.  Seeds  campylotropous  or  amphitropous.  Embryo  mostly 
slender  and  curved  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Chiefly  narcotic  poisons. 

Synopsis. 

§  1.  Fruit  a  berry. 

*  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  short  bell-shaped. 
«-  Anthers  connivent.     Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 
1  •  SOLANUM.    Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.     Berry  juicy. 

2.  CAPSICUM.    Anthers  opening  lengthwise.     Berry  juiceless. 

*-  *-  Anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.     Fruiting  calyx  inflated. 

3.  PHYSALIS.     Berry  juicy.    Calyx  entire  at  the  base. 

4.  NICANDRA.    Berry  dry.     Calyx  10-toothed  at  the  base. 

*  *  Corolla  funnel-shaped. 

5.  LYCIUM.    Anthers  opening  lengthwise.     Berry  juicy.     Shrubs. 

§  2.     Fruit  a  capsule. 

6.  DATURA.    Calyx  prismatic  or  terete,  circurnscissile.     Capsule  spiny. 

1.    SOLANUM,    L.     NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed,  valvate,  with  the 
margins  turned  inward.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  ex- 
serted ;  the  filaments  very  short :  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal  pores,  conni- 
vent. Stigma  obtuse.  Berry  juicy,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs, 
often  armed  with  prickles.  Leaves  alternate  or  in  pairs.  Flowers  opposite  the 
axils,  or  above  them. . 

*   Unarmed :  cymes  or  racemes  corymbed :  corolla  5-}Mrted. 

1.  S.  nigrum,  L.     Herbaceous,  mostly  pubescent  with  simple  hairs;  stem 
erect,  branching ;  the  branchlets  wing-angled,  and  more  or  less  toothed ;  leaves 
petioled,  oblong-ovate,  toothed  or  entire  ;  flowers  somewhat  umbelled,  drooping, 
small,  white  ;  berry  black.  — Damp  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
July -Sept. —  Stem  l°-3°  high,  diffuse.     Leaves  2' -4'  long,  when  in  pairs, 
unequal.     Corolla  4"  -  6"  wide.    Berry  2"  -  3"  in  diameter. 

2.  S.  Eadula,  Vahl.     Shrubby,  and  very  rough  throughout  with  short 
rigid  rusty  stellate  hairs  ;  leaves  oblong,  entire,  acute,  tapering  into  a  short  peti- 
ole;   cymes  slender,   long-peduncled,   once  or  twice  forking,  many-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  small,  linear  in  the  bud  ;  corolla  white,  deeply 
parted,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse;   anthers  hairy.  —  South  Florida. — 
Leaves  2' -3' long.     Cymes  3' -  4' long.     Corolla  5"  wide. 

3.  S.  verbascifolium,  L.     Shrubby,  and  hoary  throughout  with  dense 
soft  stellate  hairs  ;  leaves  large,  ovate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  entire  ;  cymes 
on  long  and  very  stout  peduncles,  forking,  compactly  many-flowered  ;  flowers 
globoseobovate  in  the  bud ;    calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute  ;    corolla-lobes  oblong, 
obtuse ,  anthers  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  slender  filaments ;  ovary  woolly.  — 
South  Florida.     Oct.  -  Dec.  —  Shrub  4° -5°  high.    Leaves  6' -9'  long.     Co- 
rolla   '  wide 


SOLANACE.E.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.)  349 

4.  S.  Blodgettii,  n.  sp.    Stem  shrubby  ?  smooth,  the  branches,  like  the  up 
per  surface  of  the  leaves,  roughened  with  a  close  stellate  (greenish)  pubescence  ; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  hoary-tomentose 
beneath,  like  the  rather  short-peduncled  many-flowered  forking  cymes ;  calyx 
small,  obconical,  with  short  rounded  teeth ;  corolla  purple  ?  deeply  parted,  3  —  4 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  with  lanceolate  acute  lobes ;  anthers  nearly  sessile, 
linear,  narrowed  at  the  apex,  shorter  than  the  style.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves 
3' -4'  long.     Flowers  £'  in  diameter. 

*  *  Prickly:  flowers  racemed:  corolla  mostly  angularly  lobed. 

5.  S.  Carolinense,  L.     Hirsute  with  stellate  hairs ;  stems  erect ;  leave* 
ovate-oblong,  angularly  lobcd  or  toothed,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  pet- 
iole ;  the  veins  and  petiole,  like  the  stem,  armed  with  straight  yellow  prickles ; 
racemes  simple,  slender,  3  -  several-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  acuminate.  — Var.  FLO 
RIDANA  (S.  Floridanum,  Dunal)  is  less  hairy ;  stems  ascending  from  a  creep- 
ing base ;  leaves  narrower,  sinuate-lobed  or  toothed,  with  more  numerous  and 
stronger  prickles.  —  Dry  waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June  -  Sept. 
y.  —  Stem  1° - 1^°  high.     Leaves  3'  - 5'  long.     Corolla  9"-  12"  wide,  blue  or 
white. 

6.  S.  aculeatissimum,  Jacq.     Plant  beset  throughout  with  bristly  hairs 
and  stout  prickles  ;  stem  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oval, 
membranaceous,  acute,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  acutely  lobed  or  toothed ; 
racemes  lateral,  slender,  2 - 5-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  corolla-lobes 
lanceolate,  acute,  white ;   anthers  acuminate  ;  berry  globose,  yellow.  —  Waste 
places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Probably  introduced  from  Mexico.     June  - 
Sept.     ®  —  Stem  1°- 2°  high.    Leaves  3' - 6' long.     Corolla  6"  - 9"  wide,  the 
lobes  recurved. 

7.  S.  mammosum,  L.     Pubescent  with  stellate  hairs,  and  the  stem,  pet- 
ioles, and  nerves  of  the  leaves  armed  with  stout  flattened  prickles  ;  stem  stout, 
erect ;   leaves  large,  ovate,  sinuate-lobed,  slightly   cordate ;   racemes  cymose, 
long-peduncled,  many-flowered ;    corolla  large,  purple,  with   ovate   spreading 
lobes  ;     berry   conical-ovate.  —  Road-sides,   and   waste    ground,   Florida  and 
Georgia.     July  -  Sept.      ©  —  Stem   2°  -  3°   high.     Leaves    6'  -  9'  long.     Co- 
rolla   l£'   wide.      Anthers   narrowed   upward,   on  slender  filaments.      Calyx 
unarmed. 

8.  S.  hirsutum,  Nutt,  not  of  Dunal.     Dwarf,  hirsute ;    leaves  broadly 
obovate,  very  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  narrowed  at  the  base,  prickly  on  the  midrib ; 
racemes  3-flowered  ;  peduncles  filiform.  —  Milledgeville,  Georgia.  —  Roots  pro- 
fusely creeping.     Stem  a  span  high,  beset  with  yellowish  hairs.     Calyx  very 
rough.     Flowers  purple  ?     (  * ) 

S.  PSEUDO-CAPSICUM,  L.,  the  JERUSALEM  CHERRY,  is  sometimes  sponta- 
neous near  dwellings. 

S.  TUBEROSUM,  L.,  is  the  IRISH  POTATO,  as  it  is  here  called  ;  S.  MELONGE- 
NA,  L.,  the  EGG-PLANT  ;  and  S.  LYCOPERSICUM,  L.  (Lycopersicum  esculentum, 
Mill.)  the  TOMATO. 

30 


iJoO  SOLANACEJi.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.) 

2.     CAPSICUM,    Tourn.     RED-PEPPER. 

Calyx  cup-shaped,  5  -  7-toothed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5  -  7-cleft,  plaited. 
Stamens  5-7,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  exserted  •  anthers  connivent, 
opening  lengthwise.  Stigma  obtuse.  Berry  juiceless,  partly  2-3-celled,  many- 
seeded. —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  juice,  solitary  flowers,  and  red  berries. 

1-  C.  frutescens,  L.  Shrubby,  smooth  ;  stem  branching;  leaves  oblong 
ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  base,  petioled,  often  by  pairs ; 
calyx  obscurely  toothed,  long-pcduncled,  erect ;  berry  oblong,  shorter  than  the 
peduncle. —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  1'  long.  Flowers  in 
the  forks  of  the  branches.  Berry  4"-  6"  long. 


3.     PHYSALIS,    L.     GROUXD-CHERRY. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  inflated  in  fruit,  and  enclosing  the  juicy  berry.  Corolla 
short-bell-shaped,  plaited,  5-lobed  or  5-angled.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla :  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  Stigma  obtuse.  Seeds 
flat,  kidney-shaped.  —  Diffusely  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves, 
which  are  often  by  pairs,  and  solitary  nodding  flowers  in  their  axils,  or  in  the 
forks  of  the  branches. 

*  Perennial:  peduncles  commonly  longer  than  the  petiole :  corolla  8" -10"  in  diam- 
eter, spotted  in  the  throat  with  brown  or  purple. 

1.  P.  viscosa,  L.     Pubescent  or  hairy  ;   root  slender,  elongated  ;   stems 
erect,  at  length  diffusely  branched,  angled ;  leaves  ovate,  entire  or  angularly 
toothed,  acute  or  obtuse,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base ;  calyx  hairy,  with 
triangular-ovate  lobes  ;  corolla  pubescent,  yellow,  with  5  large  brown  spots  in 
the  throat;  style  and  filaments  purple;  anthers  yellow;  fruiting  calyx  oblong- 
ovate,  sharply  5-angled,  concave  or  truncate  at  the  base ;  beny  globose,  viscid. 
(P.  heterophylla,  Ne.es.    P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.)  — Dry  light  or  sandy  soil,  Flor- 
ida to  Mississippi,  and  northward.    July  -  Oct.  —  Stems  £°  -  2°  high,  sometimes 
purple  ;  the  pubescence  often  viscid,  jointed,  or  rough.    Leaves  1'  —  2'  long,  the 
uppermost  rarely  acute   and  unequal  at  the  base.     Corolla  obscurely  lobcd. 
Fruiting  calyx  !'-!£'  long. 

2.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.     Pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  but  often  attenuate  at  the  apex,  entire,  wavy,  or  coarsely  and  obtusely 
toothed  on  the  margins,  acute  and  commonly  very  unequal  at  the  base  ;  calyx 
pubescent,  the  lobes  long-acuminate  from  an  ovate  base ;  corolla  5-lobcd,  or  some- 
what 10-lobed  or  toothed,  yellow  in  the  throat ;  fruiting  calyx  ovate  or  globose- 
ovate,  5-angled.    (P.  Elliottii,  Kunze.    P.  maritima,  M.  A.  Curtis  ?)  — Dry  sandy 
soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July -Oct.—  Stem  1°  high,  erect  or  diffuse 
Leaves  l'-3'  long.     Fruiting  calyx  1'- 1£'  long,  smooth  or  hairy. 

3.  P.  angUStifolia,  Nutt.     Smooth  ;  stem  low,  erect  or  at  length  diffuse, 
3-4-angled;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  gradually  at 
the  base  into  a  winged  petiole;    calyx  lobes  short,   triangular-ovate,  obtuse, 
tomentose  on  the   margins  ;    corolla  yellow,   brownish  purple  in  the   thront, 


SOLAXACE^E.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.)  351 

5-lobed  j  fruiting  calyx  oblong-ovate,  wing-angled,  depressed  at  the  base.  — 
Low  sandy  places  along  the  coast,  West  Florida.  July-  Sept.  —  Stem  6'-  12' 
high.  Leaves  2'-  5'  long,  equal  at  the  base,  somewhat  fleshy.  Corolla  some- 
times 1'  in  diameter.  Fruiting  calyx  9"-  12"  long.  Anthers  yellow. 

*  *  Annual:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petio/e  :  corolla  4"  -  G"  in  diameter,  yellow, 
spotted  in  the  throat  with  green  or  brown, 

4.  P.  angulata,  L.     Smooth  throughout ;  stem  sharply  4-angled,  erect  or 
at  length  diffusely  procumbent;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  toothed, 
long-petioled,  slightly  unequal  at  the  base,  the  lower  ones  often  somewhat  cor- 
date ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  tube ;  corolla  pale-yellow, 
5-toothed,  spotted  with  green  in  the  throat ;  filaments  smooth ;  anthers  purple ; 
fruiting  calyx  globose-ovate,  equally  10-angled,  reticulated  with  purple  veins, 
depressed  at  the  base.  —  Fields  and  waste  ground,  Florida,  and  northward.  — 
July  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1  °  -  4°  long.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Fruiting  calyx  1'  long. 

5.  P.  pubescens,  L.     Tomentose  or  villous  with  soft  often  viscid  hairs, 
rarely  smoothish ;    stem  diffusely  branched,  4-angled,  with  one  side  rounded ; 
leaves  long-petioled,  mostly  acute,  obtusely  toothed,  wavy-margined,  or  entire, 
ovate,  and  mostly  slightly  cordate  and  unequal  at  the  base ;  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  tube ;  corolla  bright  yellow,  5-  or  somewhat  10-toothed, 
brown  in  the  throat ;  filaments  hairy;  anthers  purplish;  fruiting  calyx  oblong- 
ovate,  sharply  5-anglcd,  truncate  at  the  base.     (P.  hirsuta,  Dunal.     P.  pruinosa, 
Ell.     P  obscura,  Michx.)  —  Fields  and  waste  grounds,  common.    July  -  Oct. — 
Stems  l°-3°  long.     Leaves  1'- 2' long. 

4.     NICANDRA,    Adans. 

Calyx  5-parted,  inflated,  10-toothed  at  the  base.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  plaited, 
obscurely  5-lobed.  Stamens  5:  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  Berry 
juiceless.  —  A  smooth  erect  branching  annual,  with  ovate-oblong  toothed  or 
lobed  petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  nodding  purple  flowers. 

1.  W.  physaloides,  Gaert.  —  (Atropa  physaloides,  L.)  —  Waste  and  cul- 
tivated ground.  Introduced.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high,  with  angled 
branches.  Leaves  2'  -  5'  long,  decurrent  on  the  petiole.  Corolla  white  in  the 
throat.  Fruiting  calyx  5-angled,  enclosing  the  globose  berry. 

5.    LYCIUM,    L. 

Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-10-cleft  or  toothed.  Stamens 
4  -  5  .  anthers  opening  lengthwise,  separate.  Stigma  capitate.  Berry  not  en- 
closed in  the  calvx.  —  Erect  or  twining  often  spiny  shrubs,  with  entire  alternate 
or  clustered  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers. 

1.  L.  Carolinianum,  Michx.  Stem  erect,  spiny,  much  branched  ;  leaves 
small,  clustered,  club-shaped,  fleshy ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  purple ;  calyx  and 
corolla  4-cleft ;  stamens  4,  exserted.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Shrub  3° -5°  high.  Leaves  1^'  long.  Corolla  small,  hairy 
within.  Berry  red. 


352  GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

6.     DATURA,    L.     JAMESTOWN-WEED.     THORN-APPLE. 

Calyx  tubular,  terete  or  angled,  5-cleft,  separating  near  the  base,  the  upper 
portion  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-shaped ;  the  limb  plaited,  5-lobed,  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5 .  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Capsule  spiny,  imper- 
fectly 4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Strong-scented  poisonous  herbs,  with 
petioled  oblong  or  ovate  mostly  toothed  leaves,  and  large  solitary  flowers  in  the 
forks  of  the  branches. 

1.  D.  Stramonium,  L.     Smooth;  stem  stout,  forking;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  sinuate-toothed ;  corolla  sharply  5-toothed,  white,  twice  as 
long  as  the  5-angled  calyx;    capsule  erect. —  Var.\TATULA.     Larger;   leaves 
often   cordate ;   stem   and   corolla   purplish.  —  Waste   ground,   very   common. 
June  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  8'  long.     Corolla  3'  -  4'  long    >  ; 

2.  D.  Metel,  L.     Pubescent ;  stem  stout,  branching ;  leaves  ovate,  entire 
or  slightly  toothed  ;  corolla  white,  10-toothed ;  calyx  loose,  terete;  capsule  nod- 
ding. —  North  and  South  Carolina,  Curtis.     Introduced.  —  Stems  3°  -4°  high. 
Leaves  6'  -  8'  long,     Corolla  6'  long. 

The  PETUNIA,  NIGHT-BLOOMING  JESSAMINE  (CESTRUM),  and  TOBACCO 
(NICOTIANA),  belong  to  this  family. 

ORDER  101.     GENTIANACE^E.     (GENTIAN  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  smooth  and  bitter  herbs,  with  colorless  juice,  opposite  entire 
partly  sheathing  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  often  showy  flowers.  — 
Calyx  4-1 2-parted,  or  4  - 1 2-cleft.  Corolla  4-1 2-lobed,  convolute,  rarely 
valvate  or  imbricated,  in  the  bud,  hypogynous.  Stamens  alternate  with 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary 
single,  with  numerous  anatropous  ovules.  Stigmas  1-2.  Capsule  1- 
celled,  or  imperfectly  2  -  4-celled  by  the  introversion  of  the  margins  of  the 
valves,  septicidally  2-valved.  Placentae  parietal.  Seeds  numerous.  Em- 
bryo minute,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

#    Corolla  convolute,  or  (in  Obolaria)  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Testa  membranaceous.  —  Leaves 
sessile. 

1.  SABBATIA.      Style  conspicuous,  deciduous.      Stigmas  linear,  twisted.      Corolla  wheel- 

shaped,  6-  12-parted. 

2.  EUSTOMA.    Style  conspicuous,  persistent.     Stigmas  roundish,  flat.     Corolla  tubular,  4- 

5-parted. 

3.  GENTIANA.     Stigmas  sessile,  flat,  persistent.     Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form,  4-5- 

lobed,  mostly  with  plaited  appendages  between  the  lobes. 

4.  BARTONIA.     Calyx  and  corolla  4-lobed.     Stigmas  sessile.      Leaves  scale-like. 

5.  OBOLARIA.     Calyx  2-leaved.     Corolla  4-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

6.  FRASERA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-parted,  the  lobes  with  a  large  depressed  gland  in  the 

middle. 

*  *  Corolla  folded  in  the  bud.    Test*  woody.    Petioles  elongated. 
T.  LIMNANTHEMUM.    Leaves  floating,  cordate.    Flowers  clustered  on  the  petiole 


GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.)  353 

1.     S  ABB  ATI  A,    Adans.     AMERICAN  CENTAURY. 

Calyx  5  -  12-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5  -  12-parted,  withering-persistent. 
Stamens  5-12,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla :  anthers  sagittate,  mostly 
recurved.  Style  conspicuous  :  stigmas  linear  or  oblong,  twisted.  Capsule  glo- 
hose,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — Annual  or  biennial  branching  herbs, 
with  cymose  or  panicled  white  or  purple  showy  flowers. 

*  Calyx  and  corolla  mostly  ^-parted. 
*-  Flowers  in  corymbose  cymes,  white,  turning  yellowish :  branches  opposite. 

1.  S.  lanceolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  tall,  terete  below,  4-angled  and 
corymbosely  branched  above,  the  branches  opposite  ;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish, 
3  -  5-nerved,  acute  or  obtuse,  clasping ;  the  upper  ones  distant,  lanceolate,  and 
very  acute ;  cymes  large,  loosely  many-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  (often  6) 
obovate-oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  filiform  calyx-lobes.  (S.  corymbosa,  Baldw.) 
—  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
Leaves  l'-l^'long;  the  lowest  minute.     Corolla  10"  wide,  turning  yellowish 
in  drying. 

2.  S.  paniculata,  Pursh.     Stem  virgate,  wing-angled  throughout,  com- 
monly much  branched  from  the  base ;   leaves  clasping,  lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
mucronate,  the  upper  and  floral  ones  linear,  the  lowest  tufted,  oblong-obovate ; 
cymes  very  numerous,  densely  few-flowered,  leafy ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate, 
one  third  longer  than  the  linear  calyx-lobes.  —  Low  grassy  meadows,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     August. —  Stem  9' -18'  high.     Leaves  £'-!'  long.     Corolla 
y  wide. 

3.  S.  macrophylla,  Hook.    Glaucous  ;  stem  terete,  corymbosely  branched 
above  ;  the  branches  opposite  ;  leaves  thick,  erect,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  clasp- 
ing, 3  -  5-nerved  ;  cymes  large,  flat-topped  ;  corolla  small,  the  lobes  thrice  as 
long  as  the  very  short  bristle-like  calyx-lobes.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and 
westward.     July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  rigid,  hollow,  2°  -  2i°  high.     Leaves  1  £'  -  3' 
long.     Corolla  5"  -6"  wide. 

•<-    -t-    Flowers  in  panicled  cymes,  purple  :  branches  opposite. 

4.  S.  angularis,  Pursh.     Stem  square,  wing-angled,  erect,  paniculately 
much  branched,  often  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  opposite  ;  leaves  nu- 
merous, ovate,  clasping,  3  -  5-nerved,  often  as  long  as  the  joints,  the  upper  ones 
acute ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  linear  calyx -lobes. — 
Low  rich  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.    Aug.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high.    Leaves 
!'-!£'  long.     Corolla  1'  wide. 

5.  S.  brachiata,  Ell.     Stem  erect,  terete,  paniculately  branched  near  the 
summit ;  the  branches  opposite,  spreading ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  the  upper 
ones  linear,  acute,  the  lowest  clustered  ;  flowers  in  small  loose  peduncled  cymes, 
terminating  the  branches,  and  forming  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicle ;  lobes 
of  the  corolla  narrowly  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  linear  calyx-lobes.  —  Low 
grounds  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem 
2°  high.     Leaves  1'  long.     Corolla  1'  wide. 

30* 


354  GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

•4-   •«-   -»-   Flowers  scattered,  on  Jong  peduncles,  white  or  purple :  branches  alternate. 

6.  S.  Elliottii,  Stcud.      Stem   low,   terete,    paniculately  much   branched 
from   near  the   base,  the   branches  diffuse ;   leaves   small,  sessile ;   the  lowest 
obovate,  the  upper  linear ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  short 
filiform   calyx-lobes.     (S.  paniculata,  Ell.)  —  Open   pine   barrens,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stems  £'-!£'  high.     Leaves  3" -6"  long. 
Corolla  8" -10"  wide. 

7.  S.  gracilis,  Pursh.     Stem  slightly  4-angled,  erect  or  reclining,  diffuse, 
the  branches  1  -  3-flowered  ;  leaves  linear  or  oblong-linear,  the  uppermost  almost 
filiform  ;  flowers  terminating  the  short  branchlets  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate- 
oblong,  rather  longer  than  the  filiform  calyx-lobes.  — -  Low  grassy  pine  barrens 
and  meadows,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug. —  Stem 
slender,  1°  - 1£°  long.     Leaves  1'- l£'  long.     Corolla  12" -  15"  wide. 

8.  S.  stcllaris,  Pursh.      Stem   obscurely  4-angled,    slender,   paniculately 
branched,  the  branches  elongated  ;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  the  lowest  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  the  upper  linear,  acute  ;  flowers  on  very  long  peduncles ;  lobes 
of  the  corolla  oblong,  longer  than   the  filiform  calyx-lobes.  —  Salt  marshes, 
Florida,  and  northward.    Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  1°- 3°  high.     Leaves  1'- 2' 
long.    Peduncles  1'- 4' long.     Corolla  l£'  wide. 

9.  S.  calycosa,  Pursh.     Stem  low,  terete  ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lowest  petioled ;  flowers  few ;  corolla 
white,  5  -  7-lobed,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  leafy  calyx-lobes.  —  River  swamps, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  6' -12'  high, 
rigid.    Leaves  !'-!£'  long.     Corolla  8"  -  10"  wide. 

*  *   Calyx  and  corolla.  7-1 2-parted :  flowers  purple. 

10.  S.  chloroides,  Pursh.     Stem   erect,  terete,  simple,  or  1  -  2-forking, 
1  -  5-flowered  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  uniform,  or  the  lowest  spatulate-oblong 
and  the  upper  linear,  acute;  corolla,  large,  8-12-  (mostly  10-)  parted,  com- 
monly more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  linear  or  subulate  calyx-lobes.  —  Margins 
of  pine-barren  ponds  and  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug.  — 
Stem  1°-  1J°  high.    Leaves  1'  long.     Corolla  l£'-3'  wide. 

11.  S.  Boykinii,  Gray.     Stem  mostly  simple,  somewhat  angled ;  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  or  the  lowest  elliptical ;  flowers  single  or  3  -  7  in  a  terminal 
capitate  cluster,  sessile  and  2-bracted ;  corolla  8  -  9-parted,  much  longer  than 
the   oblong-lanceolate   calyx-lobes.  —  Middle  Georgia,  Dr.  Boykin.  —  Stem  1° 
high.    Leaves  l'-2'  long.     Corolla  l£'  wide. 

12.  S.  gentianoides,  Ell.     Stem  erect,  simple,  slender;    lowest  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;   the  others  long,  linear,  sessile ; 
flowers   large,   in   axillary  and  terminal   clusters,   or  terminal   and   solitary  ; 
corolla  8-10-parted,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  subulate  calyx-lobes;  anthers 
straight.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.     July  and  Aug. 
—  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.    Leaves  1^-3'  long.     Corolla  2'  wide. 


GEXTIAXACEJE.       (GEXTIAX    FAMILY.)  '355 

2.    EUSTOMA,    Don. 

Calyx  hell-shaped,  4  -  5-parted,  sharply  4  -  5-angled  ;  the  lobes  subulate, 
keeled.  Corolla  tubular,  4  -  5-lobed,  membranaceous  at  the  base,  withering- 
persistent  ;  the  lobes  erect,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute.  Stamens  4-5,  partly 
exserted,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  sagittate, 
introrse,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  conspicuous,  erect,  persistent :  stigmas 
round-ovate,  thick,  at  length  spreading,  with  the  margins  revolute.  Capsule 
oblong,  obtuse,  1 -celled,  the  margins  of  the  valves  slightly  indexed.  Placentae 
spongy,  sutural.  Seeds  minute,  globose,  sessile.  —  Herbs,  with  oblong  glaucous 
clasping  leaves,  and  panicled  showy  purple  or  blue  flowers. 

1.  ±j.  exaltatum,  Griseb.  Stem  (2°  -3°  high)  terete,  glaucous,  panicu- 
lately  forking  above ;  leaves  mucronate,  decurrent  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  long-peduncled,  terminating  the  branches,  blue  ;  calyx-lobes 
as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  dilated  and  membranaceous  at  the  base.  — 
South  Florida.  (T)  —  Corolla  12"  -  15"  long. 

3.     GENTIANA,    Tourn.     GENTIAN. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  4  -  5-lobed,  often 
with  plaited  toothed  appendages  between  the  lobes.  Stamens  4-5.  Stigmas 
2,  sessile,  compressed,  persistent.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded;  the 
seeds  sutural,  or  covering  the  inner  face  of  the  valves.  — Flowers  showy,  solitary 
or  clustered,  axillary  and  terminal. 

•*  Annual:  corolla  funnel-shaped,  destitute  of  appendages  :  anthers  versatile :  capsule 


1.  G.  quinqueflora,  Lam.     Stem  4-angled,  slender,  branching;   leaves 
ovate   or  ovate-lanceolate,   acute,   cordate  and  slightly  clasping   at  the   base, 
3  -  5-nerved  ;  flowers  3-5,  tci*minating  the  short  branches  ;  corolla  blue,  rather 
slender,  naked  in  the  throat ;   with  ovate  bristle-pointed  entire   lobes,  much 
longer  than  the  subulate  calyx-lobes.  —  Dry  soil  along  the  mountains,  Georgia, 
and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  1' long.     Co- 
rolla 1'  long. 

2.  G.  crinita,  Froel.     Stem  terete  below,  the  upper  portion  and  branches 
4-anglcd ;   leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a 
petiole ;  flowers   terminal,  on   long   angular  peduncles  ;  calyx-lobes  4,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  lobes  of 
the  corolla  4,  rounded,  fimhriate,  ""nearly  as  long  as  the  tube ;  seeds  scaly.  — 
Damp  soil  along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.     Oct.  and  Nov.  — 
Stem  l°-2°  high,  often  much  branched.     Leaves  l'-2'  long.     Corolla  blue, 
l£'-2'  long. 

*  *  Perennial :  corolla  bell-shaped,  with  plaited  toothed  appendages  between  the  lobes  : 
anthers  erect,  mostly  connivent :  capsule  pedicelled :  seeds  commonly  winged. 

3.  G.  OChroleuca,  Frcel.     Stem  low,  smoothish ;  leaves  oblong  or  obo- 
vatc-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  narrower  and  acute ;  flowers 
In  a  dense  mostly  .terminal  cluster ;  corolla  open,  yellowish-white,  ^  -  J  longer 


356  GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

than  the  erect  linear-lanceolate  calyx-lobes  ;  the  ovate  lobes  twice  as  long  as 
the  nearly  entire  appendages  ;  seeds  wingless.  —  Dry  sandy  woods,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.  Corolla  l£'  long,  striped 
within  with  green  and  purple  veins.  Anthers  separate. 

4.  G.  Elliottii.     Stem  rough  and  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  rough-margined;   clusters  axillary  and  terminal;  calyx-lobes 
linear-lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;    corolla  large,  open,  bright-blue, 
lined  within  with  yellow  and  deeper  blue,  the  erect  or  spreading  ovate  acute; 
lobes  twice  as  long  as  the  2-cleft  fimbriate  appendages ;  seeds  lanceolate,  nar- 
rowly winged,  covering  the  entire  inner  face  of  the  valves.     (G.  Catesbsei,  Ell.) 
—  Banks  of  streams  and  ditches,  in  the  lower  and  middle  districts.    Oct.  —  Stem 
1°-  l£°  high.     Corolla  l£'  long.     Flowers  rarely  solitary. 

Var.  parvifolia.  Stem  tall  (2°  high),  slender;  leaves  short  (£'-!'  long), 
sessile,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  rigid ;  calyx-lobes 
erect,  lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube ;  appendages  of  the  corolla  broad, 
unequally  2-cleft,  fimbriate.  —  Pine-bai-ren  swamps  near  the  coast,  Georgia  and 
Florida.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

Var.  ?  latifolia.  Stem  low  (6'  - 12'  high),  rigid ;  leaves  (2'  -3'  long)  mem- 
branaceous,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  shorter 
than  the  tube,  spreading ;  appendages  of  the  corolla  equally  divided  into  two 
slender  bristle-pointed  nearly  entire  lobes.  —  River-banks,  Middle  Florida.  — 
Corolla  l'-lj'  long. 

5.  G.  Saponaria,  L.     Stem  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  rough-margined ;  calyx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate,  acute,  half 
as  long  as  the  corolla ;  corolla  light  blue ;  the  lobes  short  and  broad,  obtuse, 
erect,  or  converging,  longer  than  the  2-cleft  minutely-toothed  appendages ;  seeds 
acute,  narrowly  winged,  covering  the  valves.      (G.  Catesbsei,   Walt.)  —  Moist 
woods  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Sept.  arid  Oct.  — 
Flowers  clustered. 

6.  G.  Andrews!!,  Griseb.     Stem   smooth  (l°-2°  high);   leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  flowers  clustered,  axillary  and  terminal ; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  (1'long)  club-shaped, 
inflated,  closed ;  the  broad  and  rounded  lobes  shorter  than  the  slightly  toothed 
appendages  ;  capsule  at  length  partly  exserted;  seeds  broadly  winged.    (G.  Sa- 
ponaria, Fred.)  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    Sept.  and  Oct. 

7.  G.  angustifolia,  Michx.     Stem  low,  smooth,  1  -flowered;  leaves  linear, 
fleshy ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  erect,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  ;  corolla  large,  bright 
blue,  the  lobes  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  broad  toothed  appendages.  —  Varies 
with  the  corolla,  green  without  and  white  within.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     Nov.  and  Dec.  —  Stem  4'  -  10'  high.     Corolla  2'  long. 

4.    BARTONIA,    Muhl. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  4-parted.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  small.  Stigmas 
sessile.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  septicidal.  Seeds  covering  the  inner  surface 


GENTIANACEJE.       (GENTIAX   FAMILY.)  357 

of  the  valves.  —  Small  annual  herbs,  with  erect  filiform  stems,  scale-like  suSuIutc 
leaves,  and  white  flowers. 

1.  B.  verna,  Muhl.     Stem  (2' -6'  high)  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  suc- 
culent, few-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  one  third  as  long  as  the 
oblong  or  obovate  obtuse  spreading  white  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  oblong  ; 
capsule  roundish.     (Centaurella  verna,  Michx.)  —  Damp  pine  barrens  near  the 
coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Feb.  -  April. 

2.  B.  tenella,  Muhl.     Stem  (6' -12'  high)  branched;   the  branches,  like 
the  leaves,  opposite  or  alternate,  many-flowered ;   calyx-lobes  subulate,  as  long 
as  the  tube  of  the  greenish-white  corolla ;    lobes  of  the  corolla  erect,  acute ; 
anthers  globose ;  capsule  oblong-lanceolate.     ( Centaurella  paniculata,  Michx.)  — 
Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.      Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Flowers 
much  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

5.    OBOLARIA,    L. 

Calyx  of  2  spatulate  bract-like  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft,  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  round-cordate.  Style  short :  stigma  2-lipped. 
Capsule  ovoid,  1 -celled.  Seeds  numerous,  covering  the  valves.  —  A  low  spar- 
ingly branched  perennial  herb,  with  opposite  wedge-obovate  leaves,  and  single  or 
clustered  axillary  and  terminal  purplish  flowers. 

1.  O.  Virginica,  L.  —  Rich  shady  woods,  South  Carolina,  and  northward. 
March  and  April. — Plant  smooth,  purplish,  3' -8'  high.  Branches  generally 
3-flowered. 

6.    ERASER  A,    Walt.     AMERICAN  COLUMBO. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-parted,  the  lobes  each  with  a  de- 
pressed fringed  gland  on  the  upper  face.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  nodding.  Style 
persistent :  stigmas  spreading.  Capsule  compressed.  Seeds  few,  large,  winged, 
borne  on  the  margins  of  the  valves.  —  Tall  and  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with 
whorled  or  opposite  sessile  leaves  and  branches,  and  cymes  of  greenish-yellow 
flowers,  disposed  in  a  large  terminal  panicle. 

1.  F.  Carolinensis,  Walt.  Stem  (3°  -  8°  high)  erect ;  leaves  and  branches 
mostly  four  in  a  whorl,  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  panicle  pyramidal ; 
corolla-lobes  oblong,  mucronate,  dotted  with  purple.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper 
districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  July.  —  Lowest  leaves  1°  long.  Corolla 
1'  wide.  Root  large  and  bitter  to  the  taste. 

7.    LIMNANTHEMTJM,    Gmel. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  the  lobes  infolded  in  the  bud, 
ciliate,  and  glandular-crested  at  the  base.  Stamens  5.  Style  short  or  none : 
stigma  2-lobed,  persistent.  Capsule  1 -celled,  opening  irregularly.  Seeds  few  or 
many.  Testa  woody.  —  Perennial  aquatic  herbs,  with  floating  circular  or  cor- 
date spongy  leaves,  and  white  peduncled  flowers  clustered  near  the  summit  of 
the  long  petiole. 


358  APOCYNACE^:.     (DOGBANE  FAMILY.) 

1.  L.  lacunosum,  Griseb.     Leaves  (l'-2' wide)  cordate,  entire,  smooth; 
petioles  (6' -12'  long)  filiform  ;  seeds  smooth.     (Villarsia  cordata,  Ell.)  —  Shal- 
low ponds,  Florida,  and  northward.     June  and  July. 

2.  Ii.  trachyspermum,  Gray.     Leaves  (3' -5'  wide)  circular,  crenate, 
rough  and  pitted  beneath ;  petioles  stout,  dotted,  elongated  :    seeds  glandular- 
roughened.     (Villarsia  trachyspcrma,  Ell.)  —Ponds  in  deep  water,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     April -June. 


ORDER  102.     APOCYNACE^E.     (DOGBANE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  milky  juice,  mostly  opposite  entire  exstipu- 
late  leaves,  and  regular  cymose  or  panic-led  flowers.  —  Calyx  free,  5-parted, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  or 
salver-form,  5-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  mostly  sagittate,  erect,  introrse.  Pol- 
len granular.  Ovaries  2,  distinct,  their  styles  united.  Fruit  few  -  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous,  naked,  or  bearing  a  tuft  of 
down  at  the  apex  (comose).  Embryo  straight  in  scarce  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Fruit  a  many-seeded  follicle. 
H-  Seeds  comose.     Leaves  opposite. 

1.  APOCYNUM.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  scale-like  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  lobes. 

Herbs. 

2.  FORSTERONIA.    Corolla  funnel-shaped.      Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla. 

Twining  shrubs. 

3.  ECHITES.     Corolla  funnel-  or  salver-shaped.     Stamens  inserted  above  the  base   of   th« 

corolla. 

•H-  H-  Seeds  naked.    Leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

4.  AMSONIA.    Corolla  funnel-shaped.     Flowers  panicled.     Leaves  alternate. 

5.  VINCA.     Corolla  salver-shaped.    Flowers  axillary.     Leaves  opposite. 

*  *  Fruit  a  few-seeded  drupe. 

6.  VALLESIA.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  in  cymes. 

1.    APOCYNUM,    Tourn.    INDIAN  HEMP. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  with  scale-like  appendages  at 
the  base  of  the  lobes.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla :  anthers 
sagittate.  Stigma  sessile,  2-lobed.  Follicles  long  and  slender.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, obovoid,  comose.  —  Perennial  erect  branching  herbs,  with  opposite  oval  or 
oblong  mucronate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in  lateral  and  termi- 
nal cymes. 

1.  A.  cannabinum,  L.  Stem  smooth,  with  erect  branches  ;  leaves  oval 
or  oblong,  mucronate,  pubescent  beneath;  cymes  terminal,  close-flowered,  shorter 
than  the  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  greenish  white 
corolla;  lobes  of  the  corolla  erect.  (A.  pubescens,  R.  Br.)  —  Var.  GLABERKI- 


APOCYNACE^E.       (DOGBANE    FAMILY.)  359 

MCM.  Smooth  throughout;  leaves  narrower,  often  acute  at  each  end.  —  Dry  or 
damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Leaves 
2' -3' long.  Corolla  2"  long. 

2.  A.  androssemifolium,  L.  Stem  smooth,  with  spreading  branches ; 
leaves  oval  or  ovate,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, long-peduncled,  commonly  exceeding  the  leaves,  loose-flowered;  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  white  or  pale  rose-colored  corolla;  lobes  of 
the  corolla  spreading  or  revolute.  —  Rich  soil,  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
June  and  July.  —  Stem  2' -3'  high.  Corolla  twice  as  large  as  in  No.  1. 

2.    FORSTERONIA,    Meyer. 

Calyx  5-parted,  mostly  glandular  at  the  base  within.  Corolla  funnel-shaped, 
5-cleft,  without  appendages.  Filaments  slender,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla  :  anthers  linear-sagittate.  Nectaiy  of  5  distinct  or  partly  united  thickish 
glands.  Stigma  simple  or  2-lobed,  5-angled.  Follicle  slender.  Seeds  linear- 
oblong,  comose.  —  Twining  shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  small 
flowers  in  lateral  and  terminal  cymes. 

1.  P.  difformis,  A.  DC.  Leaves  •  ovate-lanceolate,  lanceolate  or  linear, 
acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  smooth,  or,  like  the  branchlets,  pubescent 
when  young  ;  cymes  spreading,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  flowers  greenish.  (Echi- 
tes  difformis,  Walt.)  —  River-banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May  -Aug.  — 
Stem  twining,  10°-  15°  high.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Corolla  4"  long.  Follicles 
6' -9'  long. 

3.    ECHITES,    P.  BROWNE. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  3-5  glands  at  the  base  within.  Corolla  salver-  or 
funnel-shaped,  5-lobed ;  the  tube  mostly  elongated,  and  dilated  above  the  in- 
sertion of  the  stamens.  Filaments  very  short :  anthers  sagittate,  bearing  the 
pollen,  and  adhering  to  the  stigma  in  the  middle.  Nectary  of  5  distinct  or 
partly  united  glands.  Style  simple  :  stigma  thick,  with  a  spreading  membra- 
nous appendage  at  the  base.  Follicles  long  and  slender.  Seeds  linear-oblong, 
comose  or  plumose.  —  Erect  or  twining  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  cy- 
mose  axillary  and  terminal  mostly  fragrant  flowers. 

1.  E.  umbellata,  Jacq.      Smooth;   stem  twining;   leaves  distant,  oval, 
mucronate,  slightly  cordate,  short-petioled,   parellel-veined ;   peduncles   shorter 
than  the  leaves,  3  -  7-flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acuminate ;  corolla  salver- 
form,  the  cylindrical  tube  (2'  long)  slightly  dilated  above  the  insertion  of  the 
stamens,  four  times  as  long  as  .the  rounded  spreading  lobes,  pubescent  within ; 
anthers  awnless  ;  stamens  inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  tube.  —  South  Florida. 
—  Leaves  1  £'-  2'  long,  recurved  and  folded.     Flowers  white  ? 

2.  E.  Andre WSii.     Smooth  ;  stem  low,  erect  or  twining  ;  leaves  approx- 
imate, oval  or  oblong,  mucronate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  base,  the  margins 
revolute ;   peduncles  axillary,  3  -  5-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate-subulate  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  much  dilated  above  the  insertion 


360  APOCYNACE^.     (DOGBANE  FAMILY.) 

of  the  stamens,  bell-shaped,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate  spreading  lobes  ; 
anthers  tapering  into  a  long  bristle-like  awn  ;  glands  of  the  nectary  5,  rounded, 
as  long  as  the  ovaries.  (E.  suberecta,  Andr.  Neriandra  suberecta,  A.  DC.)  — 
Sandy  shores,  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.  Leaves  1  £'-  2'  long.  Tube 
of  the  corolla  1'  long,  £'  wide. 

4.    AMSONIA,    Walt. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  bearded  within.  Sta- 
mens inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  tube :  anthers  oblong,  obtuse.  Stigma 
globose,  surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped  membrane.  Follicles  slender.  Seeds  in  a 
single  row,  terete,  truncated  at  each  end,  naked.  —  Erect  branching  perennial 
herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle. 

1.  A.  Tabernaemontana,  Walt.    Stem  smooth,  branching  above  ;  leaves 
ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  glaucous 
beneath,  short-petioled  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  slender,  smooth,  or  woolly  above, 
many  times  longer  than  the  minute  calyx  ;  follicles  spreading.     (A.  latifolia, 
Michx.    A.  salicifolia,  Pursh.)  —  Swamps  and  wet  banks,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.     May  and  June. —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  l'-4'  long,  often 
slightly  pubescent  beneath.     Panicle  open  or  contracted.     Follicles  4' -6'  long. 

2.  A.  ciliata,  Walt.     Stem  hairy,  at  length  much  branched  above  ;  leaves 
very  numerous,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  fringed  on  the 
margins  ;  corolla  smooth.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    April 
and  May.  — Stem  at  length  2° -3°  high.    Leaves  l'-2'  long.     Corolla  pale 
blue  or  white.     Follicles  more  slender  than  those  of  the  preceding. 

5.    VINCA,    L.    PERIWINKLE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-lobed,  thickened  or  angular  at  the 
throat,  the  narrow  tube  hairy  within.  Anthers  oblong,  longer  than  the  filaments. 
Glands  2,  alternating  with  the  ovaries.  Style  slender :  stigma  thick,  with  an 
inverted  cup-shaped  membrane  at  the  base.  Follicles  2,  linear,  erect.  Seeds 
oblong,  rough,  naked.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  short-petioled 
leaves,  and  axillary  mostly  solitary  showy  flowers. 

1.  V.  rosea,  L.  Shrubby,  pubescent;  stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  ob- 
long, rounded  at  the  apex,  mucronate ;  flowers  solitary  or  by  pairs,  nearly 
sessile ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  white  or  pale  rose-color,  obliquely  obovate,  mucro- 
nate, shorter  than  the  downy  tube  ;  a  row  of  hairs  at  the  throat  and  another  on 
the  tube  below.  —  South  Florida,  and  in  the  streets  of  Apalachicola,  probably 
introduced.  Flowering  through  the  summer. 

6.    VALLESIA,     Ruiz  and  Pavon. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  cordate-ovate,  longer  than  the  slender  filaments. 
Nectary  none.  Ovaries  4-ovuled.  Stigma  club-shaped.  Drupe  mostly  solitary, 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  361 

obovoid,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seeds  naked,  club-shaped,  furrowed.  Radicle  thick, 
inferior.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Cymes  long-peduncled,  opposite  the 
leaves. 

1-  V.  ChiocOGCOides,  Kunth.  Smooth;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute 
at  each  end,  short-petioled ;  cymes  forking,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
many-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  linear,  shorter  than  the  tube,  hairy  within  ; 
style  slender ;  stigma  2-lobed,  globose  below  the  apex.  —  South  Florida.  — 
Leaves  l£'-  2'  long.  Corolla  3"  long.  Drupe  4"  long,  1-seeded. 


ORDER  103.     ASCJ^EPIADACE^E.      (MILKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Erect  or  twining  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  entire  commonly 
opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  and  umbellate  or  cymose  flowers.  —  Ca- 
lyx 5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  5-parted,  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud, 
hypogynous,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla, 
the  filaments  united  in  a  tube  (gynosleyium)  which  encloses  the  ovaries, 
and  bears  appendages  of  various  forms,  which  are  collectively  termed  the 
stamineal  crown.  Anthers  erect,  2  -  4-celled,  expanding  above  into  a  thin 
membrane.  Pollen  united  in  flattened  waxy  pear-shaped  masses,  which 
are  equal  in  number  to  the  cells  of  the  anthers,  and  fixed  to  the  five  an- 
gular processes  of  the  stigma  by  a  slender  stalk,  pendulous  or  horizontal. 
Styles  2,  the  thick  and  fleshy  stigma  common  to  both.  Fruit  a  follicle. 
Seeds  anatropous,  imbricated  on  the  thick  and  at  length  free  placenta, 
and  commonly  bearing  at  the  hilum  a  tuft  of  hairs  (coma).  Embryo 
straight  in  thin  albumen.  Cotyledons  leafy. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     ASCLEPI ADE^.  —Pollen-masses  10,  fixed  by  pairs  to  the  cleft  processes  of 
the  flat  or  conical  stigma,  pendulous. 

#  Stamineal  crown  single,  5-leaved. 

•>-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  reflexed  or  spreading. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS.     Leaves  of  the  crown  enclosing  a  horn-like  appendage. 

2.  ACERATES.     Leaves  of  the  crown  without  appendages. 

•i-  •>-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  erect. 

3.  PODOSTIGMA.     Stigma  long-pedicel  led.     Corolla  smooth,  wavy.    Stem  erect. 

4.  METASTELMA.     Stigma  sessile  or  pedicelled.     Corolla  downy  within.    Stems  twining. 

*  *  Stamineal  crown  single,  5-lobed. 
5   SEUTERA.     Stigma  conical.     Crown  deeply  5-parted. 

6.  CYNOCTONUM.     Stigma  flat.     Crown  crenately  5-lobed. 

*  *  *  Stamineal  crown  double. 
7-  SARCOSTEMMA.    Outer  crown  annular ;  the  inner  one  5-leaved. 

TEIBE  II.     GONOIiOBE^J.  —  Pollen-masses  10,  fixed  by  pairs  at  the  angles  of  the 

depressed  stigma,  horizontal. 
8.  GONOLOBUS.     Crown  simple,  annular.     Stems  twining.     Leaves  cordate. 

31 


362  ASCLEPIADACE^E.         (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

1.    ASCLEPIAS,    L.      MILKWEED.     SILKWEED. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  deeply  5-parted,  reflexed.  Crown 
composed  of  5  hooded  leaves,  each  containing  an  incurved  horn-like  appendage. 
Pollen-masses  10,  by  pairs,  each  pair  occupying  the  contiguous  cells  of  adjacent 
anthers,  and  suspended  by  a  slender  stalk  from  the  projecting  angles  of  the  stigma. 
Follicle  many-seeded.  Seeds  obovate,  flat,  usually  cotnosc. — Perennial  herbs, 
with  mostly  simple  (not  twining)  stems,  and  opposite  alternate  or  whorled  leaves. 
Flowers  in  lateral  (between  the  leaves)  and  terminal  umbels. 

§  1 .     Stems  herbaceous :  seeds  comose. 
*    Follicles  spiny :  leaves  opposite. 

1.  A.  Cornuti,  Decaisne.     Softly  pubescent ;  stem  stout,  erect,  obscurely 
4-angled ;  leaves  oval-oblong,  short-petioled,  mucronate,  soon  smooth  above,  the 
lowest  somewhat  cordate ;   umbels  numerous,  many-flowered,  long-peduncled ; 
corolla  greenish-purple,  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  leaves  of  the  crown 
pale  purple,  ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  incurved  horn ;  follicle  ovate-oblong, 
woolly,  armed  with  soft  spines.     (A.  Syriaca,  L.)  — Fields  and  road-sides,  New 
Berne,  North  Carolina,  Croom,  and  northward.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  3°  -  4° 
high,  sometimes  branched.    Leaves  4'  -  8'  long.    Pedicels  !'-!£'  long,  purplish. 
Corolla  £'  wide. 

*    *   Follicles  spineless. 
•*-   Leaves  opposite,  oval  or  oblony,  narrowed  into  a  petiole. 

2.  A.  phytolaccoides,  Pursh.      Stem   tall,   smooth;    leaves   ovate   or 
ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  paler  and  minutely  pubescent  beneath, 
membranaceous ;     umbels   long-peduncled,    many-flowered;     pedicels    filiform, 
drooping,  nearly  as  long  as  the  peduncle ;  corolla  pale  greenish ;  leaves  of  the 
crown  white,  truncated,  2-toothed,  shorter  than  the  subulate  incurved  horn.  — 
Low  grounds  along  the  mountains,  and  northward.    June  and  July.  —  Stem  3°- 
5°  high.    Leaves  6'  -  9'  long.     Pedicels  2'  -  3'  long. 

3.  A.  purpurascens,  L.      Stem   smooth ;    leaves    ovate-oblong,   acuto, 
short-petioled,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath ;  umbels  1-2,  terminal,  peduncled, 
many-flowered ;  pedicels  half  as  long  as  the  peduncle,  and  twice  as  long  as  the 
dark  purple  corolla ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  abruptly  contracted  above, 
twice  as  long  as  the  incurved  horn  and  nearly  sessile  gynostegium.  —  Thickets 
and  borders  of  woods,  Tennessee,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    June  and 
July. —  Stem  2° -3°  high.    Leaves  4'- 7'  long.     Pedicels  9" -15"  long,  pu- 
bescent. 

4.  A.  variegata,  L.     Stem  stout,  leafless  below,  pubescent  in  lines  ;  leaves 
oval,  oblong,  or  obovate,  cuspidate,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  umbels  3-5,  pubes- 
cent, closely  flowered,  the  upper  ones  corymbose  ;  pedicels  erect,  as  long  as  the 
peduncle ;  corolla  white ;  leaves  of  the  crown  roundish,  longer  than  the  purplish 
gynostegium,  equalling  the  thick  awl-pointed  incurved  horn.     (A.  nivea,  Pursh.) 
—  Dry  open  woods  and  borders  of  fields,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
May  and  June.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  purplish.    Leaves  rather  thick,  2'  -  3'  long 
Peduncles  9"  -  12"  long. 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED   FAMILY.)  363 

5.  A.  incarnata,  L.,    var.  pulchra.      Hairy ;    stem   erect,   branching  j 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,   acute,   nearly  sessile ;    umbels  numerous, 
somewhat  corymbose,  long-peduncled,  often  compound ;   pedicels  erect,  much 
shorter  than  the  peduncle ;  corolla  small,  reddish-purple ;  leaves  of  the  crown 
flesh-color,  ovate,  as  long  as  the  slender  incurved  horns,  and  twice  as  long  as  the 
short-stalked  gynostegium.     (A.  pulchra,  Willd.)  —  Swamps  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts, Georgia,  and  northward.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Leaves 
4'  -  6'  long. 

6.  A.  tomentosa,  Ell.      Pubescent  or  villous ;    stem   stout,   very  leafy ; 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  cuspidate,  undulate,  somewhat  hoary  beneath, 
abruptly  short-petibled  ;  umbels  4  —  10,  alternate,  nearly  sessile,  many-flowered  ; 
pedicels  three  times  as  long  as  the  large  greenish  corolla;  leaves  of  the  crown 
obovate,  truncated,  shorter  than  the  gynostegium  and  the  broad  abruptly  pointed 
erect  horn.     (A.  aceratoides,  M.  A.  Curtis.)  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina.     June  and  July.  —  Stem  l°-4°  high.     Leaves  2' -3' long, 
thick,  on  rather  slender  petioles.     Pedicels  1 '  long.     Corolla  J'  wide.     Follicles 
lanceolate,  tomentose,  4' -6'  long. 

7.  A.  obovata,  Ell.     Tomentose ;    stom  stout,  very  leafy ;    leaves  thick, 
oblong-oval  or  obovate,  cuspidate,  undulate;  the  midrib, like  the  short  (2"  long) 
petiole,  very  thick  and  prominent ;  umbels  nearly  sessile,  closely  10  -  14-flowered  ; 
the  stout  pedicels  barely  twice  as  long  as  the  large  yellowish-green  corolla ; 
leaves  of  the  crown  purplish,  twice  as  long  as  the  gynostegium,  and  equalling 
the  incurved  horn  ;  follicle  tomentose.  —  Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  Georgia, 
Florida,  and  westward.      June  and  July.  —  Stem   l°-2°  high.     Leaves  and 
flowers  as  large  as  those  of  the  preceding. 

-t-  -i-  Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  linear,  narrowed  into  a  petiole. 

8.  A.  cinerea,  Walt.     Stems  erect,  slender,  pubescent  in  lines ;    leaves 
long,  narrowly  linear,  distant,  spreading;  umbels  3-6,  commonly  longer  than  the 
leaves,  5  -  7-flowered,  the  slender  drooping  pedicels  longer  than  the  peduncle ; 
flowers  small,  purple  without,  ash-color  within  ;  leaves  of  the  crown  obliquely 
truncated,  2-toothed  at  the  inner  angle,  shorter  than  the  gynostegium,  longer  than 
the  thick  horn ;  follicle  smooth,  linear.  —  Flat  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.     June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  l°-2°   high.     Leaves  2' -3'  long,   1" 
wide,  somewhat  glaucous;  the  uppermost  often  minute.     Corolla  3" -4"  wide. 
Follicle  3' -4'  long. 

9.  A.  viridula,  n.  sp.     Stem  slender,  pubescent  in  lines  ;   leaves  linear, 
erect;    umbels  shorter  than  the  leaves,  6 - 1 2-flowered,  the  erect  or  spreading 
pedicels  as  long  as  the  peduncle ;  corolla  small,  yellowish-green ;  leaves  of  the 
crown  oblong,  spreading  at  the  apex,  rather  longer  than  the  erect  subulate  horn, 
and  twice  as  long  as  the  gynostegium  ;  follicle  smooth,  linear.  —  Pine-barren 
swamps,  West  Florida.    June  and  July.  —  Stem  10'  -  15'  high.    Leaves  2'  long. 
Corolla  3"  wide.     Follicle  3'  long. 

10.  A.  paupei'CUla,  Michx.    Stem  smooth,  tall ;  leaves  elongated,  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rough-margined,  the  upper  ones  small  and  re- 
mote ;  umbels  2-5,  corymbose,  6-  10-floweral ;  pedicels  pubescent,  about  as 


364  ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

long  as  the  peduncle ;  corolla  deep  red ;  leaves  of  the  crown  ohlong,  erect, 
bright  orange,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  subulate  incurved  horn  and  the 
short-stalked  gynosteginm  ;  follicle  lanceolate,  minutely  pubescent.  —  Marshes, 
Florida,  and  northward.  June  and  July.  —  Stem  2°-  4°  high.  Leaves  6'  - 12' 
long.  Corolla  3"  -  4"  long. 

11.  A.  Curassavica,  L.     Stem  somewhat  shrubby,  branching,   slightlv 
pubescent,  leafy  to  the  summit ;   leaves  thin,  lanceolate,   acuminate,  smooth  ; 
umbels  corymbose,  long-peduncled,  8  —  10-flowered,  pubescent;  pedicels  much 
shorter  than  the  peduncle ;  corolla  scarlet ;  leaves  of  the  crown  bright  orange, 
oblong,  erect,  longer  than  the  stalked  gynostegium,  shorter  than  the  thick  in- 
curved horn;  follicle  ovate-lanceolate,  velvety.  —  South  Florida.     April -Nov. 

—  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.     Corolla  3"  long. 

-i-   -t-   -i-   Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  cordate,  nearly  sessile. 

12.  A.  rubra,  L.     Smooth;   stem  simple,  naked  at  the  summit;   leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base, 
very  short-petiolcd ;  umbels  1-3,  terminal,  sessile,  few-flowered;  lobes  of  the 
corolla  lanceolate,  acute,  reddish-purple ;    leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  acute, 
purplish,  barely  longer  than  the  subulate  incurved  horn,  and  twice  as  long  as 
the  short-stalked  gynostegium;  follicle  smooth.     (A.  laurifolia,  Michx.) — Wet 
pine  barrens,  Georgia,  and  northward.  June -July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves 
2'  -  4'  long. 

13.  A.  obtusifolia,  Michx.    Smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous ;  stem  erect ; 
leaves  oblong,  undulate,  mucronate,  cordate  and  partly  clasping  at  the  base ; 
umbels    1-3,   lateral  and   terminal,   long-peduncled,   many-flowered ;    corolla 
greenish-purple  ;  leaves  of  the  crown  truncated  and  somewhat  toothed  at  the 
apex,  rather  longer  than  the  gynostegium,  much   shorter  than   the  subulate 
incurved  horn;  follicle  smooth.  —  Sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     June- 
julv.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.   Leaves  2'  -  3'  long,  the  midrib  very  broad.    Corolla- 
lobes  3"  long.     Pedicels  pubescent. 

14.  A.  amplexicaulis,  Michx.     Smooth  and  glaucous ;  stem  declining, 
very  leafy  ;  leaves  large,  fleshy,  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  and  clasping  at  the  base, 
veined  with  white ;  umbels  3-6,  lateral  and  terminal,  many-flowered,  the  smooth 
and  slender  pedicels  shorter  than  the  peduncle  ;  corolla  ash-color  ;  leaves  of  the 
crown  oval,  obtuse,  white,  longer  than  the  gynostegium,  and  the  nearly  straight 
horn.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     April  and  May. 

—  Stems   several,  l°-2°  long.     Leaves  4' -5'  long,  the  midrib   broad  and 
prominent. 

i-  *-  4-  .+-    Up})er  and  lower  leaves  mostly  opposite,  the  middle  ones  whorled. 

15.  A.  quadrifolia,  Jacq.     Somewhat,  pubescent ;  stem  slender,  simple  ; 
leaves  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  contracted  into  a  petiole,  pale 
beneath ;   umbels  2-5,  many-flowered,  the  slender  peduncle  longer  than  the 
pedicels  ;  corolla  pale-pink  ;  leaves  of  the  crown  white,  oblong,  obtuse,  twice  as 
long  as  the  gynostegium  and  stout  horn.  —  Mountains  of  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.   June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -  l£°  high.    Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.        (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  365 

16.  A.   verticillata,    L.      Stem   slender,   branching,   pubescent;    leaves 
narrowly  linear,  with  the  margins  revolute,  4-5  in  a  whorl ;  umbels  several, 
small,  the  peduncle  and  pedicels  nearly  equal ;  corolla  greenish ;  leaves  of  the 
crown  white,  roundish,  half  as  long  as  the  slender  incurved  horn.  —  Open  woods 
and   fence-rows,  Florida,  and   northward.      July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
Leaves  1'-  2'  long.     Follicle  smooth. 

+-  *_  4_  .i_  +-   Leaves  alternate,  or  the  lowest  opposite. 

17.  A.  tuberosa,  L.     Hirsute;  stem  erect  or  declining,  widely  branched 
above,  very  leafy ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  acute,  short-petioled ; 
umbels  numerous,  corymbose ;  corolla  yellowish-orange  ;    leaves  of  the  crown 
bright  orange,  erect,  oblong-lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  gynostegium,  and 
rather  longer  than  the  slender  incurved  horn.  —  Light  dry  soil,  common.    June 
and  July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  long. 

18.  A.  Michauxii,  Decaisne.    Pubescent ;  stems  several,  short,  prostrate ; 
leaves  linear,  erect,  the  lower  ones  mostly  opposite ;  umbels  1-3,  terminal, 
sessile  or  peduncled ;   flowers  gray  and  purple ;   leaves  of  the  crown  ovate, 
spreading,  as  long  as  the  subulate  horns,  and  longer  than  the  gynostegium ; 
follicle  long,  linear-lanceolate,  tomentose.      (A.  longifolia,  EU.,  Michx.  in  part.) 
—  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     April  -  May.  —  Stems 
6'  -  12'  long.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.     Follicle  4'  -  5'  long.    Flowers  fragrant. 

\   2.     Stem  shrubby :  seeds  mostly  naked. 

19.  A.  perennis,  Walt.     Stem  branched,  pubescent  in  lines,  shrubby  at 
the  base  ;    leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end, 
paler  beneath ;  umbels  5-7,  long-peduncled,  pubescent,  the  upper  ones  corym- 
bose ;  corolla  small,  white  ;  leaves  of  the  crown  spreading,  half  as  long  as  the 
needle-shaped,  erect  horn ;   follicle  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth.      (A.  parviflora, 
Pursh.    A.  debilis,  MicJix. )  —  Muddy  banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina.    June  -Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

2.    ACERATES,    Ell. 

Leaves  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  horn-like  appendage.  Otherwise  like 
Asclepias. 

*  Leaves  opposite. 

1  A.  viridiflora,  Ell.  Pubescent ;  stem  stout,  simple ;  leaves  varying 
from  oval  or  obovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  obtuse,  or  emarginate,  undulate,  short- 
petiolcd  ;  umbels  lateral  and  terminal,  nearly  sessile,  densely  many-flowered ; 
flowers  small,  greenish ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  erect,  as  long  as  the  sessile 
gynostegium.  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  June  and  July.  — 
Stem  1  °  -  1  J°  high.  Leaves  1  £'  -  2£'  long. 

2.  A.  COnnivens,  Decaisne.  Stem  stout,  simple,  pubescent  above ;  .eaves 
nearly  sessile,  erect,  mucronate,  the  lower  ones  approximate,  oblong  or  oblong- 
obovate,  the  upper  more  distant,  smaller  and  lanceolate ;  umbels  3-6,  6-9- 
flowered,  the  stout  peduncle  and  pedicels  nearly  equal,  pubescent ;  flowers  large, 
greenish ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  incurved,  twice  as  long  as  the  gynoste- 
31* 


366  ASCLEPIADACE^E.         (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

gium,  with  their  rounded  summits  connivent  over  it  — Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida 
and  Georgia.  June  and  July.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.  Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long,  some 
what  fleshy.  Corolla  8"  -  10"  wide. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate. 

3.  A.  panic ulata,  Decaisne.      Closely   pubescent ;    stem   angular,   often 
branching ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  short- 
petiolcd ;  umbels  corymbose,  often  compound;  corolla  large,  greenish,  spread 
ing  or  nearly  erect ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  obtuse,  ascending,  shorter  than 
the  nearly  sessile  gynostegium.     (Podostigma  viridis,  Ell.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.     July. —  Stem  1°  -  1^°  high,  leafy  to  the  summit. 
Leaves  3' -4'  long.     Corolla  1'  wide. 

4.  A.  longifolia,  Ell.     Pubescent ;  stem  terete  ;  leaves  linear  and  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  slightly  petioled,  rough-margined,  the  lowest  com- 
monly opposite,   sometimes    whorled ;    umbels    pubescent,    slender-pcduncled, 
many-flowered,   alternate,   opposite   or  whorled  ;   flowers   small,   pale   purple ; 
corolla  rcflexed ;  leaves  of  the  crown  deep  purple,  oval,  shorter  than  the  gy- 
nostegium, and  adnate  to  its  stalk;  follicle  lanceolate,  tomentose.    (A.  longi- 
folia, Michx.  in  part.)  — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.    July.  — 
Stem  I5  - 1£°  high.    Leaves  3'  -  6'  long.    Corolla  4"  wide. 

0 

3.    PODOSTIGMA,    Ell. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  erect.  Leaves  of  the  crown 
destitute  of  a  horn,  ascending,  in  curved-beaked  at  the  apex,  united  with  the  base 
of  the  long  and  slender  gynostegium.  Stigma  small,  depressed.  Seeds  comose 
—  A  low  pubescent  simple-stemmed  perennial  herb,  with  opposite  lanceolate 
sessile  leaves,  and  few-flowered  umbels  on  lateral  peduncles. 

1.  P.  pubescens,  Ell.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina 
June -Oct.  —  Root  tuberous.  Stem  6' -12'  high.  Leaves  erect,  l'-2'  long. 
Umbels  of  4  -  6  orange-colored  flowers.  Corolla  4"  -  5"  long,  as  long  as  the 
pedicel,  longer  than  the  short  peduncle,  the  oblong  lobes  wavy  on  the  margins. 
Follicles  linear-lanceolate,  tomentose,  4'  -  6'  long,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oval, 
winged. 

4.    METASTELMA,    R.  Brown. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  the  lobes  mostly  hoary -pubescent  within 
Crown  5-leaved,  inserted  on  the  base  or  on  the  summit  of  the  gynostegium. 
Stigma  flat-  Follicles  slender,  smooth.  Seeds  comose.  —  Twining  shrubs,  with 
smooth  leaves.  Umbels  few-flowered.  Flowers  small,  white. 

1 .  M.  Schlectendalii,  Decaisne.  Branches  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong 
or  obovate,  cuspidate,  rather  acute  at  the  base,  on  slender  petioles ;  peduncles 
3  -  6-flowered,  as  long  as  the  petiole,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  sepals  obtuse, 
ciliatc  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  incurved,  densely  pubescent  within  ; 
leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  slender  gynostegium, 
as  long  as  the  stigma.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  £'  -  1  £'  long,  the  margins  rev 
olute.  Corolla  2"  long.  Gynostegium  5-winged  at  the  base. 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (.MILKWEED    FAMILY.)          .  oG7 

2.  M.  parviflorum,  R.  Brown.     Herbaceous  1  stem  very  slender,  pubes- 
cent in  lines  ;  leaves  smooth,  linear-lanceolate,  falcate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  drooping  ;  umbels  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  4  —  6-flowered ; 
sepals  smooth,  acute ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  linear,  incurved  at  the  apex,  very 
pubescent  within ;  leaves  of  the  crown  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sessile  gynos- 
tegium,  linear,  erect,  exceeding  the  stigma.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  6'' -8" 
long.     Corolla  1"  long. 

3.  M.  Fraseri,  Decaisne.     Branches  slender,  pubescent  in  lines ;    leaves 
oval  or  round-ovate,  mucronate ;  umbels  sessile ;  pedicels  short,  smooth ;  lobes 
of  the  corolla  ovate,  acute,  thickish,  pubescent  on  the  margins ;  leaves  of  the 
crown  linear,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  longer  than  the  gynostegium.  —  In  Caro- 
lina, Fmser.     ( *  ) 

5.     SETJTERA,     Reich. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  with  narrow  acute 
smooth  lobes.  Crown  simple,  deeply  5-parted,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sessile 
gynostegium ;  the  lobes  ovate,  flattened.  Stigma  conical,  longer  than  the  anthers. 
Follicles  smooth.  Seeds  comose.  —  A  slender  partly  shrubby  twining  vine,  with 
fleshy  linear  drooping  leaves,  and  long-p^duncled  umbels  of  greenish  flowers. 

1.  S.  maritima,  Decaisne.  (Lyonia,  Ell.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  shrubby  at  the  base ;  the  branches 
twining  around  rushes  and  saline  grasses.  Leaves  2'  long.  Peduncles  com- 
monly longer  than  the  leaves,  many-flowered.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Lobes  of  the  crown  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  stigma. 

6.    CYNOCTONTJM,    Meyer. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted.  Stamineal  crown  simple, 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  sessile  gynostegium,  5-lobed  or  5-crenate.  Anthers 
membranaceous  at  the  apex.  Stigma  flattish.  Follicles  linear,  spreading  or 
reflexed.  Seeds  comose.  —  Perennial  or  shrubby  twining  plants.  Leaves 
mostly  cordate.  Umbels  lateral. 

1.  C. ?  SCOparium.  Stems  much  branched,  pubescent  in  lines,  shrubby  at 
the  base ;  leaves  thin,  linear,  cuspidate,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  smoothish  ;  um- 
bels nearly  sessile,  few-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
obtuse,  pubescent  like  the  pedicels  ;  corolla  smooth,  the  spreading  lobes  lanceo- 
late, obtuse ;  crown  crenately  5-lobed,  shorter  than  the  gynostegium ;  follicles 
very  slender,  widely  spreading  ;  seeds  linear,  wingless.  (Cynanchum  scoparium, 
Nutt.)  —  Dry  rich  soil,  near  the  coast,  West  Florida  to  Key  West.  —  Leaves 
y  - 1 '  long.  Flowers  green,  less  than  a  line  long.  Follicles  1 '  long. 

7.    SARCOSTEMMA,    R.  Brown. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted.  Crpwn  double;  the  exte- 
rior forming  a  ring  at  the  base  of  the  corolla;  the  interior  longer,  5-leaved 
Stigma  pointed,  notched.  Follicles  slender,  smooth  Seeds  comose.  — Erect  or 


368         .  OLEACE^E.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

twining  shrubs.      Leaves  often  cordate.     Flowers  yellow  or  white,  in  lateral 


1 .  S.  crassifolium,  Decaisne.  Stem  smooth  and  twining  ;  leaves  nearly 
sessile,  oblong,  mucronate,  rounded  at  the  base ;  peduncles  stout,  8  -  12-flowered, 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves  and  pedicels  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  obtuse, 
spreading ;  the  outer  surface,  like  the  calyx  and  pedicels,  pubescent ;  leaves  of 
the  inner  crown  oval,  rather  exceeding  the  stigma  and  anthers.  —  South  Florida. 
—  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,.  9"-  12"  long.  Corolla  3"  wide.  Ovary  villouo. 

8.    GONOLOBUS,    Michx. 

Calyx  5-parted,  spreading.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  the  lobes  spread- 
ing, twisted  in  the  bud.  Crown  a  wavy-lobed  ring  at  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
Gynostegium  flattened,  depressed.  Anthers  opening  transversely.  Pollen- 
masses  horizontal.  Follicles  inflated,  angled,  and  often  armed  with  soft  spines. 
Seeds  comose.  —  Twining  herbs,  with  opposite  petiolate  cordate  leaves,  and  yel- 
lowish or  purplish  flowers,  in  lateral  corymbs  or  umbels. 

1.  G.   macrophyllus,   Michx.       Hairy;    leaves   oblong-ovate,   cordate, 
abruptly   acuminate ;   umbels  peduncled,  several-flowered ;   pedicels  spreading^ 
unequal,  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  corolla  dull-purplish,  conical  in  the  bud  ;  the 
lanceolate  obtuse  lobes  more  or  less  pubescent  within,  green  at  the  apex  ;  folli- 
cle strongly  ribbed.  —  Low  thickets,  Florida,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug. — 
Leaves  2' -6'  long. 

2.  G.  flavidulus,  Chapm.   Hirsute ;  leaves  round-ovate,  cordate,  abruptly 
acute ;  umbels  about  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  corolla  yellowish-green,  ovate 
in  the  bud,  the  ovate  obtuse  lobes  pubescent  without ;  follicles  armed  with  soft 
spines.  —  Light  rich  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  — Leaves  4' -6'  long. 

3.  G.  prostratUS,  Baldw.     Stem  dividing  at  the  base  into  many  divari- 
cate branches,  6'- 12'  long,  hairy ;  lower  leaves  often  reniform,  the  upper  cordate, 
generally  acute,  all  slightly  hairy  on  both  sides,  and  ciliate;  umbels  axillary, 
3-flowercd ;  flowers  small,  purplish  ;  petals  ovate,  obtuse  ;  follicles  oval,  smooth. 
—  Sand-hills  near  the  Altamaha  River,  Georgia,  Baldwin.  ( * ) 


ORDER.  104.     OLEACE^E.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  or  pinnate  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  perfect  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers.  —  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla 
4-lobed  or  4-petalous,  valvate  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens 
2-7.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  suspended  anatropous  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Style  single  or  none.  Fruit  1  -  2-seeded.  Embryo  straight,  in 
hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     OLEINRJE.     Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.     Flowers  with  both  calyx  and  corolla 
Leaves  simple,  entire 

1.  OLEA.     Flowers  polygamous.     Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  short  lobes. 

2.  CHIONANTHUS     Flowers  perfect.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  elongated  lobes. 


OLEACEJE.       (OLIVE    FAMILY.)  369 

TRIBE  TI.     FRAXINEJE.      Fruit  a   samara.      Flowers   dioecious,   apetalous.      Leaves 
pinnate. 

3.  FRAX1NUS.    Flowers  in  lateral  and  teririnal  panicles.     Calyx  minute  or  rarely  want- 

ing.     Trees. 

TRIBE  III.     FORESTIEREJK.     Fruit  a  drupe.     Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect,  apeta- 
lous.   Leaves  simple. 

4.  FOKESTIERA.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  from  scaly  axillary  buds.     Shrubs. 


1.     OLEA,    Tonrn.     OLIVE. 

Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  short-salver-form,  4-lobed.  Stamens  2.  Style 
short  Stigma  globose  or  2-lobed.  Drupe  mostly  1 -seeded,  oily.  —  Trees  or 
.shrubs,  with  opposite  coriaceous  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  fragrant  flowers, 
in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  O.  Americana,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  nar- 
rowed into  a  petiole ;  racemes  compound,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  flowers 
polygamo-dioacious,  bracted ;  drupe  ovoid,  dark  purple.  —  Light  soil,  near  the 
coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  March  and  April.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree, 
with  whitish  bark  and  evergreen  leaves.  Drupe  as  large  as  a  pea,  bitter  and 
astringent. 

2.     CHIONANTHUS,    L.    FRIXGE-TREE. 

Calyx  small,  4-cleft.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-parted,  with  long  and  linear 
lobes.  Stamens  2-4,  included.  Style  very  short:  stigma  notched.  Drupe 
fleshy,  1-seeded.  —  A  shrub,  with  oblong  entire  deciduous  leaves,  and  delicate 
white  flowers  in  slender  axillary  panicles,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L. —  Light  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  April  and 
May.  —  Shrub  6°-  10°  high.  Leaves  smooth  or  pubescent,  narrowed  into  a 
petiole.  Panicles  longer  than  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted.  Flowers  on  slender 
drooping  pedicels.  Corolla-lobes  linear,  1'  long.  Drupe  ovoid,  purple. 

3.     FRAXINUS,    Tourn.    Asu. 

Flowers  dioecious  and  (in  our  species)  apetalons.  Calyx  4-lobed  or  toothed, 
minute,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2  -  4  :  filaments  shorter  than  the  large 
anthers.  Stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  (samara)  dry,  winged  above,  1 -2-seeded.  Co- 
tyledons elliptical.  Radicle  slender.  —  Trees.  Leaves  petioled,  odd-pinnate, 
deciduous. 

*  Fruit  naked  and  terete  or  barely  margined  and  2-edged  at  the  base,  winged  above  : 

leaflets  7-9,  stalked. 

1.  P.  Americana,  L.  (WHITE  ASH.)  Branches  and  petioles  smooth; 
leaflets  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate,  entire,  or  slightly  serrate 
above,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  or  glaucous  beneath  ;  fruit  terete, 
striate,  dilated  at  the  apex  into  a  cuneate-linear  or  lanceolate  obtuse  or  notched 
wing.  (F.  acuminata  and  F.  juglandifolia,  Lam.)—  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mis- 


370  OLEACE^E.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

sissippi,  and  northward.     April.  —  A  large  tree.     Leaflets  2' -4'  long.     Fruit 
4'  long. 

2.  P.  pubescens,  Lam.     (RED  ASH.)     Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety- 
pubescent  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  bright 
green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ;  fruit  acute  at  the  base, 
flattish  and  somewhat  2-edged,  gradually  dilated  upwards  into  a  long  lanceolate 
and  often  notched  wing.    (F.  tomentosa,  Michx.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  and  north- 
ward.    March  and  April.  —  A  small  tree. 

3.  F.  Viridis,  Michx.      (GREEX   ASH.)      Glabrous   throughout  ;    leaflets 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  more  or  less  toothed,  smooth  and  green  both  sides  j 
fruit  as  in  No.  2,  of  which  it  may  be  a  variety.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.     March  and  April.  —  A  small  tree. 

*  *  Fruit  winged  all  round  the  seed-bearing  portion  :  leaflets  5-9,  si  tort-stalked. 

4.  F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.    (BLUE  ASH.)    Branchlets  square,  smooth  ; 
leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  when  young  pubes- 
cent beneath ;  fruit  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends.  —  Tennessee,  and  north- 
ward.    May. 

5.  F.  platycarpa,  Michx.     (WATER  ASH.)     Branchlets  terete,  smooth 
or  pubescent ;  leaflets  ovate  or  elliptical,  serrate  or  almost  entire,  often  pubes- 
cent beneath ;  fruit  broadly  winged,  oblong-obovate  or  oblong  with  a  tapering 
and  acute  base,  sometimes  3-winged.     (F.  triptera  and  F.  pauciflora,  Nutt.)  — 
Deep  river-swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     March  and  April. 
—  A  small  tree. 

4.     FORESTIERA,    Poir.     (ADELIA,  Michx.) 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  from  axillary  scaly  buds.  Corolla  none. 
Calyx  minute,  4-lobed.  Sterile  flowers  single  or  3  together  in  the  axils  of  im- 
bricated scaly  bracts.  Stamens  3-7.  Fertile  flowers  pcduncled.  Styles  slender. 
Stigma  capitate.  Ovary  2-celled.  Drupe  ovoid,  1-seeded,  black  or  blue.  — 
Shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  serrulate.  Flowers  minute,  greenish,  pre- 
ceding the  leaves. 

1.  F.  porulosa,  Poir.      Leaves   coriaceous,   smooth    at   maturity,  nearly 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate   or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,    punctate   underneath,   the 
margins   entire   and   rcvolute ;    drupe   short-ovoid.  —  Coast  of  East   Florida, 
Michaux,  Leitner. 

2.  F.  ligustrina,  Poir.     More  or  less  pubescent ;   the  branchlets  rough- 
ened with  fine  tubercles ;   leaves  rather  membranaceous,  obovate  or  obovate- 
oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  serrulate  (I'  long),  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  distinct 
petiole ;  drupe  oval-oblong.  —  Rocky  banks,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward. 

3.  F.  acuminata,  Poir.      Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  when  young ; 
Jbranchlets  sometimes  spinescent ;  leaves  membranaceous  (2'  -  3'  long),  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  ovate  and  tapering-acuminate  at  both  ends,  somewhat  serrulate, 
slender-petioled  ;  drupe  elongated-oblong,  mostly  pointed  when  young.  —  Wet 
grounds,  Georgia  to  Tennessee,  and  north  svestward. 


AUISTOLOCHIACE^E.       (BIRTHWORT    FAMILY.)  371 


DIVISION  III.     APETALOUS   EXOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  single,  consisting  of  a  calyx  only,  or  alto- 
gether wanting-. 

ORDER  10.J.     ARISTOLOCHIACEJE.      (BIRTHWORT 
FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  woody  vines,  with  alternate  petioled  mostly  cordate  and  entire 
leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  dull-colored  flowers.  —  Calyx  adherent  to 
the  6-celled  ovary,  tubular,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6-12,  more  or 
less  united  with  the  styles :  anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  Fruit  6-celled,  few 
-  many-seeded.  Seed  anatropous.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  fleshy 
albumen. 

1.     ASARUM,     Tourn.      ASARABACCA. 

Calyx  regular,  3-lobed.  Stamens  12,  the  filaments  partly  united  with  the 
style,  and  usually  prolonged  beyond  the  anthers.  Capsule  fleshy,  globose,  open- 
ing irregularly  —  Aromatic  perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  stems,  long-petioled 
cordate  or  kidney-shaped  leaves,  and  axillary  peduncled  flowers. 
§  1.  ASARUM.  —  Calyx  bell-shaped,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  ^-parted :  filaments  free  or 
nearly  so  :  stigma  6-lobed.  —  Leaves  deciduous. 

1.  A.  Canadense,  L.    (WILD  GINGER-ROOT.)    Pubescent ;  leaves  2,  kid- 
ney-shaped ;  calyx-lobes  acuminate ;  filaments  as  long  as  the  style.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    April  and  May.  —  Flowers  short-peduncled, 
purple  within. 

$  2.  HETEROTROPA.  — Calyx  inflated,  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  3-cleft:  fila- 
ments united  with  the  ovary :  styles  6  :  stigmas  2-cleft.  —  Leaves  evergreen,  smooth, 
mottled. 

2.  A.  Virgi.ni.CUm,  L.     Leaves  round-cordate  ;  calyx  inflated-bell-shaped, 
with  rounded  lobes  ;  stigmas  deeply  2-cleft.  —  Rich  shady  woods  in .  the  upper 
districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.      April  and  May.  —  Leaves  single  or  2-3 
together,  2'  long.    Flowers  8"  -  9"  long,  nearly  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  petioles, 
greenish  without,  dull  purple  within. 

3.  A.  arifolium,  Michx.     Leaves  oblong-cordate;   calyx  pitcher-shaped, 
with  rounded  lobes  ;  stigmas  slightly  2-cleft.  —  Shady  woods  in  the  lower  dis- 
tricts,  Florida   to   North    Carolina.     March   and  April  — Leaves  3'- 4'  long, 
auriculate  at  the  base,  long-petioled.     Calyx  1'  long,  distinctly  peduncled,  con- 
tracted above  the  middle,  dark  purple  within. 

2.    ARISTOLOCHIA,    Tourn.      BIRTHWORT. 

Calyx  tubular,  commonly  bent  and  inflated  above  the  ovary.  Anthers  6,  ses- 
sile, adnate  to  the  3  -  6-lobed  or  angled  stigma.  Capsule  6-valved.  —  Erect  or 


372  NYCTAGINACE.E.       (FOUR-O'CLOCK    FAMILY.) 

twining  herbs  or  shrubs.     Leaves  alternate,  cordate  at  the  base.     Flowers  long- 
peduncled,  axillary,  or  near  the  base  of  the  stem. 

*  Low  herbs. 

1 .  A.  Serpentaria,  L.     Stems  single  or  clustered,  pubescent,  zigzag  and 
leafy  above ;  leaves  short-petioled,  varying  from  ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  cor- 
date or  hastate  at  the  base  ;  flowers  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  on  bracted  spread- 
ing peduncles  ;  calyx  tortuous,  3-lobed,  dull  purple.    (A.  hastata,  Null.)  —  Shady 
woods,   Florida   to   Mississippi,   and  northward.     June -Aug. — Stem  8' -12' 
high.    Leaves  2'  -4'  long.     Calyx  shaped  like  the  letter  S. 

*  *  Woody  vines :   capsule  oblong,  six-angled,  3'  -  4'  long. 

2.  A.  Sipho,  L'Her.      Stem   smoothish ;    leaves   large,   orbicular-cordate, 
slightly  pubescent  beneath  ;  peduncles  slender,  solitary,  with  a  roundish  clasping 
bract  near  the  base  ;  calyx  curving  upward,  with  the  broad  spreading  brownish- 
purple  border  obscurely  3-lobed.  —  Rich  woods  along  the  mountains,  Georgia, 
and  northward.     May.  —  Stem  climbing  high.     Leaves  6' -12' broad.     Calyx 
shaped  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  1  £'  long. 

3.  A.  tomentosa,  Sims.     Hoary-pubescent ;    leaves   cordate ;    peduncles 
opposite  the  leaves,  bractless,  woolly  ;  calyx  bent  in  the  middle,  the  greenish 
rugose  unequally  3-lobed  border  reflexed,  thickened  and  dark  brown  at  the 
nearly  closed  throat.  — ;  River-banks,  Florida,  to  the  mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  westward.     May.  —  Stem  very  long.      Leaves   3'  -  5'  long.      Calyx 
similar  in  shape  to  the  preceding,  but  smaller. 


ORDER  106.    NYCTAGTNACE^E.     (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  tumid  joints.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  simple, 
petioled,  without  stipules.  —  Calyx  colored  and  resembling  a  corolla, 
tubular-bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  free  from  the  1-celled  and  1-ovuled 
ovary,  plaited  in  the  bud,  contracted  in  the  middle,  with  the  upper  por- 
tion deciduous.  Stamens  1  -  several,  hypogynous :  anthers  2-celled,  round- 
ish. Ovule  erect.  Style  simple  :  stigma  simple  or  branched.  Achenium 
enclosed  in  the  indurated,  mostly  ribbed,  often  glandular  base  of  the 
calyx.  Embryo  coiled  or  folded  around  copious  mealy  albumen.  Cotyle- 
dons leafy.  Radicle  inferior. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  surrounded  by  a  calyx -like  involucre. 

1.  OXYBAPHUS.    Involucre  open,  membranaceous,  5  lobed..   Herbs. 

*  *  Flowers  without  an  involucre. 

2.  BOERHAAVIA.     Flowers  perfect.    Embryo  coiled     Herbs. 

3.  PISONIA.    Flowers  dioecious.     Embryo  straight.     Shrubs. 

1.     OXYBAPHUS,    Vahl. 

Flowers  perfect,  1  -  5  in  a  cluster,  surrounded  by  an  open  cup-shaped  5-lobed 
involucre.  Calyx-tube  very  short;  the  bell-shaped  limb  5-lobed,  deciduous. 


NYCTAGINACE^E.       (FOUR-O'CLOCK    FAMILY.)  373 

Stamens  3,  exserted.  Style  slender :  stigma  capitate.  Achenium  enclosed  in 
the  indurated  ribbed  persistent  base  of  the  calyx.  —  Erect  herbs,  from  thick 
perennial  roots.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  terminal,  purple  or  rose-color. 

1.  O.  angustifolius,  Sweet.     Stem  smoothish,  branching  above ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  obtuse  at  the  sessile  base;    the  upper  ones  distant, 
acute ;  flowers  loosely  panicled ;  involucre  with  rounded  hairy  lobes,  at  length 
enlarged  and  strongly  nerved,  3-flowered ;   base  of  the  calyx  villous.  —  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.  —  Stem  3°  -4°  high.     Leaves  2'  long.     Calyx  4"-  5" 
long,  whitish,  veiny. 

2.  O.  albidUS,  Sweet.     Stem  erect,  4-angled,  furrowed,  glandular,  pubes- 
cent ;  branches  opposite ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish ;  peduncles  oppo- 
site, the  lower  ones  solitary,  the  upper  clustered ;  involucre  hairy ;  base  of  the 
calyx  5-6-angled,  almost  hispid.     (Allionia  albida,  Ell.)  —  Near   Columbia, 
S.  C,  Elliott. 

2.    BOEBHAAVIA,    L. 

Flowers  perfect.  Involucre  none.  Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  obconical,  5- 
ribbed ;  the  limb  colored,  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed,  deciduous.  Stamens  1-4: 
anthers  minute,  roundish.  Style  slender:  stigma  obtuse.  Embryo  folded. — 
Annual  herbs,  with  diffuse  branching  stems,  and  opposite  ovate  or  rounded 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  in  solitary  or  panicled  clusters. 

1.  B.  erecta,  L      Stems  ascending,  branched  from  the  base,  smooth,  tumid 
at  the  joints  ;  branches  alternate  ;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  acute  or  mucronate, 
often  more  or  less  cordate,  wavy  along  the  margins,  whitened  and  minutely  dot- 
ted with  black  beneath  ;  clusters  3  -  5-flowered,  in  ample  panicles ;  stamens  2  ; 
fruit  smooth,  obconical,  truncate,  strongly  ribbed.  —  Cultivated  ground,  Florida 
to  South   Carolina.     July -Sept.  —  Stem   l°-3°   long.     Leaves  rather  thick, 
2' -3'  long      Flowers  small,  purple. 

2.  B.  hirsute,   Willd,     Stem  diffuse,  alternately  branched,  minutely  pubes- 
cent, hirsute  above  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  mucronate,  obtuse  at  the  base, 
undulate,  smooth,  and  similarly  colored  on  both  sides,  ciliate  on  the  margins ; 
clusters  3  -  6-flowered,  forming  a  loose  spreading  panicle ;  flowers  minute ;  calyx- 
limb  hairy  at  the  apex  ;  fruit  obconical,  rounded  at  the  apex,  with  the  ribs  gland- 
ular-viscid. —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  stout,  2°  -  3°  long.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

3.  B.  viscosa,  Lag.     Viscid  or  minutely  pubescent ;  stem  terete,  straight ; 
branches  opposite  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  acute  at 
the  base,  smooth,  whitish  beneath,  slender-petioled ;  peduncles  solitary,  axillary, 
2-cleft,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  capitate,  minute ;    stamens  3 ; 
fruit  club-shaped,  acutish,  with  the  ribs  glandular.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  2°  - 
3°  long.     Leaves  1'-  U'  long. 

3.    PISONIA,    Plum. 

Flowers  dkecious.     Involucre  none.     Calyx  5-  or  10-toothed,  funnel-shaped  in 
the  sterile  flowers,  tubular  and  persistent  in  the  fertile.    Stamens  6-10,  exserted  • 
32 


374  PHYTOLACCACE^E.       (POKEWEED    FAMILY.) 

anther-cells  distinct.  Style  mostly  lateral :  stigma  many-cleft.  Fruit  terete  or 
ribbed,  smooth  or  glandular.  Embryo  straight.  Cotyledons  folded  around  the 
albumen.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  mostly  rose- 
colored  flowers  in  corymbose  cymes. 

1.  P.  aculeata,  L.       Spiny;    stem   smooth;    branches   widely  spreading; 
leaves  alternate,  short-petioled,   ovate  or  elliptical,  acute  or  obtuse,  smooth ; 
cymes  terminal,  peduncled,  pubescent,   many-flowered ;    calyx   of  the   sterile 
flower  10-toothed ;  stamens  7  ;  fruit  club-shaped,  10-striate,  and  beset  with  5 
rows  of  shining  viscid  glands.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  5°  high  ;  the  spines 
short  and  recurved.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

2.  P.  obtusata,  Swartz.     Smooth,  spineless ;    leaves  oblong,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  tapering  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  revolute  on  the  margins,  rigid ; 
cymes  long-peduncled,  many-flowered,  the  branches   horizontal ;    fertile  calyx 
5-cleft,  with  the  lobes  narrow  and  acute ;  stamens  7  ;    fruit  oblong,  many-fur- 
rowed, gland  less  ;  capsule  truncate. —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  opposite,  l'-2' 
long,  light  brown  beneath.    Flowers  l"-2"  long. 


ORDER  107.     PHYTOLACCACE^E.     (POKEWEED  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  apetalous  3-bracte<l 
racemed  or  spiked  flowers.  —  Calyx  composed  of  4  -  5  nearly  equal  sepals, 
more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  unchanged  in  fruit.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  numerous,  free,  or 
united  at  the  base  ;  sterile  ones  none  :  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary 
simple  or  compound.  Ovules  amphitropous  or  campylotropous,  solitary, 
•erect.  Styles  as  many  as  the  ovaries.  Fruit  of  1  -  many  carpels.  Albu- 
men copious  or  none.  Embryo  annular,  rarely  straight.  Radicle  inferior. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  PETIVERIE^E.  Fruit  simple.  Cotyledons  convolute. 
Leaves  stipulate. 

1.  PETIVERIA.     Fruit  an  achenium  with  retiexed  spines  at  the  apex.     Embryo  straight  in 

scanty  albumen. 

2.  RIVINA.     Fruit  a  berry.     Embryo  forming  a  ring  around  the  albumen. 

SUBORDER  II.  PHYTOLACCEJE.  Fruit  compound.  Cotyledons 
flat.  Leaves  exstipulate. 

3.  PHYTOLACCA.     Fruit  a  berry,  composed  of  numerous  carpels  arranged  in  a  circle. 

1.     PETIVERIA,    Plum. 

Calyx  3-bracted,  4-parted,  herbaceous.  Stamens  4  -  8 :  anthers  linear. 
Ovary  simple,  1 -celled.  Ovule  single,  erect,  amphitropous.  Stigma  many- 
•cleft.  Achenium  wedge-shaped,  compressed,  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  each  lobe 


CHENOPODIACE^E.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  375 

armcil  with  2  -.3  rcflexed  spines.  Albumen  almost  none.  Embryo  straight. 
Cotyledons  unequal,  convolute.  —  Shrubby  tropical  plants,  with  entire  stipulate 
leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  an  elongated  and  slender  spike. 

1.  P.  alliacea,  L.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high,  closely  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  3'—  4'  long,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  narrowed  into  a  short 
petiole,  pubescent  beneath.  Spikes  filiform,  single  or  by  pairs,  6'  -12'  long. 
Calyx-lobes  linear,  incurved  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4-5.  Achenia  erect,  ap- 
pressed  to  the  rachis,  with  two  spines  at  each  lobe.  Stipules  subulate,  minute. 

2.     RIVINA,    Plum. 

Calyx  remotely  3-bracted,  4-parted,  colored.  Stamens  4  -8  :  anthers  ovate  or 
oblong.  Ovary  simple.  Ovule  solitary,  amphitropous.  Stigma  capitate  or 
many-cleft.  Berry  nearly  globose,  at  length  dry.  Embryo  forming  a  ring 
around  the  copious  albumen.  Cotyledons  somewhat  leafy,  convolute.  —  Shrubs, 
with  alternate  minutely  stipulate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  white  or  rose-colored 
flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.  Bracts  deciduous. 

1  R.  humilis,  L.  Closely  pubescent  ;  stem  with  spreading  branches  , 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  tapering  but  obtuse  at  the  summit, 
on  long  filiform  petioles  ;  racemes  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  calyx-lobes 
obovate,  pale  rose-color  ;  berry  rounded,  compressed.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub 
1  o  _  oo  hjgh.  Leaves  1  '  -  3'  long.  Flowers  and  berries  1  "  -  1  £"  long. 


3.     PHYTOLACCA,     Tourn.      POKEWEEU. 

Calyx  3-bracted,  5  -parted  ;  the  lobes  petal-like,  rounded.  Stamens  5-25,  the 
filaments  subulate  :  anthers  elliptical.  Ovary  compound.  Styles  5-12,  short, 
distinct,  recurved  at  the  apex,  stigmatic  within.  .  Fruit  a  depressed  globose  berry, 
containing  5-12  one-seeded  indehiscent  carpels  united  in  a  circle.  Embryo 
forming  a  ring  around  the  central  albumen.  Cotyledons  linear.  —  Erect  branch- 
ing herbs,  with  entire  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  in  racemes  opposite  the  leaves. 

1.  P.  decandra,  L.  Smooth;  stem  very  stout  (2°  -12°  high);  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  racemes  many-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  flowers 
white,  turning  purplish;  stamens,  styles,  and  carpels  10.  —  Margins  of  fields 
and  uncultivated  ground,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  -Sept.  1J.  —  Root 
large.  Berry  black. 


ORDER  108.     CHENOPODIACEJE.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Unsightly  herbs,  with  exstipulate  leaves,  inconspicuous  -flowers,  and  the 
characters  mostly  of  the  preceding  family  ;  but  the  green  calyx  often 
becoming  succulent  in  fruit,  5  (rarely  1-2)  stamens  op[x>site  the  sepals, 
a  solitary  ovary  forming  an  achenium  or  utricle  in  fruit,  two  short  and 
spreading  styles,  a  horizontal  or  vertical  lenticular  seed,  and  the  embryo 
forming  a  ring  around  the  albumen,  or  spirally  coiled  with  little  or  no 
albumen. 


(GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     C  YCIiOLiOBE JE.  —  Embryo  curved  like  a  ring  around  the  albumen. 

1.  CHENOPODIUM.    Calyx  3  -  6-parted,  the  lobes  commonly  keeled  in  fruit.    Seed  horizontal, 

rarely  vertical. 

2.  ATRIPLEX.     Flowers  monoecious.     Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  5-parted,  of  the  fertile 

flower  none.    Ovary  enclosed  in  a  pair  of  separate  at  length  coriaceous  bracts.    Radicle 
inferior- 

3.  OBIONE.     Bracts  of  the  fertile  flower  united.    Radicle  superior. 

4.  SALICORNIA.     Flowers  3  together,  lodged  in  excavations  of  the  thickened  joints  of  the 

leafless  stem. 

TRIBE  II.     SPIKOLOISKJK.  —  Embryo  spirally   coiled,  with   little   or  no  albumen. 
Seed  horizontal. 

5.  CHENOPODINA.    Calyx  5  parted,  not  keeled.    Leaves  terete,  fleshy. 

6.  SALSOLA.    Calyx  at  length  transversely  winged.    Leaves  spiny. 


1.    CHENOPODIUM,    L.     PIGWEED.     GOOSEFOOT. 

Calyx  5-  (rarely  3 -4-)  parted,  bractless,  the  lobes  mostly  keeled.  Stamens 
5,  the  filaments  filiform.  Styles  2  -  3,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base.  Utricle 
depressed,  enclosed  in  the  globose  or  5-angled  calyx.  Seed  horizontal  (rarelv 
vertical),  lenticular.  Embryo  forming  a  more  or  less  perfect  ring  around  the 
copious  mealy  albumen.  —  Glandular  or  powdery-coated  herbs,  with  alternate 
leaves,  and  clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers  disposed  in  panicled  spikes. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  C.  Boscianum,  Moq.      Stem   erect,   with   angular   branches  ;    leaves 
small,  spreading,  lanceolate-linear,  very  acute,  entire,  or  the  lower  ones  some- 
Avhat  toothed,  more  or  less  mealy  and  whitened  beneath ;  spikes  loose,  leafy ; 
seed  acute  on  the  margins,  slightly  roughened,  shining,  enclosed  in  the  acute- 
angled  calyx.  —  Carolina,  Bosc.  —  Stem  slender,  2°  high.    Leaves  5" - 1 2"  Ion-, 
on  petioles  2"  -  3"  long.     Calyx -lobes  elliptical-ovate,  acutish. 

2.  C.  album.,  L.     Stem  erect,  branched,  slightly  furrowed  ',  leaves  ascend- 
ing, rhombic-ovate,  acute  at  the  base,  toothed ;  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  and 
entire,  more  or  less  coated  with  a  white  powder •    spikes  panicled ;    the  small 
clusters  scattered  or  crowded,  nearly  leafless ;  seed  enclosed  in  the  5-angled 
calyx,  acute  on  the  margins,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Varies  (C.  viride,  L.)  with 
nearly  entire  and  less  mealy  leaves,  and  the  larger  clusters  more  scattered.  — 
Cultivated  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.     July-  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -6°  high. 
Petioles  long  and  slender. 

3.  C.  murale,  L.    Stem  ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate- 
rhombic,  acute,  unequally  and  sharply  toothed,  bright  green  on  both  sides ;  spikes 
slender,  spreading,  corymbose,  scarcely  exceeding  the  leaves ;  seed  not  shining, 
acute  on  the  margins,  nearly  enclosed  in  the  slightly  angled  calyx.  —  Waste 
places,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Stem  6'-  18'  high. 

4.  C.  Botrys,  L.     Stem  erect,  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  pinna- 
tifid-lobed,  with   the  lobes  obtuse    and   glandular-pubescent,   the   upper  ones 
minute ;  racemes  numerous,  axillary,  spreading,  cymose  ;  seeds  with  rounded 


CHENOPODIACE.E.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  377 

margins,  not  wholly  included  in  the  open  and  even  calyx.  —  "Waste  places, 
Columbia,  South  Carolina,  Elliott,  and  northward.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high. 

*  *  Perennial. 

5.  C.  Anthelminticum,  L.  (WORM-SEED.)  Stem  stout,  erect,  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  sharply  toothed  ;  flowers  in 
narrow  panicles  terminating  the  branches ;  seeds  with  obtuse  margins,  smooth 
and  shining,  included  in  the  even  calyx.  —  Waste  grounds,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

2.     ATRIPLEX,    L.     OKACHE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  either  similar  to  those  of  Chenopodium,  or 
the  fertile  flower  destitute  of  a  calyx,  and  enclosed  in  two  ovate  or  rhombic  sep- 
arate or  partially  united  bracts.  Seed  vertical,  lenticular.  Embryo  forming  a 
ring  around  the  copious  mealy  albumen.  Eadicle  inferior.  —  Herbs,  commonly 
coated  with  scurfy  or  silvery  scales.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  oftener  has- 
tate or  angled.  Flowers  in  dense  spikes. 

1.  A.  hastata,  L.  Stem  angled,  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  petioled,  com- 
monly nearly  opposite,  hastate  or  triangular,  somewhat  toothed,  and,  like  the 
branches,  more  or  less  scurfy ;  fruiting  bracts  triangular-ovate  or  rhomboidal, 
entire  or  toothed  below,  smooth  or  muricate  within.  (A.  patula,  Ell.)  —  Sea- 
shore, South  Carolina,  Elliott,  and  northward.  June  -  Sept.  —  Stems  1°  -  2° 
long 

3.     OBIONE,    Gajitn. 

Chiefly  as  Atriplex,  both  in  character  and  habit ;  but  the  two  indurated  bracts 
more  or  less  united,  often  toothed  on  the  edges  and  crested  on  the  sides,  and  the 
radicle  superior 

1.  O.  arenaria,  Moquin  Plant  coated  with  silvery  scales ;  stem  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  ascending ;  lowest  leaves  opposite,  obovate,  entire,  tapering 
into  a  petiole,  the  others  alternate,  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute, 
wavy  and  slightly  toothed ;  sterile  flowers  in  close  terminal  spikes ;  the  fertile 
ones  in  axillary  clusters ;  bracts  3-toothed  at  the  summit,  and  with  two  mostly 
toothed  knobs  at  the  sides.  (Atriplex  arenaria,  Nutt.)  —  Drifting  sands  along 
the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  0— Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Leaves  I'-l^'  long. 

2  O.  cristata,  Moquin,  Plant  scurfy,  green;  stems  diffusely  branched; 
leaves  oblong,  mucronate,  petioled,  denticulate,  green  above,  paler  beneath  ; 
bracts  roundish,  acute,  somewhat  spiny-toothed  on  the  margins,  and  with  2-4 
roundish  knobs  at  the  sides. —  Sandy  shores,  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°-1^° 
high.  Leaves  £'-!'  long.  Flowers  clustered. 

4.     SALICORNTA,    Tourn.     SAMPHIRE. 

Flowers  perfect,  lodged  in  excavations  of  the  thickened  upper  joints  of  the 
stem,  spiked  ;  calyx  thin,  with  a  denticulate  border,  at  length  spongy,  and  sur 
32* 


378          AMAKANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

rounded  at  the  apex  by  a  circular  wing.  Stamens  1-2.  Styles  united  below. 
Utricle  included  in  the  calyx.  Embryo  coiled,  or  bent  into  a  ring.  —  Smooth 
and  succulent  saline  plants,  with  jointed  leafless  stems.  Flowers  three  together  ; 
the  lateral  ones  sometimes  sterile,  minute. 

1.  S.  herbacea,  L.      Annual ;    stem   erect,   iriuch   branched ;    the  joints 
thickened  upward,  obtusely  2-toothed  at  the  apex  ;  spikes  long,  tapering  to  the 
summit.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  Georgia,  and  northward.     August.  — 
Stem  6' -12' high. 

2.  S.  ambigua,  Michx.    Stem  shrubby,  prostrate  or  creeping  ;  the  branches 
herbaceous,  erect ;  joints  truncate,  dilated  upward,  slightly  2-toothed ;  spikes 
cylindrical,  obtuse,  the  uppermost  approximate,  sessile,  the  lateral  ones  pcdun- 
cled.  —  Sandy  marshes  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  —  Stem 
2°-3°  long,  the  branches  4'- 6'  high. 

5.    CHENOPODINA,    Moquin. 

Flowers  perfect,  bractecl.  Calyx  5-parted,  fleshy,  inflated  and  berry-like  in 
fruit.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  2-3,  spreading.  Utricle  depressed,  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  Seed  horizontal,  lenticular.  Embryo  flat-spiral,  dividing  the  scanty 
albumen  into  2  portions.  —  Smooth  saline  plants,  with  fleshy  terete  alternate 
leaves,  and  axillary  clustered  flowers. 

1.  C.  maritima,  Moquin.  Annual;  stem  diffusely  much  branched;  leaves 
linear,  acute;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  keeled;  stamens  exserted.  — Low  sandy  places 
along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.  Leaves 
l'-2;  long.  Flowers  minute. 

6.     SALSOLA,    L.     SALTWORT. 

Flowers  perfect,  2-bracted.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  at  length  transversely 
winged.  Stamens  5,  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Style  slender :  stigmas  2. 
Utricle  flattened  at  the  apex,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  Embryo  conical- 
spiral.  Albumen  none.  —  Saline  plants,  with  alternate  and  fleshy  leaves,  and 
axillary  flowers. 

1.  S.  Kali,  L.  Smooth ;  stem  spreading,  ascending;  leaves  subulate,  spine- 
pointed,  like  the  ovate  bracts;  flowers  solitary;  calyx-lobes  connivent,  with  the 
dilated,  membranaceous  wing  rose-colored.  (S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.)  —  Sandy 
shores,  Georgia,  and  northward.  Aug.  Q)  —  Stem  1°  -  H°  high. 


ORDER  109.     AMARANTACE^.      (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  simple  exstipulate  leaves,  and  inconspicuous  searious- 
bracted  flowers,  which  are  commonly  crowded  in  spikes  or  heads.  —  Sepals 
3-5,  free,  or  united  at  the  base,  searious,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
3-5,  hypogynous,  opposite  the  sepals,  free,  or  united  below,  often  with 


AMARANTACE.E.       (AMAKANTH    FAMILY.)  379 

sterile  filaments  interposed  :  anthers  1  -  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  single, 
ovate,  compressed,  1  -  many-ovuled.  Stigmas  1-3.  Utricle  closed  or 
circumscissile.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  central  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  T.     CELOSIE^E.     Anthers  2-celled.     Ovary  many-ovuled. 

1.  CELOSIA.     Stamens  united  at  the  base.     Utricle  circumscissile. 

TRIBE  II.     ACHYK  A  \TIIK.K.     Anthers  2-celled.     Ovary  1-ovuled.  —  Leaves  alter- 
nate.    Stamens  free.     Sterile  filaments  none. 

*  Utricle  circumscissile. 

2.  AMARANTUS.    Flowers  monoecious.    Sepals  3 -5. 

*  *  Utricle  indehiscent. 

3.  EUXOLUS.     Flowers  all  alike,  monoecious,  sessile.     Sepals  3-5. 

4.  AMBLOGYNA.     Flowers  monoecious.     Calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  3-sepalous,  of  the 

pistillate  flower  5-parted,  funnel-shaped. 

5.  SCLEROPUS.     Flowers  monoecious.     Sepals  5.    Stamens  3.     Fruiting  pedicels  indurated 

and  deciduous  with  the  fruit. 

6    ACNIDA.    Flowers  dioecious.     Sepals  of  the  staminate  flower  5,  of  the  pistillate  none. 
Stamens  5. 

TRIBE  III.     GOMPHRENE.9E.     Anthers  1-celled.     Ovary  1-ovuled.     Leaves  opposite. 
Stamens  united  below. 

7.  IRESINE.     Calyx  5-sepalous.     Stamens  united  into  a  short  cup.     Sterile  filaments  none. 

8.  ALTERNANTHERA.     Calyx  5-sepalous.    Stamens  united  into  a  cup.     Sterile  filaments 

minute,  tooth-like.  I 

9.  TELANTHERA.     Calyx  5-sepalous.     Stamens  united  into  a  tube.     Sterile  filaments  cleft 

or  ntnbriate  at  the  apex. 

10.   FR(ELICIIIA.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Stamens  wholly  united.     Anthers  sessile.      Sterile  fila- 
ments entire. 

1.    CELOSIA,    L. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5.  Stamens  5,  united  at  the  base  into 
a  cup.  Sterile  filaments  none.  Anthers  2-celled.  Style  short  or  elongated. 
Stigmas  2-3,  recurved.  Utricle  many-seeded,  circumscissile.  —  Smooth  herbs 
or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  glossy  flowers,  crowded  in  axillary 
and  terminal  spikes  or  panicles. 

1.  C.  paniculata,  L.  Stem  shrubby,  erect;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  acute, 
abruptly  petioled  ;  spikes  cylindrical,  simple  or  branched,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  leaves ;  sepals  oblong,  rigid,  several  times  longer  than  the  bracts ;  stigmas 
3  ;  utricle  many-seeded.  —  South  Florida,  Dr.  Bladgett.  Leaves  2'  long.  Seeds 
minute,  lenticular,  shining. 

2.    AMARANTHS,    Tourn.    AMARANTH. 

Flowers  polygamo-monrccious,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5,  rarely  3,  smooth,  erect. 
Stamens  5  or  3,  free.  Sterile  filaments  none  :  anthers  oblong,  2-celled.  Style 
none:  stigmas  2-3,  slender,  spreading.  Utricle  1 -seeded,  ovate,  2-3-toothed 
at  the  apex,  circumscissile,  commonly  included  in  the  calyx  ;  pericarp  mostly 
membranaceous.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Unsightly  annual  herbs,  with  erect  or  dif 


380          AMARANTACE.E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

fuse  stems,  alternate  mostly  petioled  entire  mucronate  leaves,  and  greenish  or 
purplish  flowers,  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  or  clusters.  Bracts 
longer  than  the  sepals. 

*  Flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  :  sepals  and  stamens  3. 

1.  A.  albus,  L.     Stem  erect,  branching  from  the  base,  smooth;    leaves 
small,  long-petioled,  oblong-obovate,  very  obtuse  or  emarginate,  wavy  at  the 
margins ;  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  sepals  awl-pointed,  much  shorter 
than  the  subulate  spine-pointed  spreading  bracts,  and  half  as  long  as  the  rugose 
utricle.  —  Cultivated  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.    May  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1° 
high.     Leaves  J'-  1'  long. 

*  *  Flowers  (green)  crowded  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes:  sepals  and  stamens 
5  :  leaves  long-jxtided. 

2.  A.  Chlorostachys,  Willd.     Stem  erect,  furrowed,  pubescent ;  leaves 
ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  ones  acute,  short-mucronate,  the 
veins  beneath,  like  the  petiole,  pubescent ;  spikes  very  numerous,  forming  a  long 
leafy  and  more  or  less  dense  panicle  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  scarcely  half  as 
long  as  the  subulate  bracts,  shorter  than  the  rugose  utricle.  —  Cultivated  grounds, 
common.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long,  twice  as 
long  as  the  petiole. 

3.  A.  hybridus,  L.     Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem  erect,  branching ;  leaves 
thin,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  notched,  or  tapering  at  the  apex,  long- 
mucronate,  the  pale  veins  prominent  beneath ;  spikes  numerous,  panicled,  the 
terminal  one  elongated,  the  lower  axillary  ones  short  and  roundish  ;  sepals  ob 
long,  acuminate,  rather  shorter  than  the  subulate  bracts,  and  equalling  the 
slightly  rugose  utricle.  —  Cultivated  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug. 
and  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  5'  long. 

4.  A.  SpinOSUS,  L.    Smooth ;  stem  stout,  succulent,  often  purplish ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  long-petioled,  often  blotched  with 
purple,  spiny  in  the  axils  ;  terminal  spike  elongated,  bending,  the  lower  axillary 
ones  short  and  roundish ;  sepals,  bracts,  and  rugose  utricle  nearly  equal.  — 
Fields  and  waste  places,  Florida,  and  northward.    July -Oct.  —  Stem  l°-3° 
high. 

3.    EUXOLUS,    Raf. 

Characters  chiefly  of  Amarantus ;  but  the  somewhat  fleshy  utricle  indehiscent, 
and  the  (green)  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts. 

1.  E.  lividus,  Moquin.  Stem  erect,  branched,  succulent,  green,  red,  or 
purple ;  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate,  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  apex ;  spikes 
dense-flowered  ;  the  terminal  one  longest,  acute,  with  several  shorter  ones 
crowded  near  its  base,  the  lowest  axillary  ones  much  shorter  than  the  petiole  ; 
sepals  3,  shorter  than  the  roundish  acute  rugose  utricle,  and  3  times  as  long 
as  the  bracts.  (Amarantus  lividus,  L.)  —  South  Florida  to  South  Carolina 
July -Sept.  ©  —  Stem  1°- 3°  high.  Leaves,  with  the  petiole,  3' -  6' long 


AMARANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)    .      381 

2.   E.  pumilus,  Raf.     Stem  low,  somewhat  fleshy;  leaves  small,  mostly 

crowded  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  ovate,  obtuse,  short-petioled ;  flowers  in 

•  small  axillary  clusters ;  sepals  5,  half  as  long  as  the  ovate  obscurely  5-ribbed 

utricle.      (Amarantus  pumilus,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  sea-shore,  South  Carolina,  and 

northward     Aug.  and  Sept. 

4.    AMBLOGYNA,    Raf. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Staminate  flowers  3-sepalous,  triandrous.  Pistillate 
flowers  round-funnel-shaped,  5-cleft,  with  spreading  spatulate  scarious  lobes, 
enclosing  the  indehiscent  utricle.  Otherwise  like  Amarantus. 

1.  A.  polygonoides,  Raf.  Stem  slightly  pubescent,  slender,  branching 
from  the  base ;  leaves  small,  rhombic-ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  notched,  tapering 
into  a  slender  petiole ;  flowers  crowded  in  axillary  clusters,  shorter  than  the 
petiole ;  bracts  subulate ;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flowers  twice  as  long  as  the 
bracts,  with  a  finely  ribbed  tube,  and  a  spreading  white  border ;  utricle  ovate, 
rugose  above,  3-cleft  at  the  apex.  —  South  Florida,  (l)  —  Stem  1°  — lj°  long. 
Leaves  £'  -  1 '  long. 

5.     SCLEBOPUS,     Schrad. 

Flowers  monoecious,  3-bracted,  triandrous.  Calyx  5-sepalous.  Utricle  inde- 
hiscent. Staminate  flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  the  upper  axils.  Pistillate  flowers 
clustered  in  the  lower  axils,  on  flattened  pedicels  which  become  indurated,  and 
fall  away  with  the  mature  fruit.  Otherwise  like  Amarantus  and  Euxolus. 

1.  S.  crassipes,  Moquin.  Smooth;  stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  obo- 
vate, obtuse,  notched,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  clusters  shorter  than  the 
petiole ;  sepals  much  longer  than  the  strongly  keeled  bracts,  spatulate,  obtuse, 
enclosing  the  granular-roughened  utricle.  —  South  Florida.  (J)  — Stem  1°— 2° 
high.  Leaves  1'  long. 

6.  ACNIDA,    Mitchell. 

Flowers  dioecious,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  the  Staminate  flower  5-sepalous,  of 
the  pistillate  flower  none.  Stamens  5,  free.  Sterile  filaments  none  :  anther-cells 
united  only  in  the  middle.  Stigmas  3-5,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  1-ovuled 
ovary.  Utricle  fleshy,  3  -  5-angled,  indehiscent.  Seed  obovate.  Radicle  infe- 
rior. —  A  smooth  marsh  annual,  with  long  lanceolate  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
thin  scarious  white  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  panicles. 

1.  A.  australis,  Gray.  —  Marshes  and  river-banks,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  stout,  branched,  2° -8°  high.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  3' -6'  long,  obtuse  or  acuminate.  Spikes  cylindrical,  panicled. 
Sepals  pointed.  Bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers  subulate. 

7.  IBESINE,    Browne. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dioscious,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5.  Stamens  5,  united  into  a 
cup  at  the  base.  Sterile  filaments  none  :  anthers  1-celled,  ovate.  Style  very 


382      *    AMAKANTACE^E.    (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

short:  Btigmas 2 - 3,  slender.  Utricle  roundish,  1 -seeded,  indehiscent,  included 
in  the  calyx.  Seed  vertical,  lenticular.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Chiefly  herbs, 
with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  scarious  glossy  flowers,  disposed  in  single  or 
panicled  spikes  or  heads. 

§  1.   PHILOXERUS.     Flowers  perfect,  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  heads. 

1.  I.  vermicularis,  Moquin.     Smooth;  stem  much  branched,  prostrate 
or  creeping;  leaves  club-shaped,  fleshy,  semi-terete ;  heads  mostly  sessile,  ovate 
or  globose,  at  length  oblong  or  cylindrical,  obtuse  ;  flowers  white;  sepals  obtuse, 
longer  than  bracts,  the  two  exterior  ones  woolly  at  the  base.  —  Sandy  sea-shores, 
South  Florida.  —  Stems  1  °  -  2°  long.    Leaves  £'  - 1 '  long.     Heads  3"  -  8"  long, 
mostly  terminal  and  solitary. 

§  2.     IRESINASTRUM.     Flowers  diiecious,  disposed  in  loosely -jianicled  spikes. 

2.  I.  diffusa,  H.  &  B.     Stem  erect,  somewhat  5-angled,  smooth ;   leaves 
petioled,  ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  denticulate-ciliate  on  the  margin,  smooth  ; 
panicle  narrowly-pyramidal,  much  branched  ;  spikelets  ovate,  obtuse,  straw-color ; 
sepals  3-nerved,  smooth,  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  bracts ;  rachis  slightly 
pubescent.    (I.  celosioides,  Ell.  ?)    In  Florida,  j\fichaux.    Saline  marshes,  South 
Carolina,  Elliott.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  li'-2'long,  the  upper  ones 
lanceolate.     Branches  of  the  panicle  alternate. 

8.    ALTERNANTHERA,    Mart. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5,  smooth  or  villous.  Sta- 
mens 5,  united  into  a  short  cup  at  the  base.  Sterile  filaments  minute,  tooth-like : 
anthers  1-celled.  Style  short :  stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Utricle  indehiscent, 
1-seeded.  Seed  vertical,  lenticular.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  op- 
posite. 

*  Mowers  diircious  :  heads  or  spikes  loosely  panicltd :  slxjma  2-lobed. 

1 .  A.  flavescens,  Moquin.     Stem  erect,  smooth,  furrowed,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  rough- 
ish  with  short  scattered  hairs,  short-petioled  ;  panicle  oblong,  the  branches  alter- 
nate, nearly  leafless ;    spikes  oblong,   lengthening,    straw-color  ;   sepals  of  the 
staminate  flowers  oblong,  acute,  nerveless,  smooth,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate 
persistent  bracts ;  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  ovate,  3-nerved  nearly  to  the 
apex ;  the  pedicels  clothed  with  long  white  wool.  —  Margins  of  fields.  Middle 
Florida.  .  July  -  Sept..  <J)  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  2'  -  4'  long,  the  upper- 
most alternate  and  lanceolate.     Panicle  8'- 12' long.     Sterile  filaments  tooth- 
like,  minute. 

*  *  Flowers  perfect :  heads  mostly  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered :  stigma  capitate  : 
stems  prostrate. 

2.  A.  Achyrantha,  R.  Br.     Stems  forking,  pubescent ;  leaves  smoothish, 
oval  or  obovate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  heads  dense,  oval,  white ;  sepals  lance- 
olate, spine-pointed,  woolly  with  barbed  hairs  on  the  back,  the  two  inner  ones 
much  smaller ;  sterile  filaments  subulate  from  a  dilated  and  obscurely  denticulate 


AMARANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)  383 

base,  as  long  as  the  fertile  ones.  (Achyranthes  repens,  Ell.)  — Along  roads  and 
places  much  trodden,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  June -Oct.  \ — Sterns  6'- 
12'  long.  Leaves  1'  long. 

9.    TELANTHERA,    U.  Brown. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5,  erect.  Stamens  5,  united  into  a  tube 
below  the  middle.  Sterile  filaments  elongated,  flattened,  fimbriate  at  the  apex : 
anthers  1 -celled,  oblong.  Style  short:  stigma  capitate.  Utricle  indehiscent, 
1 -seeded,  included  in  the  calyx.  Seed  vertical.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Herbs  or 
shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  capitate. 

*  Calyx  sessile,  the  3  exterior  sepals  longer :  heads  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

1.  T.  polygonoid.es,  Moquin.  Stein  erect  or  prostrate,  pubescent;  leaves 
oblong-obovate,  hairy  ;  heads  sessile,  roundish,  single  or  2  -  3  together,  axillary 
and  terminal ;  sepals  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  bracts,  the  outer 
ones  3-nerved,  woolly  at  the  base ;  sterile  filaments  as  long  as  the  fertile  ones, 
3  -  4-cleft  at  the  apex.  —  On  the  coast  of  South  Carolina,  Moquin. 

2  T.  maritima,  Moquin.  Smooth  and  fleshy ;  stem  prostrate,  branching, 
angled  ;  leaves  wedge-obovate,  very  obtuse,  mucronate ;  heads  roundish  or  ob- 
long, axillary  and  terminal,  dull  straw-color,  rigid  ;  flowers  crowded,  3-angled  ; 
sepals  smooth,  rigid,  ovate,  acuminate,  5-ribbed,  with  the  margins  membrana- 
ceous,  one  third  longer  than  the  ovate  keeled  bracts  ;  sterile  filaments  longer 
than  the  fertile  ones,  4-6-cleft  at  the  apex. — .South  Florida.  —  Leaves  l'-2' 
long.  Heads  4" -6"  long. 

*  *   Calyx  raised  on  a  short  b-any/ed  pedicel ;  the  sejials  nearly  equal,  cylindrical, 
hairy  :  heads  long-peduncltd . 

3.  T.   Floridana,   n.  sp.      Shrubby ;    stem   slender,   elongated,   forking, 
remotely  jointed ;    the  young  branches  and  leaves  roughened  with  appressed 
scattered  hairs ,  leaves  distant,  fleshy,  oblong-lanceolate  or  obovate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  ;  peduncles  terminal  and  in  the  forks, 
4-6  times  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  heads  white,  ovate ;  sepals  lanceolate-oblong, 
acute,  3-5-nerved,  hairy,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  bracts;  sterile 
filaments  longer  than  the  fertile  ones,  5-6-clcft ;  utricle  crowned  with  a  narrow 
toothed  margin.  —  South  Florida,  along  the  coast.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  long     Leaves 
1'  long. 

4.  T.  Brasiliana,  Moquin.     Herbaceous,  rough-hairy;  the  young  leaves 
and  branchlets  hoary ;  stem  erect,  forking ;  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  longer  than  the  internodes,  rather  shorter 
than  the  slender  peduncles  ;  heads  and  flowers  as  in  No.  3 ;  utricle  crowned 
with  a  narrow  entire  margin.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  apparently  tall.     Leaves 
2' -4' long. 

10.    FRCELICHIA,    Mcench. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  indurated  and  spiny-crested 
in  fruit.  Stamens  5,  united  into  a  long  tube.  Sterile  filaments  entire  anthers 


384  FOLYGONACE^E.        (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

sessile.  Stigma  capitate  or  many-cleft.  Utricle  indehiscent,  1 -seeded,  included 
in  the  calyx.  Seed  vertical.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Woolly  or  hairy  annuals. 
Leaves  opposite.  Spikes  opposite,  and  terminating  the  naked  peduncle-like 
summit  of  the  stem- 

1 .  P.  Floridana,  Moquin.  White-tomentose  or  woolly  ;  stem  erect,  sim- 
ple or  branched ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong ;  spikes  ovate  or  oblong, 
lengthening  with  age ;  bracts  mostly  blackish,  shorter  than  the  woolly  calyx ; 
style  short ;  stigma  capitate  ;  fruiting  calyx  round-ovate,  compressed,  toothed 
along  the  margins,  and  minutely  tubercled  at  the  base.  (Oplotheca  Floridana, 
Nutt.) — Dry  sandy  places,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  July- Sept. — 
Stem  ^°-3°  high.  Spikes  solitary,  few,  or  numerous. 


ORDER  110.     POLYGONACE^E.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  (tropical)  trees,  with  simple  mostly  alternate  and 
stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  or  dioecious  flowers.  —  Calyx  3  -  6-cleft,  or 
3  -  6-sepalous,  persistent.  Stamens  4-12,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
calyx :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  single,  1-celled,  with  the  solitary  ortho- 
tropous  ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Styles  2-3,  distinct  or 
partly  united.  Fruit  (achenium)  lenticular  or  3-angled,  rarely  ovoid. 
Embryo  mostly  on  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen.  Radicle  pointing 
upward.  —  Stipules  sheathing,  annular,  or  wanting. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  POLYGONE^E.  Involucre  none.  Calyx  deleft  or 
5-sepalous.  Stamens  4-9  (mostly  5  -  8).  Ovules  sessile.  Embryo 
curved  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen,  rarely  straight  in  its  centre. 
Stipules  sheathing. 

*  Calyx  5-sepalous,  the  inner  sepals  erect,  mostly  enlarged  in  fruit. 

1.  RUMEX.     Calyx  green,  often  grain-bearing.     Stigmas  many-cleft. 

2.  POLYGONELLA.     Calyx  corolla-like.     Stigma  entire. 

#  *  Calyx  5-sepalous,  the  sepals  all  erect,  unchanged  in  fruit,  free  from  the  achenium. 

3.  POLYGONUM     Sepals  entire.     Embryo  curved  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen. 

4.  THYSANELLA.    Inner  sepals  fimbriate.     Embryo  straight  at  the  side  of  the  albumen. 

*  #  *  Calyx  5-parted,  the  tube  enlarged  and  fleshy  in  fruit,  and  partly  united  with  the 
achenium. 

5.  COCCOLOBA.     Achenium  ovoid  or  globose.     Trees. 

SUBORDER  II  BRUNNICHIEJE.  Involucre  none.  Calyx  5-parted, 
the  tube  enlarged  and  indurated  in  fruit.  Stamens  8.  Ovule  borne  on 
a  slender  stalk.  Embryo  at  the  margin  of  the  albumen.  Stipules  none. 

6    BRUNNICHIA.     Pedicels  winged  in  fruit.    Climbing  shrubs. 


POLYGONACE^E.        (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  385 

SUBORDER  III.     ERIOGONEyE.     Flowers  surrounded  by  an  invo- 
lucre.    Calyx  6-parted.     Stamens  9.     Ovule  sessile.     Embryo  included 
in  scarce  albumen.     Stipules  none. 
7.  ERIOQONUM.    Involucre  5-toothed.    Woolly  or  silky  herbs. 

1.    RITMEX,    L.    DOCK. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious.  Calyx  herbaceous,  6-parted,  the  3  outer  lobes 
spreading  or  recurved,  the  inner  ones  (valves)  mostly  enlarged  in  fruit,  and 
enclosing  the  3-angled  achenium,  often  bearing  grain-like  prominences  on  the 
outside.  Stamens  6 :  anthers  erect.  Styles  3  :  stigmas  many-cleft.  Achenium 
3-angled.  Embrvo  curved  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen.  —  Herbs,  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  smooth  truncated  sheaths,  and  small  green  flowers  in  racemed  or 
panicled  clusters. 

*  Floivers  perfect  or  polygamous. 
•t-   Valves  entire. 

1  R.  CrispUS,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  wavy-crisped,  acute  at 
both  ends,  or  the  lowest  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  and  long 
petiolcd,  the  uppermost  linear ;  panicle  leafy  at  the  base ;  whorls  crowded  in 
fruit ;  valves  broadly  cordate,  obtuse,  one  or  all  grain-bearing.  —  Waste  ground 
around  dwellings,  Florida,  and  northward.  June  and  July.  y.  —  Stem  2° -3° 
high.  Lowest  leaves  1°  long. 

2.  R.  verticillatUS,  L.  Smooth ;  lowest  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  flat,  the  others  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  panicle  naked,  loose- 
flowered  ;  pedicels  slender,  thickened  upward,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  valves  ovate, 
obtuse,  rugose-veined,  each  bearing  a  large  grain,  which  is  half  as  wide  as  the 
valve.  (R.  Britannicus,  Ell.) — Swamps  and  ditches,  Florida,  and  northward. 
May  and  June  y.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high.  Lowest  leaves  l°-l£°  long. 

3  R.  FloridanuS,  Meisner.  Smooth;  stem  stout,  branching;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  panicle  naked,  dense-flowered ;  pedicels  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  valves,  thickened  upward,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  valves  deltoid- 
ovate,  obtusely  pointed,  each  bearing  a  narrow  grain,  which  is  much  narrower 
than  the  reticulate  valve.  —  Deep  river-swamps,  West  and  South  Florida.  June. 
U  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Leaves  ^°  -  1  £°  long. 

4.  R.  sanguineus,  L.     Lowest  leaves  oblong,  cordate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
the  upper  lanceolate,  acute,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  wavy-margined ;  pan- 
icle leafless  ;  lower  whorls  distant ;  pedicels  very  short ;  valves  oblong,-  longer 
than  the  pedicel,  one  only  prominently  grain-bearing.  —  Around   Charleston, 
Elliott.     New  Berne,  Croom.    Introduced.     June  and  July,      ty—  Stem  2°  -3° 
high.     Lowest  leaves  large,  variegated  with  red  veins. 

H-  •«-    Valves  toothed  or  bristly  on  the  margins. 

5.  R.  Obtusifolius,  L.     Stem  roughish ;  lowest  leaves  large,  ovate-oblong, 
cordate,  mostly  obtuse,  the  middle  ones  oblong,  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end ;    panicle  large,  leafy  below  ;   lowest  whorls  scattered,  the  upper 
somewhat  crowded ;  valves  triangular-ovate,  toothed  near  the  base,  nearly  as 


386  POLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

long  as  the  slender  recurved  pedicels,  one  or  all  more  or  less  prominently  grain- 
bearing.  (R.  divaricatus,  Ell.)  —  Waste  ground,  around  dwellings.  Introduced. 
June  -  Aug.  1J.—  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Lowest  leaves  1°  -  l£°  long,  6'  -  9'  wide, 
slightly  crenate,  and  wavy  on  the  margins. 

6.  R.  pulcher,  L.      Branches   rigid,  spreading ;    lowest  leaves  cordate- 
oblong,  somewhat  fiddle-shaped,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute  ;   whorls  remote ; 
valves  longer  than  the  thick  pedicels,  ovate-oblong,  rigid,  strongly  toothed,  more 
or  less  prominently  grain-bearing. — Around  Charleston,  Elliott.     Introduced. 
June  and  July. 

7.  R.  maritimus,  L.     Pubescent ;   stem  low,  diffusely  branched ;   leaves 
lanceolate,  wavy-margined,  the  lower  ones  somewhat  cordate  or  hastate  at  the 
base,  the  upper  linear  ;  whorls  compactly  crowded  in  leafy  spikes  ;  valves  small, 
bristly  on  the  margins,  nearly  covered  by  the  large  grain.    (R.  persicarioides,  L.) 
—  Sea-shores,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.     (i)  —  Stems 
6'  - 12'  high.     Spikes  yellowish. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious.     Herbs  with  sour  juice. 
•t-  Calyx  not  enlarged  in  fruit. 

8.  R.  Acetosella,  L.     Root  creeping;    stems  low,   erect  or  ascending; 
leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire  or  hastate-lobed ;  panicle  slender,  leaf- 
less; whorls  scattered,  few-flowered;  valves  ovate,  grainless,  appressed  to  the 
achenium.  —  Old  fields  and  sterile  soil,  common.     June  and  July,      ty —  Stems 
6'—  12'  long.     Leaves  and  flowers  small. 

•*-  •»-  Inner  calyx-lobes  dilated  in  fruit. 

9.  R.  hastatulus,  Baldw.     Stems  clustered,  erect;  leaves  glaucous,  lance- 
olate or  linear,  or  the  lowest  oblong,  entire  or  hastate-lobed  ;  whorls  few-flowered, 
scattered,  or  the  upper  ones  crowded ;  valves  round-cordate,  entire,  membrana- 
ceous,  reticulated,  red  or  white,  grainless. — Dry  sands,  along  the  coast  and  in 
the  middle  districts,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.    May  and  June.  —  Stem  1°-  l£° 
high.     Leaves  1'  -  2'  long,  the  upper  ones  mostly  entire. 

2.    POLYGONELLA,    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dia-ciously  polygamous.  Calyx  corolla-like,  deeply  5-parted 
or  5-sepalous ;  the  three  inner  sepals  mostly  enlarging  and  enclosing  the  3-angled 
achenium,  glandless.  Stamens  8 :  anthers  roundish.  Stigmas  3,  capitate.  Em- 
bryo straight,  or  nearly  so,  in  the  centre,  or  at  one  side  of  the  mealy  albumen.  — 
Smooth  and  commonly  glaucous  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  slender  branching  stems, 
small  alternate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  spiked  racemes.  —  Sheaths  smooth. 
Bracts  imbricated,  top-shaped,  mostly  1 -flowered.  Pedicels  nodding  in  fruit. 

§  1.     Eui'OLYGONELLA.     Filaments  all  alike,  subulate :  stiymas  nearly  sessile: 
Flowers  diveciously  polygamous :  embryo  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen. 

1.  P.  parvifolia,  Michx.  Shrubby  and  diffusely  branched  at  the  baso; 
leaves  wedge-shaped  or  linear-spatulate,  vertical ;  those  on  the  sterile  shoots  im- 
bricated ;  sheaths'  obliquely  truncate,  pointless ;  racemes  short,  very  numerous, 
somewhat  crowded  in  an  oblong  or  corymbose  panicle ;  bracts  truncate  ;  flowers 


POLYGONACE-iE.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  387 

white,  yellowish,  or  rose-color ;  exterior  sepals  recurved ;  valves  orbicular,  equal, 
longer  than  the  ovate  achenium.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  near  the  coast,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  Aug.  and  Sept. —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  £'-!'  long. 
Kacemcs  £'  —  1'  long. 

2.  P.  gracilis,  Meisner.      Annual ;    stem   tall  and   slender,  paniculately 
branched  above  ;  leaves  remote,  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  often  wanting ;  sheaths 
truncate,  pointless  :  racemes  slender,  scattered,  forming  a  large  and  spreading 
panicle  on  the  sterile  plant,  more  crowded  on  the  fertile ;  bracts  truncate  ;  flow- 
ers white  or  pale  rose-color,  the  fertile  ones  greenish ;  sepals  all  erect ;  valves 
oval  or  elliptical,  unequal  (the  interior  longer),  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate  achenium.      (Polygonum  gracile,  Nutl.) — Dry  sand  ridges  in  the 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.    -Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  2° -5°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Racemes  linear,  1'  — 3'  long. 

3.  P.  brachystachya,  Meisner.      Shrubby  ;    branches   slender :    leaves 
linear,  tapering  from  the  obtuse  apex  to  the  base ;  sheaths  obliquely  truncate, 
somewhat  pointed ;  panicle  compound,  leafy  ;  racemes  short,  oblong,  nearly  ses- 
sile ;  bracts  truncate ;   exterior  sepals  keeled,  reflexed ;  valves  oval,  strongly 
1 -nerved,  longer  than  the  rhomboidal  achenium,  nearly  equal. —  South  Florida. 
Branches  straight,  1°  —  1^°  long.     Leaves  3"  — 5"  long.     Racemes  £'  long. 

4.  P.  Croomii,  n.  sp.     Stem  shrubby  at  the  base ;  branches  slender  ;  leaves 
very  small,  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  crowded  or  imbricated  on  the  sterile  shoots  ; 
sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  subulate-awned ;    racemes  slender,  scattered  in  an 
open  oblong  panicle  ;  bracts  of  the  filiform  rachis  obliquely  truncate,  pointed  ; 
flowers  minute,  white  ;  exterior  sepals  recurved  ;  valves  unequal,  the  2  exterior 
roundish,  the  interior  oblong,  longer  than   the  rhombic-ovate  achenium.  —  In 
Carolina  or  Georgia,  probably  in  the  middle  districts,  Croom.  —  Stem  apparently 
l°-l£°  high.     Leaves  2"-3"  long.     Racemes  3"-5"  or  the  sterile  ones  at 
length  9"  long. 

5.  P.  ciliata,  Meisner.     Stem  herbaceous,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  subulate, 
very  acute,  sheaths  fringed  at  the  throat  with  a  few  long  bristles ;  panicle  simple, 
short,  leafy  at  the  base ;  spikes  nearly  sessile,  filiform  ;  bracts  minute,  pointed  ; 
pedicels  very  short ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  spreading  longer  than  the  achenium. 
—  South   Florida,  near  the   Manatee   River,  Rugel.  —  Stem  2°  high,  slender. 
Leaves  l'-l£'  long. 

§  2.     GOXOPYRUM.     Filaments  unlike,  the  3  interior  dilated  at  the  base:  styles 
manifest:  flowers  perfect:  embryo  at  one  side  of  the  albumen. 

6.  P.  Meisneriana,  Shuttl.     Stem  shrubby,  much  branched ;  leaves  mi- 
nute, filiform,  obtuse  ;  sheaths  trunpate,  pointless  ;  racemes  long,  forming  small 
panicles  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  bracts  loose,  oblique,  with  the  points  spread- 
ing ;  exterior  sepals  recurved ;  valves  equal,  roundish,  often  emarginate,  longer 
than  the  ovate  acuminate  achenium  ;  three  interior  filaments  inversely  sagittate 
below  the  middle.  —  Alabama,  Rugel,  and  near  Macon,  Georgia.  —  Stem  1°  -  2° 
high,  with  filiform  branchlets.     Leaves  numerous,  2"  -  3"  long.     Fruiting  spikes 
rigid,  1'-  2'  long.     Valves  largest  of  all. 


388  POLYGONACEJE.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

7.  P.  articulata,  Mcisner.  Annual ;  stem  much  branched,  slender ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  deciduous ;  sheaths  truncate,  pointless ;  racemes  numer- 
ous, erect,  slender ;  bracts  truncate,  open,  the  lowest  ones  pointed  ;  flowers  bright 
rose-color ;  sepals  oval  or  roundish,  nearly  equal,  unchanged  in  fruit ;  interior 
filaments  rhombic-ovate  at  the  base.  (Polygonum  artieulatum,  L.)  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  Georgia,  and  northward.  Aug. —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.  Leaves  4' -8'  long. 
Racemes  1'- 3' long. 

3.     POLYGONUM,    L.     KNOTWEKD. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted,  corolla-like,  the  lobes  nearly 
equal,  erect  and  unchanged  in  fruit.  Stamens  3 -9:  anthers  roundish.  Styles 
2-3,  distinct  or  partly  united:  stigmas  entire.  Achenium  3-angled  or  lenticu- 
lar, enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  Embryo  curved  on  the  outside  of  the 
albumen.  Radicle  slender.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  and  sheath- 
ing stipules.  Flowers  commonly  white  or  rose-color,  variously  disposed. 

§  1.   AMBLTOGONON.    Flowers  in  closely-bracted  spikes :  stamens  7  :  style  2-cleft  : 
achenium  lenticular  :  cotyledons  incumbent :  albumen  mealy. 

1.  P.  orientals,  L.     Hairy;  stem  tall,  branching;  leaves  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, petioled;  sheaths  loose,  salver-form;  spikes  panicled,  cylindrical,  dense, 
nodding  ;  bracts  ovate  ;  flowers  large,  bright  rose-color.  —  Around  dwellings, 
escaped  from   cultivation.    June  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high.     Spikes  2' -3' 
long. 

§  2.  PERSICARIA.  Flowers  in  closely-liracted spikes :  stamens  4-8:  styles  2-3, 
or  2-3-cleft:  achenium  3-angled  or  lenticular:  cotyledons  accumbent :  albumen 
horny  :  sheaths  cylindrical,  truncate. 

*  Sheaths  naked:  style  2-cleft  or  2-parted:  achenium  lenticular. 

2.  P.  incarnatum,  Ell.    Stem  smooth  below,  the  summit  of  the  branches, 
peduncles,  and  calyx  sprinkled  with  glandular  dots  ;   leaves  lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate,  petioled,  rough  on  the  margins  and  veins ;  sheaths  slender,  appressed  ; 
spikes  racemed,  linear,  nodding  ;  bracts  spreading,  acute,  longer  than  the  pedi- 
cels ;  flowers  small,  flesh-color.     Stamens  6  ,  style  2-parted ;  achenium  ovate, 
with   the  sides   concave.  —  Ponds,    ditches,   &c.,  South    Carolina,    and    west- 
ward    July  -  Oct.     ©  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  6'  -  8'  long.     Spikes  1 '  -  2' 
long. 

3.  P.  densiflorum,  Meisner.     Stem  stout,  smooth,  tumid  at  the  joints, 
branching  above;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  sum- 
mit, but  rather  obtuse,  rough  on  the  margins  and  veins  ;  spikes  racemed  or 
somewhat  panicled,  linear,  erect,  dense-flowered,  the  peduncles  minutely  glan- 
dular ;  bracts  obliquely  truncate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;    stamotis 
mostly  6 ;  style  2-cleft ;  achenium  round-ovate,  black  and  shining,  with  the 
sides  convex  —  Muddy  banks,  Florida,  and  westward.     Sept.  and  Oct.     ®  — 
Stem  3°  -  4°  high .     Leaves  6'  - 1 0'  long.     Spikes  2'  -  4'  long.     Flowers  white. 

4.  P.  Pennsylvanicum,  L      Stem  smooth  below,  the  branches  and  pe- 
duncles roughened  with  short  glandular  hairs ;  leave?  short-pctioled,  lanceolate, 


POLYGOXACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  389 

rough  on  the  margins  and  veins ;  spikes  erect,  oblong,  obtuse,  close-flowered ; 
flowers  rose-color ;  stamens  mostly  8,  exserted ;  style  2-cleft ;  achenium  orbic- 
ular, with  the  sides  concave.  —  Wet  places,  Georgia,  and  northward.  July  — 
Sept.  (I)  —  Stem  1°-  3°  high,  sometimes  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  2' -4'  long. 
Spikes  l'-H'  long.  Flowers  much  larger  than  those  of  the  two  preceding 
species. 

*  *  Sheaths  fringed  with  bristly  hairs:  achenium  3-angled,  or  (in  No.  5)  sometimes 
lenticular:  stamens  mostly  8. 

5.  P.  Persicaria,  L.     Stem  smooth,  branching  from  the  base,  erect  or 
diffuse ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  the  margins  and  veins 
roughened  ;    sheaths   short,  nearly  smooth,  fringed  with  a  few  short  bristles  ; 
spikes  short,  oblong,  obtuse,  dense-flowered  ;  flowers  rose-color ;  stamens  6  -  7  ; 
style  half  2-cleft ;  achenium  lenticular  or  3-angled,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Low 
places  around  dwellings  and  along  roads,  Florida,  and  northward.     Introduced. 
July.     ©  —  Stem  l°-l£°high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long,  often  with  a  dark  trian- 
gular spot  in  the  middle.     Spikes  £'- 1'  long. 

6.  P.  acre,  Kunth.     Stem  slender,  smooth,  creeping  at  the  base ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  rough  on  the  margins  and  veins,  and,  like  the  white  calyx,  dotted 
with  pellucid  glands  ;  sheaths  smoothish,  long-fringed  at  the  throat ;    spikes 
1—3,  filiform,  loose-flowered  ;  stamens  8 ;  style  3-parted ;  achenium  3-angled. 
(P.  punctatum,  Ell.)  —  Ditches  and  margins  of  ponds,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  -  Sept.     1J.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  long.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long,  very  acrid.     Spikes 
2'  -  3'  long. 

7.  P.  hydropiperoides,  Michx.    Stem  slender,  smooth,  ascending  from 
a  floating  or  creeping  base ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  roughened  with  short 
rigid  hairs  on  both  sides,  or  only  on  the  margins  and  veins ;  sheaths  hispid, 
long-fringed  ;  spikes  2-3,  linear,  rather  close-flowered ;  calyx  pale  rose-color, 
and,  like  the  leaves,  glandless  ;  stamens  8 ;  style  3-cleft ;  achenium  3-angled. 
(P.  mite,  Pers.) — Ditches  and  muddy  banks,  Florida,  and  northward.    July- 
Sept.     1J.  —  Stem  2° -3°  long.     Leaves  2' -4'  long,  not  acrid.     Spikes  1'- 2' 
long. 

8.  P.  setaceum,  Baldw.     Stem  erect,  sparingly  branched,  smooth  below, 
the  upper  portion,  like  the  peduncles  and  lanceolate  glandless  leaves,  rough  with 
appressed  hairs ;  stipules  appressed-hirsute,  copiously  fringed  with  long  bristles ; 
spikes  filiform,  by  pairs,  loose-flowered ;  flowers  white,  glandless ;  stamens  8 ; 
style  3-cleft ;  achenium  3-angled.  —  Low  ground,  Georgia  and  Florida.    July- 
Sept.      1J.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.     Spikes  1 '  -  2'  long. 

9.  P.  hirsutum,  Walt.     Stem  erect,  densely  hirsute  with  spreading  ful- 
vous hairs ;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  rounded  at  the  base,  hirsute,  partic- 
ularly on  the  veins  and  margins ;    sheaths  hirsute,  copiously  fringed ;   spikes 
2-3,   linear,   erect,   rather  close-flowered ;    peduncles   smooth   above ;    bracts 
naked  ;  flowers  white,  glandless  ;  stamens  8 ;  achenium  3-anglcd.  —  Pine-barren 
ponds,   Florida  to   North    Carolina.      July -Sept.      TJ. — Stem   2° -3°   high. 
Leaves  2' -3'  long.     Spikes  1'  long. 

33* 


390  POLYGOXACEJE.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

§  3.  AVICUI.AKIA.  Flowers  axillary,  single  or  2-3  together:  stamens  8,  rarely 
fewer:  stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile:  ackenium  3-angled:  cotyledons  incumbent:  albu- 
men horny  :  s/ieaths  scarious,  2  —3-jwrted,  lacerated:  haves  small . 

10.  P.  aviculare,  L.    Stem  prostrate,  diffuse,  short-jointed  ;  leaves  sessile 
(£'  long),  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  3-elcft  sheaths ; 
flowers  clustered,  nearly  sessile,  greenish-white,  longer  than  the  dull  achenium  ; 
stamens  mostly  5.  —  Waste  places  and  along  roads,  common.  —  Var.  EKECTUM. 
(P.  crectum,  L.)     Stem  stouter,  erect  or  ascending,  leaves  larger  (!'—  1^'  long), 
oblong.  —  With  the  preceding.  —  Var.  LITTORALE.      (P.  maritimum,  L.     P. 
glaucum,  Nutt.)      Stem  long  (l°-2°),  prostrate,  rigid,  short-jointed;   leaves 
small  (4" -6"),  oblong-linear,  glaucous;  the  uppermost  imbricated  and  scarcely 
longer  than  the  more  conspicuous  silvery  sheaths  ;  calyx  reddish-white,  shorter 
than  the  smooth  achenium.  —  Sea-coast  sands,  Georgia,  and  northward. 

11.  P.  tenue,  Michx.      Smooth;    stem   erect,  branched,   sharply  angled, 
slender;  leaves  scattered,  linear,  acute ;  sheaths  small,  fringed  ;  flowers  mostly 
solitary,  greenish-white ;   achenium  smooth  and  shining.  —  Dry  rocks  in  the 
upper  districts.     July  -  Sept.     (£>  —  Stem  6'  -  8'  high.     Leaves  6"  -  12"  long. 

§  4.  TOVARIA.  Flowers  scattered  in  a  long  and  slender  spike:  calyx  4-parted: 
stamens  5,  included :  styles  2,  exserted,  persistent :  achenium  lenticular :  cotyledons 
accumbent. 

12.  P.  Virginianum,  L.     Stem  erect,  smooth  below ;  the  upper  portion, 
like  the  leaves  and  spikes,  more  or  less  hairy ;  leaves  large,  ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, acute  at  each  end ;  sheaths  cylindrical,  hairy,  fringed ;  flowers  greenish, 
curved ;   styles  at  length  hooked  at  the  apex.  —  Dry  rich  soil,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.     1J. — Plant  2° -4°  high.     Leaves  3' -  5'  long, 
H'-2i'wide.     Spike  6' -12' long. 

§  5.  ECHINOCAULON.  Flowers  in  terminal  clusters:  calyx  4 -  5-parted :  stamens 
6  or  8:  styles  2-3  :  achenium  lenticular  or  3-angled:  cotyledons  accumbent.  — 
Stems  weak,  branching,  armed  on  the  angles,  petioles,  $-c.  with  recurved  prickles. 

13.  P.  arifolium,  L.      Leaves  hastate,  acuminate,  membranaceous,   mi- 
nutely dotted  and  hairy,  long-petioled,  the  lobes  acute ;  peduncles  rather  short, 
bristly;  flowers  white,  somewhat  spiked;  stamens  6 ;  styles  2;  achenium  len- 
ticular.—  Rice  fields  and  wet  places,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.    June  — 
Oct.     ®  —  Stems  2° -3°  long.     Leaves  3' -  4' long.     Calyx  often  4-parted. 

14.  P.  sagittatuni,  L.      Leaves    small,    sagittate,   acute,   short-petioled, 
smooth ;   peduncles  elongated,  smooth  ;   flowers  white,  capitate ;    stamens   8 ; 
styles  3;  achenium  3-angled.  —  Wet  places,  Florida,  and  northward.     June- 
Oct.     (3)  —  Stem  1  °  -  3°  long.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

§  6.  TINIARIA.  Fi'owers  in  axillary  dusters  or  racemes:  calyx  greenish  white, 
5-/)arted,  the  outer  lobes  keeled  or  winged  on  the  back :  stamens  8  :  styles  3,  very 
short:  achenium  3-angled:  cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Annuals,  with  twining  slant 
and  cordate  leaves. 

15.  P.  Convolvulus,  L.     Stem  roughish,  prostrate  or  twining,  or  when 
small  erect ;  leaves  long-petioled,  sagittate-cordate,  acuminate,  the  lobes  acute  or 


POLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  391 

obtuse  ;  sheaths  naked  ;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  or  forming  long  interrupted 
and  leafless  racemes  ;  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  minutely  puberulent,  closely  invest- 
ing the  dull  black  achenium,  the  outer  lobes  keeled.  —  Cultivated  ground.  In- 
troduced. July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  1°  -3°  long. 

16.  P.  cilinode,  Michx.      Minutely   pubescent;     stem    twining;     leaves 
ovate,  cordate  or  somewhat  hastate  at  the  base,  acuminate,  petioled ;  sheaths 
with  a  row  of  reflexed  hairs  at  the  base ;  flowers  in  loose  simple  axillary  and 
panicled  racemes  ;  fruiting  calyx  smooth,  nearly  including  the  smooth  and  shin- 
ing achenium,  the  outer  lobes  slightly  keeled. — Dry  rocks  on  the  mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  9°  long. 

17.  P.  dumetorum,  L.     Smooth  ;  stem  twining ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
long-petioled,  cordate  or  somewhat  sagittate  at  the  base  ;  sheaths  naked ;  flowers, 
in  long  axillary  more  or  less  leafy  racemes  ;  fruiting  calyx  somewhat  spatulate, 
emarginate,  much  longer  than  the  smooth  and  shining  achenium,  the  outer  lobes 
winged  and  decurrent  on   the  pedicel.      (P.  scandens,  L.} — Low  margins  of 
fields   and   thickets,   Florida,   and   northward.      June -Sept. —  Stem  6°  -12° 
long. 

4.     THYSANELLA,     Gray. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  corolla-like,  deeply  5-parted,  unchanged  in 
fruit ;  lobes  erect,  unequal ;  the  2  outer  ones  cordate  at  the  base  ;  the  inner  ones 
smaller,  pectinate-fimbriate.  Stamens  8,  the  filaments  filiform.  Styles  3,  fili- 
form :  stigmas  entire,  obtuse.  Achenium  ovate,  3-angled,  nearly  included  in  the 
persistent  calyx.  Cotyledons  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen.  —  An  erect  smooth 
and  branching  annual,  with  long  linear  acute  leaves,  truncate  cylindrical  sheaths, 
fringed  with  long  bristles,  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  closely  bracted 
spikes. 

1.  T.  fimbriata,  Gray.  (Polygonum  fimbriatum,  Ell.)  —  Dry  pine  bar- 
rens, Georgia  and  Florida.  Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  branching  above,  2°  high. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long.  Sheaths  smooth,  adnate  to  the  leaves,  not  longer  than  the 
fringe,  the  lower  ones  imbricated.  Spikes  2'-  3'  long,  panicled,  erect,  the  upper 
ones  pistillate,  the  lower  staminate.  Bracts  pointed  with  a  long  and  slender 
awn.  Outer  calyx-lobes  oblong,  entire  in  ^the  staminate  flowers,  fimbriate,  like 
the  inner  ones,  in  the  pistillate  ones. 

5.     COCCOLOBA,    Jacq. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  herbaceous,  5-parted,  the  tube  enlarged  and  more  or 
less  fleshy  in  fruit.  Stamens  8.  Filaments  subulate.  Styles  3  :  stigmas  entire. 
Achenium  nearly  globose,  included  in  and  partly  united  with  the  persistent  calyx. 
Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  mealy  albumen.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  truncate  sheaths,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  C.  UVifera,  Jacq.  (SEA-GRAPE.)  Smooth  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  cori- 
aceous, orbicular-cordate  or  reniform ;  racemes  terminal,  rigid,  erect ;  pedicels- 


392  POLYGONACE^E.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

single;  stamens  included;  achenium  ovate,  acute.  —  South  Florida,  along  the 
coast. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  rigid  spreading  branches.  Leaves  3'  -  5' 
wide,  very  thick.  Kacemes  6'  long. 

2.  C.  Floridana,  Meisner.  Smooth  ;  leaves  petioled,  somewhat  coria- 
ceous, elliptical,  obtuse  at  each  end ;  racemes  slender,  terminal  and  on  short 
lateral  branches,  recurved;  pedicels  2-3  together,  about  the  length  of  the 
calyx;  stamens  exserted;  achenium  ovoid,  obtuse.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small 
tree.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Sheaths  loose,  brown.  Racemes  2' -3'  long.  Ache- 
nium 4" -5"  long. 

6.  BRTTNNICHIA,    Banks. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-parted,  the  tube  enlarged  in  fruit  and 
enclosing  the  free  achenium.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Styles  3,  slender  :  stigmas 
entire.  Ovule  borne  on  a  slender  cord  from  the  base  of  the  ovary,  pendulous. 
Achenium  obtusely  3-angled.  Seed  6-furrowed.  Embryo  in  one  of  the  angles 
of  the  mealy  albumen.  —  A  smooth  vine,  climbing  by  terminal  tendrils.  Leaves 
ovate  or  cordate-ovate,  petioled,  acute,  deciduous.  Sheaths  obsolete.  Flowers 
greenish,  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes,  on  slender  pedicels,  which  become 
indurated  and  flattened  in  fruit. 

1.  B.  cirrhosa,  Banks.  —  River-banks,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  April 
and  May.  —  Stem  shrubby,  10° -20°  long.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Racemes  3'- 
6' long.  Bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  3-5-flowered.  Fruiting  pedicels  curved. 

7.  ERIOGONUM,    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  surrounded  by  an  involucre.  Calyx  deeply 
€-cleft.  Stamens  9.  Ovary  free,  3-sided.  Styles  3  :  stigmas  capitate.  Ache- 
nium 3-angled  or  3-winged.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen,  or 
more  or  less  curved. — Downy  or  woolly  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite  or 
whorled.  Sheaths  none.  Inflorescence  various. 

1.  E.  longifolium,  Nutt.     Stem  erect,  tomentose,  corymbose  above,  leafy 
below ;  leaves  smooth  or  villous  above,  white-tomentose  beneath,  the  lowest  clus- 
tered, oblong-linear,  long-tapering  at  {he  base,  the  upper  scattered,  the  uppermost 
bract-like ;  involucre  stalked,  many-flowered,  obtusely  5-toothed ;  calyx  herba- 
ceous, equal,  woolly  without.  —  Sand  ridges,  East  Florida.     \  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Lowest  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

2.  E.  tomentOSUm,  Michx.     Stem  erect,  tomentose,  corymbose  above, 
leafy  throughout;  leaves  smooth  above,  white  tomentose  beneath,  the  lowest 
clustered,  obovate-oblong,  long-petioled,  the  others  in  whorls  of  3-4,  elliptical, 
sessile ;  involucre  sessile,  obtusely  5-toothed  ;  calyx  white,  unequal,  woolly  with- 
out.—  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     July- Sept.     y. —  Stem 
2°  -  3°  high.    Lowest  leaves  4'  -  6'  long.    Flowers  very  numerous  on  one  side 
of  the  spreading  branches. 


(LAUREL  FAMILY.)         393 


ORDER  111.  L-AURACE^.   (LAUREL  FAMILY.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs  (except  Cassyta),  with  alternate  simple  mi- 
nutely dotted  leaves,  without  stipules,  and  perfect  or  polygamous  clustered 
flowers.  —  Calyx  6  -  9-parted,  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Stamens  6  or  more, 
in  1  -  4  rows  :  anthers  adnate,  2  -  4-celled,  opening  by  lid-like  valves. 
Ovary  free,  1-celled,  with  a  solitary  anatropous  suspended  ovule.  Style 
simple,  thick  :  stigma  obtuse.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  Seed  without 
albumen.  Embryo  large.  Radicle  superior. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     LATJRINEJE.     Fruit  naked- —  Trees  or  shrubs. 

*  Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  12,  the  3  inner  ones  sterile. 

1.  PERSEA.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved.    Trees  with  evergreen  leaves. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious.    Stamens  9,  all  fertile. 

2.  SASSAFRAS.    Involucre  none.    Anthers  4-celled. 

3.  BENZOIN.     Involucre  4-leaved.    Anthers  2-celled. 

4.  TETRANTHERA.     Involucre  2 -4-leaved.    Anthers  4-celled. 

TRIBE  II.     CASSYTE-ffi.     Fruit  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  calyx.  —  Leafless  twining  par- 
asites. 
5    CASSYTA.     Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  9.     Anthers  2-celled. 

1.    PERSEA,    Gaertn.    RED-BAY. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  deeply  6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens  12,  in  4  rows, 
the  inner  ones  sterile  and  gland-like.  Filaments  pubescent,  the  inner  fertile 
ones  biglandular.  Anthers  4-celled,  those  of  the  two  outer  rows  introrse,  of  the 
inner  row  extrorse.  Stigma  disk-like.  Drupe  ovoid.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
evergreen  entire  petioled  leaves,  and  greenish  or  white  flowers,  in  axillary  pe- 
duncled  clusters  or  panicles. 

1 .  P.  Carolinensis,  Nees.    Branchlets  smoothish ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance- 
olate-oblong, smooth  and  deep  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  obscurely  veined ; 
flowers  silky,  in  cymose  clusters,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  calyx- 
lobes  unequal,  persistent;  drape  blue.     (Lauras  Carolinensis,  L.)  —  Rich  shady 
woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July.  —  A  tree  20°- 40°  high.     Leaves  2'- 
3'  long. 

Var.  palustris.  Shrubby ;  the  branchlets,  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  and 
flowers  densely  tomentose ;  leaves  strongly  veined,  pale  green,  varying  from 
oval  to  lanceolate  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles.  —  Ponds  and  pine-barren 
swamps.  July.  —  Shrub  4°  -  10°  high.  Leaves  3'  -  6'  long.  Flowers  larger 
than  the  preceding  form. 

2.  P.  Catesbyana.     Smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse, 
reticulate,  shining,  on  short  margined  petioles ;  flowers  minute,  in  narrow  axillary 
panicles  which  are  commonly  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  calyx  white,  pubescent 
within,  the  nearly  equal  lobes  deciduous  ;  filaments  very  short,  the  innermost 


394  LAURACE.E.     (LAUREL  FAMILY.) 

bearded  at  the  apex ;  drupe  black.     (Lauras  Catesbyana,  Jflchx.)  —  South  Flor- 
ida. —  Shrub  6°  -  9°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.     Fruiting  pedicels  club-shaped. 

2.     SASSAFRAS,    Nees. 

Involucre  none.  Flowers  dkeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  6-parted,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  9,  in  3  rows,  all  fertile,  the  3  inner  ones 
higlandular  at  the  base ;  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  6,  sterile  :  anthers  linear, 
4-celled,  4-valved,  introrse.  Style  subulate  :  stigma  disk-like.  Drupes  blue,  on 
thick  red  pedicels.  —  Trees,  with  entire  or  2  -  3-lobed  deciduous  leaves,  and 
greenish  flowers  in  clustered  racemes,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  S.  officinale,  Nees.  Leaves  ovate,  entire  or  2 -3-lobed,  smooth  or 
pubescent;  racemes  short,  silky ;  flowers  sometimes  white.  (Laurus  Sassafras, 
L.)  —  Dry  open  woods  and  old  fields,  Florida,  and  northward.  March.  —  A 
small  tree,  with  spicy  bark. 

3.     BENZOIN,    Nees.     SPICE-BUSH. 

Involucre  4-leaved.  Flowers  diceciously  polygamous.  Calyx  6-parted.  Sta- 
mens of  the  sterile  flowers  9  (more  numerous  and  rudimentary  in  the  fertile 
flowers),  in  3  rows  :  filaments  slender,  the  inner  ones  lobed  and  glandular  at  the 
base :  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved,  introrse.  Style  short.  Drupe  obovoid, 
red,  the  pedicels  not  thickened.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire  deciduous  leaves,  and  dull 
yellow  flowers  in  lateral  sessile  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  B.  Odoriferum,  Nees.     Branches  slender,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong-obo- 
vate,  acute  at  the  base,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath,  soon  smooth ;    clusters 
numerous,  smooth.     (Laurus  Benzoin,  L  )  — Banks  of  streams  and  low  woods, 
Florida,  and  northward.     Feb.  and  March.  —  A  shrub  6°°-  10°  high,  with  spicy 
bark.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

2.  B.  melisssefolium,  Nees.     Leaves  oblong,  short-petioled,  obtuse  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  silky  on  both  sides,  as  also  the  branchlets  and 
clusters,   at  length   smooth   above ;    drapes   obovoid.       (Laurus   melisssefolia, 
Walt.)  —  Margins  of  ponds,  West  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Feb.  and  March. 
— A  shrub  2°  -  3°  high .     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

4.    TETRANTHERA,    Jacq. 

Involucre  2  — 4-leaved.  Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  6-parted,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens of  the  sterile  flowers  9,  in  3  rows ;  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  numerous 
and  rudimentary  :  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved,  introrse.  Stigma  peltate.  Drupe 
globose.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  clustered 
umbels. 

1 .  T.  geniculata,  Nees.  Branchlets  smooth,  zigzag,  spreading ;  leaves 
small,  oval  or  oblong,  soon  smooth,  deciduous  ;  involucre  2-4-flowered  ;  flowers 
yellow,  appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  drupe  red.  (Lauras  geniculata,  Walt.)  — 
Shallow  pine-barren  ponds,  Florida,  and  northward.-  Feb.  and  March.  —  A 


(ME/EREUM    FAMILY.)  395 

jarge  shrub,  with  numerous  spreading  and  forked  branches.     Leaves  somewhat 
coriaceous,  £'- 1'  long. 

5.    CASSYTA,    L. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  6-cleft,  persistent,  the  exterior  lobes  minute.  Sta- 
mens 12,  in  4  rows,  the  inner  row  sterile :  anthers  2-ceIled,  the  inner  ones 
extrorse,  the  outer  introrse.  Style  very  short :  stigma  disk-like.  Fruit  enclosed 
in  the  fleshy  persistent  tube  of  the  calyx.  —  A  leafless  parasitic  plant,  with 
twining  filiform  stems,  and  spiked  flowers. 

1.  C.  flliformis,  Miller.  — South  Florida.— Spikes  2- 4-flowered.  Calyx- 
lobes  thick,  triangular,  acute.  Anthers  oval,  obtuse. 


ORDER  112.     THYMELEACE^E.      (MEZERETJM  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  with  acrid  juice,  tough  bark,  simple  entire  dotless  leaves,  with- 
out stipules,  and  regular  perfect  flowers,  with  a  tubular  or  bell-shaped 
4  -  5-cleft  rarely  entire  calyx.  Stamens  commonly  twice  as  many  as  the 
calyx-lobes,  in  2  rows :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  sim- 
ple :  stigma  capitate.  Drupe  with  a  single  suspended  anatropous  seed, 
containing  little  or  no  albumen.  Cotyledons  plano-convex.  Radicle 
superior. 

1.     DIRCA,    L.     LBATHERWOOD. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  entire,  or  obscurely  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  unequal,  ex- 
serted.  Style  filiform.  Albumen  none.  —  A  low  branching  shrub,  with  alter- 
nate petioled  oblong  or  obovate  at  length  smooth  and  deciduous  leaves,  and 
light  yellow  flowers,  from  hairy  buds,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1 .  D.  palustris,  L.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  Florida,  and  northward. 
Feb.  and  March.  —  Shrub  2° -3°  high,  with  pale  spreading  jointed  branches. 
Leaves  2'  long,  silky  when  young.  Flowers  three  in  a  cluster,  on  short  pedicels. 
Drupe  small,  red. 


ORDER  113.     SANTALACE^E.     (SANDALWOOD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  simple  entire  exstipulate  leaves.  —  Calyx 
tubular,  4  -  5-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary, 
b'tamens  4-5,  opposite  the  lobes,  and  inserted  on  the  fleshy  disk  at  their 
base,  anthers  introrse,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2-4 
anatropous  ovules  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  free  central  placenta. 
Style  single.  Fruit  1 -seeded.  Embryo  small,  at  the  apex  of  copious 
albumen.  Cotyledons  cylindrical.  Radicle  superior. 


396  SANTALACEuE.       (SANDALWOOD    FAMILY.; 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  perfect. 

1.  COMANDRA.      Anthers  connected  with  the  calyx-lobes  by  a  tuft  of  hairs.      Leaves  al. 

ternate. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious.    Shrubs. 

2.  DARBYA.    Calyx  4  -5-cleffc.    Anthers  connected  with  the  calyx-lobes  by  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  umbelled. 

3.  PYRULARIA.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Stamens  5.    Anthers  free.    Albumen  oily.    Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  spiked 

4.  BUCKLEYA.     Calyx-limb  double,  each  4-lobed.     Stamens  4.     Anthers  free.    Albumeu 

fleshy.     Leaves  nearly  opposite.     Flowers  terminal. 

1.    COMANDRA,    Nutt. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  the  persistent  lobes  alternating 
with  the  lobes  of  the  disk.  Stamens  5  :  anthers  connected  with  the  calyx-lobes 
by  a  tuft  of  hairs.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  nut-like,  1 -seeded.  —  Smooth  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  greenish-white  flowers,  in  axillary 
and  terminal  umbel-like  peduncled  clusters. 

1.  C.  Uinbellata,  Nutt.  Stem  branching  above  ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate 
or  oblong  ;  peduncles  several,  corymbose,  3  -  5-flowered,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves  ;  style  slender  ;  fruiting  calyx  urn-shaped.  (Thesium  umbellatum,  L.)  — 
Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  April  and  May.  — 
Stem  8'- 10'  high.  Leaves  £'  -  1 '  long. 

2.     DARBYA,     Gray. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  flowers  top-shaped,  4 -5-cleft,  the  lobes  ovate, 
spreading.  Stamens  4  -  5,  inserted  into  the  sinuses  of  the  crenately  4  —  5-lobcd 
disk  :  filaments  short:  anthers  connected  with  the  calyx-lobes  by  a  tuft  of  hairs. 
Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Fertile  flowers  unknown. —  A  small  shrub,  with  oppo- 
site oval  membranaceous  short-petioled  leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in 
axillary  peduncled  umbels. 

1.  D.  umbellulata,  Gray.  —  Near  Milledgeville  and  Macon,  Georgia, 
Dr.  Boijkin,  Prof.  Darby.  Lincolnton,  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  —  Shrub  1°  -  l£° 
high.  Leaves  1'  long,  smooth.  Peduncles  3  -  8-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

3.    PYRULARIA,    Michx.      OIL-NUT. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  recurved.  Disk  composed  of  5 
roundish  glands.  Stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  short,  alternate  with  the  glands. 
Fertile  flower  pear-shaped.  Style  short  and  thick :  stigma  depressed-capitate. 
Drupe  pear-shaped,  fleshv.  Albumen  oily.  —  A  low  branching  shrub,  with  al- 
ternate deciduous  leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  a  short  terminal  spike. 

1.  P.  oleifera,  Gray.  (Hamiltonia  oleifera,  Muhl ) — Shady  banks  on  the 
mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  May.  —  Leaves  petioled,  obovate-oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  pubescent,  3' -4'  long.  Drupe  1'  long. 


SAURURACE^E.       (LIZARD's-TAIL    FAMILY.)  397 

4.     BUCKLEYA,     Torr. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  club-shaped,  the  limb  double,  each  4-parted ;  the 
exterior  lobes  linear,  leafy,  somewhat  persistent,  the  interior  triangular-ovate, 
slightly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  of  the  sterile  flower  4. 
Disk  of  the  fertile  flower  4-lobed,  fleshy.  Style  short :  stigma  4-lobed.  Drupe 
oblong,  compressed,  furrowed.  Embryo  slender,  in  the  axis  of  copious  fleshy 
albumen.  —  An  erect  shrub,  with  straight  and  slender  branches.  Leaves  scarcely 
petioled,  nearly  opposite,  distichous,  lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent.  Flowers  ter- 
minal, greenish,  the  sterile  ones  umbellate,  the  fertile  solitary. 

1-  B.  distichophylla,  Torr.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Buckley.— 
Shrub  6° -7°  high.  Leaves  thin,  I'-lJ'  long.  Calyx-tube  4" -5"  long, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  exterior  spreading  lobes,  much  longer  than  the  inner 
ones.  Drupe  ^'  long. 


ORDER  114.     LORANTHACE^E.      (MISTLETOE  FAMILY.) 

Parasitical  shrubby  plants,  with  evergreen  almost  veinless  leaves,  with- 
out stipules,  and  perfect  or  dioecious  flowers.  —  Calyx  of  2  -  8  sepals,  dis- 
tinct or  united  into  a  tube,  valvate  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting.  Sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them.  Ovary  1-celled,  commonly 
with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Style  simple  or  none.  Fruit  berry-like. 
Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  longer  than  the  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    PHORADENDRON,    Nutt.     MISTLETOE. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  short  jointed  spikes.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flower  globular, 
2 -4-lobed.  Anthers  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  lobes,  transversely  2-celled. 
Calyx  of  the  fertile  flower  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stigma  sessile.  Berry  globose, 
pulpy,  1 -seeded.  —  Evergreen  shrubs,  growing  on  the  branches  of  various  trees, 
with  brittle  jointed  stems,  thick  persistent  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary 
spikes. 

1.  P.  flavescens,  Nutt.  (Viscum  flavescens,  Pursh.)  —Florida  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.  April  and  May.  —  Plant  yellowish,  2°  -  3°  long. 
Branches  opposite  or  whorled.  Leaves  obovate,  fleshy.  Spikes  shorter  than 
the  leaves.  Berry  white,  glutinous. 


ORDER  115.     SAURURACE^E.     (LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  marsh  herbs,  with  jointed  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves,  with 
sheathing  stipules,  and  perfect  flowers  in  bracted  spikes  or  racemes.  — 
Calyx  artd  corolla  none.  Stamens  few  or  many,  hypogynous:  anthers 
introrse,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovaries  3-5,  more  or  less  united.  Ovules 
few,  orthotropous,  ascending.  Embryo  minute,  cordate,  contained  in  a 
cavity  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  Fruit  follicular,  1  -  few-seeded. 
34 


398  CALLITRICHACEJi.        (  WATER-STARWORT    FAMILY.) 

1.     SAURURUS,     L       LIZARD'S-TAIL. 

Stamens  4-8,  with  long  club-shaped  filaments.  Fruit  somewhat  fleshy,  com- 
posed of  3  -  4  partly  united  1  -  2-seeded  carpels,  pointed  with  as  many  stigmas. 
—  Flowers  white. 

1.  S.  cernuus,  L.  Stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  petioled,  cordate-ovate, 
or  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  ;  spikes  white,  terminal,  nodding  at  the  apex  ;  flow- 
ers numerous,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  small  bract.  —  Marshes  and  muddy  banks, 
Florida,  and  northward.  May  -  Aug.  —  Rhizoma  creeping.  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high. 
Spikes  4' -6'  long. 


ORDER  116.     CERATOPHYLLACE^.      (HORNWORT 
FAMILY.) 

Submerged  aquatic  herbs,  with  filiform  jointed  and  branching  stems, 
finely  dissected  whorled  leaves,  and  small  axillary  monoecious  flowers, 
destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  but  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  8-12 
linear  leaves.  Anthers  1 2  -  24,  oblong,  2  -  3-toothed,  sessile.  Ovary 
solitary,  simple,  with  a  single  suspended  orthotropous  ovule.  Achenium 
compressed,  pointed  with  the  slender  persistent  style.  Albumen  none. 
Cotyledons  4.  Plumule  conspicuous.  —  Consisting  of  the  single  genus 

1.    CERATOPHYLLUM,    L.     HORNWORT. 

1 .  C,  demersum,  L.    Leaves  rigid,  6  -  9  in  a  whorl,  once  or  twice  forking, 
with  the  lobes  spiny-toothed  ;  achenium  oval,  compressed,  tubercular-roughened 
on  the  sides,  and  armed  near  the  base  with  2  lateral  widely-spreading  slender 
spines. — In  still  water,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stems  1°- 
4°  long.     Leaves  near  the  end  of  the  branches  much  crowded. 

2.  C.  echinatum,  Gray?     Leaves  weak,  9-12  in  a  whorl,  3-4  times 
forking,  the  ultimate  segments  bristly-toothed ;  ovaries  warty,  unarmed ;  ache- 
nium oblong,  tubercular-roughened  on  the  sides,  the  edges  margined  and  armed 
with  5-7  strong  and  spreading  spines.  —  Shallow  ponds,  on  St.  Vincent's  Isl- 
and, West  Florida.     May.  —  Stems  6'  - 12'  long. 

3.  C.  SU.brnersu.nl,  L.      Leaves   hair-like,   3-4   times   forking,    bristlv- 
toothed ;    achenium  oblong,   slightly  compressed,   tubercular-roughened,   with 
rounded  margins,   unarmed. —  South   Florida,  Dr.  Blodgett.  —  Stems   6' -12' 
long. 

ORDER   117.      CALLITRICHACE^E.      (WATER-STARWORT 
FAMILY.) 

Small  aquatic  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary 
polygamous  flowers  without  floral  envelopes.  Stamen  mostly  solitary,  2~ 
bracted  in  the  sterile  flower.  Filament  slender :  anther  reniforni,  the 


PODOSTEMACEJE.       (RIVER-WEED    FAMILY.)  399 

oells  confluent.  Styles  2,  slender:  stigmas  acute.  Capsule  4-angled,  4- 
celled,  with  a  single  suspended  anatropous  seed  in  each  cell,  indehiscent. 
Embryo  straight,  in  copious  fleshy  albumeu.  lladicle  long,  superior. — 
Consisting  of  the  single  genus 

1.    CALLITRICHE,   L.    WATER-STARWORT. 

1.  C.  verna,  L.  Floating  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  crowded,  the  lower 
ones  distant,  linear ;  fruit  nearly  sessile,  2-bracted,  keeled  on  the  back.  ( C. 
hetcrophylla,  Ell.) — Var.  TERRESTRIS.  Smaller  (2' -3'  long);  stems  much 
branched,  creeping  on  damp  earth  ;  leaves  (l"-2"long)  all  linear.  —  Ditches 
and  shallow  water,  Florida,  and  northward.  March  and  April.  —  Stems  several, 
6'-  12'  long.  Leaves  £'  long. 


ORDER  118.     PODOSTEMACEvE.     (RIVER-WEED  FAMILY.) 

Moss-like  aquatic  plants,  with  minute  flowers,  from  a  spathe-like  in- 
volucre, and  destitute  of  floral  envelopes. —  Stamens  5  —  12:  anthers 
2-celled.  Capsule  2  -  3-celled,  and  pointed  by  as  many  persistent  styles. 
Seeds  numerous,  on  a  thick  central  placenta,  destitute  of  albumen. 

1.    PODOSTEMON,    Michx.    RIVER-WEED. 

Spathe  2-leaved.  Flowers  podicelled.  Filaments  elongated,  borne  on  one 
side  of  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  united  below,  and  bearing  only  a  single  anther. 
Styles  2,  simple.  Capsule  ribbed,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  imbricated. — 
Submerged  aquatic  plants,  attached  to  rocks  and  pebbles  by  disk-like  expan- 
sions of  the  stem.  Leaves  2-ranked,  divided  into  filiform  segments. 

1.  P.  ceratophyllum,  Michx.     Leaves  rigid,  sparingly  divided,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base  ;  flowers  solitary,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  capsule  oval,  8-ribbed.  — 
Rocky  places  in  rivers,  Georgia,  and  northward.     July.  —  Plant  olive-green, 
1'- 4' long. 

2.  P.  abrotanoides,  Nutt.      Leaves   much   divided,  with  hair-like  seg- 
ments;  flowers  2  —  3  together,  on  short  pedicels;  capsule  oblong,  10-ribbed. — 
Gravelly  places  in  the  Chattahoochee  River,  Nuttall.  —  Plant  larger  than  the 
last. 


ORDER  119.     EUPHORBIACE^.     (SPURGE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  commonly  with  acrid  milky  juice,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious 
often  petalous  flowers.  —  Calyx  2  -  8-lobed,  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stigmas  2  -several,  simple  or  divided.  Fruit,  of  2  - 
several  (mostly  3)  1  -  2-seeded  carpels  united  around  a  central  axis,  sep- 
arating at  maturity,  rarely  1-celled  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  suspended, 
anatropous.  Embryo  in  fleshy  albumen-.  Cotyledons  flat. 


400  EUPHORBIACE^C.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.^ 

Synopsis. 

§  1.    Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  the  cells.    Flowers  monoecious. 
*  Flowers  without  floral  envelopes,  enclosed  in  a  common  cup-shaped  involucre. 

1.  EUPHORBIA.    Fertile  flower  solitary  in  the  4  -  5-toothed  involucre.     Sterile  flowers  sev- 

eral, each  reduced  to  a  single  stamen. 
*  *  Flowers  in  bracted  spikes  or  racemes  ;  the  upper  ones  sterile,  the  lowest  fertile. 

-i-  Flowers  apetalous. 
++  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  capsule  6-7. 

2.  HIPPOMANE.     Carpels  woody,  Indehiscent.     Spikes  terminal.    Staminate  flowers  clus 

tered. 

•H-  -H-  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  dehiscent  capsule  3. 

3.  STILLINGIA.    Calyx  2  -  3-toothed.    Anthers  erect.     Staminate  flowers  clustered. 

4.  EXCCECARIA.    Calyx  3-parted.    Anthers  pendulous.     Staminate  flowers  single. 

5.  ACALYPHA.     Stigmas  many-parted.    Flowers  spiked.     Bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers 

leafy,  toothed. 

6.  TRAGIA.     Stigmas  3,  simple.     Flowers  racemed.     Bracts  small,  entire. 

+•  +•  Staminate  flowers  (except  No.  1  in  Croton),  or  the  pistillate  also  furnished  with  petals. 

7.  CROTON.    Pistillate  flowers  apetalous,  or  with  minute  petals.  Stamens  6  or  more,  distinct. 

8.  CROTONOPSIS.    Pistillate  flowers  apetalous.     Capsule  1-celled.     Stamens  5,  distinct. 

9.  APIIORA.    Pistillate  and  Staminate  flowers  5-petalled.     Capsule  3-celled.     Stamens  10 

monadelphous. 

*  *  *  Flowers  cymose  or  panicled,  apetalous. 

10.  CNIDOSCOLUS.    Flowers  cymose.    Calyx  white,  corolla-like. 

11.  KICINUS.    Flowers  in  crowded  panicles.     Calyx  herbaceous. 

§  2.     Ovules,  and  commonly  the  seeds,  2  in  the  cells. 

*  Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous.    Ovary  3-celled.    Herbs. 

12.  PHYLLANTHUS.    Flowers  axillary.     Calyx  5  -  6-parted.    Stamens  3,  monadelphous. 

13.  PACHYSANDRA.    Flowers  spiked.    Calyx  4-parted.     Stamens  4,  distinct. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous.     Ovary  2-celled.     Shrubs. 

14.  DRYPETES.    Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.     Fruit  drupaceous,  1  -celled,  1-seeded. 

1.    EUPHORBIA,    L.      SPURGE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla ;  the  single  pistillate,  and 
several  monandrous  Staminate  ones  included  in  a  cup-shaped  or  top-shaped  4  -  5- 
toothed  involucre,  which  has  commonly  thick  and  often  colored  glands  between 
the  teeth.  Styles  3,  2-cleft.  Capsule  exserted,  3-celled :  carpels  2-valved, 
1-seeded.  —  A  polymorphous  genus  of  plants  with  acrid  milky  juice. 

§  1 .     Leaves  without  stipules. 

*  Stem  erect,  umbellately  branched  above :  involucres  solitary,  terminal  and  in  the 
forks  of  the  branches:  leaves  of  the  stem  alternate,  those  oj  the  branches  opposite  or 
whorled. 

t-  Glands  of  the  involucre  5,  with  white  petal-like  appendages :  leaves  entire :  peren- 
nials. 

1.  E.  corollata,  L.  Stem  smooth  or  pubescent,  branches  4 -6,  twice  or 
thrice  forking,  mostly  short  and  fastigiate ;  leaves  thick,  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse, 
pale  and  mostly  hairy  beneath ;  involucres  pedicelled ;  appendages  of  the  (green/ 


EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  401 

glands  orbicular,  showy ;  capsule  and  seed  smooth.  (E.  paniculata,  Ell.)  — Van 
ANGUSTIFOLIA,  Ell.  Stems  slender ;  branches  mostly  3,  forking,  elongated, 
spreading ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  obovate  ;  involucres  small,  scattered ; 
appendages  of  the  glands  transversely  oblong.  —  Dry  rich  soil,  Florida  to  Mis- 
sissippi, and  northward ;  the  var.  in  sandy  pine  barrens.  July  —  Sept.  —  Stem 
l°-2°high. 

2.  E.  discoidalis,  n.  sp.     Smooth  or  pubescent ;  branches  commonly  2, 
divaricate,  forking ;  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  with  the  margins  revolute  ;  involucres 
on  slender  pedicels ;   glands  deep  red,  bordered  by  the  narrow  appendages  ; 
seeds  obovate,  pale,  minutely  pitted.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens  near  the  coast. 
West  Florida.     Aug. -Oct.     Plant  6' -18'  high;  the  stem  much  shorter  than 
the  branches.     Leaves  2'- 3' long,  1" -2"  wide.     Involucres  scattered. 

3.  E.  Curtisii,  Engelm.     Smooth ;    stems   filiform ;    branches   mostly  3, 
erect,  sparingly  divided ;  leaves  thin,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  short-peti- 
oled,  spreading  or  recurved ;    involucres  minute,  scattered,  on  long  capillary 
pedicels ;   glands  green,'  margined  by  the  white  crenate  appendages ;    capsule 
erect,  short-stalked,  round-angled ;  seed  globose,  smooth.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.      Aug.  —  Plant  6'  -  9'  high,  sometimes  branching 
from  the  base.     Leaves  ^'  - 1  £'  long. 

H—  -i—  Glands  of  the  involucre  5,  without  appendages. 
*+  Annuals. 

4.  E.  COmmutata,  Engelm.     Smooth ;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  umbel- 
lately  or  alternately  branched ;  leaves  thin,  obovate,  entire,  the  lower  ones  peti- 
oled,  those   of  the   branches   round-kidney-shaped,   sessile ;    involucres   nearly 
sessile,  shorter  than  the  floral  leaves ;  glands  crescent-shaped  or  2-horned  ;  cap- 
sule smooth,  round-angled;  seeds  ovoid,  pitted.  —  Dry  soil,  Aspalaga,  Florida, 
and  probably  elsewhere,  previously  confounded  with  E.  Peplus,  L.,  which  has  a 
wing-crested  capsule.  —  Stem  6' -12'  high.     Leaves  £'-!'  long.     Plant  pale 
green. 

5.  E.  obtusata,  Pursh.      Smooth;    stem  erect;    branches  3-5;   leaves 
sessile,  serrulate,  obtuse ;  those  of  the  stem  wedge-oblong,  of  the  branches  ovate ; 
involucre   nearly  sessile;    glands  oval;    capsule  round-angled,  warty;    seeds 
smooth.     (E.  Helioscopia,  Ell.?)  —  Shady  woods,  South  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.    Leaves  1'  long. 

**  *+  Perennials. 

6  E.  Darlingtonii,  Gray.  Stem  tall;  branches  5-8,  forking;  leaves 
entire,  slightly  pubescent  beneath ;  those  of  the  stem  oblong,  of  the  branches 
oval  or  roundish,  obtuse,  truncate  at  the  base  ;  involucres  nearly  sessile  ;  glands 
obliquely  oval ;  capsule  obscurely  warty ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  arid  northward.  July.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high. 

7.  E.  Ploridana,  n.  sp  Smooth;  stem  erect;  branches  3-4,  forking; 
leaves  entire,  sessile  ;  those  of  the  stem  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  acute, 
reflexed  ;  of  the  branches  cordate-ovate,  clasping,  acute ;  involucres  short-pedi- 
celled,  green,  with  the  ovate  lobes  nearly  entire,  much  shorter  than  the  truncate 
crenate  stalked  glands  ;  capsule  acute-angled,  and,  like  the  seeds,  smooth.  —  Dry 
34* 


402  EUPHORBIACE^K.       (SPUUGK    FAMILY.) 

pine  barrens,  Middle  Florida.  June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Branches  of 
the  more  sterile  plants  successively  forking  and  widely  spreading.  Leaves  l'-2' 
long. 

8.  E.  inundata,  Torr.     Smooth ;    stem  erect,  3-branchcd  or  alternately 
branched  from  near  the  base,  few-flowered ;  leaves  erect,  lanceolate,  entire,  acute, 
sessile ;  those  of  the  branches  oblong-ovate,  clasping ;  involucre  long-peduncledj 
reddish,  the  pubescent  lobes  3-toothed  ;  glands  orbicular,  peltate,  entire  ;  capsules 
acute-angled,  smooth,  like  the  globose  seed.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida. 
April -June.  —  Stems  6' -  12'  high,  from  a  thick  woody  root.     Leaves  2' -3' 
long. 

9.  E.  telephloid.es,  n.  sp.     Smooth  and  somewhat  fleshy  ;  stem  thick  ; 
branches  3,  short,  forking ;  leaves  of  the  stem  large,  oblong-obovatc,  obtuse, 
erect,  with  membranaceous  margins ;  those  of  the  branches  small,  ovate,  clasp- 
ing ;  involucre  purple,  slender-stalked,  the  lobes  ovate,  entire,  ciliate,  incurved  ; 
glands  peltate,  roundish,  entire  ;  capsule  acute-angled,  smooth  :  seeds  smooth.  — 
Low  sandy  pine  barrens  near  the  coast,  West  Florida.     May  and  June.  —  Plant 
light-green,  2'  -  5'  high.    Stem-leaves  2'  -  3'  long,  often  longer  than  the  branches. 
Floral  leaves  4"  -6"  long. 

*  *  Stem  erect,  successively  forking  :  leaves  commonly  opposite :  involucres  in  the  forks 

dark  purple:  glands  5,  without  appendages  :  perennials. 

10.  E.  IpecacuanhSB,  L.     Stems  several  from  a  long  perpendicular  root, 
slender,  commonly  forking  from  near  the  base  ;  leaves  of  the  stem  and  brandies 
similar,  opposite,  or  the  lowest  rarely  alternate,  entire,  obtuse,  varying  from  lin- 
ear to  round-obovate,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  slender,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves  ;  involucre  small ;  capsule  slender-stalked,  nodding,  round-angled  ;  seeds 
minutely  pitted.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     May 
and  June.  —  Stem  2'  -  12'  high.     Leaves  £'  - 1'  long. 

11.  E.  nudicaulis,  n.  sp.     Smooth;  stems  slender, forking  above  ;  leaves 
minute  (^"  long),  oval  or  obovate,  the  lowest  alternate,  those  of  the  branches 
opposite ;  involucres  minute,  on  short  peduncles ;  glands  top-shaped.  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  near  St.  Joseph's,  West  Florida.     June.  —  Stems   1°  high.     Capsule 
and  seeds  unknown. 

*  *  *  Branches  and  leaves  alternate:   involucres  terminal,  clustered  or  single  :  glands 

without  appendages. 

12.  E.  cyathophora,  Jacq.    Annual,  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  branching  from 
the  base ;  branches  elongated,  leafy  at  the  summit ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  fid- 
dle-shaped, toothed  or  entire,  the  uppermost  deep  red  at  the  base ;  involucres 
clustered,  short-stalked,  with  5  incised  lobes  and  a  single  gland  ;  capsule  smooth  ; 
seeds  globose,  warty.  —  Var.  graminifolia  (E.  graminifolia,  Michx.)  has  the  leaves 
all  linear  and  entire.  —  South  Florida,  and  around  dwellings,  apparently  intro- 
duced.    May  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  long. 

13.  E.  trichotoma,  H.  B.  K.     Shrubby;  stem  irregularly  much  branched, 
very  leafy ;  leaves  small,  imbricated,  oblong-obovate,  acute,  obscurely  crenate, 
sessile  ;  involucre  solitary,  top-shaped,  sessile  ;  glands  5,  peltate  ;  capsule  smooth, 
short-stalked.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  low.     Leaves  3" -4"  long. 


EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  403 

§  2.     Leaves  stipulate,  all  opposite :  glands  of  the  involucre  4  :  annuals. 
*  Stems  erect  or  ascending :   seeds  4-angled,  transversely  rugose. 

14.  E.  hypericifolia,  L.     Smooth  throughout;  stem  (£°-l°  high)  erect; 
branches  alternate,  2-ranked ;  leaves  (£'-!'  long)  petioled,  lanceolate-oblong, 
oblique  and  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  base,  equally  serrulate  on  both  margins ; 
stipules  rcflexed ;  involucres  in  dense  lateral  long-peduncled  cymose  clusters ; 
appendages  of  the  glands  white,  kidney-shaped  ;  capsules  rather  acutely  angled, 
smooth;  seed  minute,  reddish.  —  South  Florida.  —  Var.  COMMUNIS,  Engelm. 
Stem  often  pubescent,  ascending  (1°  —  1-J0  high) ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  often  blotched  with  red,  sharply  serrate  on  the 
lower  margin,  entire  below  the  middle  on  the  upper;  clusters  terminal; 
appendages  of  the  glands  rounded,  entire ;  capsule  round-angled,  smooth ; 
seeds  larger,  nearly  black.  —  Cultivated  grounds,  Florida  and  northward. 
Aug.  and  Sept. 

15.  E.  pubentissima,  Michx.     " Perennial,  erect,  very  pubescent ;  stem 
somewhat  dichotomous ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  oval,  slightly  cordate,  obtuse ; 
peduncles  solitary;  interior  segments  of  the  involucre  (glands)  white."     3ft- 
chaux.  — "  Pine  barrens  in  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia  and  Carolina,  -r- 
Leaves  nearly  1'  long.     Flowers  in  the  forks  ;  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the 
leaf."     Elliott.     ( * ) 

16.  E.  glabella,   Swartz  ?      Stem   stout,   smooth,   ascending,    alternately 
branching  or  forking  from  the  base,  purple ;  leaves  very  numerous,  somewhat 
fleshy,  nearly  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  acute,  entire,  with  the  margins  invo- 
lute, the  uppermost  crowded  ;  involucres  in  dense  terminal  clusters  ;  glands  pel- 
tate, orbicular,  bordered  by  a  white  appendage  ;  capsule  smooth,  acute-angled ; 
seed  bluish,  faintly  rugose.  —  Sandy  sea-shore,  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  high. 
Leaves  3"-  5"  long.     Stipules  fringed. 

17.  E.  pilulifera,  L.     Pubescent;   stem   erect,  forking  from  the   base; 
leaves  short-petioled,  oblong-ovate,  oblique,  acute  at  each  end,  serrate ;  invo- 
lucres minute,  in  dense  terminal  short-stalked  clusters ;  glands  without  appen- 
dages ;  capsule  acute-angled,  hairy ;  seeds  faintly  rugose.  —  South  Florida.  — 
Stem  4'-  6'  high.     Leaves  5"-  8"  long. 

*  *  Stems  prostrate,  diffuse :  leaves  small :  involucres  small  and  mostly  crowded  near 
the  summit  of  the  branches. 

18.  E.  maculata,  L.     Pubescent;  leaves  oblong,  serrate,  oblique  at  the 
base,  petioled,  often  blotched  with  purple ;   stipules  2-parted ;    capsule  acute- 
angled,  hairy  ;    appendages  of  the  glands  transversely  oblong,  white ;  seed  4- 
angled,  smooth,  faintly  wrinkled  or  pitted  on  the  concave  sides.     (E.  depressa, 
Ton:)  —  Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places,  very  common.    June -Oct. — 
Stems  6'-  12'  long.     Leaves  3" -4"  long. 

19.  E.  insequilatera,  Sonder.     Smooth;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  oblique 
and  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  obscurely  serrulate,  petioled ;  stipules  ovate, 
entire  or  sparingly  short-fringed  ;  appendages  of  the  glands  white,  transversely 
oblong  ;  capsule  smooth,  acute-angled  ;  seed  4-angled,  granular-roughened  and 
faintly  wrinkled  on  the  sides. —  South  Florida.     May  -  Oct.  —  Stems  6' -12' 
long.    Leaves  2" -5"  long. 


404  EUPHORBIACEjE.        (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

20.  E.  cordifolia,  Ell.    Smooth ;  leaves  petioled,  oval  or  roundish,  entire, 
obtuse,  cordate  or  truncate  and  oblique  at  the  base ;  stipules  slender,  deeply 
parted  into  long  capillary  segments ;  appendages  of  the  glands  conspicuous, 
oblong  or  roundish,  white ;  capsule  smooth,  acute-angled ;  seed  4-angled,  smooth 
and  even. —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward. — 
July -Sept.  —  Stems  6' -18'  long.     Leaves  4" -6"  long,  pale  green. 

21.  E.  polygonifolia,  L.     Smooth  and  somewhat  fleshy ;  leaves  oblong 
or  linear-oblong,  entire,  oblique,  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  petioled  ; 
stipules  by  pairs,  2  -  3-parted  ;  glands  of  the  involucre  slightly  margined  by  the 
narrow  appendages,  rather  shorter   than   the  subulate  obtuse  lobes ;    capsule 
smooth,  acute-angled ;    seed  large,  obovate,  not  angled,  smooth  and  even.  — 
Drifting  sands  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  -  Oct.  —  Stems 
4' -12' long.    Leaves  £'  long.    Involucres  densely  bearded  within.    Seed  whitish. 


2.    HIPPOMANE,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  in  thick  cylindrical  spikes.  Sterile  flowers 
clustered  in  the  axil  of  a  broad  entire  bract.  Calyx  top-shaped,  2-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 2,  exserted  :  anther-cells  separate.  Fertile  flower  solitary  at  the  base  of 
the  spike.  Calyx  3-parted,  many-bracted.  Ovary  sessile,  6  -  7-celled.  Style 
short  and  thick  :  stigmas  6-7,  acute,  spreading.  Fruit  fleshy,  of  few  woody 
1-seeded  indehiscent  carpels.  —  A  small  tree,  with  milky  poisonous  juice,  and 
short  and  thick  branches.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  petioled,  ovate,  serrulate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  smooth,  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  branches.  Peti- 
oles biglandular  at  the  apex.  Spikes  greenish. 

1.  H.  Mancinella,  L.  —  South  Florida.  —  Branches  roughened  with  the 
scars  of  the  deciduous  leaves.  Leaves  1'  — 2'  long.  Spikes  2' long,  terminal, 
solitary.  Clusters  of  flowers  with  a  gland-like  bract  on  each  side.  Fruit  re- 
sembles an  apple. 

3.     STILLINGIA,    Gard. 

Flowers  mono;cious,  apetalous,  spiked.  Sterile  flowers  clustered,  cup-shaped, 
2-4-toothed  or  crenate.  Stamens  2-3,  exserted:  anthers  erect.  Fertile  flow- 
ers few  at  the  base  of  the  spike.  Calyx  3-lobed.  Style  short :  stigmas  3,  entire, 
spreading.  Capsule  roundish,  of  three  1-celled  1-seeded  2-valved  carpels.  — 
Smooth  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 
Bracts  with  a  fleshy  gland  on  each  side. 

1.  S.  sylvatica,  L.  (QUEEN'S  DELIGHT  )  Herbaceous  ;  stems  clustered, 
erect  or  ascending  from  a  thick  woody  root,  umbellately  branched  :  leaves  some- 
what crowded,  nearly  sessile,  thickish,  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  obovate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  crenate-serrulate ;  spikes  yellowish,  terminal,  and  in  the  forks 
of  the  stem,  longer  than  the  leaves  J  glands  cup-shaped  ;  stamens  2  ,  capsule 
roughish  ;  seed  globose.  — Light  dry  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward. April  -  Sept.  —  Stems  1°  -  3°  high,  Leaves  1'  -  2'  long.  Spikes  2'  -  3 
long. 


EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  405 

2.  S.  aquatica,  n.  sp.  Shrubby  ;  stem  single,  erect  from  a  fibrous  spongy- 
root,  umbellately  or  alternately  branched  above,  thickened  near  the  base  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  tapering  at  each  end,  short-petioled,  sharply  serrulate, 
the  uppermost  yellowish  ;  stipules  bristly  ;  spikes  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  ;  glands  peltate  ;  stamens  2  ;  capsule 
smooth;  seeds  globose,  pitted,  silvery-coated.  —  Pine-barren  ponds,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.  May  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

•3.  S.  ligUStrina,  Michx.  Shrubby;  branches  alternate,  slender;  leaves 
pctioled,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire  ;  stipules  ovate  ;  spikes  short,  often  by  pairs,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  lat- 
eral and  terminal  ;  stamens  3  ;  capsule  and  oval  seed  smooth.  —  River-swamps, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  May  -Aug.  —  Shrub'  6°-  12°  high. 
Branches  spreading.  Leaves  l'-3'  long. 

4.  S.  sebifera,  Michx.  Arborescent;  leaves  long-petioled,  rhomboidal, 
acuminate,  entire  ;  spikes  terminal,  densely  flowered  ;  sterile  flowers  pedicelled  ; 
calyx  4-toothed  ;  stamens  2  ;  capsule  roughish  ;  seeds  white.  —  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina,  near  the  coast  ;  introduced  from  China.  June  and  July.  —  A 
tree  20°  -  40°  high. 

4.    EXCCECARIA,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  apetalous.  Sterile  flowers  in  cylindrical 
spikes,  sessile.  Calyx  3-parted.  Stamens  2  -  4,  partly  monadelphous  :  anthers 
pendulous.  Fertile  flowers  few  or  solitary  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile 
or  peduncled.  Calyx  3-sepalous  ;  style  3-parted  :  stigmas  entire,  spreading. 
Capsule  of  three  1-celled,  1  -seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with 
milky  juice,  and  alternate  serrate  or  crenate  leaves. 

1  •  E.  lucida,  Swartz.  Smooth  ;  leaves  coriaceous,  pctioled,  obpvate  or 
oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  crenate  ;  fertile  flowers  solitary  or  by  pairs,  long- 
peduncled,  nodding  ;  capsule  round-angled,  smooth,  like  the  ovoid  seed.  —  South 
Florida.  —  Tree  30°  -40°  high.  Leaves  !'-!£'  long. 


5.    ACALYPHA,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  in  axillary  and  terminal  spikes.  Staminate 
flowers  clustered,  minutely  bracted.  Calyx  4-parted.  Stamens  8-16,  with  the 
filaments  united  at  the  base  ;  anthers  pendulous.  Pistillate  flowers  at  the  base 
of  the  staminate  ones,  or  on  separate  spikes,  surrounded  by  a  leafy  toothed  bract. 
Calyx  3-parted.  Styles  3,  many-cleft.  Capsule  roundish,  of  three  1-celled, 
1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  —  Herbs,  with  watery  juice,  and  alternate  serrate 
leaves. 

*  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  the  same  spike. 

1  .  A.  Virginica,  L.  Annual,  smoothish  or  hairy  ;  stem  erect,  branched  ; 
leaves  thin,  long-petioled,  rhombic-ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate 
above  the  middle  ;  staminate  spikes  few-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  large 
5  -  9-lobed  bracts,  with  1-3  pistillate  flowers  at  the  base  ;  capsule  pubescent.  -« 


406  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

Fields  and  around  dwellings,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem 
1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves,  with  the  petiole,  4' -5'  long. 

2.  A.  gracilens,  Gray.    Annual,  downy ;  stem  slender,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing ;    leaves   short-petioled,  lanceolate,  ohscurely  serrate  or  entire ;    staminate 
spikes   mostly  many-flowered   and   longer  than   the   ovate-serrate   or   toothed 
bracts,  with  1-3  pistillate  flowers  at  the  base ;    capsule  hairy.  —  Sterile  soil, 
Florida,  and  northward.      July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  6' -18'  high.     Leaves  l'-l£' 
long. 

3.  A.  COrchorifolia,  Willd.     Perennial ;  stems  several  from  a  thick  and 
woody  root,  prostrate,  pubescent,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  short- 
petioled,  ovate  and  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  hairy ;  pistillate  flowers  numerous, 
crowded   at  the  base  of  the  slender  staminate  spike,  each   surrounded  by  a 
round-ovate  hairy  toothed  bract ;  capsule  bristly;  seed  ovoid,  smooth.  —  South 
Florida.  —  Stems   4' -6'   long.      Leaves   rigid,   6" -8"  long.      Spikes   mostly 
terminal. 

*  *  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  spikes. 

4.  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Annual ;  stem  erect,  much  branched,  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  thin,  smooth,  cordate-ovate,  sharply  serrate,  long-petioled ;  stami- 
nate spike  lateral,  small,  the  minute  white  flowers  pedicelled ;  pistillate  spike 
terminal,  stout,  many-flowered  ;  bracts  cut  into  several  subulate  lobes  ;  capsule 
bristly ;  seeds  silvery,  pitted.  —  Cultivated  ground,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  -3'  long. 

6.     TRAGIA,    Plum. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  in  slender  racemes.  Sterile  flowers  few  or 
numerous,  caducous.  Calyx  3  -  4-parted.  Stamens  2-4,  with  short  and  sepa- 
rate filaments.  Fertile  flowers  few  or  solitary  at  the  base  of  the  raceme.  Calyx 
5  -  8-parted.  Style  3-cleft :  stigmas  entire.  Capsule  bristly,  of  three  globose 
1-celled,  1 -seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  —  Pubescent  or  bristly  herbs,  with  watery 
juice.  Leaves  alternate.  Kacemes  opposite  the  leaves  and  terminal.  Bracts 
small,  entire,  persistent.  Flowers  minute,  greenish. 

1.  T.  urens,  L.     Low,  downy  or  hairy ;  stem  at  length  much  branched ; 
leaves  nearly  sessile,  varying  from  broadly  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  and  serrate  or 
toothed  throughout,  or  only  at  the  apex,  to  linear  and  entire,  obtuse,  paler  be- 
neath ;    racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves  and  few-flowered,  or  elongated   and 
many-flowered.     (T.  linearifolia,  El/.,  the  narrow-leaved  form.)  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     May -Aug.      1J. —  Stem  6'- 12'  high     Leaves 
1'- 2' long. 

2.  T.  UTticifolia,  Michx.     Bristly,  with  stinging  hairs  ;  -stem  erect,  spar- 
ingly branched ;  leaves  petioled,  deltoid-ovate  or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  trun- 
cate or  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  pale  beneath  ,  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
the  sterile  flowers  somewhat  crowded ;  capsule  very  bristly  —  Dry  soil,  Florida 
to  North   Carolina,  and  westward,.     June -Sept.       y.—  Stems  1°  -  2°  high 
Leaves  l'-2'  long. 


EUPHORBIACE^i.        (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  407 

7.     CROTON",    L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-6- 
cleft  or  4  -  6-parted.  Petals  4-6  (wanting  in  No.  1 ).  Stamens  5  -  20,  distinct : 
anthers  erect,  introrse.  Glands  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  opposite  them. 
Fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike.  Calyx  5  -  8-cleft  or  5  —  8-parted. 
Petals  minute  or  wanting.  Styles  2-3,  once -thrice  2-cleft.  Capsule  of  3 
(rarely  1-2)  1 -celled,  I -seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  Glands  as  many  as  the  calyx- 
lobes  or  none.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  stellate  pubescence,  and 
alternate  petioled  leaves,  Flowers  terminal,  and  at  the  divisions  of  the  stem. 

*  Styles  very  short:    stigmas  18-20:  petals  none:  stamens  mostly  12 :   capsule 
3-celled. 

1.  C.  maritimum,  Walt     Herbaceous  ;  whole  plant  covered  with  a  rough 
scurfy  stellate  and  somewhat  hoary  pubescence  ;  stem  stout,  bushy,  umbellately 
branched  ;  leaves  thick,  long- petioled,  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  rounded  or  slightly 
cordate  at  the  base,  hoary  beneath  ;  spikes  long-peduncled,  capitate,  few-flowered, 
the  sterile  and  fertile  ones  mostly  separate;   calyx  5-cleft,  with  ovate-obtuse 
lobes  ;  capsule  much  longer  than  the  calvx ;  seeds  ovoid,  mottled.  —  Drifting 
sands  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July  -  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Flowers  occasionally  polygamous. 

*  *  Styles  3,  twice  2-parted  or  2-cleft:  stigmas  12  :  petals  of  the  sterile  flmvers  5-6, 
of  the  fertile  none:   stamens  8  -  15  :  capsule  3-celled. 

2.  C.  balsamiferum,  Willd.     Shrubby ;  stem  smooth,  whitish  ;  branches 
stellate-pubescent,   roughish;    leaves   slender-petioled,  ovate,   acute,   crenulate, 
sprinkled  with  rigid  stellate  hairs,  hoary  when  yonng ;  spikes  woolly,  at  length 
elongated ;  sterile  flowers  numerous,  the  fertile  ones  few  ;  calyx  of  the  sterile 
flower  5-parted,  longer  than  the  woolly-margined  petals ;  style  twice  2-parted ; 
the  divisions  long,  filiform;  stamens  about  15;  capsule  much  longer  than  the 
calyx;    seed  ovoid,  smooth. —  South  Florida. —  Shrub  l°-2°  high.     Leaves 
thin,  l'-l£'  long. 

3.  C.  Elliottii.      Annual,   stellate-tomentose  throughout;    stem  slender, 
erect,  umbellately  much  branched  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
entire,  obtuse  at  each  end,  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  lowest  scattered,  the 
others  mostly  crowded  at  the  divisions  of  the  stem  and  summit  of  the  branches ; 
sterile  flowers  few,  minute ;   calyx  5-parted.  unequal,  longer  than  the  petals ; 
stamens  8  -  10  ;  fertile  flowers  several,  clustered ;  calyx  5 -8-parted,  with  oblong 
obtuse  lobes,  as  long  as  the  capsule  ;  style  twice  2-parted :  seeds  oval,  smooth, 
flattened  on  the  inner  face.     (C.  ellipticum,  Ell.) — Pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.      July- Sept.— Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  1^'- 2' long. 

4.  C.  argyranthemum,  Michx.    Herbaceous,  perennial,  covered  through- 
out with  stellate  silvery  scales ;  stem  erect,  umbellately  branched ;  leaves  obo- 
vate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  silvery  beneath,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  racemes 
sessile,  oblong,  obtuse  ,  the  fertile  flowers  numerous  and  crowded ;  calyx  5  -  6- 
parted,  with  the  lobes  acute;  stamens  10-12,  hairy,  styles  long  and  slender, 
4-cleft  at  the  apex  ;    capsule  much  longer  than  the  calyx    —  Dry  sandy  pine 


408  EUPHORBIACE^.         (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.      June -Sept.  —  Stem   6' -12'  high.      Leaves 
I'-l^long. 

*  *  *  Styles  3,  2-cleft :  stiymas  6  :  petals  of  the  sterile  /lowers  longer  than  the  calyx, 

of  the  fertile  ones  minute,  subulate :  stamens  8  :  capsule  3-celled. 

5.  C.  glandulosum,  L.     Annual,  rough  with  bristly  hairs  ;  stem  umbel- 
lately  branched  ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate,  mostly  crowded  at  the 
divisions  of  the  stem  and  summit  of  the  branches  ;  the  slender  petiole  biglandu- 
lar  at  the  apex  ;  spikes  small ;  sterile  flowers  minute,  white  ;  calyx  4-parted  ; 
petals  4  ;  fertile  flowers  few,  with  the  calyx  5-partcd.  —  Dry  waste  places,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 8'  high. 

*  *  *  *  Styles  2,  2-parted :  stigmas  4  :  petals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  none  in  the 

fertile :  stamens  5  -  10  :  capsule  1  -  2-celled. 

6.  C.  monanthogynum,  Michx.    Annual ;  stem  erect,  twice  or  thrice 
umbellately  branched,  the   spreading  forking   branches,  like   the   leaves   and 
racemes,  stellate-tomentose  ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  ovate  or  oblong,  entire, 
obtuse,  whitish  beneath  ;  racemes  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  few-flowered  ; 
the  sterile  flowers  corymbose;   the  fertile  (1-2)  nodding.  —  Dry  sterile  soil. 
South  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    June  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  1' 
long. 

8.    CROTONOFSIS,    Michx. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  the  sterile 
flowers  5-parted.  Petals  and  stamens  5.  Filaments  separate,  dilated  upward. 
Fertile  flowers  below  the  sterile.  Calyx  3  -  5-parted.  Petals  none.  Petal-like 
glands  5,  opposite  the  calyx-lobes.  Ovary  1 -celled,  1-ovuled.  Stigmas  3,  each 
2-cleft.  Fruit  globose,  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  —  A  low  and  slender  branching 
annual.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  entire,  green  and  hairy 
above,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  branches,  covered  with  silvery  scales.  Flowers 
minute. 

1.  C.  linearis,  Michx.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Aug. -Sept.  —  Stem  6' -12'  high,  alternately  branched  or  forking.  Leaves 
£'-  1'  long,  alternate  or  opposite. 

9.    APHORA,    Nutt. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  axillary  spikes.  Sterile  flowers  few.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  of  5  spatulatc  petals  alternating  with  5  flattened  glands,  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Stamens  10-12,  in  2  whorls  of  5-6  each,  monadelphous  below.  Fer- 
tile flowers  like  the  sterile,  but  the  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Style  3-parted, 
the  divisions  2-cleft.  Capsule  of  three  1-cellcd,  1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  — 
Shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  watery  juice. 

1  A.  Blodgettii,  Torr.  Branches  smoothish ;  leaves  alternate,  oval  or 
oblong,  mostly  acute,  sharply  serrulate,  smooth,  or  sprinkled  with  simple  ap- 
pressed  hairs,  abruptly  short-petiolcd ;  sterile  nowcrs  3  -  5,  fertile  mostly  solitary ; 


EUPHORBIACE-fE.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  409 

calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  greenish-white;  capsule  rough-hairy;  seed 
globose,  wrinkled.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  1'-  2'  long. 

10.    CNTDOSCOLTTS,    Pohl. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  cymose.  Calyx  corolla-like.  Calyx  of  the 
sterile  flower  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10,  the-  5  inner  ones  with  mona- 
delphous  filaments.  Fertile  flowers  intermingled  with  the  sterile  ones.  Calyx 
of  5  sepals,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Styles  3,  many-parted.  Capsule  of  three 
1-celled,  1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and 
white  flowers. 

1.  C.  Stimulosus,  Gray.  Herbaceous,  bristly  with  stinging  hairs;  stem 
erect,  simple  or  branched ;  leaves  long-petioled,  round-cordate  in  outline,  pal- 
mately  3  -  5-lobed  or  parted,  the  divisions  toothed,  pinnatifid,  or  somewhat 
bipinnatifid,  often  discolored ;  calyx  showy ;  capsule  oblong ;  seed  oblong, 
smooth,  spotted.  (latropha  stimulosa,  Michx.) — Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  April  -  Sept.  1J.  —  Stem  £°  -  2°  high.  Flowers  sometimes 
dioecious. 

11.     RICINUS,    Tourn.     CASTOR-OIL  PLAWT. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  in  a  dense  oblong  panicle,  the  upper  ones 
fertile.  Calyx  3  -  5-parted.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  numerous ;  the  filaments 
much  branched  :  anther-cells  distinct,  pendulous.  Styles  3,  2-parted.  Capsule 
spiny  or  bristly,  of  3  oblong  1-celled,  1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  —  Herbs,  or 
(tropical)  shrubs  or  trees,  with  petioled  peltate  lobed  leaves.  Panicles  lateral 
and  terminal. 

1.  R.  COmmunis,  L.  Stem  large,  glaucous  ;  leaves  orbicular  in  outline, 
palmately  7-9-lobed;  the  lobes  oblong  or  ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate, 
smooth  ;  petioles  glandular ;  panicles  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  and  opposite  the 
leaves,  dense,  glaucous.  Capsules  oblong,  spiny.  —  Waste  places.  Introduced. 
June  -  Oct.  ®  —  Stem  3°  -  10°  high.  Leaves  1°  in  diameter.  Stipules  large, 
deciduous.  Panicle  6'- 12' long. 

12.    PHYLLANTHUS,    Swam. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  axillary.  Calyx  5  -  6-parted.  Stamens  3, 
monadelphous.  Glands  5-6.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  two  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Styles  3,  2-cleft.  Capsule  globose,  of  three  1-celled,  2-seeded,  2-valved  carpels. 
—  Smooth  herbs,  with  2-ranked  leaves  and  branches.  Flowers  small,  greenish. 

1.  P.  Carolinensis,  Walt.  Annual;  branches  erect-spreading;  leaves 
oblong,  oval,  or  obovate,  entire,  short-petioled ;  flowers  mostly  by  pairs,  one 
sterile,  the  other  fertile,  on  short  nodding  pedicels  ;  calyx  6-parted,  the  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse,  strongly  1 -nerved,  membranous  on  the  margins  ;  capsule  smooth ; 
seed  semicircular,  3-angled,  striped  with  lines  of  minute  raised  points. —  Low 
ground,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug. -Sept.  —  Stem  8' -16'  high.  Leaves 
i'-l'long. 

35 


410  EMl'ETRACE^E.       (CROWBERUY    FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  Niruri,  L.  Annual  ?  branches  short,  very  slender,  recurved  ;  leaves 
crowded,  oval  (2"- 4"  long);  ealyx  5-parted;  seed  white,  smooth,  6-furrowed 
on  the  back  and  3-furrowed  on  the  sides  ;  otherwise  mostly  like  No.  1. —  South 
Florida.  —  Stem  6'  high. 

13.    PACHYSANDRA,    Michx. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  spiked.  Calyx  bract-like,  4-parted.  Sterile 
flowers  numerous.  Stamens  4,  with  club-shaped  exserted  filaments.  Fertile 
flowers  few,  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  two  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Styles  3,  thick,  recurved.  Capsule  of  three  1 -celled,  2-seeded,  2-valved 
carpels.  —  A  pubescent  creeping  perennial  herb,  with  erect  simple  branches, 
bearing  at  the  summit  several  large  ovate  toothed  alternate  abruptly  long-peti- 
oled  leaves,  and  near  the  base  several  thick  bractcd  spikes. 

1 .  P.  procumbens,  Michx.  —  West  Florida,  and  westward,  in  rich  shady 
woods.  Feb.  and  March.  —  Flowering  stems  1°  high.  Leaves  3' -4'  long,  often 
discolored.  Flowers  odorous. 

14.    DRYPETES,    Vahl. 

Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous,  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  4  — 6-parted,  lined 
in  the  centre  with  a  wavy-lobed  disk.  Stamens  4-10,  inserted  under  the  disk  : 
anther-cells  distinct.  Ovary  resting  upon  the  disk,  2-celled,  the  cells  2-ovuled. 
Styles  2,  short,  spreading.  Fruit  drupaceous,  1  -2-celled,  1  -2-seeded.  —  Trop- 
ical trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  coriaceous  entire  smooth  petioled  leaves,  and 
minute  many-bracted  flowers. 

1.  D.  crocea,  Poit.    Branches  smooth ;  leaves  oblong,  acute  at  each  end, 
somewhat  coriaceous,  finely  veined  ;    clusters  many-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
petioles ;  calyx  4-parted,  and  like  the  ovary  and  slightly  4-angled  l-seeded  drupe, 
tomentose  ;  stamens  4,  exserted ;  styles  thick,  obtuse.    South  Florida.  — A  small 
tree.     Leaves  3'  — 4'  long,  smooth  and  shining.     Flowers  greenish-white. 

2.  D.  glauca,  Vahl.     Branches  whitish,  warty ;  leaves  glaucous,  oblong, 
obtuse  or  gland-pointed,  coriaceous  ;  clusters  few-flowered,  as  long  as  the  peti- 
oles;  calyx  5-parted;   stamens  10;  drupes  oval,  tomentose. —  South  Florida, 
Dr.  Blodgett.  —  Leaves  2' -3'  long. 

EUPHORBIA  LATHYRUS  and  MARGINATA,  Dr.  Curtis  informs  me,  are  nat- 
uralized in  North  Carolina,  and  MERCURIALIS  ANNUA  is  spontaneous  around 
Charleston. 


ORDER  120.     EMPETRACE^E.       (CROWBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  with  evergreen  linear  alternate  or  whorled  leaves,  without 
stipules,  and  small  dioecious  or  polygamous  flowers.  —  Calyx  bract-like, 
of  2  -  3  sepals,  imbricated.  Corolla  of  2  -  3  petals  similar  to  the  calyx, 
hypogynous.  Stamens  2-3,  alternate  with  the  petals,  exserted  :  anthers 


BATIDACE.E.       (BATIS    FAMILY.)  411 

L'-crllfd,  t-xtrorse.  Ovary  2  -  9-celled,  the  cells  1-ovuled.  Style  short  or 
none  :  stigma  lobed  or  incised.  Drupe  berry-like,  globose,  of  2-9  one- 
seeded  nutlets.  Seeds  erect.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  copious  fleshy 
albumen.  -  */ 

1.    CERATIOLA,    Miehx. 

Calyx  bracted,  of  two  fringed  sepals.  Corolla  2-petalled.  Stamens  2  :  an- 
ther-cells globose.  Ovary  resting  on  a  fleshy  disk,  2-celled,  2-ovuled.  Style 
short:  stigma  many-cleft.  Drupe  2-seeded.  —  A  heath-like  erect  verticillately 
much  branched  shrub,  with  small  linear  shining  whorled  leaves,  and  axillary 
(whorled)  reddish  flowers. 

1.  C.  ericoides,  Michx.  Dry  ban-en  sands,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 
November.  —  Shrub  2°  -  5°  high,  the  young  branches  pubescent.  Leaves  3  in  a 
whorl,  4"  -  6"  long,  the  margins  revolute.  Petioles  yellowish,  appressed.  Drupe 
yellowish,  somewhat  persistent. 


ORDER  121.     BATIDACE^E.     (BATIS  FAMILY.) 
Represented  only  by 

1.    BATIS,    P.  Browne. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  fleshy  conical  spikes.  Bracts  of  the  sterile 
flowers  round-cordate,  persistent.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  somewhat  compressed, 
unequally  2-lipped.  Petals  4,  rhombic-ovate,  clawed.  Stamens  4,  alternate  with 
the  petals,  partly  exserted :  anthers  oblong,  introrse.  Fertile  flowers  consoli- 
dated. Bracts  deciduous.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Ovary  4-celled,  with  a 
single  erect  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Stigma  sessile,  broad,  obscurely 
2-lobed.  Drupe  4-seeded.  Seed  oblong,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  fleshy. 
Radicle  inferior.  —  A  smooth  maritime  shrub,  with  the  habit  of  Salicornia. 
Leaves  opposite,  fleshy,  club-shaped,  semi-terete.  Stipules  none.  Petals  white. 

1.  B.  maritima,  L.— Salt  marshes,  Apalachicola,  and  southward.  June- 
Sept.  —  Plant  pale  green,  strong-scented.  Stems  prostrate,  2°  -  3°  long,  the 
short  branching  flowering  stems  erect.  Leaves  1'  long.  Spikes  3" -5"  long. 


ORDER  122.     URTICACE.E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  watery  juice,  often  armed  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  un~ 
divided,  stipulate.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  apetalous,  clustered, 
cymose,  spiked,  or  panicled.  —  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flower  4  -  5-parted  or 
4  -  5-sepalous.  Stamens  as  many  as  and  opposite  the  sepals.  Filaments 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  expanding  elastically  :  anthers  2-celled,  introrse. 
Calyx  of  the  fertile  flower  2  -  4-sepalous.  Ovary  sessile,  free,  1 -celled, 


412  URTICACEJE.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

•with  a  single  erect  orthotropous  ovule.  Stigma  simple  or  tufted.  Ache- 
niuin  commonly  enclosed  in  the  dry  persistent  calyx.  Embryo  straight, 
in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Plants  armed  with  stinging  hairs. 

1.  URTICA.    Stamens  4.     Stigma  tufted.    Achenium  straight. 

2.  LAPORTEA.    Stamens  5.    Stigma  subulate.    Achenium  oblique. 

*  *  Plants  destitute  of  stinging  hairs. 
•i-  Flowers  in  cymose  clusters. 

3.  PILEA.    Clusters  naked.    Calyx-lobes  unequal.    Leaves  opposite. 

4.  PARIETARIA.    Clusters  involucrate.     Calyx-lobes  equal.     Leaves  alternate. 

*-  H-  Flowers  in  spiked  clusters. 

5.  B<EHMERIA.     Stigmas  subulate,  leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

1.     URTICA,     Tourn.     NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flower  4-parted.  Sta- 
mens 4,  inserted  around  the  abortive  ovary.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flower  4-sepa- 
lous,  unequal;  the  inner  ones  dilated  in  fruit,  and  enclosing  the  achenium. 
Stigma  sessile,  tufted.  Achenium  straight,  ovate,  smooth,  compressed.  —  Herbs, 
with  stinging  hairs,  opposite  leaves,  and  greenish  flowers,  in  panicled  spikes  or 
close  clusters. 

*  Flowers  in  panicled  or  simple  spikes. 

1.  U.  gracilis,  Ait.     Stem  tall,  4-angled,  smoothish,  slender  ;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  acute,  rounded   at  the  base,  3-5- 
nerved,  smoothish,  the  petioles  bristly  ;    spikes  very  slender,  loosely  panicled. 
(U.  procera,  Willd.)  — Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.     July 
and  Aug.     1J. —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high,  mostly  simple.     Leaves  thin,  4'  -  6'  long. 

2.  U.  dioica,  L.     Hispid  throughout;    stem  4-angled,  pubescent  above, 
branching  ;  leaves  rather  short-petioled,  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  coarsely  ser- 
rate,  pubescent  beneath ;    spikes  much  branched ;    flowers  often  dioecious.  — 
Waste  places.    In  Carolina,  Pursh.    Introduced.     June -Aug.     ty — Stem  2°- 
3°  high.     Leaves  3'  -4'  long,  thicker  than  in  No.  1,  and  flowers  larger. 

3.  U.  capitata,  Willd.      Stem  4-angled,   roughish  ;    leaves   large,   long- 
petioled,  rough,  oblong-ovate,  slightly  cordate,  coarsely  serrate,  3-nerved  ;  those 
on  the  branches  alternate  ;  spike  solitary,  leafy  at  the  summit.  —  Wet  shaded 
places,  North  and  South  Carolina,  Curtis,  Elliott.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  3°- 
5°  high. 

*  *  Flowers  in  simple  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

4.  TJ.  urens,  L.      Stem  4-angled,  hairy ;    leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate, 
5-nerved,  hairy :  clusters  by  pairs  in  each  axil,  loose,  peduncled.  —  Damp  soil. 
Introduced.    Dec. -Feb.     ®— Stem  1°  high. 

5.  TJ.  Cham8edryoid.es,  Pursh.     Stem  smooth ;  leaves  small,  nearly  ses- 
sile, ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  hairy  beneath,  hairy  and  bristly  above;  clusters 
nearly   sessile,  globose,  dense ;    calyx   hairy.  —  St.   Simon's   Island,   Georgia, 
Elliott.    Feb.  and  March.  —  Stem  4'  -  6'  high. 


URTICACEJE.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.)  413 

2.     LAPORTEA,    Gaudich. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  5-parted. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  around  the  abortive  ovary.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers 
4-sepalous,  the  2  inner  ones  larger.  Stigma  subulate,  hairy  on  one  side. 
Achenium  oblique,  tubercular-roughened.  —  Herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  alter- 
nate long-petioled  serrate  leaves,  and  minute  flowers  in  spreading  cymes. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Gaudich.  Stem  hispid  ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base ;  the  veins  and  petioles  hispid ;  cymes  very 
slender,  single  or  by  pairs,  the  upper  mostly  fertile,  the  lower  sterile.  (Urtica 
Canadensis  and  U.  divaricata,  L.)  —  Low  shaded  places,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. July  and  Aug.  1J.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

3.    PILEA,    Lindl. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flower  3-4-parted. 
Stamens  3-4.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  3-lobed,  the  lobes  unequal  or  nearly 
equal,  commonly  with  an  inflexed  scale-like  sterile  stamen  at  the  base  of  each. 
Stigma  sessile,  tufted.  Achenium  ovate,  compressed,  straight.  —  Low  herbs, 
destitute  of  stinging  hairs.  Leaven  opposite,  long-petioled.  Flowers  in  axillary 
cymose  clusters. 

1 .  P.  pumila,  Gray.      Stem   angular,   simple,   smooth,   pellucid ;    leaves 
membranaceous,  ovate  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  3-nerved,  slight- 
ly hairy  above ;  cymes  much  shorter  than  the  petiole.     (Urtica  pumila,  L.)  — 
Wet  shaded  places,  Florida,  and  northward.     July -Sept.     Q)  —  Stem  6' -12' 
high.     Upper  leaves  1'-  2'  long,  the  lower  not  longer  than  the  petiole. 

2.  P.  herniarioides,  Lindl.     Stems  erect  or  creeping,  branched,  tender, 
pellucid;  leaves  small,  round-obovate,  entire,  opaque,  transversely  marked  on 
the  upper  surface  with  white  raised  lines ;  clusters  shorter  than  the  petiole ; 
flowers  minute.  —  Shaded  moist  places,  Key  West.     November. —  Stems  2'  — 4' 
long.     Leaves  1 "  -  2"  long,  rather  longer  than  the   petiole.     Achenium  very 
minute,  oblong,  terete. 

4.    PARIETARIA,    Tourn.    PELLITORT. 

Flowers  polygamous,  in  axillary  cymose  clusters,  supported  by  a  bract-like 
involucre.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4  -  5-sepalous.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted 
around  the  abortive  ovary.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  4-parted.  Stigma 
tufted.  Ovary  surrounded  by  four  sterile,  or  sometimes  perfect,  stamens.  Ache- 
nium ovoid.  —  Weak  downy  herbs,  without  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  alternate, 
entire,  long-petioled.  Flowers  minute,  greenish. 

1.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.  Pubescent  with  straight  hairs;  stem  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  roughened 
with  minute  elevated  dots ;  clusters  dense ;  flowers  shorter  than  the  involucre. 
—  Shaded  rocks  in  the  upper  districts.  May  -  July.  ©  —  Stem  4'  -  1 2'  high. 
Leaves  6"  -  9"  long. 

35* 


414  CAXXABIXACEJE.       (HEMP    FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  debilis,  Forst.  Pubescent  with  straight  and  hooked  hairs  inter- 
mixed ;  stem  much  branched,  pellucid ;  leaves  ovate,  mostly  acuminate,  but 
obtuse,  roughened  with  elevated  dots ;  clusters  loose,  spreading  ;  flowers  as 
long  as  the  involucre.  (P.  Floridana,  Nutt.) — Damp  shaded  sandy  soil  near 
the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -Aug.  (£)  —  Stem  |°-  l£°  long 
Leaves  6"  -  9"  long,  about  the  length  of  the  slender  petiole. 

5.     BCEHMERIA,    Jacq.     FALSE-NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  spiked  clusters.  Calyx  of  the  sterile 
flowers  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  4-5.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular,  4  -  5- 
toothed  or  entire.  Stigma  subulate,  hairy.  Achenium  elliptical,  enclosed  in 

the  persistent  calyx.  —  Hough  herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  petioled  leaves. 

^ 

1.  B.  cylindrica,  Willd.  Pubescent  and  rough  with  straight  and  hooked 
hairs  ;  leaves  opposite  and  alternate,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, rounded  and  3-nerved  at  the  base,  on  long  or  short  petioles  ;  spikes  axil- 
lary, mostly  leafy  at  the  summit,  the  fertile  ones  compactly  flowered,  short ;  the 
sterile  interrupted,  and  sometimes  longer  than  the  leaves.  (B.  lateriflora,  Muld.) 
—  Swampy  thickets,  Florida,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  1J.  —  Stem  l°-3° 
high,  mostly  simple.  Leaves  2' -5'  long. 


ORDER  123.     CANIVABINACE^E.     (HEMP  FAMILY.) 

Erect  or  twining  herbs,  with  opposite  incised  or  lobed  and  stipulate 
leaves,  and  dioecious  flowers.  Sterile  flowers  racemose  or  panicled.  Ca- 
lyx 5-sepalous.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals,  not  inflexed  in  the  bud. 
Fertile  flowers  in  bracted  spikes.  Calyx  1-leaved,  embracing  the  1-celled 
ovary.  Ovule  solitary,  erect.  Stigmas  2,  subulate,  pubescent.  Fruit  in- 
dehiscent.  Albumen  none.  Embryo  coiled  or  curved. 

1.    HUMULUS,   L.    HOP. 

Sterile  flowers  panicled.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  axillary  and  solitary  spikes. 
Bracts  leafy,  imbricated,  2-flowered,  forming  in  fruit  a  membranaceous  cone. 
Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit.  Embryo  spirally  coiled.  —  A  rough  perennial  twining 
herb,  with  cordate  3  -  5-lobed  leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  flowers. 

1.  H.  Lupulus,  L.  —  Low  grounds  along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and 
northward.  June  and  July.  —  Stem  6° -10°  high.  Leaves  petioled,  serrate. 
Achenium  covered  with  resinous  yellowish  odorous  grains. 


ORDER  124.     MORACE.E.     (MULBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  with  large  decidu- 
is  stipules,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  crowded  in  spikes  or 


HORACES.     (MULBERRY  FAMILY.)  415 

heads,  or  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  receptacle.  —  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers 
3-4-lobed.  Stamens  .3 -4,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Filaments 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  elastic.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  3  -  5-sepalous. 
Ovary  1  -  2-celled,  1  -  2-ovuled.  Styles  2.  Achenium  1-seeded.  Embryo 
curved,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.     MOBUS,    Tourn.     MULBERRY. 

Flowers  monoecious,  spiked  ;  the  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  separate  spikes. 
Calyx  4-parted.  Stamens  4.  Ovary  2-celled.  Styles  filiform.  Achenium  ovate, 
compressed,  covered  by  the  succulent  berry-like  calyx.  —  Trees,  with  rounded 
leaves,  and  axillary  spikes. 

1.  M.  rubra,  L.    Leaves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  petioled,  rough 
above,  white  tornentose  beneath,  on  young  shoots  3  -  5-lobed ;  stipules  linear ; 
sterile  spikes  slender,  drooping ;  the  fertile  ones  ovoid  or  oblong,  resembling  a 
blackberry  in  fruit.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.     March.  —  A  small 
tree. 

2.  M.  alba,  L.     Leaves  cordate-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  oblique  at  the  base, 
smooth  and  shining,  sometimes  lobed  ;  fruit  whitish.  —  Around  dwellings.     In- 
troduced. —  A  small  tree. 

2.    FICUS,    Tourn.    FIG. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  lining  the  inside  of  the  fleshy  closed  recep- 
tacle. Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  3-parted.  Stamens  3.  Calyx  of  the  fertile 
flowers  5-cleft,  pedicelled.  Styles  lateral,  slender.  Achenium  fragile.  Embryo 
hooked.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  or  lobed  leaves,  and  large  convolute  stip- 
ules. Flowers  axillary. 

1.  F.  aurea,  Nutt.      Branches   pale,   smooth,  furrowed;    leaves   smooth, 
coriaceous,  oblong,  entire,  narrowed  but  obtuse  at  each  end,  stout-petioled ;  re- 
ceptacle orange-yellow,  globose,  bracted,  on  short  and  thick  pedicels.  —  South 
Florida.  —  A  small  tree.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.     Fruit  about  4"  in  diameter. 

2.  F.  peduiiculata,  Willd.     Branches  terete,  uneven ;   leaves   ovate   or 
oval,  coriaceous,  entire,  smooth,  obtuse,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base, 
slender-petioled  ;    receptacle  yellowish,  globose  or  obovate,  slightly  bracted,  as 
long  as  the  slender  pedicels.  —  South  Florida.  —  Tree  20° -40°  high,  multiply- 
ing by  means  of  aerial  roots.     Leaves  2'  -  2^'  long,  l£'  wide.     Receptacle  rather 
smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  F.  brevifolia,  Nutt.     Branches  smooth ;    leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire, 
obtuse,  smooth,  on  short  petioles ;    receptacle  purplish-red,  depressed-globose, 
single,  short-ped uncled,  with  2-cleft  bracts.  —  South  Florida,  Dr.  Blodgett.  —  A 
small  tree.     Leaves  2'  long,  with  impressed  veins. 

F.  CARICA,  L.,  is  the  commonly  cultivated  FIG. 

BROUSSONETIA  PAPYRIFERA,  Vent.,  the  PAPER  MULBERRY  of  our  yards, 
belongs  to  this  family. 


416  ULMACE.E.     (ELM  FAMILY.) 

ORDER  125.     ULMACE^E.     (ELM  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  undivided  stipulate  leaves,  and  per- 
fect or  polygamous  apetalous  flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  9-lobed.  Stamens  4-9, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  erect  in  the  bud.  Ovary  1  -  2-celled. 
Ovules  solitary,  suspended.  Styles  2,  spreading.  Fruit  membranaceous 
or  drupaceous.  Embryo  straight  or  curved,  without  albumen.  Cotyle- 
dons leafy. 

Synopsis. 

*  Fruit  dry.     ADthers  extrorse. 
1  ULMUS.    Flowers  perfect.     Ovary  2-celled.     Fruit  winged. 

2.  PLANERA.    Flowers  polygamous.    Ovary  1-celled.     Fruit  wingless. 

*  *  Fruit  a  drupe.  ..  Anthers  introrse. 

3.  CELTIS.    Flowers  polygamous.     Ovary  1-celled.     Cotyledons  curved. 


1.     ULMUS,    L.      ELM. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  -  9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  slender,  ex- 
serted  :  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  2-celled.  Styles  short.  Fruit  1-celled,  1 -seeded, 
surrounded  by  a  broad  membranaceous  wing.  Embryo  straight.  —  Trees. 
Leaves  short-petioled,  mostly  oblique,  doubly  serrate,  straight-veined.  Stipules 
deciduous.  Flowers  greenish  or  purplish,  clustered,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  U.  flllva,  Michx.     (SLIPPERY  ELM.)      Branchlets  pubescent;    leaves 
thick,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  broadly  serrate,  slightly  oblique  at  the  base,  very 
rough  above,  pubescent  beneath ;    calyx  and  short  pedicels   pubescent ;    fruit 
orbicular,  pubescent  on  the  sides,  smooth  on  the  margins,  with  the  obtuse  teeth 
erect ;  expanding  buds  rusty-tomentose.  —  Rich  woods,  West  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.   Feb.  and  March.  —  A  small  tree.     Leaves  4'  -  8'  long.     Fruit  8"  -  9" 
wide.     Inner  bark  very  mucilaginous. 

2.  U.  Floridana,  n.  sp.     Branchlets  smooth ;  leaves  thick,  oblong-ovate, 
acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  broadly  serrate,  oblique  at  the  base,  smooth  above, 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ;  pedicels  very  slender,  somewhat  racemose,  and, 
like  the  calyx,  smooth ;  fruit  orbicular,  fringed  on  the  margins,  with  the  short 
and  broad  teeth  erect.  —  Banks  of  the  Chipola  River,  at  Marianna,  West  Florida. 
Feb.  and  March.  —  A  tree  30°  -  40°  high,  with  brittle  branches.     Leaves  3'  -  4' 
long.    Fruit  2"  -3"  in  diameter.     Bud-scales  downy  on  the  margins. 

3.  U.  Americana,  L.      (ELM.)     Branchlets  and  buds  smooth ;    leaves 
thin,  obovate-oblong,  or  oval,  oblique  at  the  base,,  sharply  serrate,  abruptly  acu- 
minate, smooth  above,  pubescent,  or  at  length  smooth  beneath  ;  pedicels  clustered, 
slender,  smooth,  like  the  calyx ;  fruit  oval  or  obovate,  downy  on  the  margins, 
with  the  sharp  teeth  connivent.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.     Feb. 
and   March. — A  large  tree,  with  spreading  branches.      Leaves  2' -4'  long. 
Fruit  6"  long. 

Var.  1  aspera.  Leaves  larger  (3' -6')  on  shorter  petioles,  oval-oblong,  acu- 
minate, very  oblique  or  half-cordate  at  the  base,  very  rough  above,  pubescent 


PLATANACE^E.   (PLANE-TREE  FAMILY.)          417 

beneath ;   pedicels  and  calyx  smaller.  —  Swamps  of  the  Apalachicola  River, 
Florida.    Jan.  and  Feb.  —  A  small  tree. 

4.  U.  alata,  Michx.  (WHAHOO.)  Branches  corky-winged ;  leaves  small, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  commonly  even  and  rounded  at  the  base, 
rough  above,  pubescent  beneath,  nearly  sessile ,  flowers  clustered,  on  slender 
pedicels ;  fruit  oval,  downy  on  the  margins.  —  Rich  soil,  Florida  to  North  Car- 
olina. —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  1 '  - 1£'  long. 

2.    PLANERA,    Gmel.     PLANER-TREE. 

Flowers  polygamous,  clustered.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  4  -  5 : 
anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  1 -celled.  Styles  short.  Fruit  nut-like,  coriaceous, 
wingless.  Embryo  straight,  without  albumen.  —  Small  trees,  with  the  foliage  of 
the  Elm. 

1-  P.  aquatica,  Gmel.  Leaves  ovate,  short-petioled,  acute,  serrate,  rough- 
ish  ;  flowers  in  small  roundish  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  nut  ovate, 
covered  with  warty  scales.  —  River-swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Feb. 
and  March.  —  A  tree  20°  -  30°  high.  Leaves  1 '  - 1  £'  long. 

3.     CELTIS,     Tourn.     NETTLE-TREE. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  apetalous.  Calyx  of  five  sepals.  Stamens  5  : 
anthers  introrse.  Ovary  1 -celled.  Styles  2,  slender,  pubescent.  Drupe  globose. 
Embryo  curved  around  scanty  gelatinous  albumen.  Cotyledons  wrinkled.  — 
Trees  Leaves  petioled,  commonly  oblique  at  the  base.  Flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary, or  few  in  a  cluster,  greenish. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  L.  Young  leaves  and  branchlets  silky;  leaves  (2' 
long)  ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base,  soon 
smooth,  ferrugineous  beneath ;  fertile  flowers  mostly  solitary,  on  drooping  pe- 
duncles ;  the  sterile  ones  2  -  4  in  a  cluster ;  drupe  dark  purple,  with  a  thin  sweet 
pulp.  —  Rich  soil,  Georgia,  and  northward.  March.  —  A  tree  40°  -  60°  high.  — 
Var.  INTEQRIFOLIA.  (C.  integrifolia,  Nutt.)  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 
(2' -3'  long),  acuminate,  entire,  rounded,  or  the  lower  ones  cordate  at  the  base, 
roughened  with  minute  elevated  points.  —  Sandy  soil,  Apalachicola,  Florida 
(perhaps  introduced),  and  westward. — A  small  tree.  Branches  and  leaves 
2-ranked. — Var.  PUMILA.  (C.  pumila,  Pursh.)  Shrubby;  leaves  (!'-!£' 
long)  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  pale  beneath,  very  rough  above ; 
drupe  glaucous. —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  March  and  April. 
—Stem  5° -10°  high. 


ORDER  126.     PLATANACE^E.    (PLANE-TREE  FAMILY.) 

Large  trees,  with  alternate  palmately-lobed  petioled  stipulate  leaves, 
and  monfficious  flowers,  in  axillary  long-peduncled  globose  heads.  —  Calyx 
and  corolla  none.  Anthers  on  short  club-shaped  filaments,  numerous, 


418  JUGLANDACE^E.       (WALNUT    FAMILY.) 

2-celled,  adnate  to  the  truncated  connective.  Ovaries  numerous,  obconi- 
cal,  hairy  at  the  base.  Ovules  1-2,  orthotropous,  pendulous.  Style  sub- 
ulate. Nut  1-seeded.  Seed  cylindrical.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  scarce 
fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  intermixed  with  copious  club-shaped  scales.  — 
Consisting  of  the  single  genus. 

1.    PLATANUS,    L.      PLANE-TREE.      SYCAMORE. 

1.  P.  OCCidentalis,  L. —  Leaves  (4' -9'  wide)  round-cordate,  angularly 
lobed  and  toothed,  covered  when  young  with  dense  whitish  down,  soon  smooth  ; 
stipules  toothed  ;  heads  pendulous  (8"- 12"  in  diameter).  —  River-banks,  Flor 
ida,  and  northward.  March  and  April.  —  A  large  tree,  with  the  white  bark 
separating  in  thin  plates. 


ORDER  127.      JUGLANDACE^E.      (WALNUT  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  with  alternate  odd-pinnate  exstipulate  leaves  and  monoecious 
apetalous  or  minutely  petalled  flowers.  Sterile  flowers  in  pendulous 
aments.  Calyx  2  -  6-parted,  the  stamens  few  or  numerous.  Fertile  flow- 
ers single  or  clustered.  Calyx  3  -  5-parted,  the  tube  adherent  to  the 
incompletely  2  -  4-celled  ovary.  Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a  bony  endocarp. 
Seed  4-lobed,  without  albumen,  orthotropous.  Cotyledons  oily,  2-lobed. 
Radicle  short,  superior. 

1.    CABYA,    Nutt.     HICKORY.     PIGNUT. 

Aments  of  the  sterile  flowers  mostly  three  together,  on  a  common  peduncle, 
lateral.  Calyx  unequally  3-parted.  Stamens  3-6.  Fertile  flowers  terminal. 
Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  none.  Stigma  large,  4-lobed.  Nut  smooth,  4  -  6-angled, 
incompletely  4-celled ;  the  coriaceous  epicarp  (husk)  partly  or  completely 
4-valved.  —  Trees,  mostly  with  scaly  buds.  Leaflets  sen-ate.  Fruit  roundish. 
*  Epicarp  very  thick,  4-valved :  seed  thick,  edible. 

1.  C.  alba,  Nutt.     (SHELL-BARK  HICKORY.)     Leaflets  5-7  (mostly  5), 
lanceolate-oblong,  or  the  upper  ones  obovate-oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  fruit  depressed-globose  ;  nut  roundish,  thin-shelled,  compressed,  4-angled, 
slightly  pointed.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward. 
March  and  April.  —  A  large  tree,  with  shaggy  and  scaly  bark. 

2.  C.  sulcata,  Nutt.     Leaflets  7-9,  obovate-oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent 
beneath;   fruit  oval,  4-angled  above;   nut  oblong,  thick-shelled,  conspicuously 
pointed,  slightly  compressed.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  Carolina, 
Elliott,  and  northward.     March  and  April.  —  A  large  tree,  with  scaly  bark. 

3.  C.  olivseformis,  Nutt.     (PECAN-NUT.)      Leaflets  13-15,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  serrate  falcate,  acuminate  ;  nut  olive-shaped,  smooth,  thin-shelled,  some- 
what 4-angled.  —  River-bottoms,   Mississippi,   northward  and  westward.  —  A 
large  tree  with  smoothish  bark. 


JUGLANDACE^E.       ("WALNUT    FAMILY.)  419 

*  *  Ejncarp  partly  4-valved:  seed  thin  :  bark  not  scaly. 

4.  C.  tomentosa,  Nutt.     (HICKORY.)     Leaflets  7-9   (mostly  7),  large, 
oblong-obovate,  acute,  pubescent  beneath  ;  sterile  aments  tomentose ;  fruit  large, 
globose;  epicarp  thick,  coriaceous,  parted  nearly  to  the  base;  nut  thick-shelled, 
oval,   somewhat  6-angled.  —  Rich  soil,  Florida,  and   northward.      March  and 
April.  —  A  large  tree  with  rough  bark. 

5.  C.  glabra,  Torr.     (PIG-NUT.)     Leaflets  5-7  (mostly  7),  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  smooth  ;  fwiit  obovate,  obcordate,  or  pear-shaped ;  epicarp  thin, 
parted  to  the  middle,  coriaceous  ;  nut  thick-shelled,  sometimes  angled.    (C.  por- 
cina,  Nutt.)  —  Woods,  Florida,  and  northward.     March  and  April.  —  A  large 
tree  with  smoothish  bark. 

6.  C.  microcarpa,  Nutt.    Leaflets  5  -  7,  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  glan- 
dular beneath,  acuminate  ;  aments  smooth ;  fruit  roundish ;  epicarp  thin ;  nut 
thin-shelled,  slightly  4-angled.  — Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
April  and  May.  —  A  large  tree.     Fruit  f  in  diameter. 

7.  C.  myristicseformis,  Michx.     •'  Leaflets  5,  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, smooth,  the  terminal  one  sessile  ;  fruit  oval,  rugose,  rough ;   nut  oval,, 
slightly  acuminate,  furrowed,  very  hard."  —  South  Carolina,  at  Goose  Creek, 
Michaux.     Berkeley  District,  Ravenel.     Nuts  resembling  nutmegs. 

8.  C.  amara,  Nutt.      (BITTER-NUT.)      Leaflets  9-11,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  smoothish ;  fruit  globular;  epicarp  thin,  parted  to  the  middle;  nut  thin- 
shelled,  obcordate ;  seed  much  wrinkled.  —  Low  ground,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    March  and  April. —  A  tree  of  moderate  dimensions,  with  smooth  bark, 
and  very  bitter  and  astringent  seeds. 

9.  C.  aquatica,  Nutt.    Leaflets  9  -  13,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  ser- 
rate, smooth  ;  fruit  roundish,  4-ribbed  ;  epicarp  thin,  4-parted  to  the  base ;  nut 
compressed,  thin-shelled,  4-angled ;  seed  much  wrinkled.  —  River-swamps,  Flor- 
ida to  South  Carolina.     March  and  April.  —  A  small  tree  with  rough  bark. 
Seeds  very  bitter  and  astringent. 


2.     JITGLANS,    L.     WALNUT.    BUTTERNUT. 

Sterile  aments  lateral,  solitary.  Calyx  5  -  6-parted.  Stamens  numerous. 
Fertile  flowers  terminal.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Petals  4,  minute.  Stigmas  2,  long, 
recurved.  Fruit  oblong  or  globose.  Epicarp  indehiscent.  Nut  incompletely 
4-celled,  furrowed  or  sculptured.  —  Trees  with  naked  buds.  Leaflets  serrate. 

1.  J.  nigra,  L.      (BLACK  WALNUT.)      Leaflets  11-21,  ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent  beneath,  acuminate,  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  or  oblique ;  fruit 
globose,  rough-dotted ;  nut  furrowed.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida,  and  northward. 
March  and  April.  —  A  tree  30°  -  50°  high. 

2.  J.  cinerea,  L.    (BUTTERNUT.)    Leaflets  15-19,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
rounded  at  the  base,  pubescent ;  the  petioles,  fruit,  &c.  viscid  ;  fruit  oblong ;  nut 
deeply  sculptured,  acute.  —  Rocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     March  and 
April.  —  A  tree  30°  -  40°  high. 


420  CUPULIFER^:.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

ORDEK  128.     CUPULJFER^.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  or  lobed  straight-veined  stipulate 
leaves,  and  monoecious  apetalous  flowers.  Sterile  flowers  in  pendulous 
slender  or  capitate  aments.  Calyx  scale-like,  or  regular  and  4  -  6-lobed. 
Stamens  few.  Fertile  flowers  single  or  clustered,  furnished  with  an  invo- 
lucre which  encloses  the  fruit,  or  forms  a  cup  at  its  base.  Ovary  2-7- 
celled,  with  1-2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  as 
many  as  the  cells.  Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Albumen  none.  Cotyle- 
dons thick  and  fleshy.  Radicle  superior. 

Synopsis. 

*  Fertile  flowers  single,  or* few  in  a  cluster. 

1.  QUEKCUS.    Nut  solitary,  with  the  base  enclosed  in  a  scaly  involucre. 

2.  CASTANEA.    Nuts  1-3,  enclosed  in  a  4-valved  spiny  involucre ;  sterile  aments  elongated, 

erect. 

3.  FAGUS.    Nuts  2,  3-angled,  enclosed  in  a  somewhat  spiny  4-valved  involucre :  sterile 

aments  capitate,  pendulous. 

4.  CORYLUS.    Nut  solitary,  bony,  enclosed  in  a  leafy  lacerated  involucre. 

*  *  Fertile  flowers  spiked. 

5.  CARPINUS.    Nuts  1  -  2,  in  the  axil  of  an  open  leafy  involucre. 

6.  OSTKYA.    Nut  solitary,  enclosed  in  a  membranaceous  inflated  involucre. 

1.     QUERCUS,    L.     OAK. 

Sterile  ament  slender,  bractless,  pendulous.  Calyx  unequally  6-8-parted. 
Stamens  6-12,  slender :  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or 
few  in  a  cluster.  Calyx  6-cleft  or  denticulate,  adnate  to  the  3  -  4-celled  ovary. 
Ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  obtuse.  Nut  (Acorn)  oblong  or  hemispherical, 
partly  (rarely  wholly)  enclosed  in  the  cup-shaped  scaly  involucre.  Cotyledons 
very  thick,  plano-convex.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  or  lobed  leaves. 
Stipules  caducous. 

§   1.     fruit  biennial. 
*  Leaves  entire,  short-petioled ;  those  on  vigorous  shoots  often  lobed  or  toothed. 

1.  Q.  Phellos,  L.     (WILLOW-OAK.)     Leaves  (2' -3' long)  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  bristle-awned,  scurfy,  like  the  branchlets,  when  young,  becom- 
ing smooth  on  both  sides ;  fruit  small,  sessile;  cup  flattish,  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  hemispherical  nut.  —  Margins  of  swamps  and  streams,  Florida  to  Missis 
sippi,  and  northward.  — A  slender  tree,  40° -50°  high. 

Var.  laurifolia.  (Q.  laurifolia,  Michx.)  Leaves  larger  (3' -4'  long), 
oblong-lanceolate;  cup  deeper  and  more  pointed  at  the  base.  —  Light  uplands, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  A  tree  commonly  larger  than  the  preceding. 

Var.  arenaria.  (Q  myrtifolia,  Willd.  ?)  Shrubby  (4°  -  8°  high) ;  leaves 
small  (£'-!£'  long),  rigid,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  barely  pointed,  with  the 
margins  revolute.  —  Dry  sand  ridges,  along  the  coast  of  Florida  and  Georgia. 

2.  Q.  imbricaria,  Michx.     (SHINGLE-OAK.)     Leaves  lanceolate-oblong, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  mucronate,  pale  and  downy  beneath,  deciduous ; 


CUPULIFEB^E.       (OAK    FAMILY.;  421 

fruit  middle-sized  ;  cup  narrowed  at  the  base,  enclosing  one  half  or  one  third  of 
the  nearly  hemispherical  nut,  the  broad  and  whitish  scales  closely  appressed.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  A  tree  40°  -  50°  high.  Leaves 
3'  -  5'  long. 

3.  Q.  cinerea,  Michx.     (HIGH-GROUND  WILLOW-OAK.)     Leaves  peren- 
nial, oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  mucronate,  white  tomentose  beneath ; 
fruit  small,  sessile ;  cup  shallow,  narrowed  at  the  base,  pale,  enclosing  one  third 
of  the  hemispherical  nut.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

—  A  small  tree,  fruiting   abundantly.      Leaves   2' -3'  long,  scurfy,  like   the 
branchlets,  when  young. 

Var.  pumila,  Michx.  (Q.  pumila,  Walt.)  Shrubby  (l°-3°  high); 
branches  slender ;  leaves  lanceolate,  wavy,  at  length  smooth  on  both  surfaces. 

—  Flat  or  dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Roots  creeping. 

4.  Q.  virens,  Ait.     (Live  OAK.)     Branchlets   tomentose;   leaves   coria- 
ceous, perennial,  oblong,  obtuse,  somewhat  rugose,  smooth  and  shining  above, 
hoary-tomentose  beneath,  the  margins  revolute  ;  fruit  long-peduncled  ;  cup  top- 
shaped,  hoary,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  oblong  chestnut-brown  nut.  —  Dry  or 
wet  soil,  in  the  lower  districts,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Commonly  a  large 
tree  with  spreading  branches.     Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

Var.  maritima.  (Q-  maritima,  Willd.)  Shrubby  (4°  -  10°  high) ;  leaves 
smooth,  lanceolate,  concave,  mostly  acute ;  fruit  larger.  —  Sand  ridges  along 
the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 

Var.  dentata.  (Q.  nana,  Willd.  1)  Dwarf  (1°- 2°  high) ;  earliest  leaves 
flat,  wedge-obovate  or  obovate-oblong,  mucronate,  toothed,  at  length  smooth, 
the  others  lanceolate  and  entire ;  fruit  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  often  clustered. 

—  Flat  pine  barrens,  Florida.  —  Leaves  nearly  sessile. 

*  *  Leaves  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  bristle-aimed. 

5.  Q.  aquatica,  Catesb.     (WATER-OAK.)     Leaves  perennial,  short-peti- 
oled,  obovate-oblong  or  wedge-shaped,  smooth  on  both  sides,  obtusely  3-lobed 
at  the  summit,  often  entire,  or  on  young  shoots  pinnatifid-toothed  or  lobed, 
mostly  awnless  when  old ;   fruit  small,  mostly  sessile ;   cup  shallow,  flat,  en- 
closing the  base  of  the  hemispherical  downy  nut.  —  Swamps  and  wet  banks, 
Florida,  and  northward.  — A  small  tree,  with  smooth  bark.    Leaves  2' -3'  long, 
with  tufts  of  down  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  when  young. 

Var.  hybrida.  Smooth,  with  ash-colored  branchlets;  leaves  oblong  or 
wedge-oblong,  entire,  emarginate,  or  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  tapering  or  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  short  petiole ;  fruit  very  small,  closely  sessile ;  cup  shallow, 
flattened,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  ovate  nut.  —  Rocky  banks  of  Schurlock's 
Spring,  West  Florida,  and  of  the  Flint  River  at  Albany,  Georgia.  —  A  lofty 
tree.  Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.  Fruit  4"  -  5"  long. 

6  Q.  nigra,  L.  (BLACK  JACK.)  Leaves  short-petioled,  coriaceous,  broad- 
ly wedge-shaped,  rounded  at  the  base,  mostly  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  bristle- 
awned,  smooth  above,  rusty-pubescent  beneath,  deciduous ;  fruit  middle-sized, 
on  short  and  thick  peduncles  ;  cup  top-shaped,  with  coarse  truncate  scales, 
enclosing  one  third  or  one  half  of  the  oblong-ovate  nut.  (Q.  ferruginea,  Michx.) 
36 


422  CUPULIFER^:.     (OAK  FAMILY.; 

—  Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  —  A  small 
tree.     Leaves  4'— 9'  long.     Intermediate  forms  between  this  and  No.  7  are  not 
uncommon. 

*  *  *  Leaves  long-pet ioled,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  bristle-awned.  deciduous. 
-H-   Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

7.  Q.  Catesbsei,  Michx.    (TURKEY-OAK.)    Leaves  somewhat  coriaceous, 
broad,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  lobes  very  acute 
from  a  broad  base,  spreading,  mostly  falcate  and  entire ;  fruit  rather  large,  short- 
peduncled ;  cup  thick,  turbinate,  with  broad  obtuse  scales,  enclosing  half  of  the 
ovoid  nut;  the  upper  scales  indexed  and  lining  the  inner  edge  of  the  cup. — 
Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. — A  small  tree.    Leaves  6' -9' 
long. 

8.  Q.  tinctoria,  Bartr.     (BLACK  OAK.)      Leaves    obovate-oblong,   with 
deep  or  shallow  open  sinuses,  and  about  6  sharply-toothed  lobes,  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  only  in  the  axils  of  the  veins 
beneath  ;  cup  top-shaped,  with  broad  scales,  enclosing  about  half  of  the  round- 
ish depressed  nut.     (Q.  discolor,  A  it.)  —  Dry  woods,  chiefly  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts, and  northward.  —  A  large  tree,  with  the  outer  bark  dark-brown,  the  inner 
thick  and  yellow.     Leaves  turning  light-brown  after  frost.     Nuts  6"  —  8"  long. 

9.  Q.  COCCinea,  Wang.     (SCARLET  OAK.)     Leaves  long-petioled,  oval  or 
oblong,  with  deep  and  broad  sinuses,  and  6—8  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  lobes, 
truncate  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides  ;  cup  top-shaped,  with 
coarse  scales,  enclosing  one  half  or  one  third  of  the  ovoid  nut.  —  Dry  woods, 
Florida,  and  northward  ;  more  abundant  in  the  upper  districts.  —  A  large  tree, 
not  easily  distinguished  from  the  preceding,  and  probably  only  a  form  of  it. 
Leaves  turning  bright  scarlet  after  frost. 

10.  Q.  rubra,  L.    (RED  OAK.)    Leaves  oblong,  with  open  shallow  sinuses, 
and  8-12  entire  or  sharply  toothed  lobes,  smooth  on  both  sides,  paler  beneath  ; 
fruit  large,  cup  shallow,  flat,  with  fine  scales,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  ovate  or 
oblong  nut. — Rocky  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  — A  large  tree.     Leaves 
turning  dark  red  after  frost      Nut  1'  long. 

11.  Q.  Georgiana,  M.A.Curtis.     Shrubby;  leaves  small,  very  smooth, 
somewhat  obovate,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  with  deep  or  shallow  open  sinuses, 
and  3  -  5  triangular-lanceolate  entire  acute  or  obtuse  lobes;  fruit  short-pednn- 
cled ;  cup  smooth  and  shining,  saucer-shaped,  enclosing  one  third  of  the  oval- 
globose  nut.  —  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia,  Ravenel.  —  Shrub  6°  -  8°  high,  grow- 
ing in  clusters.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.    Fruit  abundant.     Nut  £'  long. 

•*-  H—  Leaves  tomentose  beneath. 

12.  Q.  falcata,  Michx.     (SPANISH  OAK.)     Leaves  oblong,  rounded  at  the 
base,  3  -  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  at  the  apex,  the  terminal 
one  commonly  narrow  and  elongated ;  fruit  rather  small ;  cup  somewhat  top- 
shaped,  with  coarse  scales,  enclosing  half  of  the  globular  nut.- — Var.  PAGODA- 
FOLIA,  Ell.,  has  larger  leaves,  with  11-13  nearly  opposite  and  spreading  lobes. 

—  Dry  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  A  large  tree.      Leaves  4' -5'  long, 
entire  near  the  base.    Nut  £'  long. 


(OAK  FAMILY.)  425 

f3  Q.  ilicifolia,  Wang.  (BEAR-OAK.)  Shrubby;  leaves  obovate,  with 
3-5  angular  or  short  and  broad  mostly  entire  lobes,  acute  at  the  base,  white' 
tomentose,  like  the  branchlets,  when  young,  at  length  smooth  and  dark  green> 
above ;  fruit  short-pedunclcd  ;  cup  shallow,  saucer-shaped,  with  coarse  scales, 
enclosing  about  one  third  of  the  ovate  nut.  (Q.  Banisteri,  Michx.) — Barren 
soil  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  A  shrub  3°  -  4°  high. 
Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.  Fruit  abundant. 

§  2.     Fruit  annual:  leaves  awnless,  deciduous. 
*  Leaves  sinuate-lobed. 

14.  Q.    obtusiloba,    Michx.      (PosT-OAK.)      Leaves   with   5-7    broad 
rounded  or  notched  lobes  separated  by  wide  open  sinuses,  narrowed  at  the  base' 
into  a  short  petiole,  pubescent  beneath  ;  cup  hemispherical,  enclosing  one  third 
or  one  half  of  the  oval  nut.  —  Cold  clayey  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  A 
tree  40°  -  50°  high.     Nut  ^'  long.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

Var.  parvifolia.  Leaves  smaller  (1|'- 3' long),  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or 
sinuate-toothed,  nearly  smooth  on  both  sides,  rusty-pubescent,  like  the  branchlets, 
when  young  ;  nut  larger. —  Sand-ridges  near  the  coast,  West  Florida.  —  A  shrub 
or  small  tree. 

15.  Q.  alba,  L.     (WHITE  OAK.)     Leaves  oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  with 
7-9  mostly  obtuse  and  entire  narrow  lobes  separated  by  narrow  sinuses,  nar- 
rowed into  a  petiole,  densely  tomentose,  like  the  branchlets,  when  young,  at 
length  smooth  or  glaucous  beneath  ;  fruit  large,  neai'ly  sessile  ;  cup  hemispheri- 
cal, enclosing  one  third  of  the  oblong-ovate  nut.  —  Damp  woods,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.  —  A  large  tree  with  white  bark.      Leaves  4'  -  6' 
long.     Nut  about  1 '  long. 

16.  Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.     (Mossv-cup  OAK.)     Leaves  thin,  obovate. 
oblong,  pubescent  or  pale  beneath,  acute  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  slightly  or 
strongly  few- many-lobed  ;  the  lobes  rounded,  entire  or  obtusely  toothed ;  fruit 
large ;    scales  of  the  cup  thick,  the  upper  ones  produced  into  long  awns  ;    nut 
ovoid,  included,  or  half  enclosed  in  the  cup.  —  Woods  and  river-banks,  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.  —  A  middle-sized  tree.      Leaves  6' -15' long.     Nut 
1'- 11' long. 

17.  Q.  lyrata,  Walt.     (OVER-CUP  OAK.)     Leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of 
the  branchlets,  obovate-oblong,  acute  at  the  base,  7  -  9-lobed,  white-tomentose 
beneath,  or  at  length  smoothish,  shining  above,  the  lobes  triangular,  acute,  and 
entire ;  fruit  sessile :  cup  round-ovate,  with  rugged  scales,  almost  covering  the 
roundish  nut.  —  River-swamps,   Florida   to   North    Carolina.  —  A  large   tree. 
Leaves  5'  -  8'  long,  short-petiolcd.     Fruit  1 '  long. 

*  *  Leaves  toothed. 

18.  Q.  Prinus,  L.      (SWAMP  CHESTXUT-OAK.)     Leaves  oblong  or  O!KK 
vate-oblong,  obtuse,  with  rounded  teeth,  smooth  and  shining  above,  pale  and 
pubescent  beneath,  acute  at  the  base,  short-petioled ;  fruit  large,  short-peduncled ; 
cup  hemispherical,  rugged  with  tubercular  scales,   enclosing  the  base  of  the- 
roundish  or  oblong-ovate  hut.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward. —  A  large  tree.     Nut  about  1'  long. 


424  CUPULIFER^E.     (OAK  FAMILY.; 

Var.  monticola,  Michx.  (RocK  CHESTNUT-OAK.)  (Q.  montana,  WiUd.) 
A  smaller  tree  (30°  — 40°  high),  with  more  compact  and  durable  wood;  fruit 
smaljer;  nut  oblong.  —  Rocky  woods  along  the  mountains. 

Var.  Michauxii.  (Q.  Michauxii,  Nutt.)  Leaves  smaller  (4' -5'  long), 
rather  rigid,  velvety  beneath,  often  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base  ;  nut 
ovate  (\y  long).  — Low  ground,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  — A  large  tree. 

Var.  discolor,  Michx.  Leaves  obovate,  acute  at  the  base,  coarsely  and 
obtusely  toothed  or  somewhat  lobed,  dark-green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath  ; 
fruit  long-peduncled,  cup  tubercular,  hemispherical;  nut  oblong-ovate  (!' 
long).  (Q.  bicolor,  WiUd.)  Swamps  along  the  mountains.  —  A  large  tree. 

19.  Q.  Castanea,  Willd.      (CHESTNUT-OAK.)     Leaves  oblong,  varying 
to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  toothed,  with  the  points  incurved,  mostly  acute 
at  the  base,  smooth  above,  paler  and  minutely  pubescent  or  glaucous  beneath ; 
fruit  small,  sessile  or  short-pedunclcd  ;  cup  hemispherical,  with  flat  scales,  en- 
closing one  third  of  the  oblong  nut.  —  Rocky  woods,  West  Florida  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.  — A  large  or  middle-sized  tree.     Leaves  3'  -  6'  long.     Nut 
7" -9"  long. 

20.  Q.  prinoides,  Willd.     (CHINQUAPIN-OAK.)    Shrubby  ;  leaves  lance- 
olate-oblong, acute  at  each  end,  acutely  toothed,  smooth  above,  white-tomeutose 
beneath ;  fruit  small,  mostly  sessile ;  cup  hemispherical,  with  flat  scales,  enclos- 
ing about  one  half  of  the  round-ovate  nut.     (Q.  Chinquapin,  Pursh.)  —  Barren 
soil  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.  —  Shrub  2° -6°  high.     Leaves  3'  -4' 
long.     Nut  8"  -  9"  long. 

2.     CASTANEA,     Tourn.     CHESTNUT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  separate  clusters,  in  long  erect  cylindrical  aments.  Calyx 
5-6-parted.  Stamens  8-15:  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  1-3,  enclosed 
in  the  bell-shaped,  at  length  globose,  4-valved  and  very  prickly  involucre.  Calyx 
5-6-lobed,  superior.  Abortive  stamens  5-12.  Ovary  3-6-celled.  Ovules 
single  or  by  pairs  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  3-6,  bristle-like,  spreading.  Nuts  1-3, 
roundish,  compressed,  or  plano-convex.  Cotyledons  very  thick.  —  Trees  or 
shrubs,  with  oblong  petioled  sharply-serrate  straight-veined  leaves. 

1.  C.  vesca,  L.       (CHESTNUT.)       Leaves    oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  nuts  mostly  3,  the  middle  one  flattened, 
the  2  outer  ones  plano-convex,  dark  brown.  —  Dry  woods,  West  Florida,  and 
northward.     April.  —  A  large  tree.     Leaves  6'  —  7'  long. 

2.  C.  pumila,  Michx.     (CHINQUAPIN.)     Leaves  oblong,  acute,  or  obtuse, 
finely  serrate,  hoary -tomentose  beneath;  nuts  solitary,  nearly  globular.    (C  nana, 
MM.,  a  form  with  larger  leaves  and  nuts.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.   April  -  May.  —  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves,  involucre,  and  nut 
smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding. 

3.     FAGUS,     Tourn.      BBKCH. 

Sterile  flowers  capitate,  on  long  and  drooping  peduncles,  with  deciduous  bracts. 
Calyx  bell-shaped,  5- 6-cleft.  Stamens  8 -12:  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flow- 


CUPULIFERjE.       (OAK    FAMILY.)  425 

ers  solitary  or  by  pairs,  peduncled,  surrounded  with  numerous  linear  bracts  and 
a  4-lobed  involucre.  Calyx  of  4  -  5  subulate  lobes.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  two 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  3,  filiform.  Nuts  commonly  2,  acutely  3-angled,  en- 
closed in  the  soft-spiny  4-valved  involucre.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  — 
Trees,  with  whitish  bark,  and  straight-veined  leaves  expanding  with  the  flowers. 

1.  F.  ferruginea,  Ait.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  rhombic,  acute,  finely 
serrate,  silky  on  both  sides  when  young,  when  old  only  on  the  veins  beneath ; 
spines  of  the  involucre  short,  recurved.  — Damp  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. April.  —  A  large  tree,  with  widely  spreading  branches. 

4.     CORYLTJS,     Tourn.      HAZEL-NUT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  cylindrical  pendulous  bracted  aments.  Calyx  2-cleft,  partly 
united  with  the  bract.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile  flowers  clustered. 
Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled.  Stigmas  2,  filiform.  Involucre  tubular  at  the  base, 
leafv  and  lacerated  at  the  summit,  enclosing  a  single  bony  (edible)  nut.  —  Shrubs, 
with  broadly  cordate  doubly  serrate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  appearing  before 
the  leaves. 

1.  C.  Americana,  Walt.     (HAZEL-NUT.)     Branchlets  glandular;  leaves 
round-cordate,  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate,  pubescent ;  involucre  roundish  at  the 
base,  dilated  and  flattened  above  the  nut,  glandular  hairy  ;  nut  roundish,  some- 
what flattened.  — Rich  soil  along  the  margins  of  woods  and  thickets,  West  Flor- 
ida, and  northward.    Feb.  and  March.  —  Shrub  5°  -  6°  high,  tough  and  flexible. 
Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

2.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.    (BEAKED  HAZEL-NUT.)    Branchlets  smooth;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  slightly  cordate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  rather  thin, 
pubescent ;  involucre  bristly,  prolonged  into  a  tube  above  the  nut,  2-cleft  and 
toothed  at  the  summit ;  fruit  nearly  glofiular.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts, 
and  northward.     March  -  April.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high. 

5.     CARPINTJS,    L.     HORNBEAM. 

Flowers  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  supported  by  scale-like  bracts.  Sterile 
flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  aments.  Stamens  8  -  14  :  filaments  short  :  an- 
thers 1-celled,  hairy  at  the  apex.  Fertile  flowers  spiked.  Bracts  2-flowered, 
deciduous.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled.  Stigmas  2,  filiform.  Nut  solitary,  an- 
gular, sessile  in  the  axil  of  an  open  3-lobed  leaf-like  involucre.  —  Trees,  with 
simple  ovate  or  oblong  straight-veined  deciduous  leaves,  folded  in  the  bud. 
Flowers  expanding  before  the  leaves. 

1.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  (HORNBEAM.)  Branchlets  smooth  and  slen- 
der ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  sharply  and  doubly  ser- 
rate, rounded  at  the  base,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Fertile  spikes  terminal, 
long-pednncled,  6  -  1 2-flowered  ;  involucre  unequally  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
longer  and  serrate  on  one  side  ;  nut  small,  ovate,  compressed,  8-ribbed.  —  Rich 
woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  March.  —  A  small  tree,  with  hard  and  close- 
grained  wood. 

36* 


426  MYRICACF^E.       (WAX-MYETLE    FAMILY.) 

6.     OSTBYA,    Micheli.     HOP-HORN  BK  AM. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  aments,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale-like 
bract,  destitute  of  a  calyx.  Stamens  with  the  filaments  irregularly  united.  Fer- 
tile flowers  in  a  short  terminal  crowded  spike,  each  enclosed  in  a  membranaceous 
involucre.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  bearded  at  the  apex.  Stigmas  2,  filiform. 
Fruiting  involucre  inflated,  nerved,  hairy  or  bristly  at  the  base,  enclosing  the 
solitary  pointed  nut.  —  Small  trees,  with  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  short-petioled 
deciduous  leaves.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

1.  O.  Virginica,  Wilkl.  (HOP-HORNBEAM.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  sharp- 
ly and  simply  serrate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  pubes- 
cent; fertile  spike  cone-like,  short-ped uncled  ;  the  imbricated  involucres  oblong, 
mucronate,  bristly  at  the  base.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  March. 
—  A  small  tree,  with  hard  and  close-grained  wood. 


ORDER  129.     MYRICACE^E.     (WAX-MYRTLE  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves,  with  or  without  stipules, 
and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  disposed  in  aments,  destitute  of  calyx 
or  corolla,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  simple  bract.  Stamens  2  -  10  ;  the  short 
filaments  free  or  partly  united :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  solitary,  1-celled, 
surrounded  at  the  base  with  a  row  of  scales.  Ovule  solitary,  orthotropous 
or  amphitropous.  Involucre  none.  Stigmas  1-2,  elongated.  Fruit  a  dry 
1-seeded  drupe.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  fleshy.  Radicle  superior. 

Synopsis. 

*  Seed  orthotropous.     Plants  clotted  with  resinous  glands. 

1.  MYRICA.    Flowers  dioecious.    Filaments  united  below.     Leaves  serrate  or  entire.     Stip- 

ules none. 

2.  COMPTONIA.    Flowers  monoecious.     Filaments  forking.     Leaves  pinnatifid.     Stipules 

half-cordate. 

*  *  Seed  amphitropous.     Plant  destitute  of  glands. 

3.  LEITNERIA.     Flowers  dioecious.     Filaments  distinct.     Stigma  solitary.     Leaves  entire. 

Stipules  none. 

1.     MYRICA,    L.    WAX-MYRTLE.     BAYBBRRY. 

Flowers  in  short  axillary  aments,  dioecious,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale-like 
bract.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Stamens  2-10,  with  the  filaments  united 
below.  Ovary  enclosed  in  a  cup  of  3  -  5  rounded  scales.  Ovule  orthotropous. 
Stigmas  2  (rarely  4),  flattened  on  the  inner  face,  widely  spreading.  Nut  glo- 
bose, covered  with  waxy  grains.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  dotted  with  minute 
resinous  and  odorous  glands.  Branches  clustered.  Leaves  short-petioled,  serrate 
or  entire.  Stipules  none. 

1.  M.  cerifera,  L.  (WAX-MYRTLE.  BAYBERRY.)  Branchlets  pubescent ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  entire,  or  with  a  few  sharp 


MYRICACEJE.       (WAX-MYRTLE    FAMILY.)  427 

serratnros  near  the  apex,  smooth,  or  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  tapering 
into  a  petiole ;  sterile  aments  very  numerous,  oblong ;  bracts  wedge-shaped ; 
stamens  4  ;  fertile  aments  small ;  bracts  rounded,  obscurely  3-lobed ;  scales  of 
the  ovary  4,  ciliate ;  stigmas  2 ;  fruit  abundant,  white.  —  Margins  of  swamps, 
mostly  near  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.  March  and  April.  —  A  shrub 
or  small  tree.  Leaves  persistent  along  our  southern  limits,  but  northwardly 
deciduous,  1^'  -  4'  long. 

Van  media,  Michx.  Branchlets  smooth  or  hairy  ;  leaves  larger,  obovate- 
oblong,  entire,  or  slightly  serrate  near  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  or  emarginate 
at  the  summit ;  aments  and  nuts  larger  ;  scales  of  the  sterile  flower  roundish.  — 
Wet  pine  barrens.  —  Shrub  2°  -4°  high.  Leaves  mostly  deciduous. 

Var.  pumila,  Michx.  Low  (l°-2°  high),  much  branched;  leaves  smaller 
(?-'-2'  long),  persistent,  varying  from  wedge-obovate  to  wedge-lanceolate  or 
linear-spatulate,  coriaceous,  obtuse,  mostly  toothed  near  the  apex ;  aments 
minute,  ovoid,  few-flowered.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens. 

2.  M.  inodora,  Bartr.  Smooth;  leaves  perennial,  coriaceous,  oblong, 
obtuse,  very  entire,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  with  the  margins  revolute ;  sterile 
aments  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  roundish  bracts  transversely  ridged  on  the 
back ;  stamens  about  10,  monadelphous ;  fertile  aments  small,  elongated  in 
fruit ;  stigmas  2  or  4  ;  scales  of  the  ovary  5 ;  nuts  large,  black,  commonly  soli- 
tary. —  Margins  of  pine-barren  ponds  and  swamps,  Florida,  common  near  the 
coast.  Feb.  —  March.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  whitish  bark.  Leaves 
about  2'  long,  sparingly  dotted.  Nuts  ovoid,  3"  long. 

2.     COMPTONIA,    Solander.     SWEET-FERN. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  ament  cylindrical,  with  kidney-shaped  acumi- 
nate bracts.  Stamens  3,  forked.  Fertile  ament  globular,  bur-like.  Ovary 
surrounded  by  5-6  long  and  slender  persistent  scales ;  ovule  orthotropous. 
Stigmas  2,  spreading.  Nut  ovoid-oblong,  smooth. — Low  shrubs,  with  narrow- 
pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  semicordate  stipules. 

1.  C.  asplenifolia,  Ait.  Leaves  thin,  short-petioled,  linear-lanceolate, 
with  numerous  rounded  lobes,  deciduous ;  fertile  aments  at  the  base  of  the 
sterile,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  —  Dry  woods,  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. April. —  Plant  l°-2°  high,  aromatic  when  bruised.  Leaves  3' -4' 
long,  resembling  those  of  a  fern. 

3.    LEITNERIA,    N.  Gen. 

Flowers  in  aments,  dioecious,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale-like  bract.  Calyx 
and  corolla  none.  Sterile  ament  many-flowered,  cylindrical,  elongated  ;  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate,  imbricated,  staminiferous  at  the  base,  hairy,  the  lower  ones 
empty;  stamens  5-10,  free:  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Fertile  ament  few- 
many-flowered,  narrowly  cylindrical,  short,  in  fruit  elongated  ;  bracts  ovate,  ap- 
proximate, at  length  scattered,  the  lower  ones  empty.  Ovary  ovoid,  nearly 
smooth,  with  the  base  surrounded  by  a  cup  of  4  minute  ovate  toothed  scales. 
Ovule  solitary,  amphitropous.  Stigma  solitary,  thick,  elongated,  channelled. 


428  BETULACE^:.     (BIRCH  FAMILY.) 

Drupe  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base  :  epicarp  thick,  coriaceous,  smooth  - 
endocarp  crustaceous.  Albumen  none.  Embryo  large,  filling  the  cell.  Coty- 
ledons oval,  compressed.  Radicle  superior.  —  A  stout  shrub,  2°  -  6°  high,  with 
soft  wood  and  smooth  light-brown  bark,  without  resinous  dots.  Branches  short 
and  thick,  hoary-pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate-oblong  (4'- 
6'  long),  acute  at  each  end,  entire,  smooth  and  shining  above,  hoary-tomentose 
beneath,  straight-veined,  on  long  spreading  or  recurved  hoary  petioles,  decidu- 
ous. Stipules  none.  Aments  developed  before  the  leaves,  from  the  axils  of  the 
preceding  year,  the  sterile  ones  1'-  1^'  long,  the  fertile  6'' -8"  long.  Drupe  £' 
long,  green,  slightly  curved. 

1.   L.  Floridana.  —  Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  Apalachicola,  Florida.— 
Feb.  and  March. 


ORDER  130.     BETULACE^E.      (BIRCH  FAMILY.) 

.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  straight-veined  leaves,  deciduous 
stipules,  and  monoecious  amentaceous  flowers,  placed  2-3  together  in  the 
axil  of  a  3-lobed  bract.  Stamens  4  :  filaments  distinct.  Ovary  2-celled, 
with  a  single  suspended  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  2,  elon- 
gated. Fruit  a  winged  or  angled  1-celled  1-seeded  nut,  forming,  with  the 
imbricated  persistent  bracts,  a  cone-like  spike. 

1.     BETULA,    Tourn.    BIRCH. 

Sterile  aments  drooping.  Bracts  3-flowered,  2-bracteolate,  peltate.  Calyx 
scale-like.  Stamens  short :  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile  aments  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical. Bracts  3-flowered.  Calyx  none.  Stigmas  filiform.  Nut  broadly  winged. 
Cotyledons  oblong.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  outer  bark  often  separable  into 
thin  papery  sheets.  Leaves  petioled,  sen-ate.  Fruiting  bracts  membranaceous. 

1.  B.  nigra,  L.     (BLACK  BIRCH.)     Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  doubly 
serrate,  smooth  above,  hoary-tomentose  beneath,  like  the  short   petioles  and 
branchlets,  becoming  rusty  or  smoothish ;  sterile  aments  long  and  drooping ; 
the  fertile  ones  oblong,  short-peduncled,  with  the  woolly  bracts  cleft  into  three 
linear-oblong  nearly  equal  lobes.    (B.  rubra,  Michx.)  — Banks  of  rivers,  Florida, 
and  northward.     March.  —  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  reddish-brown  bark,  and 
long  spreading  branches. 

2.  B.  excelsa,  Ait.     (YELLOW  BIRCH.)     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acuminate,  unequally  and  doubly  serrate,  pubescent,  like  the  branchlets,  when 
young,  at  length  smooth  on  both  sides,  on  short  pubescent  petioles ;  fruiting 
aments  oval-oblong ;  lobes  of  the  bracts  nearly  equal,  slightly  spreading  and 
hairy,  acute.     (B.  lutea,  Michx.) — Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.    March  and  April.  —  A  tree  40°  -  60°  high,  with  yellowish  bark.     Leaves 
2'  -  3'  long. 

3.  B.  lenta,  L.     (CHERRY  BIRCH.)     Branchlets  smooth ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  cordate,  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  silky  when  young,   at 


SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW    FAMILY.)  429 

length  only  on  the  petioles  and  veins  beneath ;  fruiting  aments  oblong ;  lobes  of 
the  bracts  widely  spreading,  acute,  smooth.  —  Cool  shady  banks  in  the  upper 
parts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  March.— A  middle-sized  tree,  with  dark 
brown  rugged  bark,  and  close  and  fine-grained  wood.  Young  twigs  spicy  and 
aromatic. 

2.    ALNUS,     Tourn.      ALDER, 

Sterile  aments  elongated,  drooping.  Bracts  peltate,  5-bracteoIate,  1  -  3-flow- 
ered.  Calyx  4-paited  or  (in  No.  2)  scale-like.  Stamens  4 :  anthers  2-celled. 
Fertile  aments  short,  erect.  Bracts  fleshy,  2-flowered.  Calyx  of  four  minute 
scales,  adherent  to  the  bracts.  ^  Bracts  of  the  fruiting  ament  woody,  persistent. 
Nut  angled  or  winged.  • —  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  petioled,  serrate,  the 
stalked  buds  covered  with  a  single  scale.  Fertile  aments  racemed. 

1.  A.  serrulata,  Ait.     Leaves  obovate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed,  serru- 
late, commonly  pubescent  beneath,  acute  at  the  base,  short-petioled ;  stipules 
oval,  obtuse  ;  fruiting  aments  ovoid,  short-pedunclcd ;    fruit  ovate,  wingless.  — 
Banks  of  streams,  Florida,  and  northward.     Jan. -March. —  Shrub  3° -12° 
high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long,  thickish,  and  partly  persistent  at  its  southern  limits. 
Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted. 

2.  A.  viridis,  DC.     Leaves  oval,  rounded  at  both  ends,  slightly  oblique  at 
the  base,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  softly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  or  only 
on  the  veins  and  petiole  ,  stipules  ovate ;  calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  scale-like ; 
fruiting  aments  ovoid,  long-peduncled  ;  fruit  winged.     High  mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.      April.  —  A  low  much  branched  shrub.      Leaves 
1'- 2' long. 


ORDER  131.     SALICACE^E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  soft  wood,  alternate  simple  stipulate  leaves,  and 
dioecious  amentaceous  flowers,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla,  each  solitary 
in  the  axil  of  a  simple  bract.  Stamens  2  -  many.  Ovary  1-celled  or  im- 
perfectly 2-celled,  with  numerous  erect  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Styles  2,  very  short,  more  or  less  united :  stigmas  2-lobed.  Fruit  a 
2-valved  many-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  minute,  clothed  with  long  silky 
hairs.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  elliptical,  flattened.  Radicle  point- 
ing downward. 

1.     SALIX,     Tourn.     WILLOW. 

Bracts  of  the  aments  entire.  Flowers  each  with  1-2  small  glands.  Stamens 
2-6,  free,  or  their  filaments  cohering  at  the  base.  Stigmas  short,  2-lobed.  — • 
Leaves  commonly  narrow,  short-petioled.  Stipules  scale-like  and  deciduous, 
or  leafy  and  persistent.  Buds  covered  with  a  single  scale.  Amenta  mostly 
erect,  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves. 


430  SALICACE^E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

*  Aments  small,  sessile :  ovary  silky:  stamens  2.  —  Low  canescent  shrubs,  with  small 

leaves.     Aments  developed  before  the  leaves. 

1 .  S.  tristis,  Ait.      Leaves   very  numerous,  lanceolate,  obtuse   or  acute. 
entire  or  wavy,  at  least  on  the  margins,  tapering  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile,  cov- 
ered with  a  grayish  down,  at  length  smoothish  above  ;  stipules  minute,  caducous  ; 
flowering  aments  small,  globular ;  the  oval  bracts  hairy  on  the  margins;  stvle 
short ;  ovary  slender,  long-beaked.  —  Dry  barren  soil,  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Georgia,  and  northward.     March   and  April.  —  Shrub   l°-2°  high.     Leaves 
1'- 2' long 

2.  S.  humilis,  Marshall.     Leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed, 
narrowed  into  a  petiole,   smoothish   above,   grayish-pubescent  beneath,   often 
slightly  serrate  near  the  summit ;  stipules  small,,  semi-cord  ate  or  lunate,  entire  or 
toothed  ',  flowering  aments  ovoid  or  oblong,  often  drooping,  with  the  lanceolate 
bracts  villous  ;  style  conspicuous ;  ovary  slender.    ( S.  conifera,  Muhl.     S.  Muh- 
lenbergiana,  Wittd.)  — Barren  soil  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.    March. 
—  Shrub  2°  -  4°  high,  often  bearing  cone-like  excrescences. 

3.  S.  rosmarinifolia,  L.      Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  flat, 
pubescent  above,  silky  beneath  ;  ovary  lanceolate,  villous  ;  styles  elongated.  — 
Swamps   and   low  ground,   Florida  ?   and  northward.  —  Shrub   2°  -  4°   high. 
Branches  silky.    Leaves  1'- 2' long.    Stipules  subulate.    Bracts  oblong,  obtuse, 
hairy  on  the  margins. 

*  *  Aments  larye,  cylindrical,  sessile,  silky-villous,  developed  before  the  leaves  :  ovaries 

woolly. —  Large  shrubs. 

4.  S.  discolor,  Muhl.      Branchlets   pubescent;    leaves   oblong,   petioled, 
acute  at  each  end,  serrate  in  the  middle,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous 
beneath ;  stipules  semi-lunar,  toothed ;  aments  woolly,  with  glossy  hairs ;  sta- 
mens 2 ;  ovary  white-silky,  sessile.  —  Low  ground,  Carolina,  Purs/i,  and  north- 
ward.    April.  —  Shrub  8° -10°  high.      Leaves  2' -4'  long.      Aments   !'-!£' 
long. 

*  *  *  Aments  large,  cylindrical,  on  leafy  peduncles  or  branchlets,  appearing  with  the 

leaves :  ovaries  smooth,  stalked. 

5.  S.  Ploridana,  n.  sp.      Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth  above, 
glaucous  beneath,  finely  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  the  petioles  pubescent ; 
stipules  small,  caducous  ;  fruiting  ament  oblong,  dense ;  capsule  ovate-lanceolate, 
smooth.  —  Rocky  banks,  West  Florida,  fruiting  in  April.  —  Shrub  8°  - 12°  high. 
Leaves  thin,  2' -3'  long.     Fruiting  aments  2'  -3'  long,  1'  in  diameter,  enveloped 
in  the  copious  wool  of  the  seeds.    Flowers  not  seen. 

6.  S.  nigra,  Marshall.     Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrate,  peti- 
oled, pubescent  when  young,  becoming  smoothish  and  green  on  both  surfaces  ; 
stipules   small   and   caducous,   or  sometimes   lunate,  toothed,  and   persistent; 
arnents  elongated,  the  fertile  ones  slender,  loose-flowered  ;  bracts  deciduous ;  sta- 
mens 3-6,  hairy  below ;  capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  pointed  by  the  conspicuous 
style.     (S.  Houstoniana,  Pursh.)  —  Swamps  and  muddy  banks  of  rivers,  Florida, 
and  northward.    A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  brittle  branches.     Leaves  2'  -  3' 


CONIFERS.       (PINE    FAMILY.)  431 

long,  sometimes  pubescent  at  maturity,  like  the  branchlets.    Fertile  amenta 
3' -4' long. 

The  WEEPING-WILLOW  (S.  Babylonica,  Tourn.),  and  the  YELLOW  WILLOW 
or  GOLDEN  OSIEK  (S.  vitellina,  Smith),  are  introduced  species. 

2.    POPULTJS,    Tourn.     COTTON-WOOD.     POPLAR.     ASPEN. 

Bracts  of  the  aments  toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  from  an  oblique  cup-shaped 
disk.  Stamens  few  or  numerous,  with  the  filaments  free.  Stigmas  elongated, 
2-parted.  —  Trees.  Leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  on  long  and  often  laterally  com- 
pressed petioles.  Buds  covered  with  imbricated,  often  resinous-coated  scales. 
Aments  slender,  drooping,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  P.  angulata,  Ait.     Branches  thick,  smooth,  and  sharply  angled ;  leaves 
large,  smooth,  deltoid-ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  truncate  at  the  base, 
obtusely  serrate  with  incurved  teeth ;  the  conspicuous  veins  and  compressed  peti- 
ole yellowish.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida,  and  northward.      March  and  April. 
—  A  large  tree.    Leaves  6'  -  8'  long,  longer  than  the  petiole. 

2.  P.  grandidentata,  Michx.      Branches    terete;    leaves    round-ovate, 
acute,  sinuate-toothed,  hoary-tomentose   when  young,  like   the  branchlets,  at 
length  smooth,  scarcely  longer  than  the  slender  compressed  petiole;   fruiting 
aments  elongated,  pubescent.  — Low  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward. 
March  and  April.  —  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  smooth  gray  bark.     Leaves  3'— 5' 
long,  and  nearly  of  the  same  width. 

3.  P.  heterophylla,  L.     Branches  terete;   leaves  ovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
serrate,  with  obtuse,  incurved  teeth,  rounded  or  with  a  small  sinus  at  the  base, 
hoary-tomentose  on  both  sides  when  young,  like  the  nearly  terete  petioles  and 
branchlets,  at  length  only  on  the  veins  beneath ;    fruiting  aments  smooth.  — 
River-swamps  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.     March  and  April.  —  A  large  tree.     Leaves  3' -5' long. 

The  LOMBARDY  POPLAR  (P.  dilatata,  Ait.),  and  the  WHITE  POPLAR  (P. 
alba,  L.),  are  introduced  species. 


SUBCLASS  II.     GYMNOSPERM^E. 

Ovules  iiaked  (not  enclosed  in  an  ovary),  commonly  sup- 
ported by  an  open  scale  or  leaf,  and  fertilized  by  the  direct 
application  of  the  pollen.  Cotyledons  often  more  than  two. 

ORDER  132.     CONIFER^E.      (PINE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  branching  stems,  composed  of  glandular  or  disk- 
bearing  woody  tissue  without  ducts,  resinous  juice,  linear  or  needle-shaped 


432  CONIFERJE.      (PINE  FAMILY.) 

mostly  persistent  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  amentaceous  flowers. 
Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Ovules  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  cone  or  drupe, 
Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen.  Cotyledons  2  or  more. 


Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  ABIETINEJS.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  numer- 
ous bracted  imbricated  carpellary  scales,  bearing  two  collateral  inverted 
ovules  at  their  base,  and  forming  a  cone  in  fruit.  Buds  scaly. 

1.  PINUS.    Leaves  2  -  5  in  a  cluster,  mostly  elongated,  sheathed  at  the  base. 

2.  ABIES.    Leaves  single,  short,  destitute  of  a  sheath. 

SUBORDER  H.  CUPRESSINEJL  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  few 
bractless  mostly  peltate  carpellary  scales,  bearing  one  or  several  erect 
ovules  at  their  base,  becoming  fleshy  or  indurated,  and  forming  in  fruit  a 
drupe  or  cone.  Buds  naked. 

3.  JUNIPERU3.     Fruit  a  drupe.    Leaves  minute,  imbricated. 

4.  CUPRESSUS.     Fruit  a  globular  cone,  with  peltate  scales.    Leaves  imbricated,  persistent. 

5.  TAXODIUM.    Fruit  a  globular  cone,  with  peltate  scales.     Leaves  spreading,  on  slender 

deciduous  branchlets. 

6.  THUJA.     Fruit  an  oblong  cone,  with  imbricated  oblong  scales.     Leaves  minute,  imbri- 

cated on  the  flattened  branches,  persistent. 

SUBORDER  III.  TAXINEJE.  Fertile  flower  solitary,  without  a  car- 
pellary scale.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Buds  scaly. 

7.  TAXUS.    Drupe  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  cup.     Albumen  homogeneous. 

8.  TORREYA.    Drupe  naked.     Albumen  ruminated. 

1.     PINUS,    Tourn.     PINE. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  aments  spiked  or  clustered.  Stamens  numer- 
ous on  the  axis,  with  very  short  filaments  :  anthers  with  a  scale-like  connective, 
2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Fertile  aments  terminal,  single  or  clustered.  Car- 
pellary scales  in  the  axils  of  deciduous  bracts,  each  bearing  two  collateral  in- 
verted ovules  at  the  base,  indurated  in  fruit,  and  forming  a  cone ;  the  apex 
commonly  thickened,  angular,  and  spiny.  Seeds  nut-like,  lodged  in  an  excava- 
tion at  the  base  of  the  scale,  and  furnished  with  a  thin  deciduous  wing.  Embryo 
in  the  axis  of  oily  albumen.  Cotyledons  3  -  12,  linear.  —  Trees.  Leaves  ever- 
green, needle-shaped,  2-5  in  a  cluster,  their  bases  enclosed  in  a  thin  scarious 
sheath. 

*  Leaves  two  in  each  sheath. 

1.  P.  pungens,  Michx.  (TABLE-MOUNTAIN  PINE.)  Leaves  from  a  short 
sheath,  crowded,  short  and  rigid  ;  cones  large,  commonly  3-4  in  a  whorl,  ovate, 
sessile,  the  thick  scales  pointed  at  the  apex,  and  armed  with  a  very  stout  spine, 
which  on  the  upper  scales  is  incurved,  on  the  lower  ones  recurved.  —  Mountains, 
rarely  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  A 


CONIFERS.       (PINE    FAMILY.)  433 

tree  40°  -  50°  high,  with  rigid  and  irregular  branches.     Leaves  about  2'  long. 
Cones  3'  long,  yellowish-brown.     Buds  resinous. 

2.  P.  inops,  Ait.     (JERSEY  or  SCRUB  PINE.)      Branchlets  smooth  and 
glaucous  ;  leaves  from  short  sheaths,  scattered,  short  and  rigid,  flat  on  the  inner 
lace ;   cones  solitary,  conical-oblong,  mostly  reflexed,  short-peduncled ;  scales 
armed  with  a  straight  subulate  rigid  spine.  —  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  ridges  in 
the  middle  districts,  South   Carolina,  and  northward.  —  A  tree  15° -30°  high, 
with  rough  blackish  bark,  and  spreading  or  recurved  flexible  branches.     Leaves 
l'-2'  long,  dark  green.     Cones  light  brown,  about  2'  long,  opening  at  ma- 
turity. 

3.  P.  glabra,  Walt.     Branches  and  branchlets   smooth,  whitish ;   leaves 
slender,  scattered  ;  cones  generally  solitary,  somewhat  cylindrical ;  spines  nearly 
obsolete.  —  In  close  rich  soil,  near  Black  Oak,  South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  —  A 
tree  40°  — 60°  high,  with  smoothish  bark  and  soft  white  wood,  branching  from 
near  .the  ground.     Leaves  3'  — 4' long.-    Cones  about  2' long.     "Wings  of  the 
seed  lighter  colored,  more  tapering,  longer  and  less  gibbous  than  those  of  P. 
mitis."     This  species  of  Walter,  long  overlooked,  but  lately  revived  by  Mr. 
Ravenel,  is,  if  I  mistake  not,  not  uncommon  in  the  low  hummocks  of  this  State, 
and  is  distinguished  here,  as  in  South  Carolina,  as  the  SPRUCE-PINE. 

4  P.  mitis,  Michx.  (SHORT-LEAVED  PINE.)  Leaves  from  a  long  sheath, 
crowded,  very  slender,  concave  on  the  inner  face,  dark  green  ;  cones  small, 
mostly  solitary,  oval  or  conical-oblong ;  the  thin  scales  flattened  at  the  apex, 
and  armed  with  a  weak  incurved  spine.  (P.  variabilis,  Pursh.)  — Light  clayey 
soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  A  large  tree,  with  rough  bark,  and  fine-grained 
valuable  wood.  Leaves  3' -5' long,  sometimes  three  in  a  sheath.  Cones  light 
brown,  about  1^'  long,  opening  at  maturity.  Wings  of  the  seed  reddish. 

*  *  Leaves  three  in  each  sheath. 

5.  P.  rigida,  Miller.     (PiTCH-PiNE.)     Leaves  crowded,  from  a  very  short 
sheath,  rigid,  flattened  on  the  inner  face ;  cones  single  or  clustered,  sessile,  ovate, 
the  scales  armed  with  a  short  and  rigid  recurved  spine.  —  Sandy  barren  soil  in. 
the  upper  districts,  and  northward.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree,  with  thick 
blackish  rugged  bark,  and  hard   resinous   wood.     Branches  numerous,  rigid, 
rough  with  the  persistent  bases  of  the  leaf-bracts.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.     Cones 
2'  -3'  long,  light-brown. 

6.  P.  serotina,  Michx.     (PoND-PiNE.)     Leaves  somewhat  crowded,  from 
a  short  sheath,  elongated ;   cones   mostly  opposite,  round-ovate,  sessile ;    the 
scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  armed  with  a  very  small  and  weak  spine.  — 
Borders  of  ponds  and  swamps  in  the  lower  districts,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
—  A  small  tree,  with  rough  bark  and  sappy  valueless  wood.     Leaves  5' -8' 
long.     Cones  2'-  3'  long. 

7.  P.  Tseda,  L.     (LOBLOLLY   or   OLD-FIELD  PINE.)      Branches   scaly; 
leaves  from  a  long  sheath,  slender,  elongated ;  cones  large,  solitary,  oblong- 
conical,  with  the  scales  armed  with  a  short  and  rigid  straight  spine.  —  Light 

37 


434  CONIFERS.      (PINE  FAMILY.) 

and  mostly  damp  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Commonly  a  lofty  tree, 
with  very  thick  and  furrowed  bark,  and  valuable,  but  sparingly  resinous  wood  ; 
but  in  old  fields  low,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  6'-  10'  long,  rarely  2  or 
4  in  a  sheath,  dark  green.  Cones  3'-  5'  long. 

8.  P.  australis,  Michx.      (LONG-LEAVED   or   YELLOW   PINE.)     Leaves 
very  long,  from  long  sheaths,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  thick  and  very  scaly 
branches  ;  cones  large,  cylindrical  or  conical-oblong,  the  thick  scales  armed  with 
a  short  recurved  spine.     (P.  palustris,  L.,  the  prior  but  inappropriate  name.)  — 
Sandy  soil,  constituting  almost  the  entire  growth  of  the  Pine  Barrens.  —A  lofty 
tree,  with  thin-scaled  bark,  and  very  valuable  resinous  wood,  dividing  near  the 
summit  into  few  spreading  branches.     Leaves  10' -15'  long.     Leaf-bracts  sca- 
rious,  fimbriate.     Cones  6'-  10'  long. 

*  *  *  Leaves  Jive  in  each  sheath. 

9.  P.  Strobus,  L.     (WHITE  PINE.)     Leaves  slender,  from  a  very  short 
and  deciduous  sheath ;  cones  long,  cylindrical,  recurved,  with  the  looselv  im- 
bricated scales  neither  thickened  nor  spiny  at  the  apex.  —  A  tree  of  moderate 
dimensions  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  but  northward 
one  of  the  loftiest  of  trees,  and  greatly  valued  for  its  soft  white  wood.     Leaves 
3'  -  4'  long.     Cones  4'  -  6'  long. 

2.    ABIES,    Tourn.      SPRUCE.    FIR. 

Chiefly  as  in  Pinus,  but  the  amcnts  mostly  solitary  ;  anthers  opening  length- 
wise or  transversely ;  scales  of  the  cone  not  thickened  at  the  apex,  nor  spiny ; 
wings  of  the  seed  persistent.  —  Leaves  single,  short. 

*  Cones  lateral,  erect ;  with  the  scales  deciduous  at  maturity :   anther-cells  opening 
transversely. 

1.  A.  Fraseri,  Pursh.     (SILVER  or  BALSAM  FIR.)      Leaves   somewhat 
distichous,  linear,  flattened,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  whitened  beneath,  the  lower 
ones  somewhat  recurved,  the  uppermost  erect ;  cone  oblong-ovate  ;  bracts  long, 
oblong-wedge-shaped,  short-pointed,  reflexcd  at  the  summit.  —  High  mountains 
of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  A  small  tree.    Leaves  6" -8"  long.    Cones 
l'-2'  long. 

*    *  Cones  terminal,  pendulous,  with  the  scales  persistent :   anther-cells  opening 
lengthwise. 

2.  A.  Canadensis,   Michx.      (HEMLOCK-SPRUCE.)      Leaves  distichous, 
flat,  linear,  obtuse,  dark  green  alx>ve,  whitened  beneath ;  cones  small,  oval  or 
oblong,  with  the  few  scales  smooth  and  entire.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Car- 
olina, and  northward.  —  A  large  tree  with  the  horizontal  branches  gradually 
diminishing  upward,  forming  a  pyramidal  spire.      Leaves  £'  long.     Cones  8"- 
9"  long. 

3.  A.  nigra,  Poir.     (BLACK  SPRUCE.)     Leaves  scattered  on  all  sides  of 
the  branches,  needle-shaped,  4-sided,  erect,  dark  green  ;  cone  ovate  or  ovate 


CONIFERS.       (I'INE    FAMILY.)  435 

oblong ;  the  scales  with  a  thin  wavy  or  denticulate  margin.  —  High  mountains 
of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  — A  tall  but  slender  tree.  Leaves  $  long, 
rigid.  Cones  !'-!£'  long. 

4.  A.  alba,  Michx.  (Winxi:  SPRUCE.)  Leaves  inserted  on  all  sides  of 
the  branches,  needle-shaped,  4-sided,  incurved,  light  green ;  cones  oblong-cylin- 
drical, with  the  scales  entire.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. —  A  small  tree,  with  more  slender  and  less  crowded  leaves  than  those  of 
the  preceding.  Cones  l'-2'  long. 

3.    JTJNIPERUS,    L.     JUMPER. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious.  Aments  lateral  and  terminal,  small,  few-flowered. 
Stamens  several :  anther-cells  3-6,  inserted  beneath  tlie  peltate  scale,  opening 
lengthwise.  Carpellary  scales  3-6,  1 -3-ovuled,  partly  united,  fleshy,  and 
forming  in  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  containing  1  -  3  erect  bony  seeds.  Cotyle- 
dons 2,  oblong.  —  Trees,  with  subulate  or  scale-like  persistent  leaves. 

1.  I.  Virginiana,  L.  (RED  CEDAR.)  Branches  terete;  leaves  opposite 
or  by  threes,  minute,  rhombic-ovate,  closely  imbricated,  depressed  on  the  back ; 
those  on  young  shoots  subulate  and  spreading ;  drupes  small,  blue,  1  -  2-seeded. 
—  Diy,  rocky,  or  even  wet  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  March. —  A  small  tree, 
with  reddish,  fine-grained,  durable,  and  odorous  wood,  and  spreading  branches. 
Leaves  dark  green. 

4.     CTJPRESSUS,     Tourn.      CYPRESS. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Aments  terminal,  few-flowered.  Anther-cells  2-4, 
inserted  under  the  lower  edge  of  the  peltate  scale,  opening  lengthwise.  Carpel- 
lary scales  peltate,  bearing  several  erect  ovules  on  their  stalks,  becoming  woody 
in  fruit,  and  forming  a  globular  dehiscent  cone.  Seeds  winged  at  each  end. 
Cotyledons  2-3,  obtuse.  —  Trees,  with  minute  imbricated  leaves. 

1.  C.  thyoides,  L.  (WHITE  CEDAR.)  Branchlets  compressed,  crowded, 
distichous ;  leaves  ovate,  imbricated  in  4  rows,  with  a  roundish  gland  on  the 
back  •  anther-cells  two  under  each  scale ;  cones  small.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and 
northward.  April.  —  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  fibrous  bark,  and  light  durable 
wood.  Branches  spreading.  Cones  3"  -  4"  in  diameter,  borne  on  short  scaly 
stalks. 

5.     TAXODIUM,     Richard.     CYPRESS.    BALD-CYPRESS. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  aments  small,  in  a  long  drooping  spiked  panicle. 
Scales  peltate.  Anther-cells  2-5,  opening  lengthwise.  Fertile  aments  single 
or  by  pairs,  with  the  peltate  scales  2-ovuled.  Cone  globular.  Scales  very  thick, 
angular,  slender-stalked,  separating  at  maturity.  Seeds  3-angled,  wingless. 
Cotyledons  6-9,  linear.  —  Trees,  with  distichous  deciduous  leaves. 

1.  T.  distichum,  Rich.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  on  very 
numerous  short  and  slender  deciduous  branchlets,  linear,  acute,  2-ranked  or  im 


43G  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

bricated.  (Cupressus  disticha,  L.)  —  Ponds  and  deep  swamps.  Florida,  and 
northward.  Feb.  and  March.  —  A  very  large  tree,  with  pale  smoothish  bark, 
light  durable  wood,  and  few  fastigiate  branches  at  the  summit.  Leaves  4"  -  6" 
long.  Cones  f '  - 1'  in  diameter.  Attached  to  the  roots  are  hollow  conical  knobs 
called  Cypress-Knees. 

6.    THUJA,    Tourn.    ARBOR-VITA:. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Aments  small,  terminal.  Anther-cells  4,  witn  a  scale- 
like  connective.  Carpellary  scales  imbricated  in  four  rows,  with  two  erect  ovules 
at  the  base.  Cone  oblong,  the  few  scales  imbricated,  expanding  at  maturity, 
persistent.  Seed  winged.  Cotyledons  2,  oblong.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scale- 
like  imbricated  persistent  leaves. 

1.  T.  OCCidentalis,  L.  (ARBOR- VIT^E.)  Branches  flat,  distichous ;  leaves 
ovate,  obtuse,  with  a  gland  on  the  back,  imbricated  in  four  rows  ;  cones  oblong, 
nodding,  with  the  outer  scales  oblong,  obtuse ;  seeds  broadly  winged,  emarginate 
at  each  end.  —  Rocky  banks  on  the  mountains  of  Carolina,  and  northward.  — 
A  small  or  middle-sized  tree.  Cones  £'  long. 

7.    TAXUS,    Tourn.    YEW. 

Flowers  dioecious,  axillary ;  the  sterile  ones  in  globular  few -flowered  aments. 
Anther-cells  3-8,  inserted  under  the  peltate  scale.  Fertile  flowers  solitary, 
scaly-bracted,  consisting  of  a  single  ovule  on  a  cup-shaped  disk,  which  becomes 
large  and  berry-like  in  fruit,  and  surrounds  the  nut-like  seed.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  of  mealy  albumen.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scattered  branches,  linear  rigid 
distichous  leaves,  and  scaly  buds. 

1.  T.  Floridana,  Nutt.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  mucronate,  conspicuously 
petioled  (about  9"  long),  the  outer  margin  revolute  ;  fruit  abundant;  the  fleshy 
disk  of  the  seed  bright  red.  —  Banks  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  Middle  Florida. 
—  A  small  tree,  10°  -20°  high. 

8.    TORREYA,    Arnott. 

Flowers  dioecious,  axillary;  the  sterile  ones  in  globose  or  oblong  aments. 
Anther-cells  4,  inserted  under  the  peltate  scale.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  con- 
sisting of  a  solitary  ovule  surrounded  with  imbricated  persistent  scales.  Disk 
none.  Seed  large,  ovoid,  naked.  Embryo  at  the  apex  of  hard  ruminated  albu- 
men. Cotyledons  2,  linear.  —  Trees,  with  whorled  branches.  Leaves  distichous, 
rigid,  persistent.  Buds  scaly. 

1.  T.  taxifolia,  Am.  Branchlets  opposite,  2-ranked;  leaves  linear,  spiny- 
pointed,  nearly  sessile,  light  green  ;  sterile  aments  yellow,  crowded ;  seed  ovoid, 
drupe-like.  — Rich  soil,  along  the  east  bank  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  Middle 
Florida.  March.  —  A  middle  sized  tree,  with  durable  strong-scented  wood,  and 
horizontal  branches.  Leaves  very  rigid,  and  pungent,  1'  long.  Seed  smooth 
and  glaucous,  similar  in  shape  and  size  to  a  nutmeg. 


CYCADACE.E.       (CYCAS    FAMILY.)  437 

ORDER  133.     CYCADACE.E.     (CYCAS  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  trunks,  increasing  by  a  terminal  bud,  like 
the  Palms,  and  composed  of  a  large  pith,  mixed  with  woody  bundles  or 
plates,  enclosed  in  a  cylinder  of  woody  fibre  and  spiral  vessels.  Leaves 
pinnate,  coiled  in  the  bud,  like  Ferns.  Flowers  dioecious,  destitute  of 
calyx  and  corolla.  Sterile  flowers  consisting  of  1 -celled  anthers  inserted 
under  the  peltate  scales  of  a  cone-like  ament.  Fertile  flowers  consisting 
of  naked  ovules  inserted  under  the  scales  like  the  sterile  flowers,  or  on 
the  margins  of  contracted  leaves.  Seed  nut-like.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of 
the  albumen.  Radicle  ending  in  a  long  spiral  cord.  Cotyledons  2. 

1.     ZAMIA,    L. 

Flowers  in  cone-like  amcnts,  with  the  peltate  scales  inserted  on  all  sides  of  the 
common  rachis.  Anthers  numerous.  Ovules  by  pairs,  pendulous.  Seed  round- 
ish, drupe-like.  — Leaflets  thickened  at  the  base  and  articulated  with  the  petioles, 
with  numerous  simple  veins. 

1.  Z.  integrifolia,  Willd.  (COONTIE.)  Stem  short,  globular  or  oblong ; 
leaves  petioled,  spreading,  with  the  numerous  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  leaf- 
lets entire,  or  serrate  near  the  apex ;  aments  oblong,  obtuse,  short-peduncled.  — 
Low  grounds,  South  Florida.  —  The  stem  abounds  in  starch,  from  which  the 
Florida  Arrowroot  is  obtained. 


CLASS  II.     MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  OR  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scattered  bundles 
of  woody  fibre  and  vessels,  destitute  of  proper  pith,  bark,  or 
concentric  layers,  and  increasing  in  diameter  by  the  deposi- 
tion of  new  fibrous  bundles.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  entire, 
and  parallel- veined,  commonly  sheathing  at  the  base,  seldom 
falling  off  by  an  articulation.  Floral  envelopes  usually  by 
threes.  Cotyledons  single. 


ORDER  134.      PALM^E.      (PALMS.) 

Chiefly  trees,  with  a  thick  woody  stem  (caudex),  growing  by  a  terminal 
bud,  pinnate  or  fan-shaped  leaves,  which  are  plaited  in  the  bud,  and  a 
spadix  of  small  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  3,  free 
or  more  or  less  united,  persistent.  Stamens  mostly  6,  hypogynous  or  pe- 
rigynous  :  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  commonly  with  a 
37* 


438  PALM^E.      (PALMS.) 

single  erect  orthotropous  or  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Styles  3, 
mostly  united  :  stigmas  entire.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  Embryo  cylin- 
drical, placed  in  a  cavity  of  the  hard  albumen,  near  the  circumference  of 
the  seed.  —  Stems  erect  or  creeping.  Leaves  long-petioled.  Spadix 
axillary. 

1.     SABAL,    Adans.     PALMETTO. 

Flowers  perfect,  sessile,  bracted.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  3-cleft.  Corolla  3- 
petalled.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous ;  the  filaments  subulate,  distinct.  Anthers 
cordate-ovate,  horizontal.  Ovary  3-celled.  Styles  united,  3-angled :  stigma 
capitate  or  obtuse.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe.  Embryo  dorsal.  Albumen  ho- 
mogeneous, horny.  —  Stems  simple  or  branched,  erect  or  creeping.  Leaves 
fan-shaped,  long-petioled,  with  the  divisions  2-cleft  at  the  apex  and  often  with 
long  thread-like  filaments  interposed.  Spadix  long,  branching,  with  sheathing 
spathes  at  the  joints.  Flowers  small,  whitish,  rigid.  Drupe  oblong  or  globose. 
Sheaths  of  the  leaves  commonly  composed  of  dry  interlaced  fibres. 

1.  S.  Palmetto,  R.  &  S.     (CABBAGE-PALMETTO.)     Stem  erect,  tall,  sim- 
ple, leafy  at  the  summit ;  leaves  large,  cordate  in  outline,  pinnatifid-fan-shaped, 
recurved  at  the  summit,  mostly  shorter  than  the  smooth  concave  petiole ;  the 
very  numerous  divisions  deeply  cleft,  and  with  thread-like  filaments  at  the  si- 
nuses ;  spadix  smooth  and  spreading,  commonly  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  petals 
slightly  united  at  the  base  ;  style  thick;  drupe  globose.    (Chamierops  Palmetto, 
Michx. )  —  Sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June.  — 
Stem  20°  -  40°  high.     Leaves  5°  -  8°  long,  their  bases  long-persistent.     Drupe 
black,  4"  -  5"  in  diameter. 

2.  S.  serrulata,  R.  &  S.    (SAW-PALMETTO.)    Stem  creeping,  branching ; 
leaves  circular  in  outline,  fan-shaped,  bright-green,  shorter  than  the  slender 
plano-convex  more  or  less  spiny-edged  petiole;  the  numerous  (15-30)  erect 
divisions  slightly  cleft  at  the  apex,  and  without  thread-like  filaments  in  the  si- 
nuses ;  spadix  densely  tomentose,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  petals  scarcely 
united;  style  slender;  drupe  ovoid-oblong.     (S.  minima,  Nutt.?     Clmmserops, 
Pttrsh.)  —  Sandy  soil  in  the  lower  districts,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     June. 
—  Stem  4°  -  8°  long.     Leaves  2°  -  4°  high.     Drupe  black,  8"  -  9"  long. 

3.  S.  Adansonii,  Guerns.     (DWARF  PALMETTO.)     Stem  short,  buried  in 
the  earth;  leaves  circular  in  outline,  glaucous,  fan-shaped,  slightly  pinnatifid, 
longer  than  the  stout  concave  smooth-edged  petiole;  the  numerous  (20-30) 
divisions  slightly  cleft  at  the  apex,  sparingly  filamentose  at  the  sinuses ;  spa- 
dix erect,  smooth,  slender,  much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  united  at  the 
base ;  style  thick ;  drupe  globose.    (S.  pumila,  Ell.)  —  Low  grounds  in  the  lower 
districts,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    June  and  July.  —  Leaves  2°  -  3°  high. 
Spadix  3°  -  6°  high.    Drupe  4"  in  diameter,  black.     Nut  hemispherical. 

2.    CHAMJEROPS,    L. 

Flowers  polygamous,  bracted.  Calyx  3-cleft.  Corolla  3-petalled.  Stamens 
6-9,  with  the  filaments  connate  at  the  base  :  anthers  oblong.  Ovaries  3,  more 


(ARUM  FAMILY.)  439 

or  less  united.  Stigmas  acute,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face.  Drupes  1-3,  one- 
seeded.  Embryo  dorsal,  in  horny  somewhat  ruminated  albumen.  — Low  palms, 
with  fan-like  long-petioled  leaves,  destitute  of  thread-like  filaments.  Sheaths 
soon  dry  and  net-like.  Spadix  dense-flowered,  branching.  Spathe  2-4-leaved. 
Flowers  yellowish.  Drupe  globose  or  ovoid. 

1.  C.  Hystrix,  Fraser.  (BLUE  PALMETTO.)  Stem  short,  proliferous; 
leaves  circular  in  outline,  with  numerous  2  -  4-toothed  divisions,  on  triangular 
rough-edged  petioles  ;  sheaths  persistent,  composed  of  oblique  fibres  interwoven 
with  numerous  erect  strong  spines ;  spadix  small,  short-peduncled ;  spathes 
about  4,  oblong,  woolly,  acutely  2-lipped ;  petals  ovoid ;  drupe  ovoid.  —  Low 
shady  woods  in  the  lower  districts,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  June  and  July. 
—  Stem  2° -3°  long,  erect  or  creeping.  Leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  3° -4° 
high.  Spadix  6' -12' long.  Partial  spathes  none.  Drupe  6" -9"  long. 


ORDER  135.      ARACE^.      (ARUM  FAMILY.) 

Acrid  chiefly  stemless  herbs,  from  tuberous  or  creeping  rootstocks,  with 
entire  or  divided  often  veiny  leaves,  and  perfect  or  monoecious  flowers 
borne  on  a  spadix,  and  commonly  enclosed  in  a  spathe.  —  Calyx  and 
corolla  wanting,  or  the  former  with  scale-like  sepals.  Stamens  short, 
hypogynous :  anthers  extrorse,  commonly  sunk  in  the  thick  connective. 
Ovary  1  -  several-celled,  with  1  -  several  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stigma  ses- 
sile. Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent.  Embryo  straight.  Albumen  mealy  or 
fleshy,  sometimes  wanting. 

Synopsis. 

*  Calyx  and  corolla  none.     Spadix  enclosed  in  a  spathe.     Flowers  monoecious. 
*-  Fertile  flowers  numerous.     Spadix  free. 

1.  ARISJSMA.     Spathe  thin,  convolute  at  the  base,  arching  above.    .Spadix  barren  above. 

Leaves  3  -  several-lobed. 

2.  PELTANDRA.     Spathe  (green)  thick,  convolute  throughout,  wavy  on  the  margins.     Spa- 

dix flowering  throughout.    Leaves  sagittate. 

3.  XANTHOSOMA.     Spathe  convolute  at  the  base,  open  and  white  above.     Spadix  flowering 

throughout.     Leaves  sagittate. 

«-  H-  Fertile  flower  solitary.     Spadix  adnate  to  the  spathe. 

4.  PISTIA.     Free-floating  aquatics.     Fertile  flowers  solitary. 

*  *  Calyx  manifest.    Flowers  perfect. 
+-  Spadix  enclosed  in  a  spathe. 

5.  SYMPLOCARPUS.     Spathe  thick  and  fleshy,  convolute,  pointed.   Spadix  globular.  Sepals 

and  stamens  4. 

-i-  +-  Spadix  naked. 

6.  ORONTIUM.     Spadix  terminating  the  club-shaped  white-topped  scape. 

7.  ACORUS.     Spadix  attached  to  the  side  of  the  flattened  leaf-like  scape. 

1.    ARISJEMA,    Mart.     INDIAN  TURNIP. 

Spathe  convolute  below,  dilated  and  commonly  arched  above,  withering. 
Spadix  covered  below  with  monoecious  flowers  (the  lower  ones  fertile),  elon- 


440  ARACE^E.      (ARUM  FAMILY.; 

gated  and  naked  above.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Stamens  4  in  a  whorl,  very 
short :  anther-cells  2-4,  distinct,  opening  at  the  top.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  5-6 
erect  orthotropous  ovules.  Stigma  sessile.  Fruit  a  1  -  few-seeded  scarlet  berrv. 
Embryo  in  the  axis  of  mealy  albumen.  —  Root  tuberous.  Petioles  of  the  com- 
monly divided  and  veiny  leaves  elongated  and  sheathing  the  scape.  Fruit-clus- 
ters naked. 

1.  A.  triphyllum,  Torr.     (WAKE-ROBIN.)     Leaves  two,  trifoliate ;  leaf- 
lets  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  acuminate ;    spathe  tubular,  dilated,   flattened    and 
incurved  above,  acuminate,  green,  or  variegated  with  white  and  purple,  longer 
than  the  club-shaped  obtuse  often  dioecious  spadix.     (Arum  triphyllum.  L.)  — 
Low  rich  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.    March.  —  Plant  1°  -  U°  high.    Leaf- 
lets 3'  -  6'  long.     Root  depressed,  rugose,  intensely  acrid. 

2.  A.  polymorphum.      Leaf  solitary,   3  -  5-foliolate ;    leaflets   varying 
from  oblong  to  obovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  nearly  sessile,  the  lateral 
ones  entire,  2-lobed  or  2-parted  to  the  base ;  spathe,  £c.  as  in  the  preceding. 
(Arum  polymorphum,  Buckley.     A.  quinatum,  Nutt.?)  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina.  — Plant  1°-  l£°  high. 

3.  A.  Dracontium,  Schott.     (DRAGON-ROOT.)     Leaf  solitary,  pedately 
9  -  13-foliolate;  leaflets  petioled,  entire,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acuminate  ;  spathe 
tubular  (green),  concave  and  erect  above,  much  shorter  than  the  very  slender 
spadix.      (Arum   Dracontium,    L.)  —  Rich   woods,   Florida,   and    northward. 
March  and  April.  —  Plant  1°  -  l£°  high.     Berries  numerous  on  the  flat  rhachis, 
1  -  3-seeded. 

2.     PELTANDRA,     Raf.      ARROW-ARUM. 

Spathe  elongated,  fleshy,  convolute  throughout,  wavy  on  the  margins,  curved 
at  the  apex,  persistent  at  the  base.  Spadix  long,  wholly  covered  by  the  mo- 
noecious flowers.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Anther-cells  5-6,  imbedded  in  the 
thick  peltate  connective,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  sev- 
eral orthotropous  ovules.  Berry  1  -  3-seeded.  Seed  gelatinous,  without  albu- 
men. Embryo  large.  Plumule  conspicuous,  curved.  —  A  fleshy  stemless  marsh 
herb,  from  a  creeping  rhizoma.  Leaves  sagittate,  with  the  petiole  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  thick  scape.  Fruit-clusters  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  persistent  base  of 
the  spathe. 

1.  P.  Virginica,  Raf.  Leaves  several,  oblong,  acute,  finely  veined,  and 
with  2-3  intramarginal  nerves,  the  lobes  obtuse  ;  scapes  shorter  than  the  leaves 
recurved  in  fruit ;  spathe  lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  cylindrical  spadix, 
both  early  decaying  above  the  fertile  flowers  ;  berries  green,  in  a  globose  cluster, 
1-seeded.  (Arum  Virginicum,  L.) — Marshes  and  wet  places,  Florida,  and 
northward.  April  and  May.  —  Plant  1°  high.  Spatbes  2'-  4'  long. 

3.    XANTHOSOMA,    Schott. 

Spathe  convolute  at  the  base,  straight.  Spadix  sterile  in  the  middle.  Calyx 
and  corolla  none.  Anther-cells  numerous,  adnate  to  the  conical  truncate 


ARACE^E.     (ARUM  FAMILY.)  441 

connective,  opening  at  the  apex.  Ovaries  numerous,  crowded,  somewhat  4-celled, 
•with  numerous  horizontal  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  short  and  thick :  stigma 
broad,  depressed,  lobed.  Berry  red,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs.  Petioles  of  the 
sagittate  leaves  sheathing  the  base  of  the  scape. 

1.  X.  sagittifolium,  Schott.  Stemless  ;  leaves  glaucous,  hastate-cordate, 
acuminate,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse  ;  spathe  hooded  at  the  summit,  oval-lanceo- 
late, white,  longer  than  the  spadix.  —  Marshes  and  springy  places,  near  Savan- 
nah, Elliott,  and  Wilmington,  Curtis.  May  and  June.  1|.  —  Root  tuberous. 
Petioles  12'— 15'  long.  Leaves  5'  — 7'  long,  the  lobes  somewhat  spreading  and 
generally  obtuse.  Scape  as  long  as  the  petioles. 

4.    PISTIA,    L. 

Spathe  tubular  at  the  base,  spreading  above,  united  Avith  the  spadix.  Flowers 
few,  monrecious,  the  upper  ones  staminate  and  supported  by  a  cup-shaped  invo- 
lucre ;  the  fertile  solitary.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Anther-cells  3-8,  opening 
transversely.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  several  erect  orthotropous  ovules.  Style 
thick  :  stigma  disk-like.  Berry  few  -  many-seeded.  Embryo  at  the  apex  of  the 
albumen.  —  Small  free-floating  aquatic  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  entire 
clustered  spreading  leaves,  with  the  flowers  in  their  axils. 

1.  P.  spathulata,  Michx.  Leaves  arranged  in  a  circle,  round-obovate, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole,  with  the  nerves  projecting  beneath  (la- 
melliform)  ;  roots  numerous,  elongated;  spathe  short-peduncled,  white.  —  In 
still  water,  East  Florida,  and  westward.  — Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

5.     SYMPLOCARPUS,     Salisb.      SKUXK-CABBAGE. 

Spathe  hooded-shell-form,  acuminate,  fleshy,  early  decaying.  Spadix  pedun- 
cled,  globose,  covered  with  the  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  4,  hooded,  berry-like  in 
fruit.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary 
1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Style  pyramidal,  4-angled ;  stigma  minute.  Berries  with 
the  sepals  united  in  a  mass.  Seeds  globose,  without  albumen.  Embryo  thick 
and  fleshy.  —  Perennial  garlic-scented  herbs,  from  a  deep  and  thick  rhizoma, 
with  large  stout-petioled  veiny  leaves,  and  nearly  sessile  spathes,  appearing  be- 
fore the  leaves. 

1.  S.  fCBtidus,  Salisb.  Leaves  thin,  oval,  cordate,  short-petioled ;  spathe 
ovate,  incurved,  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow ;  spadix  dull-purple,  much 
shorter  than  the  spathe,  enlarged  in  fruit.  (Pothos  fcetidus,  Michx.)  —Bogs  and 
swamps,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  Feb.  and  March.  —  Leaves  l°-2° 
long.  Spathe  2'  -  4'  long.  Spadix  in  fruit  2'  -  3'  in  diameter.  Seeds  about  the 
size  of  a  pea. 

6.     ORONTIUM,     L.      GOLDEN-CLUB. 

Spathe  none.  Spadix  cylindrical,  covered  with  the  yellow  perfect  flowers. 
Sepals  and  stamens  4-6-  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1-celled, 


442  LEMNACE^E.       (DUCKWEED    FAMILY.) 

with  a  single  amphitropous  ovule.  Stigma  minute,  sessile.  Fruit  green.  Seed 
without  albumen.  Embryo  thick  and  fleshy.  —  A  perennial  aquatic  herb,  with 
oblong  long-petioled  leaves,  and  a  yellow  erect  spadix  terminating  the  club- 
shaped  scape. 

1.  O.  aquaticum,  L.  Rhizoma  deep,  fleshy;  leaves  acute,  nerved,  on 
stout  terete  petioles  ;  scape  terete,  thickened  upward,  white  beneath  the  spadix, 
sheathed  below,  commonly  curved.  — Ponds  and  slow-flowing  streams,  Florida, 
and  northward.  March  and  April.  —  Leaves  about  1°  long.  Scape  l°-2° 
long.  Spadix  l'-2'  long;  the  upper  flowers  mostly  tetrandrous. 

7.    AGOUTIS,    L.      CALAMUS.     SWEKT  FLAG. 

Scape  flattened,  leaf-like,  with  the  lateral  sessile  spadix  covered  with  the  per- 
fect flowers.  Spathe  none.  Sepals  and  stamens  6.  Corolla  none.  Filaments 
slender:  anthers  kidney-shaped,  1 -celled,  opening  transversely.  Ovary  2-3- 
celled,  with  several  oithotropous  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stigma  minute. 
Fruit  dry,  gelatinous  within,  1  -  few-seeded.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  albu- 
men.—  Perennial  herbs,  from  a  creeping  aromatic  rhizoma.  Leaves  erect,  long, 
flattened,  2-edged.  Scape  leaf-like,  elongated  above  the  spadix. 

1.  A.  Calamus,  L.  —  Wet  places,  Florida,  and  northward,  apparently  in- 
troduced. April.  —  Rhizoma  rather  slender,  pungent.  Leaves  l°-2°  high, 
linear-lanceolate.  Scape  narrower  than  the  leaves.  Spadix  cylindrical,  yellow- 
ish, 2'  -  3'  long,  spreading. 


ORDER  136.     LEMNACE^E.     (DUCKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Minute  aquatic  floating  plants,  with  lenticular  proliferous  stems  (fronds), 
and  usually  simple  roots,  pendent  from  beneath.  Flowers  monoecious, 
mostly  from  a  marginal  cleft  of  the  stem.  Spathe  membranaceous, 
pitcher-shaped,  bursting  into  two  unequal  lobes,  soon  vanishing,  commonly 
enclosing  two  sterile  flowers,  which  are  reduced  to  single  slender  filaments 
bearing  a  2-celled  anther,  and  a  single  sessile  1 -celled  ovary,  which  forms 
in  fruit  a  1  -  7-seeded  utricle.  Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy 
albumen. 

1.    LEMNA,    L.      DUCKWEED 

Spathes  marginal,  3-flowered.  Anthers  opening  transversely  Stigrna  funnel- 
form.  Ovules  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  anatropous  or  half-anatropous. — 
Steins  increasing  by  lateral  buds.  Roots  terminating  in  a  calypt  re-like  append- 
age. —  The  flowers  of  these  plants  are  seldom  seen. 

1.  L.  minor,  L.  Stems  pale,  round-obovate.  flattened,  single  or  variously 
clustered  ;  root  single  ;  ovule  solitary,  half-anatropous  ;  seed  horizontal.  —  Pools, 
ditches,  &c.,  Florida,  and  northward  ;  common  near  the  coast,  and  probably 
intermixed  with  L.  perpusilla,  Torr.  —  Stems  l"-2"  long. 


TYPHACE^E.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.)  443 

2.  L.  polyrhiza,  L.  Stems  roundish  or  obovate,  flat  and  pale  above, 
convex  and  dark  purple  beneath,  clustered  ;  roots  numerous,  clustered  ;  ovules  2. 
—  Ponds,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Less  common  than  the  preceding.  Stems 
2"  -4"  long. 


ORDER  137.     TYPHACE7E.      (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Simple-stemmed  marsh  herbs,  with  elongated  strap-shaped  nerved 
leaves,  and  monoecious  flowers,  on  a  globular  or  cylindrical  spadix,  desti- 
tute of  floral  envelopes,  but  enveloped  in  copious  pappus-like  hairs  or 
scales.  Spathe  bract-like  or  none.  Anthers  single  or  2  -  4  together,  on 
long  and  slender  filaments.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended 
anatropous  ovule.  Style  slender.  Fruit  nut-like.  Embryo  straight  in 
copious  albumen.  —  Sterile  spadix  placed  above  the  fertile,  continuous  or 
distant. 

1.     TYPHA,     Tourn.     CAT-TAIL. 

Flowers  densely  crowded  on  a  long  cylindrical  terminal  spadix,  enveloped  in 
copious  pappus-like  hairs  ;  the  sterile  ones  sessile  on  the  upper  part  of  the  spa- 
dix, the  fertile  on  slender  stalks.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  lateral.  Embryo  cylin- 
drical, in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  Stems  straight,  from  a  thick  rhizoma, 
clothed  below  with  the  sheathing  bases  of  the  elongated  linear  leaves.  Spathes 
bract-like  and  deciduous,  or  none. 

1  •  T.  latifolia,  L.  Stem  terete,  jointed  below ;  leaves  nearly  as  long  as 
the  stem,  erect,  flat,  reticulated  and  somewhat  glaucous  ;  sterile  and  fertile  por- 
tions of  the  spadix  contiguous,  cylindrical.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  rivers, 
Florida,  and  northward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  4°  -  6°  high,  scape-like  above. 
Leaves  r> bout  1' wide.  Spadix  about  1°  long. — T.  angustifolia,  L.,  if  found 
within  our  limits,  may  be  known  by  narrower  leaves  which  are  channelled  near 
the  base,  and  by  the  interval  which  separates  the  sterile  and  fertile  portions  of 
the  spadix. 

2.    SPARGANITJM,    L.     BUR-REED. 

Flowers  densely  crowded  in  globular  heads,  surrounded  by  several  scales  like 
a  calyx  ;  the  upper  heads  sterile,  naked,  the  lower  fertile  and  commonly  bracted. 
Ovary  sessile,  pointed  by  the  short  persistent  style.  Stigma  lateral.  Fruit  nut- 
like.  Embryo  cylindrical,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  Marsh  or  aquatic 
plants,  with  erect  stems,  and  long  strap-shaped  sessile  leaves,  the  lowest  ones 
sheathing.  Heads  of  flowers  scattered. 

1.  3.  ramosum,  Huds.  ?  Leaves  flat,  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  gradually 
shorter,  concave  and  clasping  at  the  base,  the  lower  sheathing  and  elongated ; 
heads  5  -  9,  disposed  in  axillary  and  terminal  interrupted  spikes  ;  the  lowest  one 
larger  and  pistillate,  the  others  wholly  staminate  ;  scales  wedge-shaped  ;  stigma 
subulate,  simple.  (S.  Americanum,  Ell.) — Lagoons  and  ditches,  Florida,  and 
northward.  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Leaves  as  long  as  the  stem,  8"  -  12" 
wide.  Heads  of  fertile  flowers  8"  -  10"  in  diameter. 


444  NAIADACEA:.     (PONDWEED  FAMILY.) 

ORDER  138.     NAIADACEJE.     (POND WEED  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  slender  jointed  leafy  immersed  stems,  and  perfect 
monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  or  with 
scale-like  sepals.  Stamens  1-4:  anthers  1-4-celled.  Ovary  1 -celled, 
forming  a  1-seeded  achenium  in  fruit.  Stigmas  1-4.  Seed  without  al- 
bumen. Embryo  straight,  curved,  or  coiled.  —  Leaves  sheathing,  or  with 
sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  commonly  enclosed  in  a  spathe. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

1.  NAIAS.     Stigmas  2 -4.     Flowers  naked.    Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

2.  ZOSTERA.    Stigmas  2.    Flowers  enclosed  in  a  spathe.     Leaves  alternate. 

3.  ZANNICHELLIA.     Stigma  single,  peltate.     Ovaries  4,  from  a  cup-like  involucre. 

*  *  Flowers  perfect. 

4.  RUPPIA.     Fruit  long-peduncled,  umbellate.     Calyx  and  corolla  none. 
6.  POTAMOGETON.    Fruit  sessile,  spiked.     Calyx  4-leaved. 

1.    NAIAS,     L. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  sessile,  destitute  of  calyx  and  co- 
rolla. Sterile  flower  monandrous,  enclosed  in  a  spathe.  Anther  4-celled,  open- 
ing at  the  apex,  the  filament  lengthening.  Fertile  flower  naked ;  the  sessile 
ovary  pointed  with  the  slender  style.  Stigmas  2-4,  subulate.  Ovule  erect. 
Achenium  minute.  Embryo  straight.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Stems  filiform,  fork- 
ing. Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  linear,  dilated  into  a  short  sheath  at  the  base. 
Flowers  solitary,  minute. 

1.  "N.  flexilis,  Rostk.  Stem  immersed  (1°-  2°  long) ;  leaves  3  in  a  whorl, 
narrow-linear,  mcmbranaceous,  spreading,  minutely  denticulate  on  the  margins, 
the  lower  ones  often  remote;  stigmas  3 -4;  achenium  elliptical,  acute,  smooth, 
yellowish.  (Caulinia  flexilis,  Willd.)  —  In  ponds  and  still  water,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Leaves  about  1'  long. 

Var.  ?  fusiformis.  Stem  (6' -12'  long)  almost  capillary,  very  leafy 
throughout ;  leaves  opposite,  approximate,  spreading  or  recurved  (2" -4"  long)  ; 
achenium  narrowly  spindle-shaped,  finely  reticulated,  brownish.  —  Brackish 
water  along  the  coast.  West  Florida.  July  and  Aug. 

2.     ZOSTERA,    L.     EEL-GRASS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  naked ;  the  sterile  and  fertile  ones  alternately  arranged 
on  the  anterior  edge  of  a  flattened  membranaceous  spadix,  and  enclosed  in  the 
sheath-like  base  of  the  leaves.  Anthers  oblong,  1-celled,  filled  with  fine  filaments 
instead  of  pollen-grains.  Ovary  fixed  near  the  apex,  containing  a  single  pen- 
dulous orthotropous  ovule,  and  pointed  with  the  subulate  persistent  style.  Stig- 
mas 2,  capillary.  Utricle  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  striate.  Cotyledons  in- 
flexed-curved,  received  in  a  longitudinal  cleft  of  the  embryo  — Marine  herbs, 
with  creeping  stems,  and  narrowly  linear  obtuse  and  elongated  sheathing  leaves. 


NAIADACE^E.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  445 

I.  Z.  marina,  L.  Stem  slender,  terete,  jointed;  leaves  thin  and  tender, 
faintly  3-5-nerved;  flowers  in  two  rows  on  the  linear  spadix. — Deep  salt- 
water coves.  West  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug.  and  Sept. 

3.    ZANNTCHELLIA,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.  Sterile  flower  consisting  of  a  solitary  naked 
filament  bearing  a  2  -  4-celled  anther.  Fertile  flower  from  the  same  axil,  com- 
posed of  2-6  sessile  1 -celled  ovaries,  surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped  involucre,  and 
pointed  with  the  slender  style.  Stigma  obliquely  peltate.  Ovule  suspended, 
orthotropous.  Achenium  oblong,  stalked.  Embryo  slender,  coiled.  —  Sub- 
merged aquatic  plants,  with  filiform  branching  stems,  and  very  narrow  and 
entire  alternate  leaves,  with  sheathing  stipules. 

1.  Z.  palustris,  L.  Stems  tufted,  filiform,  alternately  branched;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  entire,  acute,  1 -nerved  ;  anther  2-celled,  on  a  long  and  slender 
filament ;  achenia  3-6  in  a  cluster,  commonly  raised  on  a  short  common  pe- 
duncle, each  stalked,  linear-oblong,  somewhat  compressed  and  curved,  smooth 
and  wingless,  about  one  third  longer  than  the  persistent  style.  —  Fresh  or  brack- 
ish water,  West  Florida,  and  northward.  May -Aug.  —  Stems  l°-3°  long. 
Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

4.    RTTPPIA,    L.    DITCH-GRASS. 

Flowers  perfect,  naked,  two  or  more  on  a  slender  spadix,  enclosed  in  the 
spathe-like  sheaths  of  the  leaves,  but  soon  long-exserted.  Stamens  2,  closely 
sessile  :  anther-cells  large,  distinct.  Ovaries  4,  sessile,  containing  a  single  sus- 
pended campylotropous  ovule.  Stigma  peltate.  Achenium  stalked,  obliquely 
ovate.  Embryo  pointed  by  the  short  plumule.  —  Salt-water  herbs,  with  filiform 
branching  stems,  and  alternate  linear  or  bristle-like  sheathing  leaves. 

1 .  R.  maritima,  L.  —  In  shallow  water,  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and 
northward.  May -Aug.  —  Stems  immersed,  l°-3°  long,  mostly  creeping  at 
the  base.  Leaves  filiform,  l'-3'  long,  with  dilated  membranaceous  sheaths. 
Fruiting  peduncles  l'-4'  long.  Achenium  pointed. 

5.    POTAMOGrETON,    Tourn.    PONDWEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  spiked.  Sepals  4,  roundish,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
4,  opposite  the  sepals  :  filaments  short :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovaries  4,  sessile. 
Ovules  ascending,  campylotropous.  Style  short  or  none :  stigma  peltate. 
Achenia  1-4,  compressed.  Embryo  curved  or  coiled.  —  Aquatic  herbs,  with 
immersed  slender  and  jointed  stems.  Leaves  stipulate,  alternate  and  opposite, 
either  all  immersed  and  commonly  membranaceous,  or  the  upper  ones  floating 
and  more  rigid.  Spikes  peduncled,  axillary  and  terminal. 
*  Leaves  all  immersed  and  alike. 

•<-    Leaves  filiform. 

1.   P.  pectinatus,  L.      Stem  slender,  flexnous ;  the  branches   diffusely 
forking,  distichous  ;  leaves  long,  thickish,  slightly  channelled,  approximate  on 
38 


446  NAIADACE^E.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

the  branches ;  stipules  small,  united  with  the  long  and  sheathing  base  of  the 
leaves ;  spikes  slender,  interrupted,  on  long  filiform  peduncles  ;  achenium  obovate, 
smooth,  slightly  compressed,  keeled  on  the  back.  —  Fresh  or  brackish  water, 
West  Florida,  and  northward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Stems  2°  -  3°  long.  Leaves  3'  - 
4'  long.  Spikes  1'  -  2'  long. 

2.  P.  pauciflorus,  Pursh.  Stem  very  slender,  flattened,  sparingly  branched; 
leaves  scattered,  thin,  3-nerved,  sessile ;  stipules  free  from  the  leaves,  connate, 
sheathing ;   spikes  short-peduncled,  4  -  6-flowered,  globose  in  fruit ;   achenium 
round-obovate,  short-pointed,  keeled  and  sinuate-toothed  on  the  back.  —  Shallow 
ponds,  Georgia,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  long.    Leaves 
1'  -  2'  long.     Peduncles  £'  -  1 '  long. 

•«-  ••-  Leaves  lanceolate  or  cordate :  stipules  free,  sheathing. 

3.  P.  perfoliatus,  L.     Stem  terete,  branching,  very  leafy ;  leaves  ovate, 
cordate,  clasping,  obtuse,  many-nerved,  those  at  the  branches  and  peduncles 
opposite ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  oblong,  densely  many-flowered,  on  stout 
peduncles  2  —  3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  achenium  obliquely  obovate,  rounded 
on  the  back,  short-pointed.  —  Fresh  or  brackish  water,  West  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.   July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  1  °  -  2°  long.     Leaves  6"  -  8"  long. 

4.  P.  lucens,  L.  ?     Stems  sparingly  branched ;   leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
contracted  and  sessile  at  the  base,  pellucid,  5  -  9-nerved,  wavy  on  the  margins  ; 
stipules  (white)  connate,  rounded  on  the  back ;  spikes  cylindrical,  many-flow- 
ered, on  stout  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  achenium  (immature)  oval, 
compressed,  rounded  on  the  back,  short-pointed.  —  Fresh  water,  Apalachicola, 
Florida.    Aug.  —  Stems  2°  - 3°  long.    Leaves  2' -  3'  long,  equalling  the  spikes. 

*  *  Leaves  of  ttvo  forms  ;  the  immersed  ones  thin  and  pellucid,  the  floating  ones  long- 
petioled  and  somewhat  coriaceous. 

5.  P.  fluitans,  Roth.      Stem  simple ;   leaves  many-nerved  ;    the  floating 
ones  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  or  obtuse  or 
cordate  at  the  base ;   the  others   large,  oblong,  gradually  or  abruptly  sliort- 
petioled,  undulate ;  stipules  connate  and  keeled  on  the  back ;  peduncles  stout, 
thickened  upward ;  spikes  long,  cylindrical,  dense-flowered ;  achenium  smooth, 
1  -  3-keeled  on  the  back.  —  Fresh-water  ponds  and  streams,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.   June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  2'  -  9'  long. 

P.  NATANS,  L.  probably  occurs  within  our  limits,  but  I  have  not  seen 
specimens.  It  may  be  known  by  longer-petioled  (4'-  12')  leaves,  more  slender 
peduncles,  and  rounded  stipules  and  achenia. 

6.  P.  heterophyllus,  Schreber.    Stem  slender,  branching ;  floating  leaves 
small,  thin,  elliptical  or  oblong-linear,  on  filiform  petioles  ;  immersed  leaves  long, 
sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate  ;  stipules  connate,  2-ribbed ;  peduncles  thickened  up- 
ward ;  spikes  narrowly  cylindrical ;  achenium  smooth,  slightly  keeled  on  the  back. 
—  Shallow  ponds,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    July.  —  Floating  leaves  1'- 
2'  long.     Immersed  leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

7.  P.  hybridus,  Michx.     Small ;  stems  very  slender,  branched  ;  floating 
leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  commonly  acute  at  each  end,  shining  and  strongly 


ALISMACE^E.       (  WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  447 

impressed-nerved,  longer  than  the  filiform  petioles  ;  immersed  leaves  filiform, 
scattered  ;  spikes  oval  or  oblong,  short-peduncled ;  achenium  nearly  circular, 
concave  on  the  sides,  rugose  or  tubcrculate,  and  1  -  3-ridged  on  the  back ; 
embryo  coiled.  (P.  setaceus,  Pursh.  P.  heterophyllus,  Ell.  ?)  —  Shallow  ponds, 
Florida,  and  northward.  June -Aug.  —  Floating  leaves  6" -8"  long,  com- 
monly 5-nerved. 


ORDER  139.     ALJSMACE^E.     (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  herbs,  usually  with  creeping  runners  or  rootstocks,  nerved  and 
reticulated  sheathing  leaves,  and  scape-like  stems,  bearing  the  perfect  or 
monoecious  flowers  in  spikes  or  whorled  racemes.  —  Sepals  and  petals  3, 
or  the  latter  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  few  or  numerous  :  anthers  2- 
celled.  Ovaries  3  or  many,  with  1-2  anatropous  or  campylotropous  erect 
ovules.  Style  short  or  none.  Achenium  coriaceous,  1  -  2-seeded.  Em- 
bryo straight  or  curved,  without  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  JUNCAGINEJE.  Sepals  and  petals  (when  present) 
greenish.  Ovule  anatropous.  Embryo  straight. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN.    Leaves  rush-like.    Flowers  in  spiked  racemes. 

SUBORDER  II.  ALISME^E.  Petals  white,  deciduous.  Ovule  cam- 
pylotropous. Embryo  curved  or  hooked. 

2.  AL1SMA.    Flowers  perfect.    Achenia  whorled.    Racemes  compound. 

3.  ECHINODORUS.    Flowers  perfect.     Achenia  clustered  in  a  head. 

4.  SAGITTABIA.    Flowers  monoscious.    Achenia  clustered  in  a  head. 

1.    TRIGLOCHIN,    L. 

Flowers  'perfect,  in  a  spiked  raceme.-  Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  and  greenish,  like 
the  sepals,  or  none.  Anthers  3-6,  nearly  sessile,  oval.  Ovaries  3-6,  united 
around  a  central  axis,  from  which  they  separate  at  maturity,  1-ovuled.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Embryo  straight.  —  Leaves  rush-like,  fleshy,  2-ranked.  Flowers 
small,  bractless. 

1.  T.  triandrum,  Michx.  Leaves  erect,  linear-subulate,  semi-terete,  di- 
lated at  the  base  and  sheathing  the  base  of  the  terete  scape ;  flowers  very  numer- 
ous, on  short  pedicels ;  sepals  oval,  deciduous ;  petals  none ;  anthers  and  ovaries 
3;  fruit  globose-triangular,  pointless,  when  dry  3-winged  by  the  compressed 
3-ribbed  achenia ;  embryo  oblong.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  West  Florida 
to  North  Carolina.  Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Scape  and  leaves  £°  -  1  °  high. 

2.    ALISMA,    L.     WATER-PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  perfect  in  a  whorled  panicle.  Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  involute  in  the 
bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  6 -12.  Ovaries  numerous  in  a  simple  whorl.  Style 


448  ALISMACE^E.       (WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.) 

short.    Achenium  I -seeded,  2  -  3-keeled  on  the  back.  —  Roots  fibrous.     Leaves 
mostly  oval  or  cordate,  nerved,  shorter  than  the  scape.     Flowers  white. 

1.  A.  PlautagO,  L.  Leaves  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  the  base;  3  -  9-nerved ;  panicle  large,  lax,  the  whorled  branches  and 
elongated  filiform  pedicels  bracted  at  the  base;  achenia  obtuse,  15-20  in  a 
whorl.  (A.  trivialis,  and  A.  parviflora,  Pursh.)  —  Ditches  and  margins  of  ponds 
in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Leaves  2'  -  4' 
long.  Panicle  l°-2°  long. 

3.    ECHINODORTJS,    Eichard. 

Flowers  perfect,  mostly  in  whorled  racemes.  Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  withering.  Stamens  few  or  numerous.  Ovaries  few  or  many,  im- 
bricated, forming  ribbed  achenia  in  fruit,  usually  beaked  with  the  persistent 
style.  —  Herbs,  with  petioled  nerved  leaves.  Heads  mostly  bur-like. 

1.  E.  parvulus,  Engelm.     Small;  leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulatc,  mostly 
acute,  finely  nerved  and  somewhat  pinnately- veined,  commonly  shorter  than  the 
single  or  clustered  1  -  6-flowered  scapes ;  flowers  mostly  clustered  or  umbellcd, 
on  long  bracted  pedicels  which  are  recurved  in  fruit,  stamens  9 ;  achenia  few, 
shorter  than  the  ovate  sepals,  obovate,  flattened  at  the  sides,  and  surrounded 
with  5  prominent  ribs,  beakless. — Margins  of  shallow  ponds,  Middle  Florida, 
and  westward.     July  and  Aug.  —  Scapes   l'-4'  high.      Achenia  black  and 
shining. 

2.  E.  restrains,  Engelm.    Leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute 
at  each  end,  or  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  about  as  long  as  the 
petiole ;  scape  rigid,  erect,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  whorls  few ;  pedicels  erect  or 
spreading ;  sepals  ovate,  many-nerved,  shorter  than  the  oval  bur-like  head ;  sta- 
mens 12;  style  longer  than  the  ovary;  achenia  numerous,  strongly  3-ribbed  on 
the  back,  with  fainter  lateral  and  intermediate  ribs,  beaked  with  the  long  persist- 
ent style.  —  South  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Scape  simple,  3' -8'  high,  or  oc- 
casionally 2°  high  and  paniculately  branched.     Leaves  l'-2'  long.     Flowers  5" 
wide. 

3.  E.  radicans,  Engelm.     Leaves  large,  long-petioled,   ovate,  cordate  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  obtuse,  7  -  9-ribbed ;  scape  elongated,  prostrate,  rooting  and 
proliferous;  whorls  several,  remote;  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  or  recurved; 
stamens  about  20 ;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  heads  globose,  longer  than  the 
many-nerved  sepals ;  achenia  very  numerous,  short-beaked,  ribbed  and  slightly 
denticulate  on  the  back.     (Alisma  radicans,  Nutt.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.   July  -  Sept.  —  Scape  2°  -  4°  long.   Leaves  3'  -  8'  long. 
Flowers  8"-  12"  wide. 

4.    SAGITTAB1A,    L.    ARROW-GRASS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  a  whorled  raceme,  the  upper  ones  sterile.  Sepals  3, 
persistent.  Petals  3,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  withering.  Stamens  few  or  many. 
Ovaries  crowded  in  a  globular  head.  Achenia  flat,  membranaceous,  winged.  — 
Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  with  scape-like  stems,  and  variously-shaped  nerved  and 


ALISMACE^E.       (WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  449 

reticulated  sheathing  leaves,  which  are  often  without  a  blade.    Flowers  white, 
commonly  3  in  a  whorl  from  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts. 
*  Filaments  long  and  slender. 

1.  S.  falcata,  Pursh.     Tall;  leaves  erect,  rigid,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  pinnately  nerved,  on  long  and  stout  petioles  ;  scape  longer  than  the 
leaves,  often  branching  above ;  pedicels  of  the  sterile  flowers  slender,  longer  than 
those  of  the  fertile  ones ;  bracts  and  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  granular-roughened ; 
stamens  numerous,  with  hairy  filaments ;  achenia  obliquely  obovate,  wing-keeled, 
strongly  beaked.     (S.  lancifolia,  Michx.)  — Lakes  and  rivers,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina,   and  westward.      June -Sept.  —  Scape  2° -5°  high.     Leaves  1°-  2° 
long.     Flowers  1'- 1£'  wide. 

2.  S.  variabilis,  Engelm.     Leaves  mostly  sagittate,  acute  or  obtuse,  vary- 
ing from  linear  to  broadly  ovate,  smooth,  or  rarely,  like  the  scape,  bracts,  and 
sepals,  pubescent ;  bracts  acute ;  flowers  mostly  large ;  pedicels  of  the  sterile 
flowers  twice  as  long  as  those  of  the  fertile  ones ;  achenia  obovate,  beaked ;  fila- 
ments smooth.     (S.  sagittifolia,  hastata,  pubescens,  &c.  of  authors.)  —  Marshes, 
ditches,  &c.,  Florida,  and  northward.      July -Sept.  —  Scape  l°-3°  high,  an- 
gled.   Leaves  2'  -  12'  long. 

*  *  Filaments  short,  thickened  at  the  base. 

3.  S.  heterophylla,  Pursh.     Scape  weak ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  and 
acute  at  each  end,  or  elliptical,  and  obtuse  or  sagittate  at  the  base ;  bracts  obtuse ; 
sterile  flowers  on  long  and  slender  pedicels ;  the  fertile  ones  nearly  sessile ;  achenia 
narrowly  obovate,  long-beaked.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  streams,  Florida,  and 
northward.  —  Leaves  2' -4'  long.      Scape  few-flowered,  the  lowest  whorl  only 
bearing  fertile  flowers. 

4.  S.  simplex,  Pursh.     Scape  slender,  commonly  prostrate  in  fruit,  simple 
or  branched ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  3-nefved,  erect,  the 
earliest  mostly  destitute  of  a  blade ;  bracts  membranaceous ;  flowers  small,  all 
on  long  filiform  pedicels;  stamens  10-12,  hairy  at  the  base;  achenia  obovate, 
wing-keeled,  beakless.     (S.  graminea,  Michx.)  —  Shallow  ponds  in  the  pine  bar- 
rens, Florida,  and  northward.     May  -  Oct.  —  Scape  10'  -  15'  high,  usually  longer 
than  the  leaves 

5.  S.  natans,  Michx.      Small;  leaves  floating,  ovate-oblong  or  elliptical, 
obtuse  at  each  end  or  the  lowest  slightly  cordate,  5  -  7-nerved,  about  as  long  as 
the  few-flowered '  scape ;   bracts  membranaceous,  acute;   pedicels  of  the  fertile 
flowers  stouter  than  those  of  the  sterile  ones,  recurved  in  fruit ;  stamens  7  or  8 ; 
achenia  obovate,   3-ribbed  on  the  back,  short-beaked.  —  Shallow  ponds  and 
streams,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  June -Sept. —  Scapes  3' -6'  long.    Leaves 
1'- 2' long. 

Var.  lorata.  Leaves  strap-shaped,  obtuse,  without  a  blade,  nerveless  ;  scapes 
floating  or  erect;  flowers  sometimes  dioecious;  achenia  conspicuously  beaked, 
pimpled.  —  Brackish  water,  along  the  west  coast  of  Florida.  May  -  Sept.  — 
When  growing  in  deep  water  the  floating  scapes  are  2° -3°  long;  when  on 
muddy  banks,  only  3'  -  5'  high,  and  the  short  leaves  bear  much  resemblance  to 
those  of  Crantzia  lineata.  In  this  state  it  is  probably  S.  pusilla,  Pursh. 

38* 


450  IIYDROCHARIDACE.E.       (FROG'S-BIT    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  140.     HYDROCHARIDACEJE.       (FROG'S-BIT 
FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  from  a  membrana- 
ceous  spathe.  Sepals  and  petals  3,  or  the  latter  wanting,  distinct  in  the 
sterile  flower,  united  into  a  tube  in  the  fertile,  and  coherent  with  the  1-9- 
celled  ovary.  Stamens  3-12.  Ovules  numerous,  ascending,  orthotropous. 
Stigmas  3-9.  Fruit  indehiscent,  many-seeded.  Embryo  straight,  without 
albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Ovary  1-celled.    Stigmas  3. 

1.  ANACHARIS.     Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.     Spathe  sessile.     Stamens  9.    Leaves  short, 

opposite  or  whorled. 

2.  VALLISNERIA.     Flowers  dioecious.    Spathe  peduncled.     Stamens  3.    Leaves  long,  linear. 

*  *  Cells  of  the  ovary  and  stigmas  6-9. 

3.  LIMNOBIUM.     Flowers  monoecious.     Stamens  6-9,  monadelphous.     Leaves  cordate, 

petioled. 

1.    ANACHARIS,    Rich. 

Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  enclosed  in  the  bud  in  a  2-cleft  axillary 
sessile  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  minute.  Sepals  and  petals  3.  Anthers  9.  Fer- 
tile flowers  pistillate  or  perfect.  Sepals  and  petals  united  into  a  very  long  and 
slender  6-parted  tube.  Stamens  3-6,  perfect  or  sterile.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
three  parietal  placentae,  few-ovuled.  Style  capillary,  adnate  to  the  tube.  Stig- 
mas 3,  each  2-lobed,  exserted.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  elongated  filiform  branching  immersed  stems,  and  small  and  very  numer- 
ous opposite  or  whorled  leaves.  Fertilization  effected  by  the  sterile  flowers 
breaking  away  from  the  stem,  and  expanding  at  the  surface  among  the  floating 
stigmas. 

1 .  A.  Canadensis,  Planch.  Stem  much  branched ;  leaves  3-4  in  a 
whorl,  sessile,  varying  from  linear  to  elliptical,  1 -nerved,  pellucid  and  minutely 
serrulate.  (Udora  Canadensis,  Nutt.) — In  slow-flowing  streams  and  ponds, 
Cherokee,  North  Carolina,  Curtis,  and  northward.  July  and  Aug.  — Leaves 
3" -6"  long. 

2.     VALLISNERIA,    Micheli.     TAPE-GRASS. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  flowers  numerous,  minute,  crowded  on  a  spadix, 
which  is  enclosed  in  an  ovate  3-leaved  short-stalked  spathe.  Calyx  3-parted. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  3.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  enclosed  in  a  tubular  spathe, 
and  borne  on  a  very  long  and  mostly  spiral  scape.  Sepals  and  small  petals  3, 
united  and  coherent  with  the  cylindrical  1-celled  many-ovuled  ovary.  Stigmas 
3,  each  2-lobed.  Seeds  numerous,  fixed  to  three  parietal  placentae.  —  Aquatic 
herbs,  with  creeping  stems,  and  elongated  strap-shaped  leaves.  Fertilization 
effected  mostly  as  in  Anacharis. 


BURMANNIACE^E.        (BURMAXNIA    FAMILY.)  451 

1 .  "V".  spiralis,  L.  —  Slow-flowing  streams  and  ponds,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. July  -  Sept.  ty  —  Plant  creeping,  proliferous.  Leaves  strap-shaped, 
obtuse,  5-9-nerved,  sharply  serrulate,  l°-3°  long,  6" -12"  wide.  Scape  of 
the  sterile  flowers  1 '  -  4'  long,  of  the  fertile  ones  2°  -  5°  long.  Fruit  1'  -  3'  long, 
often  curved. 

3.    LIMNOBIUM,    Richard. 

Flowers  monoecious,  from  a  membranaceous  mostly  sessile  spathe,  peduncled. 
Sterile  spathe  entire,  2  -  3-flowered ;  the  fertile  3-leaved,  1-flowered.  Sepals 
and  petals  3,  united  in  the  fertile  flower,  and  coherent  with  the  ovary.  Stamens 
6  -  12,  monadelphous  :  anthers  linear.  Ovary  6  —  9-celled,  with  as  many  central 
placenta?,  forming  a  many-seeded  berry  in  fruit.  Stigmas  6-9,  each  2-parted. 
—  A  floating  aquatic  herb,  with  copious  pendent  roots,  iong-petioled  round- 
cordate  and  many-nerved  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers. 

1  L.  Spongia,  Richard.  Stems  extensively  proliferous  ;  leaves  purplish 
beneath,  and  with  air-cells  near  the  base  ;  sterile  peduncles  tender,  soon  vanish- 
ing; the  fertile  ones  commonly  short  and  thick,  recurved  in  fruit;  petals  oblong, 
alternating  in  the  fertile  flower  with  a  pair  of  minute  sterile  filaments.  (Hydro- 
charis  spongiosa,  Bosc.)  —  Still  water,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  and  Aug. 
1|.  —  Leaves  2'  -  4'  wide. 


ORDER   141.     BURMANJVIACE^.     (BURMANNIA  FAMILY.) 

Small  herbs,  with  filiform  stems,  scale-like  leaves,  and  regular  perfect 
flowers.  —  Sepals  and  petals  united  to  form  a  tubular  unequally  6-cleft 
corolla-like  perianth,  with  the  tube  coherent  with  the  1  or  3-celled  many- 
ovuled  ovary.  Stamens  3  or  6,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  perianth: 
anther-cells  separate,  2-lobed,  opening  crosswise.  Style  slender  :  stigmas 
3,  dilated.  Placentae  3,  central  or  parietal.  Capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds 
minute,  with  a  loose  or  reticulated  testa. 

1.     BURMANNIA,    L. 

Tube  of  the  perianth  mostly  3-angled  or  3-winged,  6-cleft,  withering-persist- 
ent ;  the  three  interior  lobes  smaller.  Stamens  3,  very  short,  inserted  opposite 
the  interior  lobes  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  three  thick  2-lobed  cen- 
tral placentae.  Stigmas  globose,  dilated  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  splitting  at  the 
apex  into  3  valves.  —  Radical  leaves  crowded  and  grass-like,  or  none ;  those  of 
the  stem  minute,  scale-like.  Flowers  racemose  or  clustered. 

1  -  B.  biflora,  L.  Stem  simple,  or  forked  above,  1  -  several-flowered  ;  leaves 
subulate,  scattered ;  perianth  blue,  broadly  3-winged,  the  exterior  lobes  erect, 
ovate,  acute,  the  interior  linear  and  incurved;  seeds  oblong,  striate.  (Tripte- 
rella  ccerulea,  Michx.)  —  Grassy  or  mossy  margins  of  swamps  and  ponds,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  -  Nov.  —  Stem  1'- 5'  high.  In  this  and  the 
following  species  the  seeds  escape  through  irregular  fissures  at  the  sides  of  the 
capsule. 


452  ORCHIDACE^E.        (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

2.  B.  capitata.  Stems  setaceous,  simple ;  leaves  subulate,  scattered ; 
flowers  several  in  a  terminal  cluster,  white,  tinged  with  blue ;  perianth  3-angled, 
wingless,  the  interior  lobes  linear,  erect ;  seeds  linear-oblong,  spirally  striate. 
(Tripterella  capitata,  Michx.)  —  Low  or  swampy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.  Sept.  -  Nov.  —  Stems  2'  -  6'  high. 

2.    APTERIA,    Nutt. 

Perianth  terete,  tubular-bell-shaped,  6-clcft,  with  the  3  interior  lobes  smaller. 
Stamens  3,  very  short,  opposite  the  interior  lobes  of  the  perianth,  the  filaments 
flat  and  orbicular  at  the  apex  :  anthers  closely  adhering  to  the  globose  stigmas. 
Ovary  1 -celled,  with  three  2-wingcd  parietal  placentae.  Capsule  obovate,  split- 
ting from  the  base  into  three  valves,  which  remain  attached  to  the  apex  of  the 
persistent  placentae.  Seeds  ovoid.  —  A  small  perennial  herb,  with  subulate 
bract-like  leaves,  and  scattered  nodding  flowers. 

1 .  A.  setacea,  Nutt.  Deep  shady  woods,  along  the  margins  of  swamps, 
Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Stem  erect  or  ascending, 
purple,  filiform,  simple  or  branched,  2'  -  8'  high.  Leaves  scattered.  Flowers 
few,  distant,  on  nodding  pedicels.  Perianth  white,  5"  long. 


ORDER  142.     ORCHIDACE^E.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  stems,  from  thick  fibrous  or  tuberous  roots, 
nerved  leaves,  and  irregular  often  showy  flowers.  —  Perianth  6-parted, 
united  below  with  the  1-celled  ovary ;  the  three  outer  divisions  (calyx) 
and  commonly  two  of  the  inner  ones  (petals)  similar  in  form ;  but  the 
third,  posterior,  or,  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary,  anterior  one  (Labellum  or 
Lip)  differs  from  the  others  in  form,  and  often  bears  a  spur  or  prominence 
at  the  base  beneath.  Stamens  3,  united  with  the  style  into  a  column, 
one  or  (in  Cypripedium)  two  only  bearing  a  2-celled  anther.  Pollen- 
grains  cohering  in  2,  4,  or  8  waxy  or  powdery  masses  (Pollinia).  Cap- 
sule with  three  parietal  placentae,  splitting  at  the  sides  into  three  valves. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  covered  with  a  loose  membranaceous  testa. 
Albumen  none.  —  Plants  mostly  smooth  and  more  or  less  succulent. 
Leaves  almost  always  alternate,  sheathing  and  entire.  Stems  leafy  or 
scape-like.  Flowers  bracted,  solitary,  spiked,  or  racemed,  and  remark- 
able for  their  various  and  singular  forms. 

Synopsis. 

I.    Anther  solitary,  fixed  to  the  apex  of  the  column  like  a  lid,  deciduous. 
TRIBE  I.    MALAXIDEJE.  —  Pollen  in  smooth  waxy  masses,  without  stalks  or  connect- 
ing  tissue.  —  Roots  tuberous. 

*  Stems  leafy. 

1.  MICROSTYLIS.    Lip  cordate  or  sagittate.     Column  minute,  2-toothed  at  the  apex. 

2.  LIPARIS.    Lip  entire.     Column  elongated,  incurved,  margined  at  the  apex. 


ORCHIDACEJS.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  453 

*  *  Stems  sheathed. 

3.  CORALLORHIZA.     Spur  of  the  lip   short  and  adnate  to  the  ovary.     Root  branching, 

toothed. 

4.  APLECTRUM.    Lip  spurless.    Root  of  two  solid  connected  tubers,  bearing  a  single  leaf. 

TRIBE  II.     EPIDENDRE^E.  —  Pollen  in  smooth  waxy  masses  connected  by  elastic 

tissue. 

5.  EPIDENDRUM.    Pollen-masses  4.     Claw  of  the  spurless  lip  adnate  to  the  column. 

6.  TIPULARIA.     Pollen-masses  4.    Lip  free,  spurred.     Stem  sheathed. 

7.  BLETIA.     Pollen -masses  8.     Lip  free,  hooded,  spurless. 

TRIBE  III.    ARETHU  SE  JE.  —  Pollen  in  loose  powdery  masses.    Lip  crested. 

8.  CALOPOGON.    Pollen-masses  2.  bipartible.     Column  incurved,  winged  at  the  apex. 

9.  POGONIA.    Pollen-masses  2.     Column  wingless,  club-shaped. 

10.  ARETHUSA.    Pollen-masses  4.     Column  petal-like.    Root  a  solid  tuber. 

II.    Anther  solitary,  adnate  to  the  column,  erect,  persistent. 

TRIBE  IV.  OPHRYDE.K.  —  Anther  adnate  to  the  apex  of  the  column,  the  cells  sep- 
arate.  Pollen  cohering  in  numberless  waxy  grains,  which  are  collected  by  elastic  tissue 
into  a  large  mass,  and  attached  to  a  gland  of  the  stigma  by  an  elastic  stalk.  Lip  spurred. 

11.  ORCHIS.     Anther-cells  contiguous,  parallel.    Glands  of  the  stigma  covered  with  a  common 

hood-like  fold  of  the  stigma. 

12.  GYMNADENIA.    Anther-cells  contiguous,  parallel.     Glands  of  the  stigma  naked. 

13.  PLATANTHERA.    Anther-cells  diverging  from  the  base.     Glands  of  the  stigma  naked. 

14.  HABENARIA.    Anther-cells  diverging.    Glands  naked.    Throat  of  the  stigma  furnished 

with  variously  shaped  appendages. 

TRIBE  V.  KEOTTIE^E.  —  Anther  attached  to  the  back  of  the  column,  parallel  with 
the  stigma  ;  the  cells  approximate.  Pollen  powdery. 

*  Pollen-masses  2. 

15    SPIRANTHES.     Lip  nearly  entire,  clasping  the  column,  obtuse. 

16.  GOODYERA.     Lip  sessile,  entire,  contracted  above  the  middle,  slender-pointed. 

17.  LISTERA.     Lip  2-cleft.     Stem  with  a  pair  of  ovate  opposite  leaves. 

*  *  Pollen-masses  4. 

18.  PONTHIEVA.     Claws  of  the  petals  and  lip  adnate  to  the  column. 

III.    Anthers  two,  fixed  beneath  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  column. 
TRIBE  VI.    C  YPRIPEDIE^E.  —  Column  appendaged  by  the  petal-like  sterile  stamen. 

19.  CYPRIPEDIUM.     Lip  large,  inflated.     Leaves  large,  plaited. 

1.    MICBOSTYLIS,    Nutt.     ADDER'S-MOUTH. 

Sepals  oblong,  spreading.  Petals  filiform.  Lip  cordate  or  sagittate,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  sessile.  Column  minute,  2-toothed  at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like. 
Pollen-masses  4,  collateral,  united  by  pairs  at  the  apex.  —  Low  herbs,  from 
bulbous  roots.  Stem  1  -  2-leaved,  sheathed  below.  Flowers  racemed  or  spiked, 
minute,  greenish. 

1.  M.  OphioglO8SOid.es,  Nutt.  Leaf  solitary  near  the  middle  of  the 
5-angled  stem,  ovate,  clasping;  raceme  short,  with  the  unexpanded  flowers 
crowded  in  a  globular  head,  elongated  in  fruit ;  pedicels  slender,  much  longer 
than  the  flowers  ;  lip  auricled  at  the  base,  3-toothed  at  the  apex.  (Malaxis  ophi- 
oglossoides,  MM.)  —  Low  shady  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  and 
Aug.  —  Stem  4'  -  8'  high.  Leaf  1 '  -  2'  long.  Flowers  £"  wide. 


454  ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

2.  M.  Floridana,  n.  sp.  Leaves  2,  near  the  base  of  the  3-angled  stem, 
unequal,  ovate,  or  elliptical,  mostly  acute,  sheathing;  raceme  slender,  acute, 
elongated  in  fruit,  many-flowered  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers ;  sepals  ob- 
long, spreading,  with  the  margins  revolute  ;  petals  filiform,  reflexed,  twisted  ;  lip 
round-auriculate-cordate,  abruptly  narrowed  and  entire  at  the  apex,  depressed  at 
the  sinus ;  capsule  oblong  or  obovate.  —  Wet  shady  woods,  Apalachicola,  Flor- 
ida. July  and  Aug.  — Stem  6' -12'  high.  Leaves  l'-4'  long.  Flowers  1" 
wide. 

2.     LIPAKIS,     Richard.     TWAYBLADE. 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  linear  or  filiform,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Lip  entire, 
flat,  often  with  two  tubercles  above  the  base.  Column  long,  semi-terete,  incurved, 
margined  at  the  apex.  Pollen-masses  4,  collateral,  united  by  pairs  at  the  apex.  — 
Low  herbs,  from  bulbous  roots.  Leaves  2,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  scape-like 
stem.  Flowers  racemed,  greenish  or  purplish. 

1.  L.  liliifolia,  Richard.     Leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  sheathed  at  the  base ; 
scape  3-angled,  10-20-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves;  sepals  linear,  whitish  ; 
petals  filiform,  reflexed,  yellowish ;  lip  large,  wedge-obovate,  concave,  abruptly 
pointed,  brownish-purple.     (Malaxis  liliifolia,  Swartz.)  — Low  shady  woods  and 
banks  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.     June  and  July.  —  Scape 
5'  - 10'  high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long.     Lip  %  long. 

3.     CORALLORHIZA,     Haller.     CORAL-ROOT. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  connivent.  Lip  clasping  the 
base  of  the  straight  2-edged  column,  spreading  and  concave  above,  2-ridged  near 
the  base,  spurless,  or  with  the  spur  adnate  to  the  ovarv.  Anther  lid-like.  Pol- 
len-masses 4,  incumbent.  —  Low  dull-colored  leafless  herbs,  with  coral-like  roots, 
sheathed  stems,  and  racemose  flowers. 

!.•  C.  Odontorhiza,  Nutt.  Root  pinnately  branched  and  toothed ;  stem 
tumid  at  the  base,  slender  above  ;  sheaths  3,  elongated  ;  racemes  10  -  15-flowered  ; 
sepals  and  the  rather  shorter  spotted  petals  erect,  lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  lip  entire, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  distinctly  clawed,  the  spreading  limb  oval,  concave, 
3-nerved,  with  two  tooth-like  ridges  in  the  throat,  white  spotted  with  purple ;  the 
margins  crenulate  below  the  middle  and  involute  above ;  margins  of  the  col- 
umn thickened  and  incurved  at  the  base ;  capsule  oval,  nodding  —  Shady  woods, 
Florida,  and  northward.  Feb.  and  March.  —  Stem  8'  -  16'  high.  Lip  4"  long. 

2.  C.  micrantha,  n.  sp.      Root   toothed ;    stem   low,   rigid ;    sheaths   2, 
abruptly  pointed;  raceme  6  -  1 2-flowered  ;  flowers  very  small  (I1' -  1^"  long), 
erect ;  sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  linear,  erect ;  lip  short-clawed,  entire,  oval, 
concave,  denticulate  on  the  margins,  without  teeth  or  ridges,  shorter  than  the 
sepals,  white  spotted  with  purple  ;  capsule  obovate,  nodding.  —  Shady  woods, 
Florida  and  Georgia.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  3'  -  6'  high. 

3.  C.  irinata,  R.  Brown.     Root  branching;  stem  slender;  sheaths  3;  the 
upper  one  elongated  and  often  leaf-like  at  the  apex;  raceme  5-  1 2-flowered;  lip 


ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  455 

somewhat  hastate,  3-lobecl  above  the  base,  with  two  distinct  ridges  on  the  face, 
white  spotted  with  crimson  ;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  brownish  ;  cap- 
sule oval  or  elliptical.  —  Damp  shady  woods,  Georgia,  and  northward.  Sept. 
and  Oct.  —  A  vernal  species  in  the  Northern  States. 

4.  APLECTRTJM,     Nutt.     PUTTY-ROOT. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  linear-oblong,  erect.  Lip  spurless,  short-clawed, 
3-lobed  and  3-ridged  at  the  throat.  Column  straightish,  cylindrical.  Anther 
lid-like,  slightly  lateral.  Pollen-masses  4.  —  Root  tuberous,  proliferous,  very 
glutinous  within,  first  bearing  a  single  large  plaited  and  petioled  leaf,  which  is 
persistent  through  the  winter,  and  afterward  a  3-sheathed  scape,  with  a  raceme 
of  yellowish  flowers  at  the  summit. 

1.  A.  hiemale,  Nutt.  (Corallorhiza  hiemalis,  Ell.  Limodorum  trifidum, 
Michx. )  —  Rich  woods,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.  April  and 
May.  —  Leaf  oval,  many-nerved,  4' -6'  long.  Scape  12' -15'  high,  10-  15-flow- 
ered.  Sepals  and  petals  yellowish,  tipped  with  brownish  purple.  Lip  whitish, 
spotted,  the  middle  lobe  rounded  and  crenulate  on  the  margins.  Capsule  re- 
flexed. 

5.  EPIDENDRUM,    L.    TREE-ORCHIS. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike,  widely  spreading.  Lip  with  the 
claw  wholly  or  partly  adnate  to  the  elongated  margined  or  winged  column,  en- 
tire or  parted,  mostly  rigid  or  tubercled  on  the  face.  Spur  none,  or  adnate  to 
the  ovary.  Column  prolonged  at  the  apex  into  a  toothed  or  fimbriate  cup. 
Anther  lid-like,  somewhat  4-celled.  Pollen-masses  4,  lenticular,  stalked.  — 
Stemless  herbs,  from  a  tuberous  or  creeping  rhizoma,  clinging  to  the  bark  of 
trees  by  thick  and  matted  roots.  Leaves  sheathing,  rigid,  perennial.  Scape 
sheathed  or  bractcd,  bearing  a  raceme  of  greenish  and  purplish  flowers. 

1.  E.  COELOpseum,  Ait.     Scape  few  -  many-flowered  ;   leaves  1  -  3,  coria- 
ceous, lanceolate,  acute,  spreading  ;  bracts  subulate,  the  lowest  somewhat  leafy ; 
sepals  spatulate,  obtuse,  with  revolute  margins  ;  petals  linear-spatulate,  obtuse  ; 
lip  2-tubercled  at  the  base,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  rounded  and  crenulate,  the 
middle  one  notched  at  the  apex,  the  claw  wholly  adnate  to  the  slightly  margined 
column.  —  On  various  trees,  but  chiefly  on  Magnolias,  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina.    Aug. —  Scape  2' -8' high.     Leaves  l'-3'  long.     Flowers  4" -5"  long, 
green  tinged  with  purple. 

2.  E.  venosum,  Lindl.     Scape  tumid  at  the  base,  5  -  7-flowered ;  leaves 
2,  linear-lanceolate,  abruptly  pointed ;  bracts  short,  ovate ;  sepals  and  petals 
spatulate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  lip  3-parted,  2-crested  in  the  middle ;  the  lateral 
lobes  oblong,  acute;  the  middle  one  wedge-shaped,  notched  at  the  apex,  the 
claw  partly  adnate  to  the  2-winged  column.  —  South  Florida,  Dr.  Blodyett. — 
Scape  1°  high,  invested  with  numerous  short  whitish  sheaths.     Leaves  4'-^ 
long.     Flowers  8"  long. 


456  ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

6.    TIPULARIA,    Nutt. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  spreading.  Lip  long-spurred,  3-lobed,  the  lateral 
lobes  short  and  triangular,  the  middle  lobe  linear.  Spur  filiform,  ascending. 
Column  slender,  wingless.  Anther  lid-like.  Pollen-masses  4,  stalked,  waxy.  — 
Root  tuberous,  proliferous,  first  producing  a  single  ovate  leaf,  on  a  sheathed 
petiole,  afterward  a  slender  sheathed  scape,  ending  in  a  long  raceme  of  numer- 
ous greenish  flowers. 

1.  T.  discolor,  Nutt.  —  Shady  banks,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug. — 
Scape  about  1°  high.  Leaf  1'- 2' long,  acute,  somewhat  plaited  and  many- 
nerved,  purple  beneath,  Flowers  small,  nodding,  bractless.  Spur  about  1' 
long. 

7.  BLETIA,     Ruiz  and  Pavon. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike  and  nearly  equal,  spreading.  Lip  spurless,  jointed, 
3-lobed,  crested  on  the  face.  Column  free,  elongated,  semi-terete.  Anther 
lid-like,  fleshy.  Pollen-masses  8,  by  pairs,  with  a  stalk  to  each  pair,  waxy, 
becoming  powdery.  —  Scape  from  tuberous  rootstocks,  sheathed  or  scaly,  many- 
flowered.  Leaves  sheathing  the  base  of  the  scape,  narrow,  plaited,  sometimes 
wanting.  Flowers  spicate  or  racemose,  mostly  showy. 

1.  B.  aphylla,   Nutt.      Leafless ;   scape  stout,   terete,   tapering  into   the 
many-flowered  spike  ;  sheaths  several,  short,  the  upper  ones  passing  into  the 
ovate   acuminate  bracts ;   flowers   spreading,    brownish,   striped   with   purple ; 
sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  oblique ;  lip  concave,  emarginate,  with  a 
6-ridged  crest  along  the  middle,  the  lateral  lobes  erect.  —  Rich  shaded  soil, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Root  consisting  of 
horizontal,  jointed  tubers.     Scape  1  °  -  1  J°  high.     Perianth  |' long. 

2.  B.  verecunda,  Swartz.    Scape  leafy  at  the  base,  many-flowered ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  plaited,  strongly  nerved  ;  petals  and  sepals  greenish,  the  former  con- 
nirent ;  lip   saccate,  wavy  and  furrowed,  emarginate.  —  Open   pine  barrens, 
Middle  and  East  Florida.    July.  —  Scape  1°  -  l£°  high.    Leaves  6'  -  9'  long. 

8.  CALOPOGON,    R.  Brown. 

Sepals  unequal,  the  two  lateral  ones  broader  and  oblique.  Lip  (by  the 
untwisted  ovary)  brought  to  the  upper  or  inner  side  of  the  flower,  dilated  at 
the  apex,  bearded  on  the  face,  and  narrowed  into  a  hinge-like  claw.  Column 
long,  incurved,  winged  at  the  apex.  Anther  terminal,  lid-like,  sessile.  Pollen- 
masses  2,  powdery.  —  Scape  erect  from  a  solid  tuber,  sheathed  at  the  base, 
bearing  below  the  middle  a  single  narrow  sheathing  leaf,  and  terminated  with  a 
loose  spike  of  showy  flowers. 

1.  C.  pulchellus,  R.  Br.  Scape  2-8-flowered;  leaf  linear-lanceolate, 
erect,  keeled,  many-nerved  ;  flowers  large,  mostly  approximate,  bright  purple  ; 
lateral  sepals  obliquely  ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate 
obtuse  petals ;  lip  broadly  obcordate,  acutely  2-eared  at  the  base ;  filaments  of 
the  crest  decurrent  on  the  claw,  the  lower  ones  purple  and  united  ;  ovary 


ORCHIDACE^:.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.)  457 

straight,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  lanceolate-subulate  bracts.  —  Swamps, 
Florida,  and  northward.  June. —  Scape  l^°-2°  high.  Leaves  6'  -12'  long. 
Flowers  l'-l£'  wide. 

2.  C.  pallidus,  n.  sp.     Scape  10  -20-flowered  ;  leaf  linear,  erect,  keeled, 
few-nerved ;  flowers  scattered,  white  tinged  with  purple  ;  lateral  sepals  obliquely 
oblong,    shorter  than   the   linear-lanceolate   acute   petals ;    lip   wedge-obovate, 
abruptly  short-pointed,  obtusely  2-eared  at  the  base ;   filaments  of  the  crest 
mostly  united  and  purple  at  the  base ;  ovary  straight,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
subulate  bract.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  West  Florida,  near  the  coast,  to  North 
Carolina.    May.  — Scape  1°-  1|°  high.     Leaves  6'-9'  long.    Flowers  9" -12" 
wide. 

3.  C.  parviflorus,  Lindl.      Scape   3  -  6-flowered ;    leaf  linear,   concave, 
appressed  to  the  scape  ;   flowers  approximate,  bright  purple ;    lateral   sepals 
oblong,  curved,  acute,  longer  than  the  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse   petals ;   lip 
wedge-obovate,  emarginate,  winged  at  the  base ;  filaments  of  the  crest  all  yellow 
and  distinct;   ovary  curved,  four  times  as  long  as  the  ovate-acuminate  bract. 
(C.  pulchellus,  var.  graminifolius,  Ell.) — Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.    March  and  April.  —  Scape  6'  -  12'  high.    Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.    Flow- 
ers 8" -10"  wide. 

4.  C.  multiflorus,  Lindl.      Scape   7  -  14-flowered ;   leaves  mostly  two, 
linear,  rigid,  concave,  erect ;   flowers   approximate,  deep  purple ;   lip  wedge- 
shaped,  pointed,  winged   at   the  base,  bearded  in  the  middle  with  uniform, 
filiform  hairs;    sepals  and  petals  ovate,  acute.  —  South  Florida.  —  Plant  1° 
high.    Leaves  3'  —  5'  long.     Flowers  of  the  size  of  the  preceding. 

9.    POGONIA,    Juss. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  or  the  former  narrower  and  elongated.  Lip  mostly 
crested  and  3-lobed.  Column  club-shaped,  wingless.  Anther  lid-like,  stalked. 
Pollen-masses  2,  powdery.  —  Stems  erect  from  thick  fibrous  or  tuberous  roots, 
sheathed  at  the  base,  few-leaved,  1-  or  few-flowered.  Leaves  alternate  or  whorled. 
Flowers  nodding,  showy. 

*  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  erect. 

1.  P.  Oph.ioglossoid.es,  Nutt.     Boot  fibrous;  leaves  2,  sessile,  lanceo- 
late, the  upper  one  terminal  and  smaller;   flower  mostly  solitary,  terminal, 
sessile,  pale  rose-color  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  oval  or  oblong  petals  ; 
lip  spatulate,  flat,  yellow-crested,  fimbriate  on  the  margins,  longer  than  the 
petals,  and  twice  as  long  as  the  thick  column.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    April  and  May.  —  Stem  6'--  12'  high.     Flowers  £'  long. 

2.  P.  pendula,  Lindl.    Root  tuberous  ;   leaves  several,  short,  alternate, 
ovate,  clasping ;    flowers  3-7,   axillary,   long-peduncled,   drooping,  whitish ; 
sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  acute  ;  lip  spatulate,  somewhat  3-lobed,  roughened 
but  not  crested,  rather  shorter  than  the  petals,  longer  than  the  column.     (Tri- 
phora  pendula,  Nutt.)  —  Rich  shady  woods,  Middle  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  4'  -  8'  high.     Leaves  6"  -  9"  long. 

39 


458  ORCHIDACE^K.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Sepals  (brown)  linear,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  erect  petals :  lip  crested, 
3-lobed. 

3.  P.  divaricata,  R.  Br.      Leaves   2,   sessile,   lanceolate,   one   near  the 
middle  of  the  stem,  the  other  smaller  and  bract-like  at  the  base  of  the  solitary 
terminal   flower;    sepals   purplish-brown,  broadly  linear,  and,  like   the   flesh- 
colored  lanceolate  petals,  recurved  at  the  apex ;  lip  half-cylindrical,  wavy  and 
crenulate  on  the  margins,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  greenish  veined  with  purple; 
crest  beardless.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May.  —  Stein  l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  2'  -  5'  long.     Sepals  1 '  -  1  £'  long. 

4.  P.  verticillata,  Nutt.      Leaves   5,  obovate-oblong,  abruptly   pointed, 
whorled  at  the  base  of  the  solitary  reddish-brown  flower  ;  sepals  linear,  spread- 
ing, 3  times  as  long  as  the  erect  oblong  yellowish  petals,  and  yellowish  3-lobed 
wavy  lip.  —  Low  shady  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.    May.  —  Stem  1°  high. 
Leaves  enlarged  in  fruit.     Flower  peduncled.     Sepals  2'  long. 

10.  ARETHUSA,    Gronov. 

Sepajs  and  petals  alike  and  nearly  equal,  cohering  at  the  base,  arching  and 
connivent  over  the  column.  Lip  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  dilated  and 
bent  downward  above  the  middle,  crested  within.  Column  incurved,  expanded 
and  petal-like  at  the  apex.  Anther  terminal,  lid-like,  with  the  cells  approxi- 
mate. Pollen-masses  4,  powdery.  —  Scape  erect  from  a  solid  globular  tuber, 
sheathed,  bearing  a  single  large  terminal  flower. 

1.  A.  bulbosa,  L. — Bogs  on  the  mountains  of  Carolina,  Michaux,  and 
northward.  May.  —  Scape  6'  -  9'  high.  Sheaths  3-4,  the  uppermost  enclosing 
a  linear  late-developed  leaf.  Flower  1'- 2' long,  2-bracted,  bright  purple  and 
fragrant. 

11.  ORCHIS,    L.      ORCHIS. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  arching  and  connivent  over  the  column,  or 
the  lateral  sepals  spreading.  Lip  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  depending, 
spurred  at  the  base.  Anther  terminal,  erect,  the  cells  contiguous  and  parallel. 
Pollen-masses  2,  waxy,  stalked,  and,  with  the  two  distinct  glands,  enclosed  in  a 
common  sac  or  fold  of  the  stigma.  —  Stem  mostly  scape-like,  leafy  at  the  base. 
Flowers  showy,  spiked. 

1.  O.  spectabilis,  L.  Leaves  2,  obovate-oblong,  about  as  long  as  the 
3  -  5-flowered  5-angled  scape  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  leafy,  mostly  longer  than  the 
flowers  ;  sepals  and  petals  connivent,  oblong,  purple  ;  lip  white,  obovate,  entire, 
crenulate,  as  long  as  the  club-shaped  spur.  —  Rich  shady  woods  in  the  upper 
districts,  and  northward.  May.  —  Root  of  thick  clustered  fibres.  Scape  4'  -  6' 
high.  Flowers  6" -8"  long. 

12.     GYMNADENIA,    R.  Brown. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  the  lateral  sepals  spreading,  the  upper,  with 
the  rather  shorter  petals,  arching  and  connivent  over '  the  short  column.  Lip 


ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  459 

adnate  to  the  ba^e  of  the  column,  spurred  at  the  base.  Anther  erect,  the  cells 
contiguous  and  parallel.  Pollen-masses  w,axy,  fixed  by  a  stalk  to  the  naked 
glands  of  the  stigma.  —  Stems  leafy.  Flowers  small,  spiked. 

*  Ovary  tivisted ;  the  lip  therefore  anterior. 

1.  G.  flava,  Lindl.     Stem   slender   (1°   high);    lowest  leaf  (4'-6'  long) 
lanceolate,  sheathing,  the  others  (6-8)  small,  the  uppermost  passing  into  the 
subulate  bracts  of  the  short  (l'-2'  long)  oblong  densely  many-flowered  spike  ; 
flowers  orange-yellow ;    lip  ovate,  slightly  crenate ;    spur   filiform,  depending, 
shorter  than  the  ovary.      (Orchis  flava,  Nutt.,  not  of  Linn.)  —  Open  grassy 
swamps  in  the  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug. 

2.  G.  tridentata,  Lindl.     Stem  (9' -12'  high)  scape-like  above;   lowest 
leaf  (4' -6'  long)  lanceolate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  sheathing  base,  obtuse,  the 
others  small,  scattered,  passing  into  the  bracts;  spike  (l'-2'  long)  loosely  4- 
1 2-flowercd ;  flowers  yellowish-green  ;  lip  truncate,  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  longer 
than  the  petals  ;  spur  slender,  club-shaped  at  the  apex,  curving  upward,  longer 
than  the  ovary.     (Orchis  clavellata,  Michx.)  —  Low  shad v  woods  in  the  upper 
districts,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July. 

*  *  Ovary  straight :  lip  posterior. 

3.  G.  nivea,  Gray  &  Engelm.     Stem  slender  (1°-1|°  high);  leaves  nu- 
merous, one  or  two  of  the  lower  ones  linear  (4' -8'  long),  the  others  small  and 
bract-like ;  spike  (2'  -  4'  long)  cylindrical,  loosely  many-flowered  ;  flowers  white ; 
lateral  sepals  ovate,  slightly  eared  at  the  base  ;  petals  and  entire  lip  linear-oblong ; 
spur  filiform,  ascending,  as  long  as  the  white  roughish  ovary.  •    (Orchis  nivea, 
Nutt. )  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.     July. 

13.    PLATANTHERA,    Richard. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  the  lateral  sepals  mostly  spreading  or  reflexed. 
Lip  entire  or  variously  lobed  or  divided,  spurred  at  the  base.  Column  short. 
Anther-cells  diverging.  Stigma  without  appendages,  with  the  glands  naked.  — 
Root  composed  of  thick  fleshy  fibres.  Stems  mostly  leafy.  Flowers  spiked  or 
racemcd,  commonly  showy. 

*  Lip  entire,  neither  toothed  nor  fringed. 

1 .  P.  orbiculata,  Lindl.     Leaves  two,  at  the  base  of  the  scape-like  bracted 
stem,  large,  orbicular,  fleshy,  spreading  on  the  ground,  silvery  beneath ;  flowers 
greenish-white,  in  a  narrow  and  loose  raceme,  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  lateral 
sepals  obliquely  ovate,  spreading,  the  upper  orbicular ;    petals  narrower ;    lip 
linear-spatulate,  entire,  recurved  ;  spur  very  long,  club-shaped,  curved.  —  Shady 
woods  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug.  — 
Scape  1°  - 1£°  high.     Leaves  5'  -  8'  in  diameter. 

*  *  Lip  3-toothed  or  3-Iobed :  flowers  spiked :  stem  leafy. 

2.  P.  flava,  Gray.     Leaves  3  -  4  ;  the  two  lower  ones  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate  (4'  —  8'  long),  the  others  small  and  bract-like ;  flowers  small,  brownish 
green,  in  a  loose  and  slender  many-flowered  spike  ;  sepals  and  .petals  oval ;  lip 
oblong,  hastate  -  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  short  and  rounded,  the  middle  one 


460  ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

crennlate  at  the  apex  and  bearing  a  tooth-like  appendage  at  the  throat ;  spur 
club-shaped,  mostly  shorter  than  the  short  ovary.  (Orchis  flava,  L.  O.  fuces- 
cens,  and  O.  bidentata,  Ell.)  —  Low  shady  banks,  Florida,  and  northward.  July 
and  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Flowers  2"  in  diameter. 

3.  P.  bracteata,  Torr.     Lower  leaves  obovate,  the  others  smaller,  lanceo- 
late ;  flowers  small,  greenish  ;  sepals  and  narrow  petals  erect ;  lip  oblong-linear, 
slightly  3-toothed  at  the  tip,  longer  than  the  obtuse  sac-like  spur.       (Orchis 
viridis,  Pursh.) — High  mountains  of  Carolina,  Pursk.  —  Stem  low.     Bracts 
large,  conspicuous. 

*  *  *  Lip  undivided,  fringed:  flowers  spiked:  stems  leafy. 

4.  P.  ciliaris,  Lindl.      Leaves  numerous,  the  lower  ones  (4'-12;  long) 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like  :    spikes  oval  or  oblong, 
rather  loosely  flowered ;   flowers   large,   bright  yellow ;    lateral   sepals   round- 
obovate,  reflexed  ;  petals  lanceolate,  incised  or  slightly  fringed  at  the  apex ;  lip 
clawed,  roundish  in  outline,  long-fringed  ;  spur  filiform,  commonly  longer  than 
the  long  tapering  ovary.     (Orchis  ciliaris,  L.)  —  Var.  BLEPHARIGLOTTIS  (Or- 
chis blcphariglottis,  Willd.)  has  white  flowers,  and  shorter  fringe  of  the  lip.  — 
Swamps  and  bogs,  chiefly  in  the  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.    Aug.  — 
Stem  l£°  -  2°  high.     Spike  l£'  -2'  in  diameter.     Ovary  9"  -  15"  long.     Flow- 
ers 6"  -  8"  wide. 

5.  P.  cristata,  Lindl.     Leaves   numerous,  the   lower   ones   (4' -8'  long) 
lanceolate,  the  uppermost  bract-like  ;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely  flow- 
ered ;  flowers  small,  yellow  ;  lateral  sepals  rounded,  spreading,  concave ;  petals 
oblong,  incised  at  the  apex  ;  lip  sessile,  ovate  in  outline,  pinnatifid-fringed  ;  spur 
filiform,  half  as  long  as  the  tapering  ovary.     (Orchis  cristata,  Michx.) —  Bogs 
and  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  — Stem  l°-2°  high.     Spike  1'  in 
diameter.     Ovary  5"  -  6"  long.     Flowers  2"  -  3"  wide. 

#  *  #  #  £,ip  3-parted,  fringed  or  denticulate :  flowers  in  spiked  racemes :  stem  leafy. 
•i—  Flowers  yellowish-white. 

6.  P.  lacera,  Gray.     Stem  slender;    lower  leaves  oblong,  the  uppermost 
small,  passing  into  the  lanceolate  bracts  ;  raceme  oblong,  loosely  flowered  ;  pet- 
als oblong-linear,  entire ;    lip  pendent,  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  deeply  divided 
into  few  spreading  capillary  filaments  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary.     (Orchis  la- 
cera, Michx.)  —  Swamps  and  low  ground  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward. 
July.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high.     Lower  leaves  3'  -  6'  long      Raceme  3'  -  5'  long. 

-»-  -<-  Flowers  purple :  lip  clawed. 

7.  P.  psycodes,  Gray.     Stem  stout;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
the  upper  small,  passing  into  the  linear-subulate   bracts  ;   flowers  pale  purple, 
crowded  in  a  dense  oblong  raceme  ;  lateral  sepals  roundish,  obtuse ;  petals  obo- 
vate, minutely  denticulate  at  the  apex  ;  lip  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
spreading,  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  bordered  with  a  short  fringe.     (Orchis  psy- 
codes, L.)  —  Swamps  and  shaded  banks,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July. 
—  Stem  2°  high.     Lower  leaves  3'  -  6'  long.     Flowers  very  numerous.    Lip 
2" -3"  long. 


ORCHIDACE.E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  4C)1 

8.  P.  fimbriata,  Lindl.     Stem  stout ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  a  few 
of  the  upper  ones  small  and  lanceolate  like  the  bracts ;  raceme  oblong,  rather 
loosely  flowered  ;  flowers  large,  pale  .purple ;  lateral  sepals  ovate,  acutish  ;  pet- 
als oblong,  denticulate  on  the  margins ;  lip  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  spread- 
ing, the  broad  wedge-shaped  lobes  long-fringed  ;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary.  — 
Wet  meadows,  North  Carolina,  and   northward.    June.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 
Leaves  4'  -  6'  long.     Flowers  not  numerous  on  the  raceme.     Lip  6"—  9"  long. 

9.  P.  peramOBna,  Gray.     Stem  stout ;    lower  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  the 
upper  lanceolate  like  the  bracts  ;  raceme  oblong,  rather  loosely  flowered  ;  flow- 
ers large,  violet-purple ;  lateral  sepals  broad-ovate ;  petals  round-obovate,  mi- 
nutely denticulate ;  lip  spreading,  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  finely  toothed,  entire, 
or  the  middle  one  2-lobed  ;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary.     (Orchis  fissa,  Pursh.) 
—  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.      July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 
Lip  9"  long. 

14.    HABENARIA,    Willd. 

Sepals  nearly  equal,  the  lateral  ones  reflexed.  Petals  entire  or  2  -  3-parted. 
Lip  pendent,  entire,  or  2  -  3-parted,  spurred.  Anther-cells  erect,  separate,  diverg- 
ing. Stigma  bearing  two  various-shaped  appendages.  Glands  naked.  Pollen- 
masses  2,  waxy,  stalked.  —  Herbs  with  tuberous  roots,  leafy  stems,  and  spiked 
flowers. 

1.  H.  repens,  Nutt.     Root  a  creeping  tuber ;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  very 
leafy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-ribbed ;  spike  slender,  many-flow 
ercd ;  bracts  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  longer  than  the  flowers ;  lateral  sepals 
oblong,  acute,  the  upper  one  ovate,  erect ;  petals  unequally  2-parted,  the  lower  lobe 
capillary,  longer  than  the  linear  upper  one  ;  lip  3-parted,  barely  longer  than  the 
sepals,  the  lateral  lobes  capillary,  the  middle  one  filiform ;  spur  as  long  as  the 
ovary ;  appendages  of  the  stigma  tubercular.  —  Swamps  and  ditches  in  the  lower 
districts,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  - 
2°  long.     Leaves  6'- 12' long.     Spikes  £°  - 1°  long.     Flowers  small,  greenish. 

2.  H.  Michauxii,  Nutt.    Root  a  globular  watery  tuber ;  stem  erect ;  leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  mostly  acute,  many-nerved,  the  upper  smaller,  and  similar  to  the 
ovate-lanceolate  clasping  bracts ;    spike  slender,  loosely  few-flowered ;    lateral 
sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute,  the  upper  one  ovate,  erect ;  petals  unequally  2-parted, 
the  lower  lobe  capillary  and  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  upper  one ;  lip  twice 
as  long  as  the  sepals,  3-parted,  the  capillary  lateral  lobes  longer  than  the  linear 
middle  one  ;  spur  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  appendages  of  the  stigma  tuber- 
cular.—  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Florida,  to  South  Carolina.      August. — 
Stem  6' -18' high.     Leaves  2' -  3' long.     Spike  3' -5' long.      Flowers  white, 
twice  as  long  as  those  of  the  preceding. 

15.     SPIRANTHES,     Richard.     TWISTED  ORCHIS. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal ;  the  lateral  sepals  diverging,  dilated  at  the  base, 
the  upper  one  connivent  with  the  petals.     Lip  clawed,  concave,  furnished  with 
twp  callosities  near  the  base,  clasping  the  short  column  below.     Stigma  ovate, 
39* 


462  OUCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

beaked.     Anther  attached  to  the  back  of  the  column.     Pollen-masses  2,  obovate, 
2-cleft,  fixed  to  a  common  gland  of  the  stigma,  powdery.  —  Root  cojnposed  of 
few  clustered  tubers  or  fleshy  fibres.     Stem  leafy  at  the  base,  sheathed  above. 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  regular  1-sided  or  spirally  twisted  spike. 
'  *  Flowers  on  all  sides  of  the  untwisted  spike.     . 

1.  S.  cernua,  Richard.     Stem  smooth  below,  the  upper  portion  and  thick 
crowded  spike  pubescent ;  lowest  leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate,  the  others  bract- 
like  and  sheathing ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  capsule  ; 
flowers  recurved  ;  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  contracted  above  the  middle,  wavy 
at  the  recurved  obtuse  apex,  2-toothed  at  the  base.  —  Grassy  swamps  and  mead- 
ows, Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.      October.  —  Stem   6'- 12'  high. 
Leaves  4'  -  8'  long.     Flowers  yellowish-white,  3"  -  4"  long. 

*  *  Spikes  twisted,  bringing  the  flowers  into  a  single  straight  or  spiral  row. 

2.  S.  forevifolia,  n.  sp.     Stem  pubescent  above ;  leaves  all  bract-like  and 
sheathing,  or  the  lowest  expanding  into  a  short  (l'-2')  lanceolate  or  linear  early 
withering  blade ;  flowers  all  on  one  side  of  the  rachis  or  sparingly  spiral,  hori- 
zontal, pubescent ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary :  sepals 
and  petals  equal ;  lip  oblong  or  elliptical,  very  entire,  wavy  on  the  margins,  re- 
curved at  the  acute  or  obtuse  apex,  and  with  two  tooth-like  prominences  at  the 
base. —  Open  grassy  swamps  in  the  pine  barrens,  Apalachicola,  Florida.     Oct. 
and  Nov.  —  Root  of  3  fleshy  fibres.     Stem  1°  high.     Flowers  10-20,  3" -4" 
long,  white. 

3.  S.  odorata,  Nutt.     Stem  stout,  leafy;  lower  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  the  others  diminishing  upward  and  passing  into  the  large  lanceolate  acu- 
minate bracts ;   spike  thick,  pubescent,  densely  flowered,   spiral ;  bracts  much 
longer  than  the  ovary,  the  lower  ones  as  long  as  the  recurved  flowers  ;  sepals 
and  petals  equal ;  lip  entire,  recurved,  oblong,  dilated  and  crenulate  at  the  apex, 
and  with  two  tooth-like  hooked  prominences  at  the  base.  —  Muddy  banks  of 
rivers,  near  Marianna,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.      October.  — 
Stem  1°- 2°  high.     Lowest  leaves  9'- 15' long,  1'- 2' wide.     Flowers  yellow- 
ish-white, £'  long,  fragrant. 

4.  S.  tortilis,    Willd.      Stem  tall  and  slender,  pubescent  above ;  lowest 
leaves  linear,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like ;  spike  slender,  pubescent,  spiral ; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  ovary;  lip  oblong,  entire, 
recurved  and  crenulate  at  the  apex,  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals,  with  two 
gland-like  prominences  at  the  throat.  —  Low  or  marshy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     May.  — Stem   l°-2°  high.     Leaves  6' -10' long.      Flowers 
3"  long,  white. 

5.  S.  gracilis,  Bigelow.  Stem  very  slender,  smooth  throughout,  scape-like  ; 
lowest  leaves   (early  withering)  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  spreading;  spike  very 
slender ;  flowers  minute,  on  one  side  of  the  rachis  or  sparingly  spiral,  smooth ; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping,  shorter  than  the  capsule ;  lip  finely  crenulate 
on  the  margins,  recurved  and  acute  at  the  apex,  witli  two  raised  ear-like  promi- 
nences at  the  base ;  anthers  4-clcft.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.    April 
and  May.  —  Stem  sheathed,  6'  -  12'  high.     Lowest  leaves  l'-2'  long.     Flowors 
1'Mong. 


OUCHIDACEJE.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  463 

16.     GOODYERA,     R.  Brown.     RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN. 

Sepais  and  petals  nearly  equal,  the  two  lateral  sepals  including  the  base  of  the 
sessile  lip,  the  upper  one  connivent  with  the  petals.  Lip  concave  or  sac-like, 
contracted  above  the  middle  into  a  recurved  and  channelled  point.  Anther  at- 
tached to  the  dorsal  apex  of  the  short  and  free  column.  Pollen-masses  2,  entire, 
powdery.  —  Steins  leafy  or  scape-like,  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  bearing 
a  spike  of  small  white  flowers. 

*  Stem  scape-like,  bracted:  lip  spurless:  column  manifest:  anther  round,  beakless, 
radical  leaves  clustered. 

1.  G.  pubescens,  R.  Brown.    Scape  pubescent;  radical  leaves  thick,  ovate, 
discolored  and  reticulated  above,  contracted  into  a  spreading  petiole  ;  spike  lan- 
ceolate, densely  many-flowered,  pubescent ;  bracts  lanceolate ;  sepals  and  petals 
roundish ;    lip  sac-like,  ending  in  a  short,  ovate  point ;  stigma  rounded.  —  Deep 
shady  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.     August.  —  Scape  1°  high.     Leaves  2' 
long.     Spike  2'  -  4'  long. 

2.  G.  repens,  R.  Brown.     Low ;  scape  slender,  pubescent ;  radical  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  reticulated ;  spike  slender,  loosely  few-flowered,  1-sided  or 
somewhat  spiral ;    bracts  linear-lanceolate ;    lip  sac-like,  ending  in  an  oblong 
point ;  stigma  2-toothed.  —  Shady  woods,  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.     August.  —  Scape  5'  —  8'  high.     Leaves  1 '  long. 

*  *  Stem  leafy:  lip  spurred:  column  inconspicuous:  anther  ovate,  beaked. 

3.  G.  quercicola,  Lindl.     Stem  ascending ;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  acute,  on  slender  petioles,  which  are  dilated,  membranaceous,  and  sheath- 
ing at  the  base ;  spike  short,  oblong,  densely  flowered ;  bracts  scarious,  oblong- 
ovate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  sepals  and  petals  oblong,  obtuse ;  lip 
concave,  ending  in  a  broadly-ovate  acuminate  and  recurved  point ;  spur  pouch- 
like,  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  stigma  2-lobed.  —  Low  shady  woods,  Florida,  and 
westward.     August.  —  Plant  tender,  6'- 12'  high.     Leaves  and  spike  1'  long. 


17.    LISTERA,    R.  Brown. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Lip  longer  than  the  sepals, 
2-cleft.  Column  short.  Stigma  with  a  rounded  beak.  Anther  ovate,  attached 
to  the  dorsal  summit  of  the  column.  Pollen-masses  2,  powdery.  —  Stems  low, 
from  clustered  fibres,  bearing  two  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  a  loose  raceme  of 
small  greenish  flowers. 

1.  L.  australis,  Lindl.      Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  closely  sessile; 
raceme  smoothish,  few- several-flowered;  bracts  minute;  lip  linear,  3 - 4  times 
as  long  as  the  sepals,  deeply  2-cleft,  the  divisions  filiform  ;  column  very  short.  — 
Wet  shady  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  4'  -  8'  high.     Leaves 
i'-l'long. 

2.  L.  convallarioides,  Hook.      Leaves   broadly  cordate   or  roundish; 
raceme  pubescent,  few-flowered  ;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  lip  oblong- 
obovate,  2-lobcd  at  the  apex,  and  2-toothed  at  the  base,  twice  as  long  as  the  se- 


464  ORCHIDACE^E.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

pals ;    column   manifest.  —  Damp   mossy  woods,   on  the  mountains  of  North 
Carolina.     July.  —  Stem  4'  -  8'  high.     Leaves  J'  - 1 '  long. 

18.     PONTHIEVA,    R.  Brown. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  the  two  outer  sepals  spreading,  the  upper  one 
connivent  with  the  petals.  Petals,  like  the  lip,  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  col- 
umn. Lip  posterior,  clawed,  ovate,  concave,  spreading.  Column  2-lobed, 
beaked.  Anther  dorsal,  linear,  stalked,  4-celled.  Pollen-masses  4,  linear,  pow- 
dery. —  Low  herbs,  with  clustered  roots,  chiefly  broad  radical  leaves,  and  green- 
ish flowers  on  a  pubescent  scape. 

1.  P.  glandulosa,  R.  Brown.  Leaves  many-nerved,  oblong,  spreading, 
narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  ;  scape  slender,  many-flowered ;  bracts  lanceolate  ; 
lateral  sepals  flat.  (Cranichis  multiflora,  Nutt.  Ophrys  pubera,  Michx.)  — Low 
shady  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Scape  1°-  1^°  high. 

19.     CYPRIPEDITJM,     L.      LADY'S  SLIPPER. 

Sepals  3,  the  two  lower  ones  mostly  united  into  one  under  the  lip,  spreading. 
Petals  narrower.  Lip  large,  inflated,  and  sac-like.  Column  short,  3-lobed,  the 
two  lateral  lobes  each  bearing  a  2-celled  anther  on  the  under  side,  the  middle  one 
(sterile  stamen)  petal-like.  Pollen  granular.  Stigma  thick,  triangular.  —  Root 
fibrous.  Leaves  large,  plaited,  sheathing.  Flowers  large,  mostly  solitary,  leafy- 
bracted,  nodding. 
*  Stem  leafy :  sepals  and  petals  longer  than  the  yellow  lip,  the  latter  linear  and  twisted. 

1.  C.  pubescens,  Willd.     Pubescent;  stem  sheathed  at  the  base;  leaves 
4  —  6,  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  1-3;  sepals  greenish,  striped 
with  deeper  lines,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  sometimes  2-cleft  at  the  apex  ; 
petals  linear,  spirally  twisted;  lip  large  (!'-!£'  long),  laterally  flattened,  spotted 
within ;    stigma  triangular,  obtuse.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  and 
northward.     MayandJune.  —  Stem  1°-  l£°  high.     Leaves  4' -  6' long.     Flow- 
ers inodorous. 

2.  C.  parviflorum,  Salisb.     Very   near   the   preceding,  but   every  way 
smaller ;  lip  half  as  large,  depressed  above ;  stigma  triangular,  acute ;  flowers 
fragrant.  — Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     May  and  June. 

*  *  Stem  leafy:  sepals  and  petals  white,  fiat,  obtuse,  not  longer  than  the  lip. 

3.  C.  spectabile,  Swartz.      Pubescent ;   leaves  6-7,  oval,  acute ;  sepals 
oval  or  oblong,  rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate  petals  ;  lip  (1^' long)  much 
inflated,  white  tinged  with  purple,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals.  —  Mountains  of 
North   Carolina,  and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  2°  high,  commonly 
2-flowered.    Leaves  4'  -  6'  long.     Flowers  very  showy. 

*  *  *  Scape  naked,  \-flowered,  2-leaved  at  the  base. 

4.  C.  acaule,  Ait.      Pubescent;    leaves  oblong,  obtuse;    sepals  greenish, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  linear  petals,  much  shorter  than 
the  large  (2'  long)  obovate  purple  and  veiny  lip.  —  Dry  woods  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts, and  northward.     May  and  June.  —  Scape  8'  -  12'  high.     Leaves  £°  long- 


CANNACE^E.       (CANNA    FAMILY.)  465 

ORDER  143.     CANNACEJE.     (CANNA  FAMILY.; 

Perennial  herbs,  destitute  of  aroma,  with  alternate  sheathing  leaves, 
the  very  numerous  nerves  parallel,  and  diverging  from  the  strong  midrib, 
and  superior  irregular  monandrous  flowers.  Sepals  3.  Corolla  6-parted ; 
the  three  exterior  divisions  alike ;  the  three  interior  ones  very  unequal, 
and  often  variously  imperfect.  Stamen  and  stigma  mostly  petal-like. 
Anther  1-celled.  Ovary  1  -  3-celled,  with  1  -  many  anatropous  or  cam- 
pylotropous  ovules.  Embryo  straight  or  hooked,  in  hard  albumen.  —  Rhi- 
zoma  often  tuberous,  and  abounding  in  starch. 

1.    THALIA,    L. 

Calyx  minute.  Corolla  tubular ;  the  three  exterior  divisions  similar  and  equal ; 
the  interior  unequal ;  the  anterior  one  broad  and  hooded,. the  interior  lateral  one 
elongated  and  clawed,  the  exterior  lateral  one  furnished  with  two  bristles  on  one 
side,  and  partly  adnate  to  the  slender  stamen  on  the  other.  Style  thick,  spiral  -. 
stigma  perforated,  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  long  and  pendent.  Capsule  utricular, 
1-celled,  1-seeded.  Seed  ovoid,  erect,  campylotropous.  Embryo  hooked,  in 
hard  albumen.  —  Stemless  herbs  from  fibrous  roots.  Scape  elongated.  Petioles 
terete,  dilated  and  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  bracted  panicled  spikes, 
commonly  two  together,  and  included  in  a  2-valved  spathe. 

1.  T.  dealbata,  Roscoe.     Plant  dusted  over  with  a  minute  white  powder, 
•therwise  smooth;  leaves  distichous,  long-petioled,  cordate-ovate,  acute;  scape 
terete,  reed-like ;  panicle  erect,  dense,  smooth,  the  branches  not  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  deciduous  bracts  at  their  base ;    spikes  erect ;  valves  of  the  spathe 
unequal,  ovate,  coriaceous ;  flowers  small,  purple.  —  Ponds  and  marshes,  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.     June  -  Sept.  —  Scape  3° -5°  high.      Leaves    6' -9' 
long,  on  petioles  l°-2°  long. 

2.  T.  divaricata,  n.  sp.     Plant  not  powdery ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
rounded  at  the  base,  long-petioled  ;  panicle  large,  divaricate,  the  branches  much 
longer  than  the  linear  deciduous  bracts,  hairy  at  the  joints;  spikes  6-  10-flow- 
ered,  zigzag,  pendulous  ;  valves  of  the  spathe  unequal,  oblong,  membranaceous, 
hairy ;  flowers  small,  purple ,  seed  ovoid,  enclosed  in  a  loose  membranaceous 
pericarp.  —  Ponds,  Apalachicola,  Florida.      Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Scape  5°  -  10° 
high.     Leaves  l°-2°  long.     Panicle  2° -4°  wide,  purplish. 

2.     CANNA,     L.     INDIAN-SHOT. 

Sepals  3.  Corolla  6-parted  ;  the  three  exterior  divisions  equal ;  the  interior 
bilabiate,  with  the  upper  lip  2  -  3-parted,  or  sometimes  wanting,  the  lower  entire. 
Filaments  petal-like.  Anther  marginal.  Ovary  3-celled,  many-ovuled.  Style 
petal-like.  Stigma  marginal.  Capsule  covered  with  a  dense  bristly  coat, 
3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Placentae  central.  Seeds  globose,  anatropous. 
Embryo  straight  in  horny  albumen.  —  Stems  leafy.  Leaves  narrowed  into  a 
sheathing  petiole.  Flowers  spiked,  showy. 


466  AMARYLLIDACE.E.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.) 

1  C.  flaccida,  Roscoe  Stem  stout,  very  leafy  below ;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate, acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  long  and  sheathing  petiole ;  spike  few-flowered  , 
sepals  green,  lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  corolla 
funnel-shaped;  the  exterior  divisions  similar  to  the  sepals,  reflexed  ;  the  three  in- 
terior ones  yellow,  very  thin,  oblong-obovate ;  two  of  them  collateral  and  adnate 
below ;  stamens  petal-like,  obovate,  thickened  below,  very  thin  and  expanding 
above,  one  of  them  bearing  the  linear  anther  on  its  margin,  the  other  two  larger 
and  united  into  one ;  style  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  stigma  thick,  spat- 
ulate,  embracing  the  anther  in  the  bud ;  capsule  oval,  3-anglcd,  few-seeded,  mem- 
branaceous  at  maturity,  and  bursting  irregularly  at  the  sides ;  seeds  black,  borne 
on  a  spongy  cord.  —  Miry  swamps,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  near  the  coast. 
June-Aug.  —  Stem  2°-4°  high.  Leaves  9' -15' long.  Corolla  3'  -4'  long. 


ORDER  144.     AMARYLLIDACE^E.     (AMARYLLIS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  stemless  smooth  and  succulent  herbs,  with  linear  leaves,  and 
smooth  (not  scurfy  or  woolly)  often  showy  flowers.  —  Sepals  and  petals 
united  to  form  a  6-parted  corolla-like  perianth,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the 
tube  adnate  to  the  3-celled  ovary.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovules 
anatropous,  attached  to  the  central  placentas.  Style  single.  Fruit  1-3- 
celled,  valvular  or  indehiscent.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen,  the 
radicle  resting  on  the  umbilicus. 

Synopsis. 

*  Root  bulbous. 

1.  AMARYLLIS.    Tube  of  the  perianth  short,  crownless.     Stigmas  3. 

2.  PANCRATIUM.    Tube  of  the  perianth  elongated.     Stamens  connected  with  a  cup-shaped 

crown.    Stigma  entire. 

3.  CRINUM.     Tube  of  the  perianth  elongated,  crownless.    Stigma  entire. 

*  *  Root  tuberous. 

4.  AGAVE.     Capsule  3-valved.     Flowers  spiked.     Leaves  thick  and  fleshy. 

5.  HYPOXYS.     Capsule  circumscissile.    Flowers  umbelled.     Leaves  grass-like. 

1.    AMARYLLIS,    L. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  G-parted,  spreading  above, 
naked  at  the  throat,  the  tube  short  or  wanting.  Stamens  free  •  anthers  versatile. 
Style  elongated,  declining:  stigma  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  black,  compressed  or  angled.  —  Scape  erect  from  a  coated  bulb,  ending 
in  a  1  -2-leaved  one-  or  many -flowered  spathe. 

1.  A.  Atamasco,  L.  (ATAMASCO  LILY.)  Scape  terete,  somewhat  lateral, 
1-flowered;  leaves  linear,  concave,  fleshy;  spathe  1  leaved,  2-cleft;  perianth 
short-stalked,  bell-shaped,  white  tinged  with  purple ;  style  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens ;  seeds  angled.  —  Rich  damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  March  and 
April.  —  Scape  6'-  12'  high,  commonly  shorter  than  the  glossy  leaves.  Flower 
2' -3' long. 


AMAKYLLIDACEJE.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.)  467 

2.    PANCRATIUM,    L. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted;  the  narrow  divisions  spreading;  the  tube 
slender  and  elongated.  Stamens  united  below  with  a  cup-shaped  or  funnel- 
shaped  variously  toothed  crown,  exserted  :  anthers  versatile,  linear.  Style  elon- 
gated, declining  ;  stigma  entire.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3-celled.  Seeds 
often  bulb-like.  —  Scape  from  a  coated  bulb,  compressed  or  2-edged,  bearing 
the  large  and  fragrant  leafy-bracted  flowers  in  a  cluster  at  the  apex.  Leaves 
strap-shaped. 

$  1.  PANCRATIUM.  Tube  of  the  perianth  dilated  and  funnel-shaped  at  the  apex: 
crown  almost  ivhol/i/  actuate  to  the  tube,  the  border  divided  into  six  2-cleft  teeth,  alter- 
nating with  the  stamens :  capsule  many-seeded,  loculicidally  3-valved. 

1.  P.  maritimum,  L.     Leaves  glaucous,  erect,  longer  than  the  slightly 
compressed  many-flowered  scape;    divisions  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate, 
shorter  than  the  slender  (3' -4')  tube,  greenish  without;  stamens  short.      (P. 
Carolinianum,  L.)  —  Salt  marshes,  South  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  July -Sept. 

—  Scape  l°-l£°  high. 

$  2.  HYMENOCALLIS.  Tube  of  the  perianth  straight,  not  dilated  at  the  apex :  crown 
free,  funnel-shaped  or  saucer-shaped,  the  border  irregularly  toothed :  capsule  1—3- 
seeded,  bursting  at  the  sides. 

2.  P.  rotatum,  Ker.     Bulb  bearing  runners ;   leaves  flat  above,  concave 
toward  the  base ;  scape  2-edged,  2  -  6-flowered,  glaucous  ;  divisions  of  the  peri- 
anth white,  linear,  spreading  or  recurved,  longer  than  the  green  tube ;  crown 
saucer-shaped  or  somewhat  funnel-shaped,  with  the  border  irregularly  toothed. 
(P.  Mexicanum  of  authors.)  — Low  banks  and  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    April  and  May.  —  Scape  and  leaves  1°  -  2°  high. 

3.  P.  COronarium,  Leconte.     Bulb  without  runners;  leaves  linear-strap- 
shaped,  flat  above,  half-cylindrical  near  the  base ;  scape  solitary,  green,  2-edged, 
4-flowered ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  linear,  spreading,  white ;  crown  large,  fun- 
nel-shaped, with  six  truncate  lobes  at  the  stamens,  and  several  fine  teeth  at  the 
sinuses.  —  Rocky  islets  in  the  Savannah  River  at  Augusta,  and  in  the  Congaree 
at  Columbia,  Leconte.  —  Scape  and  leaves  2°  long. 

4.  P.  occidentals,  Leconte.    Bulb  without  runners ;  leaves  linear-strap- 
shaped,  obtuse,  concave,  and,  like  the  2-edged  6-flowered  scape,  glaucous ;  divis- 
ions of  the  perianth  white,  linear,  spreading  and  recurved  at  the  apex ;  crown 
funnel-shaped,  with  six  toothed  lobes  alternating  with  the  filaments ;  capsule 
many-seeded.  —  Upland  meadows,  in  the  western  districts  of  Georgia,  Leconte. 

—  Stem  and  leaves  2°  long. 

§  3.  ISMENE.  Tube  of  the  perianth  curved,  dilated  at  the  throat:  crown  nearly  free, 
somewhat  12-toothed:  capsule  few-seeded. 

5.  P.  mitans,  Gwal.      Leaves  long,  strap-shaped,  sheathing;  scape  3-4- 
flowered,  solitary,  2-edged ;  flowers  nodding ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  lanceolate- 
linear,  white,  longer  than  the  green  tube  ;  stamens  incurved,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  crown.  —  South  Carolina,  Herbert.  —  Leaves  2°  long. 


468  AMARYLLIDACE^E.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.) 

3.  CRINUM,    L. 

Tube  of  the  perianth  crownles^  at  the  apex.  Otherwise  like  Pancratium  both 
in  character  and  habit. 

1.  C.  Americanum,  L.  Leaves  strap-shaped,  concave,  obtuse,  remotely 
denticulate,  spreading;  scape  compressed,  with  rounded  edges,  2 - 4-flowered ; 
bracts  lanceolate  recurved ;  ovaries  sessile,  with  a  linear  bractlet  at  the  base  of 
each ;  flowers  large,  fragrant ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  white,  lanceolate,  shorter 
than  the  green  tube ;  filaments  and  style  purple  above ;  stigma  truncate,  entire  ; 
ovules  3  in  each  cell,  erect ;  capsule  globose,  membranaceous,  indehiscent ;  1  -  6- 
seeded,  pointed  with  the  long  persistent  tube  of  the  perianth  ;  seed  large,  corm- 
like ;  embryo  oblong,  in  the  axis  of  copious  fleshy  albumen;  radicle  inferior. — 
River-swamps,  Florida,  and  westward.  May  -  Sept.  Scape  1°  -  2°  high.  Peri- 
anth 6'  -  8'  long. 

4.  AGAVE,    L. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  funnel-shaped,  6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens  exserted : 
anthers  linear,  versatile.  Style  filiform,  exserted :  stigma  3-angled  or  3-lobed. 
Capsule  coriaceous,  3-lobed,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
flat,  black  and  shining,  attached  to  the  central  placentae,  -r-  Scape  bracted. 
Leaves  fleshy,  spiny  or  cartilaginous  on  the  margins.  Flowers  in  simple  or 
panicled  spikes,  bracted. 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  thick  and  rigid,  spine-pointed, 
denticulate  on  the  margins ;  scape  simple,  smooth ;  flowers  small,  yellowish, 
scattered  in  a  simple  spike  ;  perianth  strongly  nerved;  filaments  and  style  spotted. 
—  Sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  July.  —  Scape  3°-5°  high.  Leaves 
6'  - 12'  long.  Capsule  globose,  3-lobed. 

5.    HYPOXYS,    L.     STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  6-parted,  persistent,  the  spreading  divisions  colored  within.  Stamens 
short,  unequal :  anthers  erect.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  the  numerous  amphitropous 
ovules  attached  to  the  central  placenta?  in  two  rows.  Style  short  and  thick : 
stigmas  3.  Capsule  top-shaped,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely  near  the 
summit,  the  upper  portion,  with  the  withered  perianth,  falling  off  like  a  lid. 
Seeds  globular,  with  a  beak-like  projection  near  the  base.  Radicle  inferior.  — 
Low  pubescent  herbs,  from  a  tuberous  root,  with  grass-like  leaves,  and  a  naked 
scape,  bearing  the  few  yellow  flowers  in  a  terminal  bracted  umbel. 

1.  H.  erecta,  L.  Hairy;  leaves  linear,  channelled  ;  scapes  1-4,  filiform, 
2  -  4-flowered  ;  bracts  subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  unequal  pedicels  ; 
divisions  of  the  perianth  oblong,  greenish  and  hairy  without,  yellow  within;  cap- 
sule 8-celled.  —  Varies,  with  the  more  rigid  leaves  nearly  smooth,  the  2  -  3-flow- 
ered  scape  flattened,  and  the  bristle-like  bracts  longer  than  the  nearly  sessile 
almost  woolly  perianth.  —  Low  ground,  Florida,  and  northward.  March  and 
April.  —  Scapes  2'  -  9'  long.  Leaves  at  length  much  longer  than  the  scape. 
Flowers  8"  wide. 


H^MODORACE^E.       (BLOODWORT    FAMILY.)  46U 

2.  H.  juncea,  Smith.  Sparingly  hairy  ;  leaves  filiform  ;  scapes  1  -  3,  fili- 
form, 1-2-flowered;  bracts  bristle-like,  shorter  than  the  villous  pedicels;  divis- 
ions of  the  perianth  oblong,  the  three  exterior  ones  greenish  and  hairy  without ; 
partitions  of  the  capsule  vanishing  at  maturity ;  seeds  black,  minutely  pitted. 
(H.  filifolia,  Ell.)  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  the  lower  districts  of  Geor- 
gia, and  westward.  March  and  April.  —  Scape  4'  -  9'  long,  at  length  procum- 
bent. Flowers  9''  -  12"  wide. 


ORDER  145.     H^EMODORACE^E.     (BLOODWORT  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  fibrous-rooted  herbs,  with  leafy  or  scape-like  stems,  mostly 
equitant  and  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  regular  woolly  or  scurfy  flowers. 
—  Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft,  more  or  less  cohering  with  the  3-celled  ovary. 
Stamens  3  or  6  :  anthers  adnate,  introrse,  2-celled.  Ovules  mostly  few, 
anatropous  or  amphitropous,  attached  to  the  central  placentae.  Styles  3r 
united,  deciduous,  or  persistent  and  separating :  stigma  entire.  Capsule 
enclosed  in*  the  persistent  perianth,  loculicidally  3-valved  at  the  apex. 
Embryo  small,  in  hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  LACHNANTHES.     Perianth  woolly:   stamens  3:   style  deciduous:  flowers  cymose :  stem 

leafy. 
2  LOPHIOLA.  Perianth  woolly  :  stamens  6 :  style  persistent :  flowers  corymbose :  stem 

leafy. 
3-  ALETKIS.  Perianth  scurfy  :  stamens  6 :  style  persistent :  flowers  spiked :  stem  scape-like. 

1.    LACHNANTHES,    Ell. 

Perianth  woolly  without,  6-lobed  ;  with  the  exterior  lobes  smaller ;  the  tube  ad- 
nate to  the  ovary.  Stamens  3,  slender,  exserted,  opposite  the  interior  lobes  of 
the  perianth :  anthers  linear.  Style  filiform,  declined,  deciduous  :  stigma  entire. 
Capsule  globose,  3-angled.  Seeds  amphitropous,  few,  thin,  orbicular,  concave, 
fixed  by* the  middle  to  the  thick  globose  placenta;.  —  A  leafy-stemmed  plant, 
with  orange-colored  juice. 

1.  L.  tinctoria,  Ell.  Boot  red,  fibrous ;  stem  mostly  simple,  villous  above ; 
leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  smooth,  the  lower  ones  crowded  and  equitant,  the 
others  smaller  and  remote ;  flowers  2-ranked,  crowded  in  lateral  and  terminal 
compound  woolly  cymes,  yellow  within ;  exterior  lobes  of  the  perianth  linear ; 
valves  of  the  capsule  separating  from  the  placenta  ;  seeds  black.  —  Ponds  and 
ditches,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves 
l°-l^°loug.  Flowers  £'  long.  Bracts  linear. 

2.    LOPHIOLA,    Ker. 

Perianth  woolly  without,  and  at  the  throat  within,    nearly  equally  6-lobed, 
spreading ;  the  tube  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary.     Stamens  6,  slender : 
40 


470  BROMKLIACE^E.         (PINE-APPLE    FAMILY.) 

anthers  oblong.  Style  subulate,  erect,  persistent  and  separable  :  stigma  entire. 
Capsule  ovate,  coriaceous,  3-ribbed  and  3-furrowed.  Seeds  anatropous,  few, 
linear-oblong,  curved,  fixed  at  the  base. 

1.  L.  aurea,  Ker.  Stem  erect,  finely  pubescent  above,  mostly  simple ; 
lowest  leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  acute,  equitant,  the  others  diminishing  up- 
ward, remote  ;  flowers  small,  yellow  within,  in  close  or  open  corymbose  woollv 
racemes.  (Conostylis  Americana,  Pursh.) — Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and 
northward.  July.  —  Stem  2°  high,  creeping  at  the  base.  Leaves  4'  - 12'  long, 
Flowers  3"  long,  nodding  in  the  bud. 

3.    ALETRIS,    L.      STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  tubular,  scurfy  and  viscid  without,  smooth  within,  6-cleft,  the  tube 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  6,  very  short,  included :  anthers 
sagittate.  Style  subulate,  erect,  persistent,  and  separable :  stigmas  3.  Capsule 
ovate,  coriaceous.  Seeds  ovate,  ribbed,  fixed  at  the  base.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  slender  scape-like  linear-bracted  stems,  bearing  at  the  base  a  cluster  of  flat 
spreading  leaves,  and  at  the  summit  numerous  small  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  a 
spiked  raceme. 

1 .  A.  farinosa,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute,  sessile ;    spike  short 
(3' -12'),  rigid;  flowers  approximate  or  crowded;   perianth  white  or  yellow, 
nearly  sessile,  cylindrical,  with  narrow  and  spreading  lobes ;  style  slender,  sub- 
ulate, 3-cleft ;  capsule  ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  perianth.  —  Pine-barren 
swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.      May  and  June.  —  Scape  2° -3°  high. 
Leaves  3' -6' long.     Perianth  4"  long. 

2.  A.  aurea,  Walt.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute,  narrowed  at  the 
base;  raceme  elongated  (1°-  2°),  slender;  flowers  scattered;  perianth  white  or 
yellow,  short-stalked,  globose-ovate,  with  broad  and  connivent  lobes  ;  style  short, 
somewhat  conical,  obscurely  3-cleft ;  capsule  ovate,  as  long  as  the  perianth.  — 
Low  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May  and  June. —  Scape  2° -3° 
high.    Leaves  2'  -  4'  long.     Perianth  2"  -  3"  long. 


ORDER  146.     BROMELIACE^E.     (PINE-APPLE  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  scurfy  epiphytes,  with  fibrous  roots,  rigid  leaves,  and  regular 
conspicuously  bracted  mostly  spiked  flowers.  —  Perianth  free,  or  more  or 
less  adnate  to  the  3-celled  ovary,  6-parted,  imbricated,  the  three  outer 
divisions  calyx-like.  Stamens  G  .  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovules  nu- 
merous, anatropous,  erect  or  pendulous.  Placentae  central.  Style  single  : 
stigmas  3.  Fruit  berry-like,  or  3-celled,  3-valved  capsule.  Seeds  stalked. 
Embryo  small,  at  the  base  of  copious  mealy  albumen. 

1.    TILLANDSIA,    L.      LONG  Moss.    AIR-PLANT. 

Sepals  rigid.  Petals  imbricated  and  tube-like  below,  spreading  above.  Sta- 
mens filiform,  hypogynous.  Ovary  free.  Style  slender.  Capsule  linear  or 


BROMELIACE^E.       (PINE-APPLE    FAMILY.)  471 

Tinear-oblong,  cartilaginous,  septicidally  3-valvcd,  each  valve  separating  into  2 
plates.  Seeds  erect,  club-shaped,  pointed,  raised  on  a  long  and  hairy  stalk.  — 
Radical  leaves  mostly  crowded,  imbricated.  Petals  fugacious. 

*  Stem  rigid,  erect :  flowers  spiked,  blue. 
•*-  Leaves  broad  at  the  base,  gradually  narrowed  upward. 

1.  T.  Utriculata,  Lecontc.  Leaves  scurfy  and  glaucous,  subulate  and 
recurved  at  the  summit,  very  much  dilated,  concave  and  imbricated  at  the  base, 
shorter  than  the  rigid  mostly  branching  stem ;  the  uppermost  small  and  sheath- 
ing ;  flowers  scattered  ;  sepals  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  oblong  pu- 
bescent mcmbranaceous  bracts,  much  shorter  than  the  capsule ;  petals  pale  blue, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  slightly  spreading  at  the  apex ;  stamens  exserted.  — 
South  Florida.  June  and  July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  The  dilated  and  imbri- 
cated bases  of  the  leaves  form  a  kind  of  cup  which  commonly  contains  a  consid- 
erable quantity  of  water. 

2  T.  bracteata,  n.  sp.  Leaves  scurfy,  concave,  gradually  narrowed  up- 
ward, subulate  and  erect  at  the  apex,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  ovate  pointed 
bracts ;  stem  branched,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  spikes  compressed,  2-edged ; 
bracts  ovate,  coriaceous,  smooth,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows,  keeled  on  the 
back,  longer  than  the  linear  acute  keeled  sepals.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  2° 
high .  Leaves  1  °  - 1  £°  long. 

3.  T.  bulbosa,  Hook.     Small,  very  scurfy  ;  leaves  broad  and  clasping  at 
the  base,  concave,  imbricated,  nearly  equal,  spreading  above,  shorter  than  the 
spike;  spike  simple,  few-flowered;  bracts  oblong,  scurfy,  imbricated  in  two  rows, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  and  half  as  long  as  the  capsule.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem 
stout,  4' high.     Spike  3' -  4' long,  6  -  7-flowered.     Leaves  3' -  4' long      Corolla 
purplish  blue. 

-t-  •<-  Leaves  linear  or  filiform,  from  an  abruptly  dilated  base. 

4.  T.  juncea,  Leconte.     Stem  slender,  leafy;    leaves  scurfy,  linear,  con- 
cave, recurved,  longer  than  the  stem,  the  lowest  ones  imbricated,  the  upper 
sheathing ;  spikes  branched,  few-flowered ;  bracts  imbricated,  smoothish,  acute, 
longer  than  the  sepals ;  petals  deep  blue,  three  times  as  long  as  the  sepals,  re- 
curved at  the  apex.  —  South  Florida. — Stem  1°  high.      Spikes  2' -4'  long. 
Leaves  1°- 1£°  long. 

5.  T.  Bartramii,  Ell.     Stem  slender,  leafy  ;  leaves  smooth,  erect,  filiform, 
straight  and  rigid,  as  long  as  the  stem,  the  upper  ones  short  and  sheathing ; 
spike  branched,  few-flowered ;  bracts  scurfy,  imbricated,  longer  than  the  sepals, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  capsule,  the  lower  ones  awned  ;  petals  blue,  spreading  at 
the  apex.  — Southern  districts  of  Georgia,  Elliott,  to  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1° 
high.     Spikes  3'  -  4'  long.     Leaves  bristle-like  at  the  summit. 

6.  T.  CSespitosa,  Leconte.     Stems  low,  clustered ;  leaves  reddish,  longer 
than  the  stem,  scurfy,  bristlc-awl-shaped,  erect,  semi-terete,  concave  at  the  base, 
the  upper  ones  scale-like  ;  spike  3  -  4-flowered  ;  bracts  imbricated  ;  petals  blue, 
longer  than  the  bracts,  recurved  at  the  apex.     (T.  pinifolia,  Leconte?)  —  East 
Florida,  Lecontc.  —  Plant  reddish,  4'  -  5'  high,  growing  in  large  roundish  clusters 
on  the  trunks  of  trees. 


472  IRIDACE.E.        (IRIS    FAMILY.) 

7.  T.  recurvata,  Pursh.    Leaves  scurfy,  bristle-awl-shaped,  curved,  ncarly 
teretc,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  stem  naked  above,  1  -  2-flowcred  ;  corolla  longer 
than  the  calyx.  —  East  Florida,  Leconte.  —  Stem  6'  high.     Leaves  ash-color,  2- 
ranked,  narrowly  channelled. 

*  *  Stems  filiform,  pendent :  flowers  solitary,  yreen. 

8.  T.  USneoides,  L.     (LONG  Moss.)     Scurfy  and  hoary;  stems  (l°-2° 
long)  branching ;  leaves  2-ranked,  linear-awl-shaped,  recurved ;  flowers  sessile 
at  the  summit  of  the  branches,  small ;  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts,  half  as  long 
as  the  linear  recurved  green  petals.  —  Humid  situations  in  the  lower  districts, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    June  -  Sept. 


ORDER  147.     IRIDACE-'E.     (!RIS  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  linear  or  sword-shaped  equitant  nerved  leaves,  and  fuga- 
cious often  showy  flowers  from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  —  Perianth  6-parted, 
the  divisions  spreading  and  equal,  or  the  inner  ones  smaller,  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  3,  distinct  or  united  :  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  adnate 
to  the  tube  of  the  perianth,  3-celled ;  the  numerous  auatropous  ovules 
fixed  to  the  central  placentae.  Style  single  :  stigmas  3 .  Capsule  loculi- 
cidally  3-valved.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  IRIS.     Stigmas  petal-like,  covering  the  stamens  :  capsule  angular. 

2.  SISYRINCHIUM.     Stigmas  filiform  :  capsule  globular :  stem  flat. 

3.  NEMASTYLIS.     Stigmas  aliform,  2-parted:  stem  terete. 

1.     IRIS,    L.    BLUE  FLAG.     FLOWER-DE-LUCK. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted,  the  exterior  divisions  recurved,  and  often 
crested  or  bearded  within,  the  interior  mostly  smaller  and  erect.  Stamens  3, 
opposite  the  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth,  concealed  by  the  dilated  petal-like 
2-lipped  spreading  stigmas.  Style  3-angled.  Capsule  3  -  6-angled.  Seed  nu- 
merous, flattened,  packed  in  2  rows  in  the  cells.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  creep- 
ing or  tuberous  rootstocks,  simple  or  branched  stems,  linear  or  sword-shaped 
leaves,  and  showy  flowers  from  a  scarious  spathe. 

*  Stems  tall,  leafy  :  divisions  of  the  perianth  unequal. 

\ .  I.  versicolor,  L.  Stem  nearly  terete,  simple  or  branched ;  leaves 
sword-shaped  ;  flowers  terminal,  single  or  spiked,  crestless  ;  perianth  pale  blue, 
variegated  with  white,  yellow,  and  purple,  the  inflated  tube  shorter  than  the 
obtusely  3-angled  ovary  ;  stigmas  2-toothed  at  the  base,  with  the  lips  entire,  or 
slightly  crenate  ;  capsule  oblong,  obtusely  3-angled.  —  Wet  places,  Florida,  and 
northward.  April  and  May. —  Stem  l£°-2°  high.  Lowest  leaves  li°-2° 
long,  1'  -  l£'  wide.  Perianth  2'  long. 

2.  I.  hexagona,  Walt.  Stem  terete,  simple ;  leaves  linear-sword-shaped ; 
flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary,  crested  ;  perianth  deep  blue,  variegated 
with  white,  yellow,  and  purple ;  the  cylindrical  angular  tube  longer  than  the 


IRIDACE^E.       (IRIS    FAMILY.)  4<  3 

6-angled  ovary ;  stigmas  much  longer  than  the  anthers,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
interior  perianth,  the  large  lips  cut-toothed  ;  capsule  oblong-cylindrical,  6-angled. 
—  Swamps,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  near  the  coast.  April.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.  Lowest  leaves  2°  -  3°  long.  Flowers  4'  long. 

3.  I.  cuprea,  Pursh.     Stem  simple,  furrowed  and  1-angled  below;  leaves 
linear-sword-shaped  ;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  single  or  by  pairs,  crestless, 
dull  yellow ;  tube  of  the  perianth  somewhat  inflated,  as  long  as  the  6-angled 
ovary ;   stigmas  scarcely  longer  than  the  anthers,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
petals,  the  lips  nearly  entire  ;  capsule  tumid,  6-angled.  —  Swamps  in  the  lower 
districts  of  Georgia,  Elliott,  and  westward.     April  and  May.  —  Stem  3°  high. 
Leaves  2°  long.     Flowers  2'  long. 

4.  I.  tripetala,  Walt.    Stem  terete,  simple,  or  with  peduncle-like  branches ; 
leaves  rather  short,  sword-shaped,  glaucous  ;  flowers  terminal,  solitary,  crestless, 
blue,  variegated  with  yellow  and  purple ;  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth  very 
short,  wedge-shaped,  abruptly  pointed  ;  stigmas  2-toothed  at  the  base,  and  with 
toothed  lips  ;  ovary  3-angled,  longer  than  the  short  terete  tube  of  the  perianth  ; 
capsule  oval,  3-angled.  — Pine-ban-en  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  '  June 
and  July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  1°  long.    Flowers  2' -3'  long,  some- 
times by  pairs.     Limb  of  the  sepals  roundish. 

5.  I.  Virginica,  L      Stem  slender,  simple ;  leaves  elongated,  grass-like  ; 
flowers  2-6,  terminal,  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle,  crestless,  blue  and  white ; 
ovary  3-angled,  2-furrowed  on  the  sides,  much  longer  than  the  very  short  tube 
of  the  perianth ;  capsule  3-angled,  acute  at  each  end.  —  Swamps,  North  Caro- 
lina, Tennessee,   and  northward.     June.  —  Stem  and  lower  leaves  2°  long. 
Flowers  l£'  long. 

*  *  Stems  low,  with  sheath-like  leaves :  divisions  of  the  perianth  nearly  equal. 

6.  I.  verna,  L.    Stem  very  short,  concealed  by  the  short  spathe-like  leaves, 
1-flowered ;   proper  leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  glaucous  ;   perianth  pale  blue, 
crestless,  the  divisions  about  as   long  as  the  filiform  partly  concealed  tube ; 
capsule  3-angled.  —  Pine  barrens  of  the  middle  districts,  mostly  in  dry  soil, 
Alabama  to  North  Carolina.     April  —  Leaves  5'  -  8'  long.     Limb  of  the  peri- 
anth 1'  long. 

7.  I.  cristata,  Ait.     Stem  l-3-flowered;  leaves  lanceolate  (3'- 5' long); 
outer  divisions  of  the  perianth  crested,  much  shorter  than  the  filiform  tube ; 
capsule  acutely  3-angled ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina.     May. 

2.     SISYRINCHIUM,    L      BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted,  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  spreading.  Stamens 
3,  monadelphous  :  anthers  sagittate  Style  short :  stigmas  3,  simple,  filiform 
and  involute  Capsule  and  seeds  roundish.  —  Grass-like  herbs,  with  fibrous 
roots,  and  scape-like  2-edged  stems  Flowers  small,  in  an  umbellate  cluster, 
successively  developed  from  a  rigid  2-leaved  spathe. 
40* 


474  DIOSCOREACE^E.     (YAM  FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  Bermudiana,  L.  Leaves  linear,  erect;  stem  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  naked  or  1  -  2-leaved,  more  or  less  broadly  2-winged ;  leaves  of  the 
spathe  equal  and  shorter  than  the  flowers,  or  the  lower  one  much  longer  than 
the  flowers  ;  perianth  blue,  yellow  in  the  centre  ;  the  divisions  notched  and 
bristle-awned  at  the  apex.  (S.  mucronatum,  Michx.)  —  Grassy  meadows,  or 
sometimes  in  dry  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  6'-  18' 
high.  Leaves  mostly  shorter  than  the  stem.  Flowers  4  -  6  in  a  spathe,  £'  wide, 
opening  in  the  evening. 

3.    NEMASTYLIS,    Nutt. 

Perianth  6-parted,  the  divisions  nearly  equal  and  spreading.  Stamens  3,  dis- 
tinct, with  the  subulate  filaments  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  linear  anthers. 
Style  short,  3-lobed,  with  the  lobes  2-parted,  each  division  produced  into  filiform 
radiating  stigmas.  Capsule  oblong,  truncated.  —  Herbs  with  coated  bulbous 
roots,  linear  plicate  leaves,  and  very  fugacious  flowers  from  a  2-leaved  spathe. 

1.  N".  coelestina,  Nutt.  Bulb  small,  roundish;  radical  leaves  few,  elon- 
gated, sheathing ;  those  of  the  stem  diminishing  upward,  the  uppermost  bract- 
like  ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  terminal ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  oblong-obovate ; 
capsule  obtusely  3-angled ;  seeds  angular,  brown.  (Ixia  ccelestina,  Bartram.)  — 
Pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  May  and  June.  —  Stem 
1  £°  -  2°  high.  Flowers  bright  blue. 


ORDER  148.     DIOSCOREACEJS.      (YAM  FAMILY.) 

Twining  herbs,  with  tuberous  roots,  ribbed  and  reticulated  leaves,  and 
small  regular  dioecious  flowers,  in  axillary  spikes  or  panicles.  —  Perianth 
6-parted,  the  tube  (in  the  fertile  flower)  adherent  to  the  3-celled  ovary. 
Stamens  6  :  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovules  anatropous,  1  -  2  in  each 
cell.  Styles  3,  more  or  less  united  below.  Fruit  mostly  capsular,  3-6- 
seeded.  Embryo  minute,  in  hard  albumen.  . 

1.     DIOSCOREA,    Plum.     YAM. 

Tube  of  the  perianth  3-winged.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  limb. 
Capsule  6-seeded,  mcmbranaceous,  3  winged,  opening  septicidally  through  the 
wings.  Seeds  flat,  broadly  winged.  —  Leaves  petioled,  mostly  cordate  and  entire. 
Petioles  tumid  at  the  base. 

1.  D.  villosa,  L.  Stem  smooth  (10°- 15°  long) ;  leaves  alternate,  oppo- 
site, or  whorled,  broadly  cordate,  acuminate,  7  -  9-nerved,  smooth,  or  pubescent 
l>eneath,  mostly  longer  than  the  slender  petiole  ;  flowers  very  small,  whitish  ;  the 
sterile  ones  in  scattered  clusters  on  the  very  slender  branches  of  the  axillary 
panicles ,  the  fertile  in  a  simple  spike ;  stigmas  notched  at  the  apex ;  capsule 
oval  or  obovate,  strongly  3-wingcd,  nodding  (D.  quaternata,  Walt.)  — Margins 
of  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  July. 


(SMILAX    FAMILY.)  475 

ORDER  149.     SMILACE^.     (SMILAX  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  climbing  shrubs,  not  essentially  distinct  from  the  Lily  Family, 
but  with  ribbed  and  veiny  reticulated  leaves,  and  separate  styles  or  stig- 
mas. —  Leaves  not  sheathing,  often  bearing  tendrils.  Fruit  baccate. 

SUBORDER  I.  EUSMILACE2E.  (SMILAX  FAMILY.)  Flowers  di- 
oecious, in  axillary  and  umbel-like  clusters.  Anthers  1-celled.  Stigmas 
1-3,  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Ovules  1  -  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary,  ortho- 
tropous,  suspended.  —  Tendril-bearing  vines.  Flowers-  small.  Leaves 
alternate. 

1.  SMILAX.     Cells  of  the  ovary  1-ovuled.     Woody  vines. 

2.  COPROSMANTHUS.     Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.     Climbing  herbs. 

SUBORDER  II.  TRILLIACE^E.  (TRILLIUM  FAMILY.)  Flowers 
perfect,  terminal.  Anthers  2-celled.  Styles  or  stigmas  3.  Ovules  sev- 
eral in  each  cell  of  the  ovary,  anatropous,  horizontal.  —  Erect  herbs. 
Leaves  whorled. 

3.  TRILLIUM.    Exterior  leaves  of  the  perianth  calyx-like,  persistent.    Stem  1-flowered.  Leave* 

3  in  a  whorl,  terminal. 

4.  MEDEOLA.    Leaves  of  the  perianth  alike,  deciduous.     Stem  few- flowered.     Leaves  3 -7' in 

a  whorl,  lateral  and  terminal. 

1.  SMILAX,     Tourn.     CHINA  BRIER. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  bell-shaped,  6-leaved,  the  leaves  nearly  equal  and 
alike,  deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth  :  anthers  erect, 
1-celled.  Ovary  free  from  the  perianth,  1-3-celled,  with  a  single  orthotropous 
pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  1-3  (mostly  3),  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
slender,  spreading,  or  recurved.  Berry  1  -  3-celled,  1-3-seeded.  Seeds  globu- 
lar or  angled.  Embryo  minute,  in  horny  albumen.  —  Woody  and  commonly 
thorny  or  prickly  vines,  climbing  by  means  of  a  pair  of  tendrils  attached  to  the 
petioles.  Leaves  alternate,  ribbed,  and  reticulate-veined,  mostly  smooth  and 
shining.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  stalked  axillary  clusters. 
*  Peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles  or  pedicels. 
H-  Peduncles  flattened :  berry  black. 

1 .  S.  tamnoides,  L.     Stem  scurfy  when  young,  armed  with  stout  subulate 
prickles;  branches  mostly  unarmed,  compressed  -  4-angled ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate, 
or  hastate -3-lobed,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate,  rarely  acute  at  the  base,  5-7- 
ribbed,  often  discolored  ;  the  margins,  ribs,  and  petiole  smooth,  or  fringed  with 
fine  prickles  ;  peduncles  about  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  stigmas  1-3,  mostly 
solitary;  berry  commonly  1-seeded.     (S.  Bona-Nox,  hastata,  hederaefolia,  &c. 
of  authors.)  —  Swamps  and  thickets,  Florida,  and  northward.     May. 

2.  S.  Pseudo-China,  L.     Lower  part  of  the  stem  beset  with  numerous 
black  needle-shaped  prickles ;  branches  unarmed,  slightly  angled ;  leaves  ovate 
or  round-ovate,  often  contracted  in  the  middle,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 


476  SMIL  ACE.*:.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.) 

abruptly  pointed,  more  or  less  bristly-ciliate  on  the  margins,  5-nervcd-,  peduncles 
three  times  as  long  as  the  petioles,  many-flowered ;  stigmas  3 ;  berry  3-seeded. 
(S.  panduratus,  Pursh.)  —  Woods  and  thickets,  Florida,  and  northward.  April 
and  May. 

3.  S.  glauca,  Walt.     Stem  armed  with  few  and  scattered  prickles,  very 
slender ;  branches  terete,  unarmed ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  entire,  obtuse,  mu- 
cronate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  white  beneath,  3  —  5-ribbed,  the 
margins  entire ;  peduncles  very  slender,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  petiole,  few- 
flowered;  stigmas  3;  berry  3-seeded,  glaucous.     (S.  caduca,    Willd.)  —  Shady 
margins  of  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.     May.  —  Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

•i-    •»-   Peduncles  terete :  berry  whitish. 

4.  S.  pumila,  Walt.    Softly  pubescent;  stem  low  (1°  -3°  high),  terete,  un- 
armed ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  cordate,  mucronate,  persistent,  mostly  discolored 
and  at  length  smooth  above,  pale  beneath,  5-ribbed ;  peduncles  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  petioles,  rigid,  dense-flowered  ;  stigma  single ;  berry  ovoid,  whitish, 
1-seeded.     (S.  pubera,  Michx.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  in 
the  lower  districts.     October.  —  Rootstock  creeping.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

*  *  Peduncles  not  longer  than  the  petioles. 
•*-   Berries  red. 

5.  S.  Walter!,  Pursh.     Stem  low,  armed  with  a  few  scattered  prickles  near 
the  base,  otherwise  unarmed;  branches  obscurely  4-angled;  leaves  deciduous, 
membranaceous,  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval,  mucronate,  acute,  round- 
ed or  rarely  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  5-ribbed ;  peduncles  flattened,  as  long  as 
the  petioles  and  pedicels ;  perianth  rather  large  (3"  long),  brownish ;  stigmas  3 ; 
berry  (acuminate,  Walt.)  globular,  3-seeded.     (S.  caduca,  Ell.)  —  Pine-barren 
ponds  and  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     March  and  April.  —  Rhizoma 
creeping.     Stem  seldom  more  than  6°  long.     Leaves  2' -4' long. 

6.  S.  lanceolata,  L.     Stem  tall,  mostly  unarmed  ;  branches  terete ;  leaves 
evergreen,  rather  thin,  varying  from  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  acute  at  each  end, 
5-ribbed,  paler  beneath ;  peduncle  terete,  as  long  as  the  petiole,  many-flowered ; 
stigmas  3 ;  berry  globular,   3-seeded.  —  Rich  woods  and  margins  of  swamps, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.     August.  —  Stem  sometimes  20°  -  30°  long.     Root- 
stock  tuberous.     Leaves  3'  — 4'  long. 

•»-    -*-    Berries  black. 

1.  S.  laurifolia,  L.  Stem  stout,  armed  with  strong  prickles;  branchlets 
1 -angled,  unarmed;  leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  varying  from  ovate  to  lance- 
olate, obtuse,  mucronate,  3-nerved ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  stigma 
solitary  :  berry  globular,  1-seeded.  (S.  alba,  Ph.  ?)  —  Swamps  and  margins  of 
ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  climbing  high.  Leaves 
3'  -  5'  long.  Berries  maturing  in  the  fall  of  the  succeeding  year,  very  abundant. 

8.  S.  auriculata,  Walt.  Stem  commonly  low  and  straggling,  slender,  armed 
with  short  prickles ;  branches  flexuous,  4-angled ;  leaves  evergreen,  rigid,  small, 
strongly  3-ribbed,  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  hastate  —  3-lobed. 
acute  at  each  end  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  many-flowered  ;  stigmas 


SMILACEJE.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.)  477 

2-3  ;  berry  small,  globular  2-3-seeded.  (S.  ovata,  Pursh?  Ell.)  —"Dry  sand- 
ridges  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May  and  June.  —  Stem  trail- 
ing, or  covering  small  bushes.  Leaves  1'-  2'  long,  strongly  reticulated.  Flowers 
small,  very  fragrant. 

9.  S.  rotundifolia,  L.  Stem  climbing  high,  armed  with  scattered  prickles  ; 
branchlets  4-angled ;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  round-ovate,  entire,  abruptly  pointed, 
mostly  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base  ;  peduncles  few-flowered,  rather 
longer  than  the  pedicels,  flattened;  berry  globular,  3-seeded,  blue-black.  (S. 
caduca,  L.  S.  quadrangularis,  Muhl.)  —  Swamps  in  the  middle  and  upper  dis- 
tricts, and  northward.  June.  —  Plant  yellowish  green.  Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

2.     COPROSMANTHTJS,    Torr. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.  —  Stems  herbaceous,  unarmed.  Peduncles  and 
petioles  elongated.  Berry  blue-black.  Otherwise  like  Smilax. 

1.  C.  herbaceus,  Kunth.     Stem  erect  (l°-3°  high),  mostly  simple,  leafy 
above ;  leaves  few,  oblong  or  oval,  mucronate,  pubescent,  5-nerved,  the  upper  ones 
whorled,  the  lower  bract-like;  peduncles  few  (3' -4'  long),  below  the  leaves; 
berry  2-3-seeded.     (Smilax  herbacea,  L.)  —  Dry  fertile  soil,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.    June.  —  Flowers  fetid. 

2.  C.  peduncularis,  Kunth.     Stems  curving  or  climbing  (3°  -  5°  long), 
branched,  leafy ;  leaves  alternate,  round-cordate,  acuminate,  smooth ;  peduncles 
numerous,  axillary  (4' -6'  long) ;  berry  6-seeded.    (Smilax  peduncularis,  Muhl.) 

—  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.    June.  —  Flowers  fetid. 

3.  C.  tamnifolius,  Kunth.      Stems    erect  or  climbing;   leaves   hastate, 
cordate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  5-nerved,  smooth,  the  upper  ones  narrower ;  pedun- 
cles longer  than  the  petioles;  berry  2-3-seeded.     (Smilax  tamnifolia,  Michx.) 

—  Pine  barrens,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.     July. 

3.    TRILLIUM,    L. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  6-leaved,  the  three  exterior  leaves  calyx-like,  per- 
sistent, the  interior  withering.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth. 
Filaments  short :  anthers  adnate,  linear,  2-celled.  Ovary  6-ribbed,  3-celled,  with 
numerous  anatropous  horizontal  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  or  stigmas  3,  slen- 
der, stigmatic  within,  recurved,  persistent.  Fruit  a  roundish  6-sided  many- 
seeded  purple  berry.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  tuberous  rootstocks,  and 
simple  stems,  which  are  sheathed  at  the  base,  and  terminated  with  a  whorl  of 
three  broad  leaves  and  a  single  sessile  or  peduncled  showy  flower. 

*  Flower  sessile,  erect. 

1.  T.  sessile,  L.  Rootstock  horizontal ;  stems  slender,  commonly  two  or 
more  in  a  cluster  ;  leaves  sessile,  broadly  oval,  widest  in  the  middle,  abruptly 
short-pointed,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3 --5-nerved,  variegated  above  with  paler 
and  deeper  green  ;  petals  dark  purple,  lanceolate,  erect,  much  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  spreading  sepals  —  Rich  shady  woods,  in  the  upper  districts,  and 


478  SMILACEJ2.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.) 

northward.     March  and  April.  —  Stems  6'-  12'  high.    Leaves  1'-  3'  long.    Pet- 
als 10" -15"  long. 

2.  T.  discolor,  Wray  ?    Rootstock  tuberous,  vertical ;  stem  stout,  solitary ; 
leaves  sessile,  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  tapering  from  near 
the  base  to  the  apex,  3  -  7-nerved,  variegated  above  with  green  and  brown  or 
dark  purple ;  petals  erect,  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  below,  dark  purple  varying 
into  green,  rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  spreading  sepals ;  filaments  very 
short,  purple.  —  Rich  woods,  in  the  middle  and  lower  districts,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina.     Feb.  and  March.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.     Petals 
l£'-  2'  long. 

*  *  Flower  on  an  erect  or  declining  peduncle. 

3.  T.  pusillum,  Michx.     Stem  slender;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  3-nerved ;  peduncle  erect,  shorter  than  the  spreading  flower  ;  petals 
lanceolate,  pale  flesh-color,  acutish,  one  third  longer  than  the  lanceolate  obtuse 
sepals  ;  filaments  slender,  as  long  as  the  anthers  ;  stigmas  united  below  into  a 
slender  style,  longer  than  the  filaments.  —  Pine  barrens  in  the  low  country  of 
Carolina,  Michaux.     North  Carolina,  Curtis.  —  Stem  6'-  8'  high.     Leaves  U'- 
2'  long.    Flower  8"  -  10"  long. 

4.  T.  erectum,  L.      Stem  solitary;   leaves  sessile,  broadly  rhomboida], 
abruptly  acuminate,  acute  at  the  base ;    peduncles  longer  than  the  spreading 
flowers  (l£'-3'  long),  at  length  declined;   petals  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  dark-purple,  rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate-ovate  acute  sepals ;  fila- 
ments shorter  than  the  anthers,  or  the  short  and  distinct  stigmas.     (T.  rhomboi- 
deum,  Michx.)  —  Varies  with  smaller  white  or  yellowish  flowers.  —  Shady  woods, 
on  the 'mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     May.  —  Stem  1°  high. 
Leaves  3'-  5'  long,  and  of  the  same  width.     Flowers  !'-!£'  long,  fetid. 

5.  T.    grandiflorum,    Salisb.       Stem   solitary  ;    leaves    rhombic-ovate, 
abruptly  acuminate,  nearly  sessile ;   peduncle  longer  than  the  erect-spreading 
flower,  erect  or  slightly  declined ;   petals   obovate,  white,  much   longer  and 
broader  than  the  lanceolate  acutish  sepals ;  filaments  slender,  shorter  than  the 
anthers,  nearly  equalling  the  short  recurved  stigmas. —  Shady  woods  on  the 
mountains  of  Carolina,  Elliott,  and  northward.     May. —  Stem  l°-l£°  high. 
Leaves  3'-  5'  long     Petals  2'  long,  changing  to  rose-color. 

6.  T.    erythrocarpum,   Michx.       Stem    solitary ;    leaves   ovate,   long- 
acuminate,  rounded  at  the  base,  short-petioled ;   peduncle  (l'-2'  long)  erect, 
longer  than  the  widely-spreading  flower ;  petals  oblong,  acutish,  wavy,  much 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  sepals,  white,  striped  with  purple  at  the  base ;  stigmas 
slender,  longer  than  the  anthers;  berry  red. — Rich  shady  woods  in  the  upper 
districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.     April  and  May. —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves 
3'  -  5'  long.    Flowers  9  "  - 1 2"  long. 

*  #  *  Flower  on  a  recurved  peduncle. 

7.  T.  cemuum,  L.     Stems  2-3  together;   leaves  broadly  rhomboidal, 
abruptly  acuminate,  short-petioled  ;   peduncle   mostly  shorter  than  the  small 
flower ;   petals  white,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  wavy,  recurved,  rather  longer  than 


ROXBURGHIACE.E.       (ROXBL'RGHIA    FAMILY.)  479 

the  lanceolate  sepals  ;  stigmas  short,  distinct,  exceeding  the  short  erect  anthers. 

—  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.    April  and 
May.  —  Stem  1°-  l£°  high.     Leaves  2'-  6'  long,  and  nearly  as  broad.     Petals 
8"  -  12"  long. 

8.  T.  Stylosum,  Nutt.  Stem  solitary,  slender ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
acute,  short-petioled  ;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  large  flower  ;  petals  rose-color, 
oblong,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed,  wavy,  spreading,  much  longer  and  broader 
than  the  lanceolate  sepals  ;  stigmas  slender,  united  below  the  middle,  much 
shorter  than  the  long  recurved  anthers.  (T.  nervosum,  and  T.  Catesbsei,  Ell.) 

—  Low  shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.     April 
and  May.  —  Stem  1°  -  H°  high.     Leaves  4'  long.     Petals  H'-  2'  long. 

4.     MEDEOLA,    Gronov. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  6,  similar,  deciduous.  Stamens  6, 
erect,  hypogynous  :  anthers  linear-oblong,  fixed  near  the  base,  introrse.  Ovary 
globose,  3-celled,  with  six  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  3,  slender, 
recurved,  stigmatic  within.  Berry  globose. 

1  M.  Virginica,  L.  Rhizoma  horizontal,  tuberous ;  stem  simple,  slen- 
der, clothed  with  loose  deciduous  wool,  bracted  below,  bearing  above  the  middle 
a  whorl  of  6  -  8  oblong-lanceolate  acute  leaves,  and  at  the  summit  a  smaller 
whorl  of  3-4  ovate  leaves,  which  surround  the  2-8  small  greenish  nodding 
flowers  ;  styles  red.  —  Shady  banks,  Middle  Florida,  and  northward.  June.  — 
Stem  2°  high. 


ORDER  150.     ROXBURGHIACEJE.       (ROXBURGHIA 
FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  twining  shrubs,  with  petioled  parallel-nerved  reticulated 
leaves,  and  perfect  axillary  racemose  flowers.  —  Perianth  4-leaved  or 
4-parted.  Stamens  4,  hypogynous:  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary 
free,  or  united  with  the  base  of  the  perianth,  1 -celled.  Stigma  sessile. 
Ovules  few  or  numerous,  anatropous.  Placenta  parietal.  Capsule 
2-valved.  Seeds  fixed  to  hairy  or  fibrillous  cords,  erect  or  pendulous. 
Embryo  minute  or  slender,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.     CROOMIA,      Torr. 

Perianth  deeply  4-parted,  persistent,  the  spreading  nerveless  oval  divisions 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Filaments  separate,  thick,  erect,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  perianth  opposite  its  lobes :  anthers  short,  oblique,  with  the  connective  mi- 
nute or  wanting.  Ovary  globose-ovate,  sessile.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Ovules  4 -6. 
Fruit  follicular,  beak-pointed,  at  length  2-valved.  Seeds  1-4,  obovate,  sus- 
pended from  the  apex  of  the  nerve  like,  at  length  free  placenta,  nearly  covered 
by  the  fibres  of  the  cord.  Embryo  minute,  obovate.  —  A  lew  perennial  herb, 


480  t  LILIACE^E.       (LILY  FAMILY.) 

from  a  slender  creeping  rhizoma.  Stem  simple,  sheathed  at  the  base,  leafy  at 
the  summit.  Leaves  4-6,  alternate,  oblong-cordate,  5-9-ribbed.  Peduncles 
few-flowered.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  on  jointed  nodding  pedicels,  which  are 
thickened  upward. 

1.    C.  pauciflora,  Torr.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  Alabama. 
April.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long,  thin,  spreading. 


ORDER  151.     LILIACE^E.       (LILY  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  sessile  or  sheathing  parallel-nerved  leaves,  and  per- 
fect flowers.  —  Perianth  corolla-like,  6-  (rarely  4-)  leaved  or  lobed,  free 
from  the  2  -  3-celled  ovary.  Stamens  6  (rarely  4),  hypogynous  or  perigy- 
nous :  anthers  introrse  (except  in  No.  9).  Styles  united.  Stigmas  3, 
distinct  or  united.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seeds 
anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Embryo  small,  in  fleshy  or  hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     ASPAR ACiK.K.     Fruit,  a  berry.     Divisions  of  the   perianth  more  or  less 

united  (except  No.  4).  —  Leaves  broad. 
1-  POLYGONATDM.     Flowers  axillary.     Perianth  tubular.     Stems  leafy. 

2.  SMILAC1NA.    Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.     Perianth  spreading.     Stems  leafy. 

3.  CONVALLARIA.    Flowers  racemed.     Perianth  6-lobed.     Scape  naked. 

4.  CLINTONIA.    Flowers  umbelled.     Perianth  6-leaveU.     Scape  naked. 

TRIBE  II.     ASPHODELE^E.     Fruit  a  capsule.     Divisions  of  the  perianth  united  at 
the  base.  —  Steins  scape-like.     Leaves  linear,  rarely  lanceolate. 

*  Root  a  coated  bulb. 

5.  ALLIUM.  Flowers  umbelled,  from  a  scarious  spathe.     Seeds  smooth  and  black. 
6-  NOLINA.    Flowers  racemed,  white.     Stigmas  3.     Seeds  roughened,  brown. 
*  *  Root  a  tuberous  rhizoma. 

7.  SCH(ENOLIRION.     Flowers  racemed,  white.     Seeds  smooth  and  black.    Leaves  equitant. 

TRIBE  III.    TULIPACEJE.    Fruit  a  capsule.     Divisions  of  the  perianth  distinct,  de- 
ciduous. —  Stems  leafy. 

*  Bulbous-rooted  herbs.     Seeds  pale. 

8.  ERYTHRONIUM.     Seeds  ovoid,  with  a  membranaceous  appendage  at  the  apex.     Stem 

2 -leaved. 

9.  LILIDM.     Seed  flat,  winged,  not  appendaged.     Stem  many-leaved 

»  *  Palm-like  arborescent  plants.    Seeds  black. 
10.  YUCCA.    Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile.     Capsule  dry  or  pulpy.     Leaves  spiny-pointed. 

1.    POLYGONATUM,    Desf. 

Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube,  in- 
cluded :  anthers  sagittate,  fixed  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  3-6  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Style  slender:  stigma  obtuse.  Berry  few-seeded.  —  Rhizoma 
creeping.  Stem  simple,  leafy.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong.  Peduncles  axillary, 
1  -  few-flowered.  Flowers  drooping,  on  bractless  pedicels. 


LILIACE.E.     (LILT  FAMILY.)  481 

1.  P.  biflorum,  Ell.  Stem  terete  or  farrowed,  smooth,  curving  above; 
leaves  2-ranked,  sessile  or  slightly  clasping,  oblong,  3-7-nerved,  smooth,  or 
pubescent  beneath  ;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1  -  4-flowered ; 
flowers  greenish ;  filaments  granular-roughened ;  berry  dark-blue.  (P.  pubes- 
cens,  and  P.  multiflorum,  Pursh.)  —  Shady  banks,  Florida,  and  northward. 
May.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  naked  below.  Leaves  3' - 4' long,  acute  or  obtuse. 
Flowers  4"  -  5"  long. 


2.     SMILACINA,     Desf.      SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Perianth  4-  or  6-parted,  spreading,  deciduous.  Stamens  4  or  6,  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  perianth  :  anthers  ovate.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  two  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Style  short  and  thick  :  stigma  obscurely  3-Iobed.  Berry  globular, 

1  -  2-seeded.  —  Stems  simple,  erect,  leafy.     Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  terminal 
raceme  or  panicle. 

§  1.      SMILACINA.     Divisions  of  the  perianth  and  stamens  6.     Ovary  3-celled. 

1  •  S.  racemosa,  Desf.  Pubescent ;  rhizoma  thick ;  stem  flexuous,  curv- 
ing and  leafy  above ,  leaves  numerous,  2-ranked,  oblong,  acuminate,  nearly 
sessile,  strongly  ribbed  ;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  close  raceme  or  panicle ;  berry 
red,  spotted.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.  June  and  July. 
—  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.  Leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

§  2.  MAIANTHEMUM.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  and  stamens  4.  Ovary  2-celled. 
2.  S.  bifolia,  Ker.  Smooth;  rhizoma  slender;  stem  low,  erect,  2-leaved 
above  ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  sessile  or  clasping,  finely  nerved  ;  raceme  simple, 
few-flowered ;  berry  red,  spotted.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.  June.  —  Stem  3'  -  6'  high.  Leavdfi  1 '  -  2'  long. 

3.     CONVALLARIA,    L.      LILY  OP  THE  VALLEY. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  6-clcft,  deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  perianth,  included  :  anthers  fixed  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-celled,  tapering  into 
the  thick  style.  Ovules  4  -  6  in  each  cell.  Stigma  truncate.  Berry  globose, 
few-seeded.  —  A  perennial  stemless  herb,  with  a  creeping  rhizoma,  and  white 
racemose  flowers. 

1.  C.  majalis,  L.  — High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  May.  —  Smooth. 
Rhizoma  slender  Leaves  two,  oblong,  their  long  petioles  convolute,  one  within 
the  other.  Scape  semi-terete,  bearing  a  1 -sided  raceme  of  fragrant  nodding 
flowers.  Berry  red. 

4.    CLINTONIA,    Raf. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  6-leaved,  deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  perianth.  Filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled, 
with  two  or  more  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  elongated  :  stigma  obtuse.  Berry 

2  -  many-seeded.  —  Stemless  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  large  radical  sheath- 

41 


482  LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

ing  leaves,  and  an  umbel  of  white  or  greenish  flowers  terminating  the  naked 
scape.    Berries  blue. 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Torr.  Leaves  2-4,  oblong,  ciliate  on  the  keel  and 
margins;  scape  pubescent ;  umbel  many-flowered ;  flowers  small  (3" -4"  long), 
white  spotted  with  green  or  purple ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  (Smilacina  umbel- 
lata, Desf.)  —  Shady  woods  on  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  June. 

—  Scape  8' -12'  high,  rather  longer  than  the  leaves. 

2  C.  borealis,  Raf.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  acute  ; 
scape  and  2-7-flowered  umbel  pubescent;  flowers  (6" -9"  long)  greenish  yel- 
low ;  ovules  numerous.  —  Cold  swamps  on  the  high  mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.  June.  —  Scape  and  leaves  8'-  10'  high. 

5.    ALLIUM,    L.    OMO.V. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  perianth.  Filaments  subulate,  the  interior  ones  more  or  less  dilated  at  the 
base.  Ovary  3-celled.  Style  filiform :  stigma  entire.  Capsule  loculicidally 
3-valved.  Seeds  anatropous  or  campylotropous,  single  or  few  in  each  cell, 
angled,  black.  —  Strong-scented  stemless  herbs,  with  bulbous  roots,  and  a  naked 
scape,  ending  in  an  umbel  of  small  flowers,  from  a  2-3-leaved  spathe.  —  Flow- 
ers sometimes  changed  into  bulblets. 

*  Ovitles  solitary  in  the  cells. 

1.  A.  tricoccum,  Ait.    Leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  flat,  long-taper- 
ing toward  the  base,  early  withering  ;  umbel  small,  dense,  many-flowered,  erect; 
leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  stamens.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina,   and  northward.      July. — Bulbs  clustered.      Scape  1°  high. 
Flowers  white.  v 

*  *  Ovules  2  in  each  cell. 

2.  A.  cernuum,  Roth.    Leaves  linear,  channelled ;  scape  angled ;  umbel 
many-flowered,  nodding ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  acute  ;  stamens  exserted ;  ovary 
6-toothed.  —  Mountains  of  South   Carolina,  and  northward.      July.  —  Scape 
l°-l£°  high.     Flowers  rose-color,  on  slender  pedicels. 

3.  A.  Canadense,  Kalin.    Leaves  narrowly  linear,  concave  ;  scape  terete  , 
umbel  erect,  bearing  a  cluster  of  bulbets,  intermingled  with  a  few  stalked  rose- 
colored  flowers;  spathe  1-2-leaved;  leaves  of  the  perianth  obtuse,  as  long  as 
the  stamens ;  ovary  6-toothed.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida,  and  northward.  June. 

—  Scape  1°  high.     Outer  coats  of  the  bulb  white  and  scarious. 

4.  A.  mutabile,  Michx.      Leaves  verv  narrow,  concave ;  scape  terete , 
umbel  erect,  many-flowered ;  spathe  3-leaved ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  acute,  as 
long  as  the  stamens,  white  changing  to  rose-color.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     May  and  June.  —  Scape  1°  high.     Outer  coats  of  the  bulb 
composed  of  a  network  of  fine  fibres. 

*  *  *   Ovules  several  in  each  cell. 

5.  A.  striatum,  Jacq.     Leaves  linear,  concave ;  umbel  erect,  3-10-flow- 
ered ;  spathe  2-leaved ;  perianth  longer  than  the  stamens,  white,  the  exterior 


LILI.YCEJE.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  483 

leaves  green  on  the  keel.  — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  March 
and  April. —  Scape  6' -12' high.  Pedicels  1'- 2' long.  Flowers  5"  long.  Leaves 
streaked  on  the  back.  , 

6.  A.  Carolinianum,  lied.  Scape  naked ;  leaves  linear,  even  beneath ; 
spathe  2-leaved ;  umbel  fastigiate ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong,  obtuse ;  sta- 
mens subulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth ;  capsule  many-seeded.  —  In  Caro- 
lina. —  Bulbs  clustered.  Flowers  white,  rose-color  without.  (  *  ) 

6.    NOLINA,    Michx. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  withering-persistent ;  the  divisions  similar,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  1-nerved.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth  ;  filaments 
subulate .  anthers  cordate.  Style  very  short,  persistent :  stigmas  3,  recurved. 
Ovary  3-angled,  3-celled,  with  two  anatropous  collateral  ascending  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Capsule  mcmbranaceous,  obovate,  wing-angled,  3-valved,  mostly 
1-seeded.  Seed  oblong-obovate,  dull  brown  and  roughish,  slightly  incurved; 
longitudinally  grooved  on  the  inner  face.  Embryo  slender,  straight,  shorter 
than  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Root  large,  bulbous.  Leaves  numerous,  all  radical, 
very  long  and  narrow,  recurved,  keeled,  rough  on  the  margins.  Scape  branch- 
ing above.  Flowers  small,  white,  crowded  in  long  bracted  racemes.  Pedicels 
jointed,  rcflexed  in  fruit. 

1.  M".  Georgiana,  Michx. —Dry  sand-hills  in  the  middle  districts  of 
Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  April  and  May.  —  Bulb  very  large,  tunicated. 
Scape  2° -3°  high,  with  a  few  scales  near  the  base.  Leaves  l°-2°  ioiig,  dry 
and  harsh. 

7.     SCHCENOLIRION,     Torn 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  withering-persistent;  the  divisions  3-5-nerved. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth  :  filaments  subulate  :  anthers  cor- 
date-sagittate, introrse.  Style  subulate,  persistent:  stigma  minutely  3-lobed. 
Ovary  globose,  3-celled,  with  two  anatropous  ascending  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Capsule  coriaceous,  broadly  obovate,  obtusely  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved, 
1-6-seeded.  Seeds  globose  or  angular,  smooth,  black,  and  shining.  Embryo 
straight,  as  long  as  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Root  a  tuberous 
rhizoma.  Scape  branching  above.  Radical  leaves  smooth,  equitant,  sheathing, 
linear,  concave, 'rounded  on  the  back,  the  others  small  and  bract-like.  Flowers 
small,  white,  in  loose  bracted  racemes.  Pedicels  spreading,  jointed. 

1.  S.  Michauxii,  Torr.  Pedicels  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  bracts  ;  divis- 
ions of  the  perianth  oblong,  the  nerves  somewhat  distant.  (Phalangium  croceum, 
Michx.  Ornithogalum  croceum,  Ell.}  —  Swamps,  chiefly  in  the.  pine  barrens, 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  May  and  June.  —  Rhizoma  cylindrical.  Scape 
2°  high,  slender.  Leaves  1°  long. 

8.    ERYTHRONIUM,    L.     DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET. 
Perianth   corolla-like,   with   six   spreading  or  recurved    deciduous   separate 
.leaves;  the  three  inner  ones  grooved  and  2-toothed  at  the  base.     Stamens  6, 


484  LILIACKJE.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

slender :  anthers  oblong-linear,  erect.  Style  slender :  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule 
obovate,  3-anglcd,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ovoid,  with  a  loose  membranaceous 
appendage  at  the  apex  —  Low  herbs  from  a  scaly  bulb.  Stems  low,  scape-like, 
bearing  near  the  middle  a  pair  of  oblong  spotted  sheathing  leaves,  and  at  the 
npex  a  single  nodding  flower. 

1.  E.  Americanum,  Smith.  Bulbs  deep,  the  younger  ones  bearing  only 
a  single  leaf;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  tapering  into  the  sheathing  base,  va- 
riegated with  pale  and  deep  green;  flowers  (1'long)  yellow,  spotted  near  tlio 
base;  style  club-shaped,  3-angled;  stigma  obscurely  3-lobed.  —  Rich  woods, 
Middle  Florida,  and  northward.  Feb.  and  March. 

9.    LILIUM,    L.     LILY. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  6-leaved,  deciduous,  the  leaves  spreading  or  recurved 
above,  sessile  or  clawed,  with  a  nectariferous  groove  near  the  base.  Stamens  6, 
elongated;  anthers  linear,  extrorse  in  the  bud,  versatile.  Style  filiform,  elon- 
gated ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblong,  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  membrana- 
eeous,  horizontal,  crowded  in  the  cells.  —  Leafy  herbs,  from  scaly  bulbs.  Leaves 
scattered  or  whorled,  sessile.  Flowers  large,  erect,  or  nodding. 

*  f 'lowers  erect:  leaves  of  the  perianth  spreadiny,  clawed. 

1.  L.  Philadelphicum,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  whorled ; 
flowers  1-3,  reddish-orange  spotted  with  purple  ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  lanceo- 
late, abruptly  pointed.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July. 

—  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  2'  long. 

2.  L.  Catesbaei,  Walt.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  all  scattered  and  erect; 
flower  solitary,  terminal,  scarlet,  variegated  with  yellow  and  purple ;  leaves  of 
the  perianth  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  the  margins  of  the  claws  involute ;  the 
three  inner  ones  broader  and  ribbed  on  the  back ;  capsule  oblong,  nearly  terete. 

—  Low  pine  barrens,   Florida   to   North  Carolina.      Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem 
l°-2°high.     Leaves  1'- 2' long,  obscurely  nerved.     Flowers  3' - 4' long. 

*  *  Flowers  nodding ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  recurved,  sessile. 

3.  L.  Canadense,   L.     Stem  commonly  few-flowered;   leaves  in  remote 
whorls,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  hairy  on  the  nerves  beneath;  flowers  long-peduncled ; 
leaves  of  the  perianth  recurved,  vellow  spotted  with  purple.  —  Mountain-mead- 
ows, Georgia,  and  northward.    June  and  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.    Leaves 
and  flowers  2' -3'  long. 

4.  L.  SUperbum,  L.     Stem  commonly  many-flowered ;   leaves  smooth, 
lanceolate,  3-nerved,  the  lower  ones  whorled,  the  upper  scattered  ;  leaves  of  the 
perianth  revolute,  rather  obtuse,  orange  spotted  with  purple.  —  Rich  soil  in  the 
middle  and  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.     June  and  July.  —  Stem 
3°  -  6°  high.     Flowers,  when  numerous,  disposed  in  a  pyramidal  raceme. 

Var.  Carolinianum.  (L.  Carolinianum,  Michx.)  Leaves  often  all  scat- 
tered, broader,  more  tapering  at  the  base,  faintly  nerved ;  flowers  1  -  3 ;  leaves 
of  the  perianth  acute.  —  Swamps  in  the  lower  districts.  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high. 


MELANTHACE^E.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.)  485 

10.     YUCCA,    L.     SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Perianth  cup-shaped,  corolla-like,  6-leaved.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike, 
late-deciduous.  Stamens  6,  with  thick  granular  club-shaped  filaments :  anthers 
small,  oval.  Ovary  3-celled,  3-sided,  grooved  at  the  angles.  Stigmas  3,  nearly 
sessile,  oblong,  concave,  2-cleft.  Ovules  numerous,  in  two  rows,  the  rows  sep« 
aratcd  by  a  false  partition.  Capsule  oblong,  6-celled,  pulpy  and  indehiscent,  or 
dry  and  loculicidally  3-valved  at  the  apex.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  horizontal, 
smooth  and  black.  —  Plants  with  thick  palm-like  leafy  stems  (caudex),  numer- 
ous rigid  and  spine-pointed  leaves,  and  white  showy  panicled  flowers. 

*  Stem  short :  capsule  dry,  3-valved. 

1.  Y.  fllamentosa,  L      (BEAR-GRASS  )     Stem  short  and  leafy;    leaves 
rather  rigid,  spreading  or  recurved,  varying  from  linear  to  broad-lanceolate, 
green  or  glaucous,  with  thread-like  filaments  on  the  margins  ;  scape  elongated, 
branching  and  pubescent  above ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  ovate-lanceolate,  white 
tinged  with  yellow  or  purple ;  capsule  with  3  rounded  angles,  loculicidal  at  the 
apex,  and  at  length  separating  at  the  inflexed  sutures  into  three  2-celled  carpels. 
(Y.  puberula  and  Y.  glaucescens,  Haw.)  — Light  or  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.      June.  —  Stem  rarely  more  than  a  foot  above  the 
ground.     Leaves  1°  -  2°  long.     Scape  4°  -  6°  high. 

*  *  Stem  tall :  capsule,  pulpy,  6-angled,  indehiscent. 

2.  Y.  gloriosa,  L.     Stem   mostly  simple,   leafy  at   the   summit;    leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  smooth  on  the  margins;  panicle  large,  smooth,  pyrami- 
dal, short-peduncled ;  flowers  white,  single  or  clustered ;  leaves  of  the  perianth 
lanceolate,  acute.  —  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.     May  and  June.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Leaves  1°-1^°  long. 
Panicle  2° -3°  long 

•3.  Y.  aloifolia,  L,  Stem  mostly  branching,  leafy  above;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  very  rigid,  strongly  spine-pointed,  very  rough  on  the  margins,  the 
lower  ones  reflexed ;  panicle  short,  smooth,  densely  flowered,  nearly  sessile ;  divis- 
ions of  the  perianth  ovate-lanceolate,  white  tinged  with  purple.  (Y.  Draconis, 
L.  Y.  serrulata,  Haw.)  —  Sands  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
May  and  June.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high.  Leaves  and  panicle  1°- 1  £°  long. 

4  Y.  recurvifolia,  Salisb.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  recurved,  with  the 
margins  sometimes  filamentose ;  interior  leaves  of  the  perianth  wider  than  the 
exterior.  —  On  the  sea-coast  of  Georgia,  Elliott.  July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  about 
3°  high.  Flowers  white,  tinged  occasionally  with  green  and  purple  (  * ) 


ORDER  152.     MELANTHACE-^E.      (COLCHICUM  FAMILY.) 

Perennial    herbs,   with    parallel-nerved   leaves,   and   regular   flowers. 

Perianth  of  6  nearly  equal  divisions,  free  from  or  coherent  with  the  base 

of  the  3-celled  ovary.    Stamens  6  (in  Pleea  9-12),  inserted  on  the  base  of 

the  perianth :  anthers  extrorse  (except  in  Tofieldia  and  Pleea).     Styles 

41* 


486  MELAXTHACE^E.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.) 

3,  distinct  or  more  or  less  united.     Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry.     Seeds 
anatropous.     Embryo  minute,  in  copious  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  UVULARIE M.  (THE  BELLWORT  FAMILY.)  Feri- 
anth  corolla-like,  bell-shaped,  the  divisions  distinct  and  deciduous.  Styles 
partly  or  wholly  united.  Fruit  a  few-seeded  capsule  or  berry.  —  Stems 
forking  and  leafy  above,  sheathed  below.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
sessile  or  clasping.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  nodding. 

1.  UVULARIA.     Fruit  a  3-lobed  loculicidal  capsule.    Flowers  on  short  lateral  branches. 

2.  PROSARTES.     Fruit  a  3  -  6-seeded  berry.     Flowers  terminal,  on  straight  peduncles. 

3.  STREPTOPUS.    Fruit  a  many -seeded  berry.    Flowers  axillary,  on  bent  peduncles. 

SUBORDER  II.  MELANTHIE/E.  (THE  COLCHICUM  FAMILY.) 
Perianth  spreading ;  the  divisions  mostly  distinct,  often  clawed,  withering- 
persistent.  Styles  separate.  Fruit  a  3-celled  capsule.  —  Stems  leafy  at 
the  base,  simple  or  branched.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles,  sometimes 
polygamous  or  dioecious. 

*  Anther-cells  confluent. 

*-  Leaves  of  the  perianth  biglandular  near  the  base. 

4.  MELANTHIUM.     Flowers  polygamous.     Filaments  partly  adhering  to  the  claws  of  the 

perianth. 

5.  ZIGADENUS.    Flowers  perfect.     Filaments  free  from  the  perianth. 

t-  <-   Leaves  of  the  perianth  glandless. 

6.  STENANTHIUM.     Leaves  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the 

ovary,  longer  than  the  stamens 

7.  VERATRUM.    Leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong  or  obovate,  free  from  the  ovary,  longer  than 

the  stamens  and  short  styles.     Flowers  polygamous. 

8.  AMIANTHIUM.     Leaves  of  the  perianth   obovate,  free,  shorter  than  the  stamens  and 

slender  styles.     Flowers  perfect,  racemed. 

9.  SCH(ENOCAULOX.    Leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong,  shorter   than  the  stamens,  much 

longer  than  the  very  short  styles.     Flowers  perfect,  spiked. 

*  *  Anther-cells  distinct 
*•  Capsule  loculicidal 

10.  XEROPHYLLUM.     Flowers  perfect.     Capsule  6-seeded.     Radical  leaves  grass-like. 

11.  CHAM^LIRIUM.     Flowers  dioecious.     Capsule  many-seeded.     Radical  leaves  obovate. 

*-  -i-  Capsule  septicidal.    Leaves  equitant.     Anthers  introrse. 

12.  PLEEA.    Stamens  9-12.    Anthers  versatile.     Bracts  spathe-like. 
la    TOFIELDIA.    Stamens  6.     Anthers  erect.     Bracts  short. 


1.    UVULARIA,    L.    BELLWORT. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  corolla-like,  the  divisions  distinct,  grooved  at  the  base 
within,  deciduous.  Filaments  short:  anthers  linear,  adnate.  Style  deeply  3- 
oleft :  stigmas  spreading.  Capsule  3-lobed  or  3-angled,  loculicidally  3-valved  at 
the  apex.  Seeds  few,  obovoid.  half  encircled  by  the  tumid  raphe.  —  Low  herbs, 


JIELANTHACE^E.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.)  i#7 

from  a  slender,  creeping  rhizoma.     Leaves  sessile  or  perfoliate.     Flowers  nod- 
ding, solitary,  lateral  or  at  the  apex  of  a  1-leaved  branch,  yellow. 

*  Leaves  rounded  at  the  base,  perfoliate. 

1.  U.  perfoliata,  L.    Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  glaucous  beneath,  the  sides 
revolute  when  young ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  granular-rough- 
ened within,  pale   yellow;    capsule   obovate,   truncate.     (U.  flava,  Smith.)  — 
Woods   and   thickets,  Florida,  and   northward.     April.  —  Stem  8' -12'  high. 
Leaves  l£'-2£'  long.     Flowers  1'  long. 

2.  TJ.  grandiflora,  Smith.     Leaves   oblong,  pale   or   closely  pubescent 
beneath,  the  young  ones  revolute  on  the  margins  ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  linear- 
lanceolate,    acute,   smooth  within,  greenish   yellow ;    anthers   obtuse ;    capsule 
obovate.  —  Woods  and  thickets,  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward.    April — Larger  than  the  preceding.     Leaves  2' -  5' long.     Flowers  1^' 
long. 

*  *  Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile. 

3.  TJ.  sessilifolia,  L.     Smooth,   leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  glaucous   be- 
neath ;  flowers  on  short  naked  peduncle-like  branches,  opposite  the  leaves ;  leaves 
of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  obtuse,  barely  longer  than  the  3-cleft  style  ;  anthers 
obtuse ;  capsule  obovate,  stalked.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts, 
and  northward.     April.  —  Stem  6' -12'  high.     Leaves  l'-lj'  long.    Flowers 
8"  long. 

4.  U.  Floridana,  n.  sp.     Smooth  ;  leaves  oblong,  slightly  clasping,  glau- 
cous beneath ;    flowers  on  a  slender  1-leaved  branch ;   leaves  of  the  periantli 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  as  long  its  the  3-cleft  style  ;  anthers  pointed. 
—  Low  shady  woods,  Middle  Florida,  March.  —  Stem  4' -6'  high.     Leaves  thin, 
1'  long.     Flowers  8"  long,  pale  yellow. 

5.  TJ.  puberula,  Michx.     Slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  green  on  both  sides, 
oval,  rounded  at  the  base  and  somewhat  clasping,  rough  on  the  margins  ;  style 
3-parted  nearly  to  the  base,  as  long  as  the  short-pointed  anthers  ;  capsule  ovate, 
sessile.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  —  Flowers  yellowish-white. 

2.    PROSARTES,    Don. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  corolla-like,  the  divisions  distinct,  deciduous.  Filaments 
filiform,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  obtuse  anthers.  Styles  united : 
stigmas  spreading.  Berry  ovoid,  acute,  3-6-seeded.  —  A  low  forking  herb. 
Peduncles  terminal,  not  bent  nor  twisted. 

1.  P.  lanuginosa,  Don.  (Streptopus  lanuginosus,  Michx.)  —  High  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.  June.  —  Leaves  2' -3'  long,  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  acu- 
minate, oblique  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  pubescent.  Peduncles 
1-2,  terminal,  slender,  pubescent.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  £'  long,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  3-nerved,  greenish.  Style  smooth  Berry  red. 

3.    STREPTOPUS,    Michx, 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  corolla-like,  with  the  divisions  distinct,  deciduous,  the 
inner  ones  keeled.  Anthers  sagittate,  fixed  near  the  base,  entire,  or  2-pomted  at 


488  MELANTHACEJE.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.) 

the  apex,  longer  than  the  filaments.  Styles  united :  stigma  3-cleft  or  entire. 
Berry  nearly  globose,  many-seeded  — Erect  herbs,  witli  spreading  branches. 
Leaves  clasping.  Peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  bent  or  twisted  in  the  middle. 

1.  S.  roseus,  Michx.  Stem  much  branched,  with  the  branches  flexuous 
and  sprinkled  with  hairs  ;  leaves  ovate,  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
slightly  clasping,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  5  -  7-nerved  ;  flowers  mostly  solitary, 
small,  rose-color,  nodding ;  anthers  2-pointed  at  the  apex ;  stigma  3-cleft.  — 
Shady  woods  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  May.  —  Stem  2° 
high.  Leaves  2' -  4' long,  green  on  both  sides.  Flowers  3"  -  4"  long. 

4.    MELANTHIUM,    L. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  spreading, 
long-clawed,  somewhat  cordate  or  hastate  and  biglandular  at  the  base ;  the  fila- 
ments .  partly  adhering  to  their  claws :  anthers  reniform,  becoming  peltate,  the 
cells  confluent.  Styles  3,  subulate.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3-lobed,  the  cells 
separating  and  opening  down  the  inner  suture,  several-seeded.  Seeds  flat, 
winged.  —  Stems  tumid  at  the  base,  rough-pubescent  above.  Leaves  long,  lin- 
ear. Flowers  panicled,  cream-color,  turning  brownish. 

1.  M.  Virginicum,  L.  Stem  tall,  simple,  the  upper  portion,  like  the 
loose  panicle,  pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary  ,  lowest  leaves  long,  broadly  lin- 
ear and  clasping,  the  upper  small  and  sessile  ;  flowers  shorter  than  the  pedicels, 
the  upper  ones  perfect ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong  or  roundish,  often  acute, 
the  slender  claw  adnate  to  the  lower  Jialf  of  the  filaments  ;  glands  conspicuous. 
(M.  hybridum,  Walt.,  the  claws  concave  and  adnate  to  the  filaments  below  the 
middle ;  glands  connivent  or  obscure.)  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  and  Aug.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.  Lowest  leaves  1  °  -  l£°  long. 

5.    ZIGADENUS,    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  ovate  or  oblong,  spreading,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  1  -  2-glandular  at  the  base.  Filaments  free  from  the  perianth,  and  of 
equal  length :  anthers  broadly  cordate,  becoming  peltate.  Styles  3,  slender, 
spreading.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3-angled,  septicidal  at  the  apex,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  wingless,  or  slightly  margined.  —  Stems  smooth  and 
simple.  Lowest  leaves  crowded,  linear.  Flowers  white,  in  crowded  panicles. 

1.  Z.  glaberrimus,  Michx       Stem  rigid,  leafy;    lowest  leaves  broadly 
linear,  elongated,  glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  small  and  scattered  ;  panicle  small, 
rigid ;  bracts  ovate ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong,  short-clawed,  often  with  a 
white  callus  on  one  or  both  sides  at  the  base ;  glands  prominent ;  stamens  and 
styles  subulate ;  seeds  oblong  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
June  and  July. — Stem  2° -3°  high.     Lowest  leaves   1°  -  l£°  long.      Panicle 
6'- 12'  long,  commonly  dense.    Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  as  long  as  the  pedicels. 

2.  Z.  leimanthoid.es,  Gray.      Stem  slender,   somewhat   naked    above; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  green  on  both  sides  ;  panicle  slender  ;  bracts  lanceolate ; 
ieaves  of  the  perianth  oval  or  obovate,  sessile,  the  glands  obscure  or  wanting ; 


MELANTHACEvE.        (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.)  489 

stamens  and  styles  filiform  ;  seeds  narrowly  margined,  winged  at  the  apex. 
(Helonias  graminea,  EH.}  —  Mountain  swamps,  Georgia,  and  northward.  July 
and  Aug. —  Stem  2° -4°  high.  Lowest  leaves  l°-2°  long.  Panicle  8' -12' 
long.  Flowers  4"  in  diameter,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicels. 

6.    STENANTHIUM,    Gray. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
united  at  the  base,  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Glands  none.  Anthers  roundish,  becoming  peltate.  Styles  short,  subulate : 
stigmas  minute.  Capsule  ovate,  membranaceous,  septicidal  at  the  apex,  several- 
seeded.  Seeds  nearly  wingless.  —  Stem  smooth,  slender,  tumid  at  the  base. 
Lowest  leaves  elongated,  channelled.  Flowers  small,  greenish-white,  in  a  simple 
panicle. 

1.  S.  angUStifolium,  Gray.  (Veratrum  angustifolium,  Pursh.)  —  Shady 
woods  and  banks,  Florida,  and  northward.  June  and  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3° 
high.  Lowest  leaves  l°-2°  long.  Panicle  l°-2°  long,  composed  of  simple 
spiked  racemes  ;  the  lower  flowers  often  sterile.  Perianth  about  4"  in  diameter, 
nearly  sessile,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

7.     VERATRUM,     Toum.      FALSE  HELLEBORE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  spreading,  distinct,  oblong  or 
obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  free  from  the  ovary,  glandless,  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Styles  short,  subulate.  Capsule  oblong,  membranaceous,  3-pointed, 
the  cells  opening  above  at  the  inner  suture.  Seeds  few,  flat,  broadly  winged.  — 
Stems  leafy,  tumid  at  the  base,  pubescent.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  plaited. 
Flowers  in  ample  panicles,  green  or  purplish-brown. 

1.  V.  viride,  L.     Stem  stout,  leafy  throughout;  leaves  broadly  oval,  acute, 
strongly  plaited,  clasping,  pubescent  beneath ;  panicle  pyramidal,  composed  of 
numerous  dense  racemes  ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  oblong,  smooth,  yellowish 
green,  longer  than  the  pedicels  and  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens.  —  Mountain 
meadows,   Georgia,  and   northward.      April   and   May.  —  Stem   3° -7°   high. 
Lower  leaves  1°  long.     Flowers  large.  —  The  plant  is  possessed  of  active,  but 
deleterious  properties. 

2.  V.  intermedium,  n.  sp.     Stem  slender,  leafy ;   lowest  leaves  nearly 
smooth,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  long  sheathing  petiole, 
strongly  plaited ,  the  upper  ones  small,  lanceolate,  scattered,  pubescent  beneath ; 
panicle  large,  composed  of  long  and  slender  loosely -flowered  racemes  ;  leaves  of 
the  perianth  spatulate-oblong,  dark  brown  within,  hoarv  puberulent  without,  as 
long  as  the  pedicels,  rather  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  ovary  woolly ;  lobes  of  the 
capsule  winged ;  seeds  linear-oblong,  broadly  winged.  —  Rich  shady  hummocks, 
Middle  Florida.     July.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.     Lower  leaves  1°  long.     Flowers 
6"-  8"  wide.     Intermediate  between  V.  Woodii,  Robbing,  and  the  next,  of  which 
it  may  prove  to  be  a  variety. 

3.  V.  parviflorum,  Michx.     Stem  slender,  naked  above ;  leaves  varying 
from  lanceolate  to  oval,  smooth,  slightly  plaited,  narrowed  into  sheathing  peti- 


490  MELANTHACE^i.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.) 

oles ;  panicle  slender,  long  and  spreading,  loosely  flowered ;  leaves  of  the  peji- 
anth  greenish,  spatulate,  smooth,  rather  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  twice  as  long 
as  the  stamens ;  ovary  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  Nortli  Carolina.  July.  —  Stem 
2° -  5°  high.  Lowest  leaves  9'- 12'  long.  Flowers  4" -  5"  wide. 

8.     AMIANTHIUM,    Gray.     FLY-POISON. 

Flowers  perfect  Leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong  or  obovate,  sessile,  spreading, 
glandless,  shorter  than  the  slender  stamens.  Anthers  kidney-shaped,  becoming 
peltate.  Styles  slender :  stigmas  minute.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3-lobed, 
the  cells  separating  and  opening  down  the  inner  suture,  few-seeded.  Seeds 
oblong  or  linear,  wingless.  —  Stems  simple,  smooth,  tumid  or  bulbous  at  the 
base,  scape-like  above.  Lowest  leaves  long  and  crowded.  Flowers  white,  in  a 
simple  raceme. 

1.  A.  muscSBtOXicum,  Gray.      Stem   bulbous   at  the  base,  somewhat 
angled ;    lowest  leaves  strap-shaped,  obtuse,  channelled,  the  uppermost   small 
and  bract-like ;   raceme  cylindrical,  densely  flowered ;   leaves  of  the  perianth 
oblong,   nearly   equalling  the   stamens ;    styles   spreading ;    seeds  ovoid,   red. 
( Helonias  ery throsperma,  Michx. )  —  Rich  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.    May 
and  June.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Flowers  small,  turning  greenish. 

2.  A.  angUStifolium,  Gray.     Stem  tumid  at  the  base,  slender,  terete; 
leaves  linear,  acute,  channelled,  somewhat  glaucous,  the  lowest  very  long,  the 
uppermost  small  and  bract-like ;  raceme  oblong,  mostly  densely  flowered ;  leaves 
of  the  perianth  oval,  shorter  than  the  stamens  ;   styles   erect ;    seeds   linear. 
(Helonias  angustifolia,  Michx.)  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
May  and  June.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Flowers  turning  purple. 

3.  A.  ?  aspericaule,  Gray.      Stem  and  flowers  pulverulent-roughened ; 
stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat;  flowers  in  a  small  (2' long)  spike-like  panicle, 
composed  of  spiked  racemes.  —  Near  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  Curtis.  —  Plant 
imperfectly  known. 

9.  SCHCENOCAULON,    Gray. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  somewhat  spreading,  linear-oblong, 
glandless ;  filaments  subulate,  at  length  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth  :  anthers 
kidney-shaped,  becoming  peltate.  Ovary  6  -  8-ovuled.  Styles  very  short :  stig- 
mas minute.  Capsule  and  seeds  unknown.  —  Scape  very  slender,  bulbous  at  the 
base.  Leaves  all  radical,  very  long  and  narrow,  dry,  channelled.  Flowers  small, 
pale  green,  crowded  in  a  slender  spike. 

1.  S.  gracilis,  Gray.  (Helonias?  dubia,  Michx.) — Dry  sands,  Georgia 
and  Florida.  April  and  May.  — Leaves  l°-2°  long,  scarcely  1"  wide.  Scape 
2°  -  3°  high,  rush-like.  Spike  3'  -  4'  long. 

10.  XEROPHYLLUM,    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  widely  spreading,  sessile,  oval,  as 
long  as  the  subulate  filaments.  Anthers  round-ovate,  2-celled.  Styles  filiform : 


MELANTHACEJi.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.)  491 

etigmas  decurrent  within.  Capsule  roundish,  3-lobcd,  loculicidally  3-valved. 
Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  oblong,  wingless.  —  Stem  bulbous  at  the  base, 
simple,  leafy.  Leaves  dry,  rigid,  rough  on  the  margins,  very  narrow,  dilated  at 
the  base  ;  those  of  the  stem  very  numerous  and  needle-shaped.  Flowers  white, 
in  a  simple  dense  raceme. 

I.  X.  asphodeloides,  Gray.  (Helonias  asphodeloides,  L.)  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  May  and  June.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high. 
Radical  leaves  spreading,  1°  or  more  long,  very  slender-pointed.  Flowers  2" 
long.  Stamens  dilated  below. 

11.    CHAMJELIRITJM,    Willd. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  linear-spatu'late,  shorter  than  the 
filiform  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled,  roundish.  Styles  club-shaped  :  stigmas 
decurrent.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-angled,  loc'ulicidally  3-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
linear-oblong,  winged  at  the  ends.  —  Stem  simple,  from  a  thick  rhizoma,  leafy. 
Lowest  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  the  others  linear  or  lanceolate.  Flowers 
small,  white,  in  a  simple  spiked  raceme, 

1.  C.  luteum,  Gray.  (Helonias  dioica,  Pursh.)  —Low  grounds,  Florida, 
and  northward.  May  and  June. —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  furrowed.  Radical  leaves 
clustered,  2' -4'  long,  spreading;  the  uppermost  small  and  bract-like.  Racemes 
6' -12'  long,  the  sterile  ones  slender  and  drooping  at  the  summit;  the  fertile 
rigid  and  erect.  Perianth  inconspicuous.  • 

12.    PLEEA,    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  sessile,  widely  spreading,  lanceolate, 
rigid.  Stamens  9-12,  shorter  than  the  perianth :  filaments  slender :  anthers 
linear,  introrse,  2-cleft  at  the  base,  versatile.  Styles  short,  subulate  .  stigmas 
simple.  Capsule  coriaceous,  ovate,  3-lobed,  many-seeded;  the  cells  opening 
down  the  inner  suture.  Seeds  oblong,  bristle-pointed.  —  Stems  smooth'  and 
slender,  from  clustered  rootstocks.  Leaves  chiefly  radical,  very  narrow,  2-edged, 
equitant.  Flowers  few  in  a  simple  raceme,  white.  Bracts  spathe-like,  clasping. 

1.  P.  tenuifolia,  Michx.  —  Pine-barren  swamps  and  bogs,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  Oct.  —  Stem  rush-like,  2°  high.  Radical  leaves  erect,  rigid, 
perennial,  6'  -  9'  long.  Raceme  rigid,  6  -  9-flowered,  the  erect  pedicels  enclosed 
in  the  rigid  clasping  bracts.  Flowers  1'  wide,  greenish  without. 

13.    TOFIELDIA,    Hudson. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  spreading,  sessile,  oblong  or  obovate. 
Filaments  subulate  •  anthers  innate  or  introrse,  2-celled.  Styles  subulate  :  stig- 
mas terminal.  Capsule  3-angled,  septicidally  3-partible,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
oblong.  —  Stems  simple,  scape-like,  from  creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves  linear, 
2-edged,  equitant.  Flowers  small,  whitish,  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Pedicels 
commonly  minutely  3-bracted  under  the  flower. 


492  JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

$  1.  TOFIELDIA  proper.  Racemes  simple,  the  flowers  successively  opening  fron 
the  base  upward  (centripetal)  :  anthers  introrse :  seeds  without  appendages.  — 
Smooth  herbs. 

1.  T.  glabra,  Nutt.     Stem  leafy  at  the  base,  and  sparingly  above  ;  leaves 
linear ;  racemes  densely  flowered ;  stamens  slightly  exserted ;   styles  very  short. 
( T.  glaberrima,  Macbride. )  —  Low  pine  barrens,  in  the  middle  and  lower  dis- 
tricts of  North  and  South  Carolina.    Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Raceme  2'-  4' 
long.     Flowers  white. 

§  2.  TRIANTHA.  Racemes  compound;  the  flowers  successively  opening  from  the 
apex  downward  (centrifugal)  :  anthers  innate :  seeds  with  tail-like  appendages 
at  each  end.  —  Pubescent  herbs. 

2.  T.  pubens,  Ait.     Stem  and  pedicels   rough-puberulent ;   leaves   long, 
linear;  racemes  (3' -6'  long)  loosely  flowered;  pedicels  mostly  three  in  a  clus- 
ter, longer  than  the  greenish-white  flowers  ;  capsule  as  long  as  the  perianth.  — 
Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept.  —  Stem  1° 
-  li°  high.     Leaves  6'  -  12'  long. 

3.  T.  glutinosa,  Willd.      Stem  and  pedicels  clammy-pubescent;   leaves 
short,  linear-sword-shaped ;  racemes  (!'  long)  dense-flowered  ,  pedicels  3  -  5  in  a 
cluster,  shorter  than  the  yellowish  flowers  ;  capsule  longer  than  the  perianth.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    June.  —  Stem  l°-l£°  high. 
Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 


ORDER  153.     JUNCACE^E.      (Rusn  FAMILY.) 

Tough  grass-like  herbs,  with  naked  or  leafy  and  jointed  stems,  flat  or 
terete  leaves,  and  regular  cymose-clustered  or  panicled  flowers.  —  Peri- 
anth of  six  nearly  equal  calyx-like  persistent  divisions.  Stamens  3  or  6, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals :  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  fixed  at 
the  base.  Ovary  free  from  the  perianth,  1-3-celled,  3  -  inany-ovuled. 
Style  single  :  stigmas  commonly  3,  hairy.  Capsule  loculicidally  3-valved. 
Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  LUZULA.     Capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded.     Leaves  mostly  hairy. 

2.  JUNCUS.    Capsule  many -seeded  ;  the   placentae  separating  with  the  partitions.     Smooth 

herbs,  with  alternate  leaves. 

3.  CEPHALOXYS.    Capsule  many-seeded  ;  the  placentas  united  into  a  3-winged  central  col- 

umn.   Stem-leaves  nearly  opposite. 

1.     LUZULA,     DC.      WOOD-RUSH. 

Sepals  flat.  Stamens  6.  Style  very  short:  stigmas  filiform,  villous.  Cap- 
sule 1-celled,  3-valved,  3-seeded.  Seeds  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  — Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  flat  mostly  hairy  leaves,  and  umbellate  or  spiked  flowers. 


JUNCACE.E.       (RUSH    FAMILY.)  493 

1.  L.  campestris,  DC.      Stem   leafy;    leaves   linear,  hairy;    flowers  in 
dense  ovoid  umbellate  spikes  ;  capsule  roundish  ;  seeds  with  a  conical  append- 
age at  the  base.     (Juncus  campestris,  L.)  — Dry  woods  and  banks,  Florida,  and 
northward.     March  and  April.  —  Stems  clustered,  1°  high. 

2.  L.  pilosa,  Willd.     Stem  leafy;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-linear,  hairy ; 
flowers  single,  umbellate  ;  capsule  ovate  ;  seeds  with  a  curved  appendage  at  the 
apex.  —  Mountains  of  North   Carolina,  and  northward.     May. — Plant  6' -9' 
high. 

2.    JUNCUS,    L.      RUSH. 

Outer  sepals  keeled.  Stamens  3  or  6.  Style  very  short :  stigmas  villous. 
Capsule  3-celled,  or  imperfectly  3-celled  ;  the  partitions  adherent  to  the  valves, 
and  bearing  the  placentae  at  their  inner  edges.  Seeds  numerous,  often  append- 
aged,  horizontal.  —  Chiefly  perennial.  Leaves  alternate,  often  knotted  by  cross 
partitions.  Flowers  mostly  green,  clustered,  cymose,  or  panicled. 

§  1.  Stems  scape-like,  jointless,  sheathed  or  leafy  at  the  base:  stamens  6  or  (in  No.  1) 

sometimes  3. 
*  Panicles  lateral :  stem  sheathed  at  the  base. 

1 .  J.  eff usus,  L.     Stem  soft  and  spongy ;  sheaths  dark  brown  ;  panicle 
dift'use  or  contracted ;  flowers  single  ;    sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  obovate 
obtuse  obscurely  3-angled  light  brown  capsule.  —  Bogs  and  swamps,  Florida, 
and  northward ;  common.     May-  Sept.  —  Stems  tufted,  2°  -  4°  high. 

*  *  Panicles  lateral :  stem  leafy  at  the  base  :  leaves  terete,  pungent. 

2.  J.  setaceus,  Rostk.     Stem  and  leaves  slender;  sheaths  light  brown; 
panicle   simple,   few-flowered ;    flowers  single ;    sepals   rigid,  lanceolate-ovate, 
rather  longer  than  the  globose  pointed  green  capsule. —  Low  grounds  and  swamps, 
Florida,  and  northward.     May -July.  —  Stems  growing  in  small  tufts,  l°-3° 
high.     Capsule  coriaceous. 

3.  J.  maritimus,  Lam.     Stem  and  leaves  stout  and  rigid,  hard-pointed; 
panicle  compound  ;  flowers  small,  4  -  8  in  a  cluster ;  sepals  lanceolate,  as  long 
as  the  small  obovate  obtuse  dark  brown  capsule.     (J.  acutus,  Muhl.)  —  Brackish 
marshes  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  Stem  4°  - 
5°  high. 

*  *  *  Panicles  terminal,  forking :  leaves  channelled  or  grooved ;  the  upper  ones  form- 
ing an  involucre  under  the  panicle. 

4.  J.  tenuis,  Willd.     Stems  tough,  not  tumid  at  the  base,  several-leaved  ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  channelled  ;  involucre  longer  than  the  panicle  ;  flowers 
single  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute,  one  third  longer  than  the  ovoid  capsule.  — 
Low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.     May  and  June. —  Stem  6' -12'  high. 
Panicle  small,  the  flowers  mostly  on  one  side  of  the  branches.      Capsule  light 
green. 

5.  J.  dichotomus,  Ell.      Stem  tumid  at  the  base,  1  -  3-leaved ;   leaves 
filiform,  nearly  terete,  slightly  grooved  on  the  inner  side ;    involucre  mostly 
shorter  than  the  cymose  panicle ;  flowers  single ;  sepals  rigid,  ovate-lanceolate, 

42 


494  JUNCACE.E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

very  acute,  as  long  as  the  globose  dark  green  capsule.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  May  and  June.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.  Panicle  dense  or  elon- 
gated. 

§  2.    Stems  jointed,  leafy:  clusters  or  panicles  terminal. 
*  Leaves  terete  or  somewhat  flattened,  knotted:  stamens  3. 

6.  J.  SGirpoid.es,  Lam.     Rigid ;  stem  stout,  erect ;  leaves  terete,  panicle 
erect,  contracted,  the  few  large  globose  green  or  brownish  heads  composed  of 
several  more  or  less  distinct  smaller  ones ;  sepals  lanceolate-subulate,  as  long  as 
the  lanceolate  taper-pointed  3-angled  capsule ;  seed  ovoid,  reticulated,  without 
appendages.     ( J.  echinatus,  Ell.)  —  Varies  with  the  smaller  more  numerous  and 
crowded  heads  conspicuously  lobed  by  the  more  distinct  clusters,  and  with 
broader  and  shorter  sepals  and   capsules.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high,  from  a  thick  and  creeping  rhizoma. 
Heads  4" -7"  in  diameter. 

7.  J.  polycephalus,  Ell.,  Michx.  in  part.     Stem  tall,  slender,  compressed 
near  the  base  ;  leaves  long,  flattened,  and  often  somewhat  sword-shaped  ;  panicle 
large,  widely  spreading,  the  numerous  globose  many-flowered  pale  heads  sessile, 
or  on  long  diverging  peduncles  ;  sepals  linear-subulate,  shorter  than  the  lance- 
olate-subulate 3-anglcd  capsule  ;  seeds  oblong,  striate,  barely  pointed.  —  Ponds 
and  miry  margins  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem 
2°-4°  long.     Leaves  weak,  1°  -2°  long,  sometimes  £'  wide. 

Var.  ?  depauperatUS,  Torr.  Stem  and  leaves  more  slender ;  heads  small- 
er and  fewer-flowered  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  oblong  capsule  —  Wet 
places,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Roots  fibrous.  Stems  often  decumbent  and 
rooting. 

8.  J.  paradOXUS,  Meyer.     Stem  rigid,  erect,  terete  ;  leaves  terete  ;  panicle 
•erect ;  heads  pale,  8—1 5-flowered,  sessile,  and  on  short  erect  peduncles ;  sepals 
lanceolate-subulate,  rigid,  shorter  than  the  oblong  3-angled  abruptly  pointed 
capsule  ;  seeds  with  a  long  and  slender  appendage  at  each  end.  —  Wet  places, 
South  Carolina,  Curtis,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

9.  J.  acuminatus,  Michx.     Stem  erect,  terete,  like  the  slender  leaves ; 
panicle  mostly  simple,  erect ;  heads  (2" -3'  long)  3-  8-flowered;  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  lanceolate-oblong  abruptly  pointed  3-angled  light 
brown  capsule ;  seeds  with  a  short  appendage  at  each  end.  —  Sandy  wet  places 
in  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  8'- 15' 
high.     Root  fibrous.     Capsule  2"  long. 

10  J.  Elliottii.  Stem  slender,  nearly  terete  ;  leaves  terete,  grooved  near 
the  base  within  ;  panicle  erect,  simple  or  compound  ;  heads  (1"  -  2"  long)  5-8- 
flowered ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  ovoid  obscurely  angled  obtuse 
deep  chestnut  capsule  ;  seeds  oblong,  striate,  without  appendages.  (J.  acumina- 
tus, Ell.,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Bogs  and  ditches,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June  - 
Aug.  —  Root  fibrous,  often  bearing  small  tubers.  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Heads 
commonly  very  numerous.  Capsule  1"  long,  shining. 


JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.)  495 

*  *  Leaves  terete,  knotted :  stamens  6  .•  flowers  clustered. 

Hi  J.  caudatUS,  n.  sp.  Rigid  throughout ;  stem  stout,  from  a  thick  and 
creeping  rhizoma ;  leaves  commonly  3,  short  and  pungent ;  panicle  erect,  com- 
pound, mostly  contracted :  clusters  numerous,  more  or  less  crowded,  2  -  4-flow- 
ered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  unequal,  the  inner  ones  half  as  long  as  the  oblong 
obtuse-angled  acute  capsule ;  seeds  with  a  long  and  tail-like  appendage  at  each 
end,  white  and  shining. — Pine-barren  swamps  and  bogs,  Middle  and  West 
Florida.  Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  6'  long,  strongly  knotted. 
Capsules  light  brown,  turning  almost  black. 

*  *  *  Leaves  terete,  obscurely  knotted:  stamens  6  :  flowers  solitary,  in  slender  1-sided 
cymose  panicles,  often  transformed  into  a  tuft  of  rudimentary  leaves. 

12.  J.  abortivus,    n.   sp.      Rhizoma   creeping,  thick  and  woody;  stems 
slender  (l°-2°  high),  terete;  leaves  filiform,  rather  rigid;  panicle  compound, 
diffuse,  the  branches  almost  hair-like  ;  flowers  minute,  scattered ;  sepals  oblong, 
the  inner  ones  obtuse,  with  membranaceous  margins,  as  long  as  the  (immature) 
subulate  capsule ;    style  slender.  —  Grassy  margins  of  ponds,  near  the  coast, 
West  Florida.     July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  deep  green.     Flowers  all  abortive  or  bud- 
like. 

13.  J.    Conradi,    Tuckerm.     Rhizoma  creeping,   filiform;    stems   slender 
(6' -10'  high);  leaves  filiform,  tender;  panicle  compound,  diffuse;  the  small 
flowers  somewhat  scattered ;  sepals  acutish,  shorter  than  the  oblong  taper-pointed 
capsule ;  seeds  without  appendages.  —  Sandy  margins  of  ponds  and  swamps, 
South  Carolina,  and  northward.     July.  —  Leaves  more  slender,  and  the  divis- 
ions of  the  panicle  shorter  and  more  rigid  than  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  knotless,  concave  or  flattened. 

14.  J.  marginatus,  Rostk.     Stems  flattened  (1°-  2°  high);  leaves  linear, 
flat  or  concave  ;  panicle  mostly  simple ;  heads  few  -  many-flowered,  rarely  soli- 
tary or  by  pairs ;  flowers  triandrous ;  exterior  sepals  lanceolate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, awn-pointed ;  the  interior  oblong,  obtuse,  broadly  margined,  about  as  long 
as  the  globular  dark  brown  capsule ;  seeds  oblong,  acute  at  each  end.     ( J.  aris- 
tulatus,  Michx.    J.  cylindricus,  Curtis,  the  many-flowered  heads  cylindrical.)  — 
Var.  BIFLORUS.     (J.  biflorus,  Ell.)     Stems  taller  (2°-3"°  high) :  panicle  decom- 
pound, diffuse;  heads  very  numerous,  2-4-flowered;  seeds  narrower  and  more 
pointed.  —  Ditches  and  low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  — 
The  variety  is  confined  to  the  pine  barrens  of  the  lower  districts. 

15.  J.   bufonius,   L.     Annual;    stems  low   (2'- 8'   high),   tufted;    often 
branched ;  leaves  very  narrow ;  panicles  forking ;  flowers  solitary  or  3  -  6  in  a 
cluster;  sepals  whitish,  lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  pale 
capsule.  —  Damp  cultivated  ground,  apparently  introduced.     April  and  May. 

3.    CEPHALOXYS,    Desv. 

Flowers  as  in  Juncus.  Stamens  3.  Capsule  many-seeded,  3-celled,  the  par- 
titions separating  from  the  valves  at  maturity,  and  forming,  with  the  united 
placentae,  a  free  3-winged  central  column.  Seeds  ovoid,  without  appendages. — 


496  PONTEDERIACE^E.       (PICKEREL-WEED    FAMILY.) 

A  smooth  herb,  with  fibrous  roots,  flat  and  branching  stems,  short  sword-shaped 
equitant  leaves,  and  clustered  greenish  flowers. 

1 .  C.  flabcllata,  Desv.  Stems  mostly  creeping  or  floating ;  leaves  linear- 
sword-shaped  ;  those  of  the  stem  nearly  opposite ;  heads  cymose,  scattered,  top- 
shaped,  several-flowered;  sepals  rigid,  lanceolate-subulate,  slender-pointed,  the 
exterior  ones  strongly  keeled,  and  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  obtuse  capsule, 
much  shorter  than  the  flat  interior  ones ;  filaments  exserted.  ( Juncus  repens, 
Miclix.)  —  Miry  banks  of  streams  and  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July. 
—  Stems  £°-3°  long. 


ORDER   154.     PONTEDERIACE^.      (PICKEREL-WEED 
FAMILY.) 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  perfect  mostly  irregular  flowers 
from  a  1-leaved  spathe.  —  Perianth  corolla-like,  unequally  6-cleft  or  6- 
parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  3-6,  more 
or  less  unequal,  and  unequally  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth : 
anthers  2-celled,  erect,  introrse.  Ovary  free.  Style  single  :  stigma  3-6- 
lobed.  Capsule  1  -  3-celled,  1  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo 
slender  in  mealy  albumen. 

1.    PONTEDERIA,    L.     WAMPEE.    PZCKEREL-WEED. 

Perianth  funnel-shaped,  2-lipped,  with  the  upper  lip  3-lobed,  the  lower  3-parted, 
the  xmrved  tube  fleshy  and  coiled  in  fruit.  Stamens  6,  unequally  inserted ;  the 
three  lower  ones  exserted,  the  three  upper  short  and  often  imperfect :  anthers 
oval,  blue.  Ovary  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  sus- 
pended ovule.  Style  slender.  Capsule  (utricle)  1-seeded.  —  Rhizoma  thick  and 
creeping.  Stem  erect,  bearing  above  the  middle  a  single  short-petioled  leaf,  and 
at  the  summit  a  hairy  spike  of  blue  flowers,  from  a  1-leaved  spathe.  Radical 
leaves  long-petioled,  sheathing. 

1.  P.  COrdata,  L.  Stem  and  terete  petioles  erect  (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
(3' -8'  long)  varying  from  round-cordate  to  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  finely  nerved  ; 
spike  dense,  cylindrical  (2' -4' long),  the  peduncle  enclosed  in  the  convolute 
spathe ;  upper  lobe  of  the  hairy  perianth  spotted  with  yellow,  the  tube  6-ribbcd. 
(P.  lancifolia,  MuhL,  and  P.  angustifolia,  Pursh,  are  narrow-leaved  forms.)  — 
Miry  margins  of  ponds  and  rivers,  Florida,  and  northward.  July-  Sept. 

2.     SCHOLLERA,     Schreb. 

Perianth  salver-form,  nearly  equally  6-lobed,  the  tube  elongated  and  filiform. 
Stamens  3,  nearly  equal :  filaments  subulate :  anthers  sagittate-oblong,  yellow. 
Style  long  and  slender.  Capsule  oblong,  1 -celled,  loculicidally  3-valvcd,  with 
three  parietal  placentae  many-seeded.  —  A  small  aquatic  herb,  with  slender 
branching  stems,  linear  sessile  leaves,  and  a  small  terminal  yellow  flower. 


COMMELYNACE^E.       (SPIDERWORT    FAMILY.)  497 

1 .  S.  graminea,  Willd.  Stem  submerged,  forking,  leaves  thin,  pellucid ; 
flowers  expanding  at  the  surface  of  the  water ;  spathe  convolute ;  lobes  of  the 
perianth  linear,  spreading.  (Leptanthus,  Michx. )  —  In  flowing  water,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.  JuIyandAug.  —  Stems  1°- 2°  long.  Leaves  3' -6' long. 
Tube  of  the  perianth  1^'  long. 


ORDER  155.    COMMELYNACEvE.     (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  chiefly  fibrous  roots,  jointed  and  leafy  stems,  and  perfect 
or  somewhat  polygamous  often  irregular  flowers.  —  Perianth  of  three  her- 
baceous or  colored  persistent  sepals,  and  three  fugacious  petals.  Stamens 
6,  hypogynous,  perfect,  or  a  part  of  them  sterile :  anthers  2-celled,  often 
of  two  forms.  Styles  single :  stigma  entire.  Ovary  free  from  the  peri- 
anth, 2-3-celled,  with  1- several  orthotropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Cap- 
sule loculicidally  2-3-valved,  1  -  several-seeded.  Embryo  pulley-shaped, 
placed  in  a  cavity  of  the  albumen  opposite  the  hilum.  —  Plants  somewhat 
succulent.  Stems  often  branching.  Sheaths  of  the  leaves  entire  or  open. 

1.     COMMELYNA,    Dill.    DAY-FLOWER. 

Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  mostly  colored.  Petals  fugacious,  two  of  them 
kidney-shaped  and  long-clawed,  the  other  smaller.  Stamens  unequal,  three  of 
them  fertile,  the  others  with  4-lobed  sterile  anthers  :  filaments  beardless.  Cap- 
sule 1  -  3-celled,  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded,  or  one  of  them  frequently  empty.  —  Stems 
branching.  Leaves  flat,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  on  sheathing  petioles ;  the  floral 
ones  cordate  and  spathe-like,  folded,  and  enclosing  the  few-flowered  peduncle. 
Flowers  blue. 

1.  C.  communis,  L.  ?  Stem  smooth,  filiform,  and  creeping;  leaves  short 
(l'-2'  long),  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse;  sheaths  fringed  at  the  throat;  spathes 
nearly  crescent-shaped,  obtuse  at  the  base,  lateral  and  terminal ;  peduncles  by 
pairs ;  one  of  them  bearing  3-4  small  fertile  flowers,  which  are  included  in  the 
spathe  ;  the  other  long-exserted,  filiform,  1 -flowered ;  odd  petal  lanceolate,  sessile; 
seeds  reticulated  —  Low  grounds,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  July  -  Sept.  ®  ? 
—  Stem  l°-2°  long. 

2  C.  Virginica,  L.  Pubescent;  stem  erect;  sheaths  hairy;  leaves  (4'- 
6'  long)  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  thin,  rough  above ;  spathe  (when  opened) 
round  ovate,  contracted  at  the  base  ;  sterile  peduncle  included ;  petals  large,  the 
odd  one  lanceolate  ;  capsule  2  -  3-seeded.  (C.  erecta,  Ell.)  —  Varies  (C.  angus- 
tifolia,  Michx.)  with  the  stems  smooth,  ascending;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
rather  rigid,  and,  like  the  sheath,  nearly  smooth ;  flowers  smaller,  seeds  pulveru- 
lent. —  Light  or  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  May  -  Sept.  U  —  Stem 
10  _  20  high  The  spathes  contain  a  viscid  secretion  until  the  seeds  mature. 

3.  C.  erecta,  L.  Stem  stout,  erect;  leaves  (3' -5' long)  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, acute,  very  rough  above,  the  sheaths  fringed  with  brown  hairs ;  spatheg 
42* 


498  MAYACACE^E.       (MAYACA    FAMILY.) 

crowded,  short-stalked,  hooded,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  sterile  peduncle  included; 
petals  nearly  alike,  the  odd  one  smaller;  seeds  transversely  oblong.  (C.  hirtella, 
Vahl.  C.  longifolia,  Michx.)  —  Shady  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug. 
and  Sept.  U  —  Stem  1  °  - 1  £°  high. 

2.     TRADESCANTIA,    L.     SPIDERWORT. 

Mowers  regular.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  similar,  ovate,  fugacious.  Sta- 
mens all  fertile,  the  filaments  hairy:  anthers  kidney-shaped.  Ovary  3-celled, 
with  two  ovules  in  each  cell.  Capsule  2  -  3-celled,  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  narrow  keeled  leaves,  both  the  floral  ones  and  those  of 
the  stem.  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal,  expanding  in 
the  morning.  Fruiting  pedicels  recurved. 

1.  T.  Virginica,  L.      Smooth,    or  villous    with   glandless    huirs ;    leaves 
linear,  broadest  at  the  base,  mostly  purple-veined ;  clusters  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, sessile,  many-flowered ;  flowers  closely  packed  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  each 
with  an  ovate  scarious  bract  at  the  base  ;  petals  blue,  like  the  style  and  densely 
bearded  filaments,  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate-ovate  sepals.  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
Florida,  and  northward.     March -May.  —  Stems  £°-2°  high.     Flowers  1'  in 
diameter. 

2.  T.  pilosa,  Lehm.     Stem  often  branched,  and,  like  the  sheaths,  villous 
or  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent  on  both  sides ; 
clusters  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile,  dense,  many-flowered ;  the  pedicels  and 
oblong  sepals  villous  with  glandular  hairs  ;  seeds  transversely  oblong,  pitted  on 
the  back;  petals  blue.  —  Light  soil  in  the  tipper  districts.     May -July.  —  Stem 
1  °  - 1£°  high      Leaves  1 ' - 1£'  wide.     Flowers  \>  in  diameter. 

3.  T.  rosea,  Vent.    Stem  simple,  slender,  smooth ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
fringed  on  the  margins;  clusters  solitary  or  by  pairs,  on  long  (3' -6')  terminal 
peduncles,  few-flowered ;  petals  bright  rose-color,  three  times  as  long  as  the 
ovate-lanceolate  sepals.  —  Light  fertile  soil,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.     June  - 
Aug.  —  Stem  6'  -  8'  high.     Flowers  £'  in  diameter. 


ORDER  156.     MAYACACE^E.     (MAYACA   FAMILY.) 

Creeping  moss-like  marsh  herbs,  with  very  numerous  narrow  and  pel- 
lucid leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers.  Represented  only  by 

1.     MAYACA,    Aublet. 

Flowers  regular,  perfect.  Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals 
3,  obovate,  deciduous  or  withering-persistent.  Stamens  3,  free,  inserted  on  the' 
base  of  the  sepals,  persistent;  anthers  erect,  spoon-shaped,  imperfectly  2-celled, 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  introrse.  Ovary  1 -celled.  Ovules  few,  orthotropous, 
fixed  to  three  parietal  placentae.  Style  single,  terminal,  persistent :  stigma  mi- 
nutely 3-lobed.  Capsule  rugose,  3-valved ;  the  valves  bearing  the  placentae  in 


XYRIDACEyE.        (YELLOW-EYED    GRASS    FAMILY.)  499 

the  middle.  Seeds  globose,  furrowed  and  pitted,  pointed  at  the  apex.  Embrvo 
minute  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  —  Stems  branching,  tender.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, linear,  emarginate.  Flowers  white  or  purple. 

1.  M.  Michauxii,  Schott&Endl.  Fruiting  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves,  recurved;  capsule  few-seeded;  flowers  (3"— 4"  wide)  white  or  pale 
purple.  (Syena  fluviatilis,  Pursh.)  —  Springy  places,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina. June  and  July. —  Stems  2' -  6' long.  Leaves  3"  -  4"  long. 


ORDER   157.      XYRIDACE^E.       (YELLOW-EYED   GRASS 
FAMILY.) 

Perennial  stemless  marsh  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  sword-shaped  equi- 
tant  leaves,  and  perfect  irregular  fugacious  flowers,  collected  in  a  dense 
imbricate-bracted  spike.  Sepals  3  ;  the  two  lateral  ones  glumaceous, 
keeled,  persistent ;  the  inner  one  hyaline,  enfolding,  in  the  bud,  the  petals 
and  caducous  stamens.  Petals  3,  rounded,  distinct,  or  united  by  their 
long  claws.  Stamens  3,  and  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  claws  of  the 
petals,  or  6,  and  the  alternate  ones  sterile,  hypogynous,  and  commonly 
bearded  with  jointed  hairs  :  anthers  erect,  2-celled,  extrorse.  Ovary  free, 
1  -  3-celled.  Style  single,  3-parted.  Capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  minute,  orthotropous.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  apex  of  the  albu- 
men. —  Scape  commonly  twisted  or  spiral,  2-edged  near  the  summit,  with 
a  spathe-like  sheath  at  the  base.  Spikes  mostly  solitary. 

1.    XYRIS,    L.     YELLOW-EYED  GRASS. 

Petals  distinct.  Stamens  6,  the  alternate  ones  hypogynous,  sterile,  commonly 
bearded  at  the  summit,  and  slightly  cohering  with  the  claws  of  the  contiguous 
petals.  Stigmas  entire.  Capsule  l-celled,  3-valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  pla- 
centae in  the  middle.  Seeds  very  numerous,  finely  ribbed.  —  Spikes  ovoid  or 
oblong.  Bracts  coriaceous  or  somewhat  crustaceous,  rounded,  closely  imbri- 
cated, convex  and  discolored  on  the  back ;  the  lower  ones  empty.  Keel  of  the 
lateral  sepals  mostly  winged  and  variously  lacerated.  Flowers  yellow. 

§   1.     Sheath  of  the  scape  longer  than  the  leaves.     Biennials? 

1.  X.  brevifolia,  Michx      Scape  nearly  terete,  smooth ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  smooth  on  the  edges ;  spike  globose,  light  brown,  few-flowered  ;  bracts 
soon  lacerated  at  the  apex ;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  rigid,  crenulate  on  the 
wingless  keel  ;  petals  obovate,  rounded ;  sterile  filaments  sparingly  bearded.  — 
Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     April  and  May.  —  Plant 
light  brown.     Scape  6'  - 12'  high,  clustered.     Leaves  1 '  -  3'  long.    Spike  2"-  3" 
long     Petals  2"  long. 

2.  X.  flabelliformis,  n.  sp.    Scape  filiform,  smooth,  terete  below,  slightly 
compressed  above ;  leaves  very  short,  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  spreading  like  a 


500  XYRIDACE^E.       (TELLOW-EYED    GRASS    FAMILY.) 

fan,  laterally  curved ;  spikes  oblong,  mostly  acute,  few-flowered,  angular ;  bracts 
light  brown,  entire ;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  short-fringed  on  the  wingless  keel ; 
petals  obovate ;  sterile  filaments  often  beardless.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  near  the 
coast,  West  Florida.  April  and  May.  —  Scape  4'  - 1 2'  high.  Leaves  \<  - 1 '  long. 
Spikes  2" -4"  long.  Petals  2"  long. 

$  2.     Sheath  of  the  scape  shorter  than  the  leaven.     Perennials. 

*  Sterile  filaments  bearded :  sepals  included. 

+~   Lateral  sepals  fringed  on  the  keel. 

3.  X.  ambigua,   Beyr.      Scape   rigid,   finely   furrowed,   rough,    2-edged 
above,  1-angled  below ;   leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rough   on  the   edges ;   spike 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  even,  often  acute,  many-flowered ;  bracts  light  brown, 
oval,  not  crowded  on  the  spike  ;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end, 
shining,  narrowly  winged;  petals  round  obovate;  seeds  ovoid.  —  Open  grassy 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July  -  Sept.  —  Scape  2°  -  3°  high, 
mostly  solitary.     Leaves  6'-  12'  long.     Spikes  9"- 15"  long.     Petals  £'  long. 

4.  X.  Stricta,  n.  sp.     Scape  flattened  and  broadly  margined,  rough-edged 
above,  smooth  and   1  -  2-angled  below,   slightly  striate ;   leaves   long,  linear, 
smooth ;    spikes   oblong   or   cylindrical,   obtuse,   many-flowered ;    bracts   dark 
brown,  orbicular,  crowded  on  the  spike ;  lateral  sepals  broadly  winged  above 
the   middle,  narrowed   below ;    petals   small,  wedge-obovate ;    seeds   ovoid.  — 
Shallow  ponds   in   the   pine   barrens,   West   Florida.      July  -  Sept.  —  Scapes 
slender,  clustered,  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  l°-l£°  long.     Spikes  9" -12"  long. 
Petals  2"  long. 

5.  X.  flexuosa,  Muhl.    Somewhat  bulbous ;  scape  smooth,  2-edged  above, 
nearly  terete  below ;  leaves  linear,  smooth  ;  spikes  globose,  few-flowered  ;  lateral 
sepals  lanceolate,  wingless.     (X.  bulbosa,  Kunth.)  —  Swamps  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts of  Georgia,  and  northward.     July -Sept. —  Scape  6' -12' high.     Leaves 
4'  -  8'  long.     Spike  3"  -  5"  long. 

•<—   •+-  Lateral  sepals  broadly  winged,  and  variously  toothed  or  fimbriate. 

6.  X.  Elliottii.     Scape  slender,  flattened  and  2-edged  throughout,  or  1- 
edged  below,  roughish  and  mostly  spiral ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  sharp-edged, 
twisted ;  spike  few-flowered,  elliptical,  obtuse ;  lateral  sepals  linear,  the  wing 
cut-toothed  above  the  middle  ;  petals  obovate.     (X.  brevifolia,  Ell.  ex  descr.)  — 
Wet  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.    July.  —  Scape  l°-l£° 
high.     Leaves  6' -9'  long.     Petals  3"  long. 

7.  X.  difformis,  n.  sp.    Scapes  clustered,  slender,  smooth,  widely  2-edged 
above,  terete  or  1  -2-angled  below ;  leaves  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  smooth ;  spikes 
many-flowered,  ovate,  acute,  even,  often  2  -  4-cleft ;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  with 
the  broadly  winged   keel  incised-fimbriate  ;    petals  obovate ;    seeds  elliptical, 
smooth.  —  Swamps  near  the  coast,  West  Florida.    July.  —  Scapes  1°-  1^°  high. 
Leaves  9'  -  15'  long.     Spikes  6"  -  9"  long.     Petals  small. 

8.  X.  serotina,  n.  sp.    Scapes  clustered,  twisted  and  mostly  spiral,  rough- 
angled  and  2-edged  above,  striate ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  rough  on  the 
edges ;  spikes  many-flowered,  ovoid,  obtuse,  dark  brown,  even ;  bracts  round- 


XTRIDACE^E.        (YELLOW-EYED    GRASS    FAMILY.)  501 

obovate,  closely  imbricated  ;  lateral  sepals  linear,  narrowly  winged  above,  fim- 
briate  and  at  length  incised  ;  petals  small,  obovate  ;  seeds  ovoid,  pulverulent.  — 
Varies  with  shorter  leaves  (2' -3'),  and  smaller  globose  or  ovate  heads.  —  Pine- 
barren  swamps,  West  Florida.  Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Scapes  1°-  1|°  high.  Leaves 
8'- 12'  long.  Spikes  6'-  9'  long.  Petals  2"  long. 

9.  X.  elata,  n.  sp.    Scapes  elongated,  slender,  smooth,  terete  below,  2-edged 
above ;  leaves  long,  linear,  smooth ;  spikes  rugose,  oblong  or  oval,  often  acute, 
many-flowered ;  scales  dark  brown ;  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly 
toothed  on  the  narrowly  winged  keel ;  petals  wedge-obovate ;  seeds  elliptical, 
smooth.  —  Sandy  swamps  near  the  coast,  West  Florida.     July  and  Aug.  -~ 
Scapes  3° -4°  high.     Leaves   U°-2°  high.     Spikes,  i'-l'  long.     Petals  2" 
long. 

10.  X.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Scapes  several,  smooth,  rigid,  1-2-angled 
below,  compressed  and  2-edged  above ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  smooth ; 
spikes  rugose,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  many-flowered  ;  bracts  light  brown,  thick, 
the  margins  thin  and  soon  lacerate ;  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  the 
narrowly-winged  keel  cut-fringed  above  the  middle ;  petals  obovate;  seeds  ovoid. 
—  Shallow  ponds  and  swamps,  Florida,  and  nprthward.     July  and  Aug.  — 
Scapes  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  6'-  15'  long.     Spikes  6»-  12"  long. 

11.  X.  iridifolia,  n.  sp.     Rigid,  smooth  and  shining;  scape  stout,  terete 
or  1-angled  below,  dilated  and  2-edged  above;  leaves  long,  strap-shaped;  spikes 
oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  rugose,  many-flowered ;  bracts  dark  brown,  very  thick, 
strongly  convex ;  lateral  sepals  linear,  membranaceous,  the  keel  fimbriate  and 
at  length  incised  throughout ;  petals  round-obovate ;  seeds  lanceolate,  angled, 
pulverulent.  —  Shallow  ponds,  Apalachicola,  Florida.     Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Scape  2° 
-3°  high,  2" -3"  in  diameter.     Leaves  2°-2^°  long,  ^'-1'wide.     Spikes  1' 
long.     Petals  3"  long. 

12.  X.  platylepis,  n.  sp.      Scapes   mostly  twisted   and   spiral,   angular 
below,  2-edged  above,  roughish ;  leaves  linear  and  lanceolate,  twisted,  smooth ; 
spikes  large,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  obtuse,  many-flowered  ;  bracts  pale  brown  or 
whitish,  orbicular,  thin,  closely  imbricated ;  lateral  sepals  linear,  the  keel  nar- 
rowly winged,  fimbriate  toward  the  apex  ;  petals  small ;  seeds  elliptical,  smooth. 
(X.  flexuosa,  Ell.) — Low  sandy  places,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     July  — 
Sept.  —  Scape  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  9'  -  1 5'  long.     Spikes  |'  - 1  £'  long. 

*  *  Sterile  filaments  bearded:  sepals  exserted. 

13.  X.  flmbriata,  Ell.    Not  bulbous  ;  scape  tall,  furrowed,  rough,  2-edged 
above ;  leaves  long,  strap-shaped,  smooth  ;  spikes  ovate,  acute,  many-flowered  ; 
lateral  sepals  long-fimbriate  above  the  middle;  petals  small.  —  Ponds  and  miry 
places,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Scapes  3°  -  4°  high.    Leaves 
U°  -  2°  long.     Spikes  9"  -  1 2"  long.     Petals  3"  long. 

14-  X.  torta,  Smith.  Bulbous  ;  scape  nearly  terete,  1  -edged,  smooth,  mostly 
spiral ;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  concave,  with  rounded  edges,  mostly  spiral ;  spikes 
pale,  lanceolate  or  cylindrical,  acute ;  lateral  sepals  winged  and  fimbriate  above 
the  middle ;  petals  large,  round-obovate.  —  Sandy,  often  dry  soil,  Florida,  and 
northward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Scape  l£°-2°  high.  Leaves  few,  6' -12'  long, 


502  ERIOCAULONACE^E.      (PIPEWORT    FAMILY.) 

tumid  and  dark  brown  at  the  base.     Spikes  1'    H'  long.     Petals  9"  long,  ex- 
panding at  midday. 

*  *  *  Sterile  filaments  beardless:  leaves  filiform. 

15.  X.  tenuifolia,  n.  sp.    Smooth  ;  scape  slender,  terete  or  1 -angled  ;  leaves 
filiform  or  bristle-like,  compressed  ;  spikes  ovoid,  few-flowered ;  lateral  sepals 
lanceolate,  the  narrowly  winged  keel  cut-serrate  ;  petals  obovate ;  seeds  linear- 
oblong,  smooth.  —  Open  grassy  pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Scapes  clustered,  10' -12'  high.     Leaves  4' -6'  long.      Spikes 
2" -4"  long.     Petals  3"  long. 

16.  X.  Baldwiniana,  R.  &  S.     (X.  juncea,  Baldw.)     "Root  perennial; 
scape  terete,  sheathed  at  the  base,  6' -12'  high  ;  leaves  4' -8'  long,  terete,  hol- 
low, acute ;  head  oval ;  bracts  nearly  round ;  calyx  about  as  long  as  the  bracts, 
the  keel  slightly  toothed,  filaments  naked."     Baldwin  in  Ell.  —  Damp  pine  bar- 
rens, near  St.  Mary's,  Georgia.     May  and  June.     (  * ) 


ORDER  158.    ERIOCAULONACEvE.    (PIPEWORT  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  chiefly  stemless  marsh  herbs,  with  narrow  tufted  leaves,  and 
minute  monoecious  or  dioacious  flowers,  collected  in  a  dense  hairy  chaffy- 
bracted  head.  —  Stam.  Fl.  Sepals  2-3.  Corolla  tubular,  bilabiate  or 
3-toothed,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2  -  6  :  anthers  introrse.  — 
Pist.  Fl.  Sepals  and  petals  2-3.  Ovary  2-3-oelled,  with  a  single 
orthotropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  2  -.3-parted.  Capsule  loculici- 
dally  2  -  3-valved,  1  -  3-seeded.  Embryo  minute  at  the  apex  of  the 
albumen.  —  Leaves  concave  and  partly  clasping  at  the  base.  Scape 
furrowed  and  commonly  twisted,  with  a  spathe-like  sheath  at  the  base. 
Exterior  scales  broader,  empty,  and  involucrate.  Flowers  fringed  with 
white  club-shaped  hairs.  Corolla  white. 

Synopsis. 

1.  ERIOCAULON.    Stamens  4.     Anthers  2-celled.    Style  2-parted.     Corolla  2-lipped. 

2.  P^PALANTHUS.    Stamens  3.     Anthers  2-celled.     Style  3-parted,  the  lobes  entire. 

3.  LACHNOCAULON.     Stamens  3.    Anthers  1-oelled.     Style  2-3  parted,  the  lobes  entire,  or 

2-cleft. 

1.    ERIOCAULON,    L.    PIPEWORT. 

Flowers  monoecious,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale-like  bract.  Sepals  2-3.  Co- 
rolla of  the  staminate  flowers  tubular,  2-lipped  or  3-lobed  ;  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  2-3-petalous.  Stamens  4  or  6:  anthers  2-celled.  Style  2 -3-parted: 
stigmas  2 -3.  Capsule  2 - 3-celled,  1 -3-seeded.  — Scapes  single  or  numerous, 
mostly  from  a  short  and  villous  rootstock.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  furnished  with 
a  blackish  gland  on  the  inner  face,  commonly  bearded  with  club-shaped  hairs.  — 
The  following  species  are  all  tetrandrous,  with  a  2-parted  style  and  a  2-celled 
capsule. 


ERIOCAULONACE.E.       (PIPEWOKT    FAMILY.)  503 

1.  E.  decangulare,  L.     Leaves  mostly  rigid,  varying  from  lanceolate  to 
linear-subulate,  concave,  obtuse ;  scapes  commonly  several  from  a  thick  and  creep- 
ing rootstock,  stout,  smooth,  10-  12-furrowed;  head  (2" -7"  in  diameter)  com- 
pact, hemispherical,  at  length  globose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  small, 
oblong,  acutish,  closely  imbricated,  straw-colored,  or  light  chestnut,  passing  into 
the  linear-spatulate  acuminate  bearded  bracts,  which  are  longer  than  the  flower. 
(E.  gnaphalodes,  Eli,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Boggy  places,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Scapes  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  12'  long,  2"  -  6"  wide. 

2.  E.  gnaphalodes,  Michx.     Leaves  lanceolate-subulate,  flat,  very  acute, 
rigid,  or  the  immersed  ones  thin  and  pellucid  ;  scapes  few  or  single,  slender,  9  - 
11-furrowed;  head  hemispherical  (4" -8"  wide).;  scales  of  the  involucre  few,  ob- 
long or  roundish,  very  obtuse,  turning  lead-color ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flower, 
spatulate,  their  broad  and  bearded  summit  obtuse  or  more  or  less  mucronate- 
pointed,  turning  blackish.  (E.  compressum,  Lam.)  —  Swamps  and  shallow  ponds, 
Florida,  and  northward.     April -June. — Scapes  1^°- 2°  high.      Leaves  2' -6' 
long,  concave  at  the  base. 

3.  E.  Ravenelii,  n.  sp.     Smooth  throughout;  root  fibrous;  leaves  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  flat,  thin,  and  pellucid ;  scapes  low  and  slender, 
clustered,  slightly  furrowed ;  heads  small  (!"- 2"  in  diameter),  globose,  few  or 
many-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  few,  in  one  or  two  rows,  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  whitish,  pellucid,  longer  than  the  immature  head,  and,  like  the  oblong  ob- 
tuse or  barely  pointed  dark  brown  scales,  beardless ;  flowers  naked,  or  with  few 
hairs  at  the  base,  dark  brown,  shorter  than  the  bracts ;  style  occasionally  simple ; 
seeds  minutely  pubescent.  —  Wet  places,  St.  John's  (Berkeley)  Parish,  South  Car- 
olina, H.  W.  Ravenel.  —  Scapes  weak,  1 '  -  6'  high.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

2.  PJEPALANTHITS,    Martius. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Staminate  Fl.  Sepals  3.  Corolla  tubular,  3-toothed. 
Stamens  3 :  anthers  2-celled.  Pistillate  Fl.  Sepals  and  petals  3.  Style  3- 
parted,  the  divisions  entire :  stigmas  3.  Capsule  3-celled.  —  Habit  of  the  pre- 
ceding. * 

1.  P.  flavidulus,  Kunth.  Leaves  short  (l'-2' long),  subulate,  smooth, 
or  sparingly  pubescent;  scapes  numerous,  filiform,  5-furrowed,  and  like  the 
sheaths  hairy ;  heads  hemispherical,  yellowish-white ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  acute,  smooth  and  shining ;  flowers  slender,  pedicelled ;  sepals  linear, 
acute ;  corolla  of  the  staminate  flowers  funnel-shaped ;  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
composed  of  3  slender  petals,  cohering  above  the  ovary;  stamens  and  styles 
exserted.  (Eriocaulon  flavidulum,  Michx.)  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  April  and  May.  —  Scapes  6'-  12'  high. 

3.  LACHNOCAULON,    Kunth. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Staminate  Fl.  Sepals  3,  equal.  Corolla  none.  Sta- 
mens 3,  with  the  filaments  united  below  into  a  club-shaped  tube:  anthers  1- 
celled.  Pistillate  Fl.  Sepals  3,  equal.  Corolla  none,  or  reduced  to  tufted  hairs. 
Style  club-shaped,  2  -  3-parted,  the  divisions  entire  or  2-cleft :  stigmas  2-6.  Cap- 


504  CYPERACE.&.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

sule  2-3-celled.  —  Habit  of  the  two  preceding.      Bracts  and  sepals  blackish, 
fringed  with  club-shaped  hairs. 

1.  L.  Michauxii,  Kunth.      Leaves  linear  (l'-2'  long),  huiry,  becoming 
smoothish;  scapes  slender,  hairy,  4-furrowed  (l°high);  heads  globose;  bracts 
and  sepals  spatulate,  obtuse,  fringed  with  white  hairs ;  divisions  of  the  style  3, 
each  2-cleft.     (Eriocaulon  villosum,  Michx.)  —  Low  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina.     May  and  June,  growing  in  tufts.  —  Heads  2"  wide. 

2.  L.  glabrum,  Kornicke.   Leaves  linear,  smooth  (!'  long) ;  scapes  numer- 
ous, smooth,  5-furrowed  (3' -5'  high);  heads  globose,  becoming  oblong,  dark 
brown ;  bracts  and  sepals  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  slightly  fringed  with  short 
brownish  hairs ;  divisions  of  the  style  3,  entire.  —  Sandy  springy  places,  St.  An- 
drews Bay,  West  Florida.     Oct.  —  Scapes  30  or  more  in  a  cluster.     Heads  3" 
long,  not  unlike  those  of  Eleocharis  obtusa. 


ORDER  159.     CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Slender  herbs,  with  simple  solid  mostly  3-angled  stems  (culms),  and 
grass-like  leaves,  with  closed  sheaths.  Flowers  spiked,  each  in  the  axil 
of  a  single  (rarely  2-4)  scale-like  bract  (scale).  Perianth  composed  of 
•hypogynous  scales  or  bristles,  or  none.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single 
erect  anatropous  ovule,  forming  in  fruit  a  lenticular  or  3-angled  achenituu 
(nut),  which  is  often  crowned  with  the  persistent  jointed  base  of  the  style 
(tubercle).  Stamens  1-12:  anthers  erect.  Style  2-3-cleft  or  parted. 
Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.  CYPEREJE. —  Flowers  perfect:  spikelets  1  -  many-flowered :  scales  one  to 
each  flower,  imbricated  in  2  rows  :  perianth  bristly,  or  none. 

*  Perianth  none :  nut  beakless. 
*  1.  CYPERUS.     Spikelets  few  -  many-flowered :  inflorescence  terminal. 

2.  KYLLINGIA.     Spikelets  1-flowered :  inflorescence  terminal,  capitate. 

*  *  Perianth  bristly :  nut  beaked. 

3.  DULICHItJM.    Spikes  lateral  and  terminal :  spikelets  many -flowered. 

TRIBE  II.  MPOCARPHEJE.  —  Flowers  perfect:  spikes  many-flowered:  scales  2-4 
to  each  flower ;  the  exterior  ones  imbricated  in  many  rows :  perianth  none. 

4.  HEMICARPHA.    Inner  scale  1 :  involucre  mostly  1-leaved,  erect. 

5.  LIPOCARPHA.    Inner  scales  2 :  leaves  of  the  involucre  2  or  more,  spreading. 

TRIBE  III.  SC  IIIPK.K.  —  Flowers  perfect :  spikes  commonly  many -flowered  :  scales  one 
to  each  flower,  imbricated  in  several  (rarely  2)  rows,  all  fruitful,  or  the  lowest  empty : 
perianth  bristly,  hairy,  or  wanting. 

*  Perianth  of  3  bristles,  alternating  with  3  stalked  scales. 

6.  FUIRENA.    Nut  pointed :  scales  of  the  clustered  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  awned. 

*  *  Perianth  bristly,  occasionally  wanting. 

7.  ELEOCHARIS.     Nut  tubercled :  culms  leafless,  sheathed  at  the  base,  bearing  one  terminal 

spike. 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  505 

8.  SCIRPUS.    Tubercle  none :  culms  mostly  leafy  at  the  base  or  throughout :  spikes  com- 

monly few  or  many  :  perianth  of  3  -  6  bristles. 

9.  KRIOPHORUM.     Perianth  of  numerous  long  and  woolly  hairs :  otherwise  like  Scirpus. 

*  *  #  Perianth  none :  style  tumid  at  the  base, 
-i-  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows  :  spikes  terete. 

10.  FIMBRISTYLIS.    Style  deciduous :  stigmas  2  :  nut  lenticular  or  globose. 

11.  TRICHELOSTYLIS.     Style  deciduous  :  stigmas  3:  nut  3-angled. 
12    ISOLEPIS.     Style  persistent  at  the  base :  stigmas  3 :  nut  3-angled. 

•t-  4-  Scales  imbricated  in  2  rows  :  spike  compressed. 

13.  ABILDGAARDIA.    Style  3-cleft,  jointed  to  the  3-angled  nut 

TRIBE  IV.  RII  YNCHOSPORE^E.  —  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  :  spikelets  com- 
monly few-flowered :  scales  one  to  each  flower,  imbricated  in  few  -  several  rows,  the  lower 
ones  empty,  the  upper  mostly  sterile :  perianth  bristly,  or  none. 

*  Perianth  bristly  (occasionally  wanting  in  Rhynchospora). 

14.  RHYNCHOSPORA.     Style  2-cleft,  dilated  and  persistent  at  the  base  :  nut  lenticular  or 

globose. 

15.  CERATOSCIKENUS.     Style  entire  or  minutely  2-cleft,  the  lower  half  persistent :  nut  flat. 

16.  CH^TOSPORA.    Style  3-cleft,  deciduous  :  nut  3-angled  :  spikelets  terminal. 

*  *  Perianth  none. 

17.  PSILOCARYA.     Spikes  terete,  many-flowered,  cymose :  flowers  perfect. 

18.  DICHROMEXA.    Spikes  compressed,  capitate  :  most  of  the  flowers  imperfect. 

19.  CLADIUM.     Spikes  few-flowered,  only  the  uppermost  flower  perfect :  nut  globose. 

TRIBE  V.  SCLERIE^E. —  Flowers  monoecious :  sterile  spike  many -flowered :  scales  one 
to  each  flower,  imbricated  in  few  rows :  fertile  spike  1-flowered,  with  two  or  more  scales : 
perianth  none. 

20.  SCLERIA.     Style  3-cleft,  deciduous.    Nut  bony,  globose  or  3-angled. 

TRIBE  VI.  CARICE.E.  —Flowers  monoecious,  very  rarely  dioecious  :  sterile  and  fertile 
flowers  on  the  same  spike,  or  on  separate  spikes  :  scales  one  to  each  flower,  imbricated 
in  few  -  many  rows :  nut  enclosed  in  a  sac  :  perianth  none. 

21.  CAREX.    Bristles  within  the  sac  none.     Spikes  axillary  and  terminal. 

1.    CYPEBUS,    L. 

Spikelets  2  -  many -flowered,  commonly  flat  or  compressed.  Scales  imbricated 
in  two  opposite  rows,  often  decurrent  on  the  jointed  rachis,  deciduous.  Perianth 
none.  Stamens  1  -  3.  Style  2  -  3-cleft,  deciduous.  Nat  lenticular  or  3-angled. 
—  Culms  3-angled  (rarely  terete),  jointless,  leafy  or  occasionally  sheathed  at 
the  base.  Spikelets  numerous  (rarely  1-2),  disposed  in  single  or  umbellate 
heads  or  spikes,  and  surrounded  with  a  leafy  involucre.  Rays  sheathed. 

§  1.  PYCREUS.  Style  2-ckft :  nut  lenticular:  spikes  more  or  less  umbeUed. 
Annuals:  spikelets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  fiat,  many-  (10-40-)  flowered: 
rachis  narrowly  margined:  scales  compressed-keeled,  5-nerved. 

*  Spikelets  clustered  on  the  common  rachis. 

1.   C.  flavescens,  L.     Umbel  sessile  or  of  2-4  rays,  shorter  than  the 

spikelets  ;  spikelets  3 -several  in  a  cluster,  oblong-linear,  acute,  spreading,  20- 

30-flowered ;  scales  yellowish  brown,  ovate,  obtuse,  appressed ;  rachis  margined ; 

stamens  3;  nut  orbicular,  black,  smooth,  and  shining;  culms  clustered  4' -10' 

43 


5UG  CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

high;  leaves  and  3-leaved  involucre  narrowly  linear.     (C.  fasciculatus,  Ell. '.)  — 
Low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug. 

2.  C.  rivularis,  Kunth.     Umbel  of  3  -  4  rays,  one  or  two  of  them  longer 
than  the  spikelets ;  spikelets  3-6  in  a  cluster,  oblong-linear,  acute,  many-flow- 
ered ;  scales  pale  straw-color,  ovate,  obtuse,  appressed ;  rachis  margined ;  sta- 
mens 2 ;  nut  round-obovate,  transversely  roughened,  black  and  shining ;  culms 
6'- 12' high,  slender ;  leaves  and  3-leaved  involucre  linear.  —  Marshy  banks  of 
streams,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.     Aug. 

3.  C.  diandrus,  Torr.    Umbel  of  2  -  5  short  and  unequal  rays,  the  longer 
ones  longer  than  the  spikelets;  spikelets  lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  brownish  or 
dark  brown,  spreading ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  appressed,  green    on  the   keel  ; 
rachis  margined;  stamens  2;  nut  oblong-obovate,  rougliish,  dull  gray. —  Wet 
places,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.    Aug.  —  Culms  4' -10'  high.     Invo- 
lucre 3-leaved.     This  and  the  preceding  are  probably  only  diandrous  forms  of 
No.  1. 

*  *  Spikelets  scattered  on  the  common  rachis  (spiked). 

4.  C.  Nuttallii,  Torr.     Umbel  sessile  or  of  3-6  rays,  l'-2'  long;  spike- 
lets  numerous  on  the  rays,  spreading,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  light  or  yellowish 
brown,  12-20-flowered,  the  lower  ones  commonly  compound;  scales  rigid,  ob- 
long-ovate, acute  or  mucronatc,  appressed ;   stamens  2 ;   nut  oblong-obovate, 
very  obtuse,  grayish  and  minutely  pitted;    culms  clustered,  3-angled,  4' -15' 
high ;  leaves  and  involucre  narrowly  linear.    (C.  flavescens,  Ell.    C.  holosericeus, 
Link.  ?)  —  Salt  or  brackish  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  — Plant 
commonly  yellowish  and  glossy  throughout.     Spikelets  rarely  crowded  in  a 
terminal  head. 

5.  C.  flavicomus,  Michx.    Umbel  compound,  many-rayed  ;  spikelets  very 
numerous,  crowded,  linear,  acute,  12  — 30-flowered  ;  scales  loosely  imbricated,  yel- 
lowish, round-obovate,  emarginate,  with  broad  and  scarious  margins,  at  length 
spreading ;  rachis  broadly  margined ;  stamens  3 ;  nut  obovate,  black,  smooth 
and  shining,  barely  shorter  than  the  scale;  culms  thick,  obtuse-angled,  l°-3° 
high;  leaves  broadly  linear,  glaucous  beneath,  as  long  as  the-  culm. — Low 
grounds  and  ditches,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.     May -Sept  — Involucre 
3  -  5-leaved.     Spikelets  6"  -  9"  long. 

6.  C.  microdontUS,  Torr.      Umbel  of  4  -  8  rays,  simple  or  somewhat 
compound ;   spikelets  numerous,  crowded,  linear,  acute,  1 5  -  25-flowered,  pale 
brown ;  scales  thin,  ovate,  acute,  closely  imbricated  ;  rachis  slightly  margined  ; 
stamens  2 ;  nut  linear-oblong  or  somewhat  club-shaped,  short-pointed,  grayish 
and  minutely  pitted;  culms  filiform,  3-angled,  6' -12' high;  leaves  and  elon- 
gated involucre  very  narrow.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  streams,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.    July  -  Sept.  —  Rays  1 '  -  2'  long.     Spikelets  4"  -  7 "  long. 

§  2.  CYPERUS  PROPER.  Style  3-cle/t:  nut  3-angled:  joints  of  the  rachis 
winged  by  the  adnate  decurrent  scales,  rarely  wingless. 

1.  SPICATI.  Umbel  simple  or  compound:  spikelets  few  -  many-flowered,  distinct, 
spreading,  forming  loose  or  compact  spikes  at  the  summit  of  the  rays  :  scales  rigid, 
7  -  ll-nerved:  joints  of  the  rachis  commonly  conspicuously  winged:  stamens  3. 


CYPERACEA:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  507 

*  Spikelets  approximate  or  crowded  on  all  sides  of  the  common  rachis,  forming  oblong 
or  cylindrical  spikes. 

I.  C.  StrigOSUS,  L.    Umbel  large,  4  -  8-rayed,  simple  or  compound,  much 
shorter  than  the  involucre ;  involucels  bristly,  shorter  than  the  dense  oblong 
spikes  ;   spikelets  yellowish,  linear,  acute,  compressed,  6  -  10-flowered  ;   scales 
somewhat  scattered  on  the  very  slender  rachis,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  closely 
appressed,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  acute  minutely  dotted  dull  nut ; 
culms  (l°-3°  high)  tumid  at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  broadly  linear  leaves. — 
Swamps  and  damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     July -Sept.  —  Kays  4' -6' 
long.     Spikelets  \'  -  f '  long.     Sheath  of  the  rays  bristle-pointed. 

8.  C.  Stenolepis,  Torr.     Umbel  simple  or  compound,  6  -  9-rayed,  shorter 
than  the  3  -  6-leaved  involucre  ;  sheaths  of  the  rays  truncate  ;  involucels  bristly, 
shorter  than  the  ovate  compact  spikes ;  spikelets  yellowish,  linear,  acute,  com- 
pressed, 5-8-flowered;  scales  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  involute,  spreading,  much 
longer  than  the  oblong-linear  acute  dull  and  minutely  pitted  nut ;  culms  smooth 
(2°  —  3°  high) ;  leaves  very  rough  on  the  margins,  whitish  beneath. —  Swamps 
and  wet  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Ang.  and  Sept.  —  Stem  rather 
slender,  longer  than  the  leaves.     Spikelets  6"  -  8"  long. 

9.  C.  Michauxianus,  Schultes.      Umbel   compound,  4-6-rayed;   rays 
short  with  the  sheaths  pointed  ;  spikes  loose,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leafy  in- 
volucels ;   spikelets  spreading  or  reflexed,  linear-subulate,  terete,  10-12-flow- 
ered  ;  scales  scattered  on  the  short-jointed  broadly-winged  rachis,  oblong,  obtuse, 
faintly  nerved,  appressed ;   nut  oblong,  compressed-3-angled ;   culms   slender, 
obtuse-angled;   involucre  4 -6-leaved.      (C.  speciosus,   Vahll)  —  Swamps  and 
ditches,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.     Q)  —  Calm  2°  -  3°  high. 
Spikelets  6"  -  8"  long,  flcxuous  in  fruit. 

Var.  1  elongatus,  Torr.  "  Culm  tall  and  slender ;  rays  elongated ;  spike- 
lets  subulate,  obtusely  quadrangular ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute."  Torr.  —  North 
Carolina,  Curtis.  —  Rays  3'  -  5'  long.  Spikelets  crowded,  6  -  8-flowered. 

10.  C.  tetragonus,  Ell.    Umbel  simple  or  compound,  of  6-12  slender 
rays  ;  spikes  cylindrical,  loose ;  spikelets  horizontal,  short  (2"-3"  long),  oblong, 
4-angled,  4  -  6-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  appressed,  9-11  -nerved,  twice 
as   long  as  the  oblong  dull  nut;   culms  mostly  slender,  1° -2°  high,  acutely 
rough-angled  at  the  summit,  as  long  as  the  green  rough-edged  leaves ;   invo- 
lucre many-leaved.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.   Aug.  and  Sept.     U  —  Spikes  1'-  l£'  long,  5"  wide,  those  on  the  longer 
rays  commonly  compound.     Rays  3'  -  5'  long.     Joints  of  the  rachis  broadly 
winged. 

II.  C.  ligularis,  L.     Umbel  compound,  of  4-6  rays  ;  spikes  ovate  or  ob- 
long, dense  ;   spikelets  spreading  (4"  long),  linear-lanceolate,  compressed-4-an- 
gled,  8 -10-flowered,  acute  ;  scales  oblong-ovate,  acute,  spreading,  9-  11 -nerved, 
thrice  the  length  of  the  oblong-obovate  pointed  blackish  nut;  culms  obtuse- 
angled,  shorter  than  the  (3° -4°  long)  whitish  long-tapering  leaves.  —  Sandy 
shores   at  Key  West.     Oct.     1J.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  rough-edged. 
Rays  2'  -  3'  long.     Spikelets  light  brown.    Joints  of  the  rachis  broadly  winged 


508  CYi'ERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Spikelets  compressed,  somewhat  2-ranked,  mostly  Jew  and  scattered  on  the  com- 
mon rachis  :  jterennials,  with  creeping  tuber-bearing  rootstocks :  flowers  mostly 
abortive. 

12.  C.  repens,  Ell.     Umbel  mostly  simple,  erect,  5-  6-raycil,  shorter  ilian 
the  3-5-leaved  involucre;    spikelets   linear,    spreading,    12- 24-flo\vered,   tin- 
lower  ones  often  clustered;    scales   oblong,  obtuse  or   short  mucronate,  com- 
pressed-keeled, thin-margined,  spreading  at  the  apex,  yellowish  brown  ;  nut  ob- 
long, triquetrous,  acute.  —  Sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Culms  1°-  l£°  high,  acute-angled,  longer  than  the  erect  smooth 
leaves.     Eays  2'  -4'  long.     Spikelets  6"  -  8"  long.     Whole  plant  yellowish. 

13.  C.  lutescens,  Torr.  &  Hook.     Umbel  simple,  large,  5-7-rayed,  short- 
er than  the  3  -  5-leaved  involucre  ;  spikelets  horizontal,  flat,  linear,  30  -  40-flow- 
ered,  the  lowest  2  -  3  in  a  cluster ;  scales  light  brown,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
rounded  on  the  back,  slightly  spreading  at  maturity ;  nut  obovate-oblong  ;  culms 
stout  (2°  -3°  high),  acute-angled,  shorter  than  the  broadly  linear  leaves.  —  Key 
West.     Nov.  —  Leaves  3"  -  6"  wide,  very  smooth.     Bays  4'  -  8'  long.     Spike- 
lets  1'  long,  l£"  wide,  serrate,  the  lower  ones  with  a  bristly  involucel. 

14.  C.  rotundus,   L.     Umbel  simple  or  compound,  3  -  8- rayed,  mostly 
longer  than  the  3-leaved  involucre  ;  spikes  composed  of  3  -  9  scattered  linear 
flat  20  -  30-flowered  spikelets ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  appressed,  7-nerved  on  the 
green  keel,  the  membranaceous  sides  dark  chestnut ;  nut  obovate  ;  culms  smooth, 
slender,  longer  than  the  broadly  linear  crowded  spreading  rough  leaves.     (C. 
Hydra,  MicJtx.)  —  Sandy  soil,  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.   Aug. 
and  Sept.  —  Culm  9' -18' high.     Rays  slender,  2' -4' long.     Spikelets  £'-!' 
long. 

2.  SPARSIFLORI.     Umbel  compound :  spikelets  compressed,  many-flowered,  scattered 
in  loose  spikes  at  thefllifonn  summit  of  the  rays:  scales  thin,  5-nerved,  separate  .- 
joints  of  the  rachis  slightly  margined :  stamens  2. 

15.  C.  Iria,  L.     Umbel  6  -  8-rayed,  erect,  shorter  than  the  3  -  4-leaved  in- 
volucre; spikelets  erect-spreading,  oblong-linear,  12-24-flowered  ;  scales  spread- 
ing, nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  short-mucronate,  5-nerved  on  the 
green  keel,  the  thin  whitish  sides  minutely  pitted ;  nut  oblong-obovate,  abruptly 
pointed;  style  very  short;  culms  (1°  high)  slender,  acute-angled,  longer  than 
the  smooth  narrow  leaves.  —  Santee  Canal,  South  Carolina,  Ravenel.     Probabh 
introduced  from  Eastern  Asia. 

3.  PALMATI.      Umbel  compound  or  decompound,  diffuse:  spikelets  2-ranked,  com- 

pressed, many-flowered,  3-10  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  the  general  and  par. 
tial  rays :  scales  closely  imbricated,  3  -  7-nerved,  decurrent  on  the  rachis :  sta 
mens  3. 

*  Culms  terete,  knotted,  leafless  :  involucre  very  short :  nut  oblong. 

16.  C.  articillatus,  L      Umbel  compound,  many-rayed,  spreading  or  re- 
curved;   involucre  of  three  bract-like  pungent  leaves;  spikelets  long  (£'-!£' 
long),  linear,  spreading,  30 -  40-flowered ;  scales  whitish,  oblong,  obtuse,  7-nerved 


CYPEUACEJE.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  509 

on  the  back,  thrice  the  length  of  the  linear-oblong  dull  nut ;  rlmoma  creeping, 
bearing  tuber-like  buds;  culms  stout  (3° -5°  high),  tumid  at  the  sheathed  base. 
~-  Marshes  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  Aug.  -  Sept.  y.  — 
Flowers  mostly  abortive. 

*  *  Culms  3-angled,  knotless :  involucre  leafy :  nut  obovate. 

17.  C.  Haspan,  L.     Umbel  many-rayed,  decompound,  spreading,  the  fili- 
form rays  mostly  longer  than  the  2-leaved  involucre;  spikelets  small  (4"  — 5" 
long),  3-5   in   a  cluster,  linear,  acute,  20 - 40-flowered ;  scales  light  reddish- 
brown,  very  small,  oblong,  mucronate,  3-nerved,  free  at  the  apex ;  nut  white, 
round-obovate,  granular-roughened ;    culms  tender,  sharply  angled ;  leaves  lin- 
ear,.smooth,  shorter  than  the  culms  (1°  -  l£°),  often  reduced  to  membranaceous 
sheaths.     (C.  gracilis,  Muhl.     C.  leptos,  Schultes.) — Ponds  and  ditches,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.    July  -  Sept. 

18.  C.  dentatus,  Torr.     Umbel  compound,  erect,  4-  7-rayed,  shorter  than 
the  3-4-leaved  involucre;  spikelets  3-5  in  a  cluster  (3"- 7"  long),  ovate-ob- 
long, obtuse,  flat,  1 2  -  30-flowercd  ;  scales  ovate,  acute,  compressed,  7-nerved  on 
the  green  keel,  membranaceous  on  the  reddish  brown  sides,  spreading  at  the 
apex ;  nut  minute,  round-obovate,  whitish ;  rhizoma  creeping,  bearing  tubers ; 
culms  slender  (1°  high),  obtuse-angled,  longer  than  the  rigid  keeled  leaves. — 
Sandy  swamps  and  banks,  South  Carolina,  Torrey,  and  northward.     Sept.     y. 
—  Rays  l'-2'  long. 

19.  C.    Lecontii,    Torr.      Umbel   compound,   erect,  6-12-rayed,  shorter 
than  the  3-leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  commonly  three  in  a  cluster,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  flat,  30 -  70-flowered  (J'-  1' long)  ;  scales  closely  imbri- 
cated, ovate,  obtuse,  compressed,  yellowish,  faintly  7-nerved,  appressed  at  the 
apex  ;  nut  minute,  round-obovate,  blackish ;  culms  rigid,  obtuse-angled,  as  long 
as  the  rigid  leaves.  —  Low  sandy  places  along  the  coast,  East  and  West  Florida. 
July  -  Sept.      y,  —  Rhizoma  creeping      Culms  6'  -  12'  high.     Rays  2'-  6'  long. 
Rachis  with  very  short  joints.     Whole  plant  pale  straw-color. 

4.  GLOMERATI.  Umbel  sample  or  compound:  spikelets  many-flowered,  compressed, 
numerous  in  a  cluster,  forming  more  or  less  dense  heads  at  the  summit  of  the  com- 
mon and  partial,  rays :  rachis  wingless :  stamen  solitary. 

*  Umbel  compound :  spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  flat :  scales  3-nerved,  concave  on  the 
back,  acute :  nut  minute,  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

20.  C.  virens,  Michx.     Umbel  spreading,  compound,  many-rayed ;  invo- 
lucre 4  -  6-leaved,  many  times  longer  than  the  umbel ;  spikelets  (4''  -  6"  long, 
and  about  20  in  a  cluster)  oblong,  30  -  40-flowered,  pale  green ;  scales  oblong- 
lanceolate,  straight;  nut  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end;   culms  stout  (2° -4° 
high),  rough-angled  above ;  leaves  broad,  elongated,  reticulated,  rough  ou  the 
margins.     Miry  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July  -  Sept.     y.  —  Plant 
pale  green.     Rays  3'  -  4'  long.     Spikelets  turning  yellowish. 

21     C.  vegetUS,  Willd.     Umbel  often   decompound,  many-rayed,  widely 
spreading ,   involucre  4-leaved,  many  times  longer  than   the  umbel ;  spikelets 
short  (l£"-2"  long),  ovate,  10-15-flowered,  very  numerous  in  the  heads ;  scales 
43* 


510  CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

lanceolate,  incurved,  spreading  at  the  apex  ;  nut  minute,  linear-lanceolate,  slen- 
der-pointed ;  culms  slender  (2° -3°  high),  obtuse-angled  or  nearly  terete  ;  leaves 
narrow,  rigid,  rough  on  the  margins  near  the  summit.  —  Low  pine  barrens  and 
margins  of  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  1J.  —  Culms  tumid  at  the 
base.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  horizontal.  Heads  light  brown. 

22.  C.  Drummondii,  Torr.     Umbel  compound,  of  4-6  primary  rays, 
and  as  many  smaller  ones,  shorter  than  the  4-leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  (10-20 
in  a  cluster)  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  40  -  50-flowered ;  scales  yellowish,  ovate, 
straight,  free  at  the  apex ;  nut  oblong,  pointed,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base, 
minutely  wrinkled;  culms  (6' -15'  high)  obtuse-angled-,  very  rough,  longer  than 
the  narrow  leaves.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Middle  Florida,  and  westward.     Septem- 
ber.   (D 

*  *  Umbd  simple  or  sessile :  spikelets  lanceolate  or  linear,  compressed:  scales  8-  10- 
nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  spreading  or  recurved  point :  nut  obovate-oblong :  low 
tufted  annuals. 

23.  C.  inflexus,  Muhl.     Umbel  of  1  -  2  short  rays  or  sessile,  much  shorter 
than  the  2-3-leaved  involucre;  spikelets  very  numerous  in  the  clusters  (green), 
oblong-linear  (2"  long),  10  — 20-flowered;  scales  thin,  oblong,  8-nerved,  gradu- 
ally pointed;  culms  weak,  acute-angled   (2' -6' high),  as  long  as  the  smooth 
narrowly  linear  leaves.  —  Low  sandy  places,  Apalachicola,  Florida,  (apparently 
introduced,)  to  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July -Sept.  —  Sheaths  of  the 
leaves  green. 

24.  C.  COnfertUS,  Swartz.     Umbel  of  1  -  2  short  rays  or  sessile,  shorter 
than  the  2-leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  8-20  in  a  cluster,  lanceolate,  12 -20-flow- 
ered, reddish  brown  (3"  long) ;  scales  rigid,  oblong,  10-nerved,  abruptly  pointed ; 
culms  acute-angled  (l'-4'high),  as  long  as  the  linear  smooth  leaves;  sheaths 
dark  brown.  —  South  Florida.     November.     Spikelets  less  crowded  than  in  the 
preceding. 

5.  CAPITATI.  Umbel  simple  or  sessile:  spikelets  inserted  on  all  sides  of  the  common 
rachis,  forming  clusters  or  heads:  joints  of  the  rachis  mostly  winged:  scales  rigid, 
6  —  1 1  -nerved :  stamens  3. 

*  Spikelets  Jew  in  loose  clusters. 

.  25.  C.  filiformis,  Swartz.  Clusters  sessile ;  spikelets  6-12,  erect,  terete, 
subulate,  6-1 2-flowered ;  scales  scattered,  appressed,  oblong,  mucronate,  finely 
nerved;  rachis  very  slender,  flexuous ;  nut  oblong,  acute  ;  culms  tufted,  filiform, 
acute-angled,  longer  than  the  bristle-like  leaves ;  involucre  2-leaved,  the  lower 
one  elongated  and  erect.  —  Key  West.  November  ty — Culms  4'- 10' high, 
tumid  at  the  base.  Spikelets  4"  -  6"  long 

26.  C.  COmpressus,  L.  Umbel  simple  or  compound,  often  sessile,  shorter 
than  the  4  -  6-leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  spreading,  linear,  flat,  1 2  -  30-flowered  ; 
scales  ovate,  acuminate,  closely  imbricated,  keeled  ,  nut  broadly  obovate,  acute- 
angled,  black  and  shining;  culms  obtuse-angled,  longer  than  the  pale  green 
leaves. —  Cultivated  grounds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July- 
Sept.  (J)  —  Culms  4' -12' high.  Umbel  spreading,  sometimes  reduced  to  few 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  511 

spikelcts  or  a  single  one.     Spikelets  somewhat  glaucous,  4"  -  6"  long,  serrated  by 
the  projecting  points  of  the  scales. 

27.  C.  trachynotus,  Torr.     Umbel  simple,  of  3-5  short  erect  rays;  in- 
volucre elongated,  3-leaved ;  spikelets  several  in  a  cluster,  lanceolate,  compressed, 
12-20-flowered;  scales  whitish,  ovate,  acuminate,  loosely  imbricated  in  fruit, 
hispid-serrulate  on  the  keel,  the  broad  margins  embracing  the  pear-shaped  acutely 
angled  nut ;  culm  flattened  on  one  side,  rounded  on  the  other,  as  long  as  the 
slender  keeled  leaves. — Dry  sandy  soil,  South  Florida.     May -Nov.  —  Culms 
9'- 15'  high,  straw-color,  like  the  leaves.     Spikelets  £'  long. 

*  *  Spikelets  numerous  in  compact  globular  or  oblong  heads. 
••—  Perennials :  culms  tumid  or  tuberous  at  the  base. 

28.  C.  fuligineus,  n.  sp.     Head  solitary,  globose,  shorter  than  the  2-leaved 
involucre;  spikes  lanceolate,  acute,  compressed,  8- 12-flowered  ;  scales  (black) 
ovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  mucronate ;  nut  oblong-obovate ;  culms  filiform, 
obtuse-angled,  thrice  the  length  of  the  narrow  rigid  leaves.  —  Key  West.     No- 
vember. —  Culms  £°-l°  high.     Sheaths  of  the  leaves  blackish.     Head  5"  in 
diameter.     Scales  9-nerved. 

29.  C.  filiculmis,  Vahl.     Umbel  of  1-2  spreading  rays  or  none;  invo- 
lucre 3  -  4-leaved ;  spikelets  15-20,  in  a  dense  globose  head,  linear-lanceolate, 
6- 10-flowered ;  joints  of  the  rachis  barely  margined;  scales  (greenish)  ovate, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  short-mucronate,  loosely  imbricated ;  nut  obovate ;  culms 
( 10'  - 1 5'  high ),  slender,  wiry,  longer  than  the  linear  leaves.    ( C.  mariscoides,  Ell. ) 
—  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Heads  £'  in  diameter. 

30  C.  Grayii,  Torr.  Umbel  of  4-6  erect  rays,  shorter  than  the  3-4- 
leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  6  -  9  in  a  rather  loose  head,  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 5  -  7-flowered  ;  joints  of  the  rachis  winged ;  scales  (brownish)  closely  im- 
bricated (spreading  in  fruit),  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse;  nut  obovate;  culms  (8'- 
12'  high)  filiform,  wiry,  longer  than  the  bristle-shaped  leaves.  —  Dry  sandy  pine 
barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug.  and  Sept. 

31.  C.  OVUlaris,  Torr.     Umbel  3-6-rayed,  rarely  wanting ;  heads  small, 
globose  or  oblong;  spikelets   (l|"-2"long)    angular,   obtuse,   2 - 4-flowered ; 
scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  closely  imbricated ;  nut  oblong ;  culms 
filiform,  smooth  ;  rather  acute-angled,  much  longer  than  the  rigid  filiform  leaves. 
(Mariscus  ovularis,  Vahl.     M.  cylindricus,  Ell.)  —  Wet  or  dry  soil,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culms  ^°-2°  high.     Heads  2" -3"  in  diameter. 

32.  C.  retrofractus,  Torr.     Umbel  of  about  8  slender  (2' -6'  long)  rays, 
longer  than  the  involucre  ;  heads  obovate  ;  spikelets  subulate,  reflexed,  terete  ; 
scales  4-5,  the  two  lower  ones  ovate  and  empty,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute  ; 
nut  linear-oblong:  culm  tall  (2° -4°),  downy  and  roughish,  like   the  broadly 
linear  leaves.     (Mariscus  retrofractus,  Vahl.)  — Barren  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and 
northward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Leaves  much  shorter  than  the  culm. 

•«-  -i—  Annuals :  roots  fibrous. 

33.  C.  Baldwin!!,  Torr.    Umbel  6-  12-rayed,  shorter  than  the  involucre; 
heads  globose  or  oblong ;  spikelets  linear,  somewhat  compressed,  acute,  6  —  12- 


512  CYPERACE.E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

flowered  ;  scales  (greenish  or  yellowish )  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  closely  im- 
bricated ;  nut  oblong;  culms  (l°-2°  high)  obtuse-angled,  longer  than  the  linear 
leaves.  (Mariscus  echinatus,  Ell.)  —  Cultivated  ground,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina, and  westward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Spikelets  3"  -  6"  long. 

34.  C.  divergens,   Kunth.     Umbel  none ;  head  globose,  shorter  than  the 
4-leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  acute,  5  -  7-flowered  ;  scales 
ovate,  mucronate,  compressed-keeled,  7-nerved,  the  scarious  sides  broadly  dccur- 
rent;  style  deeply  2- 3-parted ;  stamens  2-3;  nut  (immature)  oblong,  lenticu- 
lar or  3-angled;  culms   low   (2'- 3'),   tufted,  obtuse-angled,  shorter   than  the 
smooth  keeled  leaves.  —  Damp  cultivated  grounds,   Quincy,  Middle  Florida. 
August.  —  Head  3"  -  4"  in  diameter,  composed  of  3  -  4  compact  clusters ;  spike- 
lets  1"  long,  white. 

$  3.  PAPYRUS.     Style  3-cleft:  nut  3-angled:  scales  of  the  rachis  at  length  free  and 
deciduous.     Inflorescence  as  in  No.  7. 

35.  C.  erythrorhizos,  Muhl.     Umbel  3-  12-rayed,  simple  or  compound, 
shorter  than  the  3  -10-leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  very  numerous,  narrow-linear, 
compressed,  spreading,  12-50-flowered;   scales   minute,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse, 
greenish  and  faintly  nerved  on  the  back,  yellowish  and  glossv  on  the  sides ; 
scales  of  the  rachis  lanceolate,  acute ;    nut  oval,  compressed-3-angled,  smooth 
and  shining ;  culms  obtuse-angled  ;  leaves  rough  on  the  margins,  pale  beneath  ; 
involucels  leafy,  longer  than  the  spikes.     (C.  tenuiflorus,  Ell.)  — Ponds   and 
ditches,  Florida,  and  northward.   July  -  Sept.   (1)  —  Culms  £°  -  4°  high.   Leaves 
1"- 14"  wide.     Spikelets  2"  -  8"  long. 


2.    KYLLINGIA,    L. 

Spikelets  compressed,  mostly  1-flowercd.  Scales  commonly  4,  imbricated  in 
two  rows,  the  two  lower  ones  small  and  empty,  the  third  perfect,  the  fourth  im- 
perfect Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  elongated,  2-cleft.  Nut  lentic- 
ular. —  Culms  jointless,  3-angled,  leafy  at  the  base.  Involucre  3  -  5-leavcd. 
Spikelets  collected  in  single  or  clustered  sessile  heads.  Plants  odorous. 

1.  K.  pumila,  Michx.     Heads  (green)  mostly  3,  globose  or  ovate  ;  spike- 
lets  1-flowered,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  scales  3,  the  lowest  minute, 
the  middle  one  ovate,  compressed,  mucronate,  mostly  serrulate  on  the  keel,  en- 
closing the  upper  one ;  nut  obovatc ;   stamens  2  ;    culms  weak,  acute-angled  ; 
leaves  and  3  -  4-leaved  involucre  linear.  —  Wet  places,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    July  -  Sept.     CD  —  Culms  tufted,  4'  -  10'  high. 

2.  K.  sesquiflora,  Torr.     Heads  (white)  1  -  3,  ovate  or  oblong ;  spikelets 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  1-flowered,  or  imperfectly  2-flowered ;  scales  4-5,  the  two 
lower  ones  minute,  the  third  and  fourth  alike,  ovate,  acute,  smooth,  the  fifth  en- 
closed in  the  fourth ;  stamens  2 ;  nut  obovate ;  culms  erect,  obtuse-angled  ;  leaves 
and  3  -  5-leaved  involucre  broadly  linear.  —  Low  exposed  places  and  along  roads, 
Middle  Florida.     Aug. -Sept.     1J.  —  Culms  4' -12'  high.     Plant  pale  green, 
pleasant-scented. 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  513 

3.  K.  Tn.onoceph.ala,  L.  "  Heads  single,  glolxjse,  compact ;  spikelets 
I -flowered,  monandrous,  ovate,  acuminate,  the  2  superior  scales  striate,  nearly 
smooth  on  the  sides,  serrulate-ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  2  inferior  minute ;  nut 
somewhat  orbicular ;  involucre  3-leaved,  one  of  the  leaves  erect,  the  others  hori- 
zontal." Torr. — Low  moist  places  near  Darien  and  Sunbury,  Georgia.  —  Rhi- 
xoma  creeping  Culms  1°  high.  Head  greenish,  generally  inclined.  Leaves 
abruptly  pointed. 

3.  DULICHIUM,    Richard. 

Spikelets  linear,  compressed,  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  2  rows, 
decurrent  on  the  joints  of  the  rachis.  Perianth  composed  of  6  -  9  downwardly 
hispid  rigid  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Nut  lanceolate,  compressed, 
long-beaked.  —  Perennial.  Culms  terete,  jointed,  leafy.  Leaves  numerous, 
3-ranked,  linear  or  lanceolate,  short  and  spreading.  Spikes  numerous,  solitary 
in  the  upper  axils,  simple  or  the  lower  compound.  Spikelets  8-  14,  2-ranked, 
spreading,  6  -  10-flowered.  Scales  lanceolate,  many-nerved,  closely  imbricated. 
Bristles  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  compressed  or  concave  nut. 

1.  D.  spathaceum,  Richard.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Culms  1 Q*-  2°  high.  Leaves- 1 '  -  3'  long.  Spikelets  6"  - 
12"  long.  Peduncles  of  the  lower  spikes  longer  than  the  sheaths. 

4.  HEMICARPHA,    Nees. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  ovate,  one  or  few  in  a  terminal  (apparently  lateral) 
cluster.  Scales  imbricated  in  many  rows,  ovate  or  obovate.  Inner  scale  single, 
behind  the  flower,  very  thin,  minute.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-2.  Style 
2-cleft.  —  Small  tufted  annuals  with  naked  culms,  narrow  radical  leaves,  and  an 
erect  mostly  1 -leaved  involucre. 

1.  H.  subsquarrosa,  Nees.  Culms  erect,  nearly  terete  (2' -4'  high); 
leaf  solitary,  linear-subulate,  concave,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  involucre 
1-2-leaved,  the  lower  one  erect  and  continuous  with  the  culm,  much  longer 
than  the  spikes,  the  other  short  and  reflexed  or  wanting  ;  spikes  2  (rarely  one), 
seemingly  lateral ;  scales  brown,  ovate-oblong,  reticulated,  the  stout,  and  greenish 
midrib  prolonged  into  a  thick  and  obtuse  erect  point ;  stamens  2 ;  style  deeply 
2-parted,  smooth;  nut  oblong-obovate,  minutely  pitted  in  lines. — Low  sandy 
places,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Sheaths  brown.  Spikes  2"-3" 
long. 

5.    LIPOCARPHA,    R.  Brown. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  terete.  Scales  spatulate,  imbricated  in  manv  rows, 
deciduous,  the  lowest  empty.  Interior  scales  2,  parallel  to  the  exterior  ones, 
membranaceous,  enclosing  the  flower  and  nut.  Stamens  1-2.  Style  2  -3-cleft. 
Nut  compressed,  3-angled.  —  Culms  jointlcss,  leafy  at  the  base.  Spikes  in  a 
terminal  cluster.  Involucre  leafy. 

1 .  L.  maculata,  Torr.  Annual ;  culms  clustered,  terete ;  leaves  much 
shorter  than  the  culm,  linear,  concave,  smooth  ;  involucre  2  -  6-leaved,  spreading 


514  CYPERACE./K.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

or  recurved;  spikes  small,  ovate,  3 -9  in  a  cluster;  scales  spotted;  scales  of 
the  perianth  very  thin,  the  nerves  at  length  free  and  bristle-like  below  ;  nut  ob- 
long, contracted  into  a  short  neck.  (Kyllingia  maculata,  Michx.)  —  Springy  or 
miry  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July  -  Sept.  —  Culms  4'  -  8'  high. 
Spikes  l»-2"  long,  green. 

6.    FUIRENA,    Rottb. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  many  rows,  awned  at  the  apex. 
Perianth  consisting  of  three  petal-like  stalked  scales  alternating  with  as  many 
bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-cleft.  Nut  3-angled,  raised  on  a  stalk,  and  pointed 
with  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  terete,  jointed.  Spikes  single  or 
clustered,  lateral  and  terminal.  Scales  hairy. 

1.  P.  SCirpoidea,  Vahl.     Rhizoma  thick  and  creeping;    culms  slender; 
leaves  reduced  to  pointed  sheaths,  smooth ;  spikes  1-3,  terminal,  ovate,  sup- 
ported by  a  small  bract-like  involucre  ;  scales  obovate,  9-nerved,  pointed  with  a 
short  erect  awn ;  stalks  of  the  oval  barely  pointed  petal-like  scales  longer  than 
the  hispid  bristles.  —  Wet  sandy  places,  near  the  coast,  Florida  and  Georgia. 
May    Sept.     U—  Culms  1°  high. 

2.  P.  squarrosa,  Michx.      Culms  clustered,  smooth,  or  pubescent  near 
the  summit ;  leaves  flat,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  margins,  like  the  lower 
sheaths,  hairy ;  spikes  oblong,  in  lateral  and  terminal  clusters ;  scales  oblong- 
obovate,  with  the  long  pale  awn  recurved ;  petal-like  scales  ovate,  acute ;  bristles 
as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  obovate  nut. —  Var.  HISPIDA.     (F.  hispida,  Ell.) 
Leaves,  sheaths,  and  upper  portion  of  the  culm  bristly-hairy ;  petal-like  scales 
acuminate ;  bristles  nearly  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    July -Sept.     U  —  Culms  £°-  2°  high.     Leaves  2' -  5' long.     Terminal 
cluster  occasionally  compound. 

7.    ELEOCHABJS,    R.  Brown.     SPIKE-RUSH. 

Spikes  many-  (rarely  2-4-)  flowered.  Scales  imbricated  on  all  sides  of  the 
rachis,  or  somewhat  2-ranked,  the  lowest  usually  empty,  bract-like,  and  persistent. 
Perianth  of  3  -8  bearded  bristles,  occasionally  wanting.  Stamens  1-3.  Style 
2 -3-cleft.  Nut  compressed,  biconvex,  or  3-angled,  crowned  with  the  persistent 
jointed  base  of  the  style  (tubercled).  —  Commonly  perennials,  with  creeping 
rootstocks.  Culms  jointless,  leafless,  sheathed  at  the  base,  bearing  at  the  apex  a 
single  spike. 

§  1.   ELEOCHARIS  PROPER.    Spikes  many -flowered:  scales  imbricated  in  several 

rows. 
*  Spikes  cylindrical,  scarcely  thicker  than  the  soft  cellular  culms :  nut  biconvex,  pitted 

or  ivrinkled  in  longitudinal  lines. 
+-  Scales  rounded,  thick  and  Jointly  nerved :  style  3-cleft :  bristles  6,  sparingly  bearded 

or  smoothish,  as  long  as  the  nut.     (Limnochloa,  Nees.) 

1.  E.  equisetoides,  Torr.  Culms  stout,  terete,  knotted  by  cross  parti- 
tions, roughish  ;  scales  pale,  round-ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  scarious  on 


CYPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  515 

the  margins ;  bristles  hispid ;  nut  pale  brown,  obscurely  wrinkled,  shining, 
crowned  with  a  sessile  conical-beaked  acute  tubercle.  (Scirpus  equisetoides,  Ell.) 
—  Ponds,  Florida,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  1J.—  Culms  l°-2°  high,  3" 
in  diameter.  Sheaths  brown.  Spikes  1' long. 

2.  E.  quadrangulata,  R.  Br.     Culrns  unequally  4-sided,  with  the  angles 
acute ;  scales  pale,  roundish,  very  obtuse,  scarious  on  the  margins ;  bristles  slen- 
der, bearded,  unequal ;  nut  broadly  obovate,  finely  pitted,  dull  white ;  tubercle 
ovate  or  conical,  free  around  the  base,  much  shorter  than  the   nut.     ( Scirpus 
quadrangulatns,  Michx.)  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Florida,  and  northward.     July- 
Sept.     y. —  Culm  2° -3°  high,  1"- 2"  in  diameter.     Sheaths  purplish.     Spikes 
1'  long. 

3.  E.  cellulosa,  Torr.     Culms  obscurely  3-angled  below,  terete  above; 
scales  pale  brown,  round-obovate,  white  and  scarious  on  the  margins  ;  bristles 
rather  rigid,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  ;  nut  oblong-obovate,  conspicuously  pitted, 
narrowed  into  the  conical  (at  length  flattened)  tubercle.  —  Marshes,  Apalachi- 
cola,  Florida,  and  westward,  near  the  coast.     Aug.  and  Sept.     1J.  —  Rootstocks 
creeping,  slender.     Culms  l°-2°  high,  l£"  in  diameter.     Upper  sheath  elon- 
gated.    Spikes  §'  -  1 '  long,  spirally  twisted. 

1-   •*-  Scales  ol>long,  nerved  on  the  back,  thin  on  the  margins :  style  2  -  3-cleft :  bristles 
7,  strongly  bearded,  longer  than  the  nut. 

4.  E.  Robbinsii,  Oakes.     Culms  erect,  rather  slender,  acutely  3-angled, 
intermixed   with   hair-like   abortive  ones;   spike   6-8-flowered,   acute;   scales 
greenish,  obtuse,  rather  distant  on  the  flattened  rachis,  closely  imbricated  ;  style 
:2-cleft;  bristles  unequal,  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle ;  nut  (1"  long)  deeply 
pitted  in  lines,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  subulate  tubercle.  —  Shallow  ponds, 
near  Quincy,  Florida,  and  in  New  England,  Oakes,  Olney ;  but  not  as  yet  de- 
tected at  any  intermediate  point.     Aug.  —  Rhizoma  filiform.     Culms  6' -12' 
high.     Spikes  J'  long. 

5.  E.  elongata,  n.  sp.     Culms  floating,  slender,  terete,  mingled  with  hair- 
like  abortive  ones;  spike  12  -  20-flowered,  acute;  scales  rather  distant  on  the 
compressed  rachis,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  green  on  the  back,  dark  brown  on  the 
sides  ;  style  3-parted  ;  bristles  rather  longer  than  the  obovate  biconvex  or  some- 
what 3-angled  faintly  pitted  nut ;  tubercle  minute.  —  In  still  water,  near  Apala- 
chicola.     July,     ty  —  Rootstocks   filiform.     Culms  2°  -  3°  long,  all  but  the 
summit  immersed.     Spikes  6"-  9"  long.    Nut  |"  long. 

*  *  Spikes  thicker  than  the  culm  :  style  3-cleft :  nut  3-angled. 
•t-  Bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle :  nut  longitudinally  furrowed  and  pitted. 

6.  E.  tuberculosa,  R.  Br.     Culms   somewhat   compressed,   tough   and 
-wiry ;  spikes  pale,  ovate  or  <oblong,  acute ;  scales  oblong,  rigid,  1-nerved ;  nut 
obovate,  as  large  as  the  ovate  compressed  3-angled  tubercle  ;  bristles  rigid,  his- 
pid. —  Varies  with  larger  spikes  and  pubescent  bristles.     ( Scirpus  tuberculosus, 
Michx.)  — Wet  places,  chiefly  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.     March 
-Sept.     U  —  Culms  6'- 12'. hjgh.    .Spikes  3" -4"  long  (6" -8"  in  the  var.). 
Nut  shining. 


516  CYPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

7.  E.  simplex,   Torr.      Culms   unequally   3-sided,   acute-angled ;    spikes 
short,  ovate,  acute ;    scales  ovate-oblong,  whitish,  with   brownish  sides ;    nut 
obovate,  flat  on  the  inner  face,  twice  as  long  as  the  conical-beaked  compressed 
acute  tubercle;    bristles   rigid.     (E.  tortilis,  Schult.     Scirpus   simplex,/!,1//.)  — 
Miry  places   along  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May  -  Sept.     1J.  — 
Culms  1°  - 1£°  high,  very  slender,  twisted  when  dry.     Spikes  2"  -  3"  long, 
angular,  few-flowered. 

8.  E.  prolifera,  Torr.  (Cyp.  p.  315,  not  of  p.  442).     Culms  filiform,  dif- 
fuse  or  prostrate,  compressed ;    spikes   ovate-lanceolate,   acute,   proliferous  or 
rooting;  scales  whitish,  thin,  oval,  obtuse;  nut  obovate,  compressed-3-angled ; 
tubercle  half  as  long  as  the  nut,  conical,  3-angled,  free  at  the  base ;  bristles 
stout.    (E.  vivipara,  Link.)  —  Marshy  banks  of  ponds  and  streams,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     May -Sept.     y.  —  Culms    10' -20'  long,   tough   and  wiry. 
Spikes  2" -4"  long,  very  rarely  fruiting. 

•i—   -i—  Bristles  4-6,  longer  than  the  smooth  nut. 

9.  E.  intermedia,  Torr.     Culms  bristle-form,  diffuse,  furrowed ;  spikes 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  8  -  10-flowered  ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  thin, 
brown  on  the  sides  ;  nut  (yellowish)  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  flat  on  the 
inner  face,  beaked  with  the  subulate  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  stout,  as  long  as  the 
nut  and  tubercle.  —  Wet  places  and  in  shallow  streams,  Georgia,  and  northward. 

—  Culms  £°  long.     Spikes  2" -3"  long.     Nut  minutely  striate. 

10.  E.  albida,  Torr.     Culms  terete,  spongy ;  spikes  pale,  oval  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  many-flowered ;  scales  rigid,  oval,  obtuse,  white  or  brownish ;  nut  broadly 
obovate,  whitish,  flat  on  the  inner  face,  smooth  and  shining ;  tubercle  minute, 
free  at  the  base ;  bristles  6,  reddish,  longer  than  the  nut.  —  Wet  sandy  places 
along  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.     May  -  Sept.     1J.  — 
Rhizoma  filiform,  creeping.     Culms  2'- 6' high.     Spikes  2"  -  3"  long. 

11.  E.  rostellata,    Torr.      Culms    compressed,   furrowed,   wiry ;    spikes 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  12  -20-flowered  ;  scales  rigid,  oval,  obtuse,  light  brown  ; 
nut  obovate,  flat  on  the  inner  face,  tapering  into  the  conical-beaked  tubercle ; 
bristles  4-6,  stout,  twice  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  South  Carolina,  and  northward. 

—  Culms  1°  - 1£°  high.     Spikes  3"  -  4"  long. 

->-  +-  -v-  Bristles  2-6,  not  exceeding  the  nut,  often  wanting. 

12.  E.  melanocarpa,  Torr.      Culms    compressed,  fun-owed,  tough  and 
wiry ;  spikes  ovate  or  ovate  oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered  ;  scales  thin,  ovate, 
obtuse,  white  on  the  broad  margins;  style  2-3-cleft;  nut  black,  obconical,  3- 
angled   or  biconvex,  truncate   at  the   apex,  and   capped  with   the   triangular 
minutely  pointed  white  tubercle  ;  bristles  3,  as  long  as  the  nut,  sometimes  want- 
ing. —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.    June  -  Sept.     It  —  Culms 
1°  - 1  £°  high.     Spikes  4"  -  5"  long,  2"  thick,  occasionally  proliferous. 

13.  E.  arenicola,  Torr.     Khizoma  long  and   creeping;    culms   slender, 
slightly  compressed,  striate,  tough  and  wiry  ;  spikes  ovate,  or  at  length  oblong 
or  cylindrical,  obtuse,  many-flowered  ;  scales  thin,  oblong,  obtuse,  brown  at  the 
summit,  white  on  the  margins;  nut  (yellowish)  obovate,  compressed-3-angled, 


(SEDGE  FAMILY.)  517 

contracted  into  a  neck  at  the  base  of  the  short  conical-beaked  tubercle ;  bristles 
4-6,  reddish,  not  longer  than  the  nut.  —  Sandy  sea-shore,  West  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.  May -Sept.  1J.  —  Rhizoma  and  sheaths  black.  Culms  6'- 
15' high.  Spikes  3" -6"  long,  occasionally  2- 3-cleft.  Nut  minutely  pitted. 

14.  E.  tricostata,  Ton-.     Rhizoma  stout,  creeping;  culms  nearly  terete, 
striate,1  wiry ;   spikes   cylindrical-oblong,  acutish,  many-flowered ;   scales   thin, 
oblong,  green  on  the  keel,  dark  brown  on  the  sides,  white  on  the  margins  ;  nut 
obovate,  with  strong  and  rib-like  angles,  contracted  into  the  minute  conical 
tubercle  ;  bristles  none.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.     May  - 
Sept.     ty  —  Rhizoma  and  sheaths  pale.     Culms  1°-  l£°  high.     Spikes  2" -4" 
long.     Nut  very  small,  minutely  wrinkled. 

15.  E.  tenuis,  Schultes.     Culms   filiform,   acutely  4-angled,   the   sheaths 
purple  ;  spikes  elliptical,  obtuse  or  acute,  many-flowered  ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse, 
green  on  the  keel,  dark  brown  on  the  sides,  white  on  the  margins  ;  nut  obovate, 
3-angled,  transversely  wrinkled  and  pitted,  crowned  with  the  broad  depressed 
short-pointed  tubercle ;  bristles  2-3,  much  shorter  than  the  nut,  fugacious.  — 
"Wet  places,   North  Carolina,   and   northward.  —  Culms  8' -12'  high,  almost 
bristle-form.     Spikes  3"  -  4"  long.     Nut  pale  brown. 

16.  E.  microcarpa,  Ton-.     Culms  bristle  or  hair-like,  4-angled;  spikes 
ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  10  — many-flowered,  often  proliferous;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  membranaceous,  brownish,  with  white  margins ;  nut  very 
minute,  white,  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  crowned  with  the  depressed 
minutely  pointed  tubercle  ;  bristles  3-6,  rarely  as  long  as  the  nut,  occasionally 
wanting. 

Var.  ?  filiculmis,  Torr.  Spikes  many -flowered,  dark  brown  ;  nut  obovate- 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  apex,  and  crowned  with  the  conical  3-angled  tubercle  ; 
bristles  rigid,  rather  longer  than  the  nut.  —  Low  sandy  places,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  (the  var.)  northward,  chiefly  near  the  coast.  May  -  Sept. -^ 
Culms  tufted,  3' -9'  high.  Spikes  l"-2"  long.  Lowest  scale  larger  and  per- 
sistent. Nut  strongly  3-angled. 

*  *  *  Spikes  thicker  than  the  culm :  style  2  -  3-cleft  :  nut  lenticular. 
•*-  Culm's  ^-angled,  bristle-like. 

17.  E.  bicolor,  n.  sp.    Culms  erect  or  procumbent,  4-angled  or  4-furrowed  ; 
spikes  ovate,  obtuse,  8  - 1 2-flowered  ;  scales  thin,  loosely  imbricated,  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, white  on  the  keel  and  margins,  the  sides  dark  brown ;  style  2  -  3-cleft ;  nut 
very  minute,  white,  obovate,  lenticular,  smooth,  twice  as  long  as  the  three  fuga- 
cious bristles ;  tubercle  broadly  conical,  compressed,  one  third  as  long  as  the 
nut.  —  Sandy  margins   of  ponds,  near  Quincy,  Florida.     Aug.     (J) — Culms 
tufted,  l'-6'  long,  when  growing  in  water  finely  knotted.     Spikes  l£"  long. 

18.  E.  multiflora,  n.  sp.     Culms  tufted,  erect,  4-furrowed,  the  sheaths 
dark  brown;  spikes  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  at  length  very  many-  (70-100-) 
flowered ;  scales  oval,  very  obtuse,  thin,  brown  on  the  sides,  white  on  the  mar- 
gins ;    stamens   2 ;    style  2-cleft ;    nut  very   minute,  pear-shaped,  compressed, 
almost  truncate  at  the  apex,  tipped  with  the  somewhat  peltate  tubercle ;  bristles 

44 


518  cvrERACE^;.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

none.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  streams,  West  Florida.  June  — Aug.  3)— • 
Culms  3' -5' high.  Spikes  1" -2"  long,  the  lower  scales  deciduous  as  new 
flowers  are  developed.  Nut  black,  smooth  and  shining. 

•*-  •*-   Culms  terete  or  compressed,  more  or  less  spongy. 

19.  E.  capitata,    R.  Brown.     Rhizoma   slender,   creeping;    culms   com- 
pressed; spikes  short,  ovate,  12-16-flowered;  scales  membranaceous,  whitish, 
oblong,  obtuse,  deciduous ;  nut  black  and  shining,  broadly  obovate,  biconvex, 
tipped  with  the  short  conical  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Springy 
or  miry  places,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.      June  -  Sept. ,     1J.  —  Culms 
1'- 4' high.     Spikes  1"- 2"  long.     Scales  often  brown  when  young.     Nut  very 
small. 

20.  E.    olivacea,    Torr.      Culms   compressed,   furrowed,  diffuse;    spikes 
ovate,  acutish,  many-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  thin,  purplish  on  the  sides, 
green  on  the  keel,  the  margins  white ;  nut  obovate,  dull,  dark  olive ;  tubercle 
distinct,  conical-beaked ;  bristles  6-8,  about  half  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Wet 
sandy  places,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culms  2'  -  5' 
long.     Spikes  3"  long,  20  -  30-flowered. 

21.  E.  palustris,  R-  Brown.      Rhizoma  creeping;  culms  slender,  terete, 
striate;   spikes  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  many -flowered ;  scales  oblong, 
membranaceous,  brown  on  the  sides,  at  length  whitish,  the  upper  ones  acute ; 
nut  dull  yellow,  obovate,  tumid,  minutely  dotted;  tubercle  short,  triangular- 
ovate,  compressed;  bristles  4,  slender,  commonly  as  long  as  the  nut.     (Scirpus 
palustris,  L.)  — Marshes  and  wet  places,  Florida,  and  northward.     June -Sept. 
y.  —  Rhizoma  black.     Culms  l°-3°  long.     Spikes  3" -5"  long. 

22.  E.  Obtusa,  Schultes.     Culms  tufted,  terete,  thick  and  spongy ;  spikes 
ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered  5  scales  thin,  oblong,  obtuse,  commonly 
brown  on  the  sides,  green  on  the  keel,  with  broad  and  white   margins ;  style 
2-3-cleft;  nut  (light  brown)  obovate,  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining,  scarcely 
wider  than  the  short  compressed  acute  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  rigid,  twice  the  length 
of  the  nut.     (Scirpus  capitatus,  Ell.)  —  Muddy  margins  of  ponds  and  streams, 
Florida,  and  northward.    Common.   June  -  Sept.  —  Culms  6'  - 18'  high.    Spikes 
2"  -  4"  long. 

*  2.  CELETOCYPERUS.    Spikes few-lowered,  compressed .-  scales  membranaceous, 
imbricated  in  2-3  rows :  style  3-cle/l.     Culms  capillary. 

23.  E.   acicularis,   R.  Br.     Culms  (2' -12'  high)  angled;  spikes  ovate, 
5  -  6-flowered,   acute ;    scales  oblong,   with  reddish  sides ;    nut  oblong,  white, 
nearly  terete,  longitudinally  ribbed  and  pitted,  pointed  with  the  conical  or  de- 
pressed tubercle  ;  bristles  3-4,  shorter  than  the  nut,  sometimes  wanting.     (Scir- 
pus trichodes,  MM) — Margins   of  ponds,  Florida,  and  northward.      June- 
Sept. 

24.  E.  pygmsea,  Torr.     Culms  short  (l'-2'  high),  grooved  on  one  side; 
spikes  ovate,  3  -  6-flowered ;  scales  whitish,  ovate  ;  nut  ovate,  pale,  prominently 
3-angled,  smooth  and  shining,  narrowed  above  into  the  minute  tubercle ;  bristles 
6,  longer  than  the  nut,  sometimes  wanting.     (Scirpus  capillaceus,  Ell.)  —  Muddy 


CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  5191 

or  sandy  banks  near  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.    April  -  July.  —  Rhizoma 
very  slender,  bearing  minute  tuber-like  buds.     Spikes  l"-2"  long. 

25.  E.  Baldwin!!,  Torr.  Culms  (4' -6' long)  grooved,  diffuse,  wiry ; 
spikes  oblong,  flat,  3 - 5-flowered,  proliferous  and  rooting;  scales  4 -6,  2-ranked, 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  finely  nerved,  the  lower  ones  longer ;  nut  smooth,  oblong, 
strongly  3-angled,  crowned  with  the  conical  3-angled  sessile  tubercle;  bristles 
4-6,  unequal,  the  longest  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Swamps,  Florida  and  Georgia. 
June  -  Sept.  )J. —  Sheaths  light  brown.  Spikes  2"  long. 

8.    SCIRPTTS,    L.    BULRUSH. 

Spikes  terete,  single,  or  oftener  in  clusters  or  umbels,  which  are  subtended  by 
a  1 -many -leaved  involucre.  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Nut  obtuse, 
or  pointed  by  the  persistent  jointless  base  of  the  style.  Tubercle  none.  —  Culms 
jointed  and  leafy,  or  leafy  or  sheathed  only  at  the  base.  Otherwise  like  Eleo- 
charis.  —  All  perennial  except  No.  2. 

§  1.   Culms  jointless :  leaves  or  sheaths  radical. 
*  Spike  solitary,  terminal. 

1.  S.  CSBSpitOSUS,  L.     Culms  tufted  (6' -10' high),  terete,  wiry;  sheaths 
numerous,  rigid,  imbricated,  the  uppermost  ending  in  a  short  leaf;  spike  3-8- 
flowered ;  involucre  2-leaved,  as  long  as  the  spike,  pointed ;  nut  oblong,  com- 
pressed-3-angled,  abruptly  pointed,  half  as  long  as  the  smooth  capillary  bristles. 
—  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July.  —  Rhizoma  thick 
and  creeping.     Spike  1 "  -  2''  long. 

*  *  Spikes  2 -many,  apparently  lateral :  the  l-leaved  involucre  erect  and  continuous 

with  the  culm. 
•*-  Spikes  in  sessile  clusters. 

2.  S.  debilis,  Pursh.     Culms  terete,  slender,  commonly  leafless;  spikes 
2-5,  oblong-ovate   or   cylindrical;    involucre  elongated;    scales   round-ovate, 
obtuse  mucronate ;  style  2-3-cleft;  nut  broadly  obovate,  plano-convex,  smooth, 
shorter  than  the  4  -  6  strongly  hispid  bristles.  —  Borders  of  ponds  and  streams, 
South  Carolina,  and  northward.     ® — Culms  £°-l£°  high.     Spikes  3" -5" 
long. 

3.  S.  pungens,    Vahl.     Culms  stout,  acutely  3-angled,  two  of  the  sides 
concave,  leafy  at  the  base  ;  leaves  channelled,  sharply  keeled ;  involucre  slender 
(3' -4' long);  spikes  3-6,  light  brown,  oblong;  scales  membranaceous,  oval, 
2-cleft,  mucronate-awned,  slightly  ciliate  ;  anthers  slender-pointed ;  style  2-cleft ; 
nut  round-obovate,  plano-convex  or  lenticular,  as  long  as  the  3  -  5  hispid  bristles. 
(S.  Americanus,  Pers.)  —  Sandy  marshes  along  the  coast,  West  Florida,  and 
northward.     June  -  Sept.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  2-3,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  culm.     Spikes  4" -6"  long. 

4.  S.  Olneyi,  Gray.   Culms  stout,  with  three-winged  angles,  and  three  deeply 
channelled  sides,  leafless,  or  the  sheaths  ending  in  short  pointed  leaves ;  invo- 
lucre short  (£'-!' long)  rigid;  spikes  7-13,  short,  ovate,  dark  brown;  scales 


520  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

smooth,  orbicular,  2-cleft,  mucronatc  ;  anthers  obtuse ;  style  2-clcft ;  nut  round- 
obovate,  planoconvex,  as  long  as  the  6  hispid  bristles. — Brackish  marshes,  West 
Florida,  and  northward.  June  -  Sept.  —  Culms  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 
Spikes  2"  long. 

H—  •<-  Spikes  umbelled. 

5.  S.  lacustris,  L.     Culm  tall  (3°  -8°  high),  terete,  leafless,  or  the  radical 
sheaths  leafy-pointed  ;  involucre  1-leaved,  pungent,  shorter  than  the  decompound 
umbel ;  spikes  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  clustered ;  scales  ovate,  emarginate,  rough- 
awned,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  pubescent  on  the  back  and  green  keel ;  style  2-cleft ; 
nut  obovate,  pointed,  plano-convex,  shorter  than  the  3-6  strongly  hispid  bristles. 
(S.  validus,  Vahl.)  —  Varies,  with  the  broader  keeled  and  fimbriate  bristles  rather 
shorter  than  the  round-obovate  nut.  —  Fresh  or  brackish  marshes  and  ponds, 
Florida,  and  northward.     July -Sept. 

6.  S.  leptolepis.     Culms  3-angled,  leafy  at  the  base  (2°  -  3°  high) ;  leaves 
long,  sharply  keeled,  triangular-compressed  near  the  obtuse  curved  apex,  the 
immersed  ones  flat  and  pellucid;    involucre   slender  (7'  long),  leaf-like,  with 
shorter  ones  at  the  divisions  of  the  compound  umbel ;  spikes  single,  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  many-flowered,  acute ;  scales  light  brown,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute, 
smooth,  membranaceous,  mucronate,  and,  like  the  three  obtuse  anthers,  finely 
spotted ;   style  3-parted ;    nut  whitish,  3-angled,  ohlong-obovate,  long-pointed, 
shorter  than  the  5  slender  and  minutely  denticulate  bristles.     (S.  maritimus,  var. 
cylindricus,  Torr.?) — Lakes  and  ponds,  Middle  Florida,  and  westward.     Dr. 
Hale.     September. 

§  2.     Culms  jointed,  leafy  throughout:   umbel  terminal:  involucre  2 -several-leaved, 

spreading. 
*  Bristles  hispid  downward. 

7.  S.  maritimus,  L.     Culm  sharply  3-angled,  rough  above  ;  leaves  longer 
than  the  culm,  keeled ;  umbel  simple,  1  —  3-rayed,  bearing  single  or  2  -  3  spikes 
in  a  cluster,  or  the  spikes  all  clustered  and  sessile  ;  involucre  2  -  4-leaved,  much 
longer  than  the  umbel ;  spikes  large,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  dull  brown  ;  scales 
thin,  ovate,  pubescent,  tipped  with  a  spreading  awn  ;  nut  round-obovate,  plano- 
convex or  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining,  twice  the  length  of  the  4  weak  bristles. 
—  Saline  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culms  2°  -  3° 
high.     Spikes  6"  -  10"  long,  4"  in  diameter. 

8.  S.  polyphyllus,  Vahl.      Culm  obtuse-angled,  smooth  ;    leaves  long, 
rough  on  the  margins  ;  umbel  decompound,  spreading  ;  spikes  small,  3  -  8  in  a 
cluster,  ovate,  yellowish-brown ;    scales   ovate,  mucronate,  keeled ;   bristles  6, 
slender,  hispid  near  the  summit,  mostly  tortuous,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  pale 
compressed-3-angled   pointed   nut.      (S.  exaltatus,  Pursh.)  —  Shady    swamps, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.    July.  —  Culm  2° -5°  high.     Spikes  1"  long. 

9.  S.  divaricatus,  Ell.     Culm  round-angled,  many-jointed;    leaves  flat, 
broadly  linear ;  umbel  large,  widely  spreading  or  drooping,  decompound,  longer 
than  the  3-leaved  involucre ;  spikes  all  single,  oblong-linear,  scattered  ;  scales 
ovate,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  brown  on  the  sides  ;  bristles  hair-like,  rather  roughened 
than  hispid,  crisped  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the  obovate  pointed  equal-sided 


CYPERACEjfc.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  521 

acute-angled  nut.  —  Muddy  banks  of  the  Chipola  River,  and  of  Flat  Creek,  near 
Aspalaga,  Florida,  to  South  Carolina ;  not  common.  Aug. —  Culm  2° -4° 
high,  often  proliferous  at  the  joints.  Umbel  6'  -  12'  long.  Spikes  2"  -  3"  long. 

*  *  Bristles  6,  capillary,  smooth,  crisped  and  entanyled.     (Trichophornm.) 

10.  S.  Eriophorum,  Michx.     Culm  nearly  terete,  with  the  joints  remote  ; 
leaves  linear,  elongated,  keeled;    umbel  terminal,  decompound,  spreading  or 
recurved,  shorter  than  the  3-5-leaved  involucre;   spikes  single  or  clustered, 
ovate ;   scales  thin,  lanceolate,  obtuse ;    bristles   many  times   longer  than  the 
oblong  compressed-3-angled  beak-pointed  nut,  at  length  exserted,  and  covering 
the  spike  with  woolly  down.     (Trichophorum  cyperinum,  Pers.)  — Swamps  and 
low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Culm  2°  -  4°  high. 

11.  S.  lineatus,  Michx.      Culm  3-angled;    leaves  flat,  linear-lanceolate; 
umbels  lateral  and  terminal,  longer  than  the  1  -  3-leaved  involucre ;  spikes  all 
single,  cylindrical ;  scales  rigid,  keeled,  mucronate ;  bristles  barely  exserted  ;  nut 
as  in  the  preceding.     Swamps,  Georgia,  and  northward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Culm 
2°  -  3°  high.     Spikelets  3"  -  4"  long. 

9.    ERIOPHORUM,    L.      COTTON-GRASS. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  many  rows.  Perianth  composed 
of  numerous  (rarely  6)  smooth  and  flat  hairs,  much  longer  than  the  scale,  and 
forming  a  woolly  or  silky  tuft.  Stamens  commonly  3.  Style  3-cleft,  deciduous. 
Nut  3-angled  or  lenticular.  —  Perennials,  with  leafy  culms,  in  our  species,  and 
clustered  or  umbelled  spikes. 

1.  E.  Virginicum,  L.     Culm  nearly  terete,  rigid ;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
elongated  ;  spikes  densely  clustered,  nearly  sessile,  erect ;  involucre  2  -  3-leaved  ; 
wool  reddish,  thrice  the  length  of  the  brownish  scales  ;  nut  compressed-3-angled, 
acute.  — Bogs  and  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.    June  -Aug.  —  Culm  2°- 
3°  high.     Leaves  10'  -  18'  long. 

2.  E.  polystachyon,  L.     Culm  terete;   leaves  broadly  linear,  3-angled 
at  the  summit ;  spikes  umbelled,  distinct,  on  slender  at  length  nodding  peduncles ; 
involucre  2-leaved,  shorter  than  the  umbel ;  wool  white,  many  times  longer  than 
the  dark  brown  scales  ;  nut  obtuse.  —  Meadows  and  bogs  in  the  upper  districts, 
Georgia,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culm  1° -2°  high.     Leaves  3' -6' 
long. 

10.    PIMBRISTYLIS,    Vahl. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-cleft,  commonly  flat  and  fringed  on  the  margins,  tumid 
at  the  base,  deciduous.  Nut  lenticular.  —  Culms  jointless,  leafy  at  the  base. 
Involucre  1  -  several-leaved.  Spikes  terminal,  umbellate  or  clustered. 

*  Spikes  umbelled. 

1.   P.  spadicea,  Vahl.     Perennial;   culms  clustered,  nearly  terete,  rigid 
(2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  long,  linear  or  filiform,  concave,  rough  on  the  margins; 
umbel  simple  or  compound,  erect ;  involucre  2  -  3-leaved ;  spikes  ovate  or  ob- 
44* 


522  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

long,  dark  brown ;  scales  smooth,  rigid,  rounded ;  nut  obovate,  acute,  slightly 
furrowed  and  pitted.  (Scirpus  castaneus,  Michx.  S.  ferrugineus,  Ell.)  —  Salt 
marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug.  -  Oct. 

Var.  puberula.  (Scirpns  puberulus,  Michx.)  Culms  single,  slender  (1°- 
2°  high) ;  leaves  filiform,  involute,  and,  like  the  spikes,  densely  pubescent  and 
somewhat  hoary  ;  nut  round-obovate,  obtuse.  —  Low  pine  barrens. 

2.  P.  laxa,  Vahl.      Annual;    culms  (6' -18'  high)  slender,  and,  like  the 
narrowly  linear  leaves,  often  pubescent ;  umbel  mostly  simple  ;  involucre  2-4- 
leaved ;  spikes  oblong-ovate  ;  scales  orbicular,  mucronate ;  nut  obovate,  strongly 
furrowed  and   pitted,   warty  on   the   edges.      (Scirpus   sulcatus,   Ell.)  —  Low 
grounds,  in  fields  and  waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    Aug.  and  Sept. 
—  Umbel  occasionally  reduced  to  a  single  spike. 

*  *  Spikes  clustered,  sessile. 

3.  F.  COngesta,  Torr.     Annual;  culms  densely  tufted  (3' -6' high),  bris- 
tle-like, like  the  rough  leaves ;  spikes  5  -  10  in  a  terminal  cluster,  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical, pale,  or  at  length  yellowish  brown ;  involucre  4-leaved,  erect-spreading, 
longer  than  the  culm ;  scales  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  slender  spreading  point ; 
nut  oblong-obovate,  crossed  with  faint  lines.  —  Banks  of  the  Apalachicola  River, 
Florida,  and  westward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Spikes  2"  -  3"  long. 

11.    TRICHELOSTYLIS,    Lestib. 

Spikes  terete,  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  few  (4-8)  rows.  Peri- 
anth none.  Style  3-cleft,  tumid  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Nut  3-angled.  —  Culms 
jointless,  leafy  at  the  base.  Spikes  umbelled. 

1.  T.  autumnalis.  Culms  slender,  flat,  2-edged,  6' -12'  high,  tufted  ; 
involucre  2-leaved,  mostly  shorter  than  the  simple  compound  or  decompound 
umbel ;  spikes  linear-lanceolate ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  imbricated 
in  4  rows  ;  stamens  2  ;  nut  white,  obovate,  obtuse,  often  warty.  ( Scirpus  autum- 
nalis, L.)  — Low  grounds,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward,  very  common. 
July  -  Oct.  ® 

12.     ISOLEPIS,     R.  Brown. 

Spikes  few  -  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  few  -  several  rows.  Peri- 
anth none.  Style  3-cleft,  the  tumid  base  persistent  at  the  apex  of  the  3-angled 
nut.  —  All  annuals  (in  our  species),  with  filiform  or  bristle-form  culms  and 
leaves.  Spikes  umbelled  or  clustered.  Leaves  radical. 

*  Spikes  umbelled.     ( Scales  j>,il^ce>,t.) 

1.  I.  capillaris,  R.  &  S.  Culm  (4' -6'  high)  smooth,  furrowed,  and,  like 
the  rough-edged  leaves,  bristle-like ;  spikes  3  -  4,  in  a  simple  umbel,  oblong,  6-8- 
flowered ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  strongly  keeled,  brown  on  the  sides,  imbricated 
in  4  rows ;  nut  obovate,  obtuse,  nearly  equal-sided,  transversely  wrinkled  ;  sta- 
mens 2.  (Scirpns  capillaris,  L.)  —  Moist  sandy  places,  Florida,  and  northward. 
June  -  Sept.  —  Sheaths  of  the  leaves  bearded  at  the  throat.  Involucre  2-3- 
leaved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  umbel. 


CYl'ERACE^E.       (SEDGE     FAMILY.)  523 

2.  I.  ciliatifolia,  Torr.      Culms  tufted,  filiform,  angled  (6' -12'  high); 
leaves  bristle-form,  hispid  on  the  edges,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ;  um- 
bel compound;    spikes  several  (l"-2"  long),  6  -  12-flowered,  linear-oblong; 
scales   oval,  strongly  keeled,  brown  on  the  sides ;   nut  obovate,  very  obtuse, 
nearly  equal-sided,  obscurely  wrinkled.     (Scirpus  ciliatifolius,  Ell. )  —  Dry  sandy 
places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept. 

3.  I.  coarctata,  Torr.     Culms   (1°  high)  terete,  filiform;  leaves  bristle- 
form,  smooth,  with  the  sheaths  bearded ;  umbel  compound,  contracted ;  spikes 
(3"  long)  linear-oblong,  10-  1 5-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  acutish,  imbricated  in  4 
rows  :  nut  flat  on  the  inner  face,  obtuse-angled  in  front,  obscurely  dotted.     ( Scir- 
pus coarctatus,  EU.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  near  the 
coast.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Rays  of  the  umbel  %'  long. 

*  *  Spikes  clustered  in  a  terminal  head. 

4.  I.  Stenophylla,  Torr.     Culms  (2' -4' high)  densely  tufted,  3-angled, 
and,  with  the  bristle-form  leaves  and  involucre,  bristly-ciliate ;  involucre  much 
longer  than  the  head,  3  -  4-leaved,  dilated  and  ciliate  at  the  base ;  spikes  4-6, 
oblong-linear,  8-10-flowered;  scales  lance-ovate,  slender-pointed,  hispid  on  the 
3-nerved  keel ;  nut  (bluish)  obovate,  obtuse,  wrinkled.     (Scirpus  stenophyllus, 
EU. )  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept. 

5.  I.  Warei,  Torr.      Culms   filiform    (l°-l£°   high),  smooth,  3-angled, 
much  longer  than  the  bristle-form  hispid  leaves  ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat 
with  long  silky  hairs ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  rigid,  twice  as  long  as  the  head, 
orbicular  and  cut-fringed  at  the  base;  spikes  8  —  10  in  a  head,  ovate,  many -flow- 
ered ;   scales  ovate,  mucronate,  many-nerved ;    nut  obovate,   obtusely  angled, 
obscurely  wrinkled.  —  Dry  sands  near  the  coast,  West  Florida.     Sept.  —  Heads 
y  in  diameter. 

13.    ABILDGAABDIA,    Vahl. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  2  or  (by  the  twisting  of  the 
rachis)  3  rows,  keeled,  decurrent  on  the  rachis,  deciduous.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-clcft,  tumid  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Nut  3-angled. — 
Culms  jointless,  leafy  at  the  base.  Spikes  solitary,  clustered  or  umbelled. 

1.  A.  monostachya,  Vahl.  Culms  filiform,  tufted  (6'  - 10'  high)  ;  leaves 
shorter  than  the  culm,  filiform,  obtuse,  concave;  spikes  solitary  (rarely  by  pairs), 
ovate,  acute,  compressed,  8  -  1 2-flowered,  much  longer  than  the  bract-like  mu- 
cronate 1 -leaved  involucre  ;  scales  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate,  compressed- 
keeled,  with  broad  and  white  margins ;  stamens  3 ;  nut  somewhat  pear-shaped, 
3-angled,  warty,  yellowish-white.  —  South  Florida,  Dr.  Blodgett. 

14.    RHYNCHOSPORA,     Vahl.     BEAK-RUSH. 

Spikes  1  -  several-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  few  rows,  the  lowest  empty, 
the  upper  usually  bearing  imperfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  3-6  (rarely  12-20) 
hispid  or  plumose  bristles,  occasionally  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Style 
2-cleft.  Nut  lenticular  or  globose,  crowned  with  the  dilated  and  persistent  base 


524  CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

of  the  style   (tubercled).      Perennials,  with  jointed  and  leafy  culms.     Spikes 
small,  disposed  in  axillary  and  terminal  corymbs  or  clusters. 

§  1.     ERIOCH^ETE.     Bristles  of  the  perianth  6,  plumose. 

1.  B.  plumosa,  Ell.      Culms  (6' -12'  high)  and  leaves  filiform;  spikes 
few,  in  about  three  small  clusters  at  the  summit  of  the  culm ;  nut  nearly  globu- 
lar, strongly  wrinkled,  pointed  with  the  short  ovate  smooth  tubercle  ;  bristles 
rather  longer  than  the  nut,  plumose  throughout  or  nearly  to  the  summit.  —  Low 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June  and  July. 

Var.  intermedia.  Culms  taller  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  narrowly  linear; 
clusters  4-6,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  at  the  summit  of  the  culm ;  nut  obo- 
vate,  pointed  with  the  conical-beaked  pubescent  tubercle ;  bristles  plumose  only 
at  the  base,  or  below  the  middle.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  often  dry  places,  Florida. 

2.  B.  semiplumosa,  Gray.     Culms  erect,  rigid  (l°-2°  high);    leaves 
narrowly  linear ;  spikes  oblong-ovate,  dark  brown,  crowded  in  a  terminal  head, 
or  rarely  in  a  remote  axillary  one ;  nut  globose-obovate,  faintly  wrinkled,  pointed 
with  the  short  broadly  conical  smooth  tubercle ;  bristles  exceeding  the  tubercle, 
plumose  below  the  middle.  —  Dry  sandy  ridges,  near  the  coast,  West  Florida. 
July  and  Aug.  —  The  leaves,  like  those  of  the  preceding  species,  have  a  joint- 
like  contraction  near  the  middle. 

3.  B.  Oligantha,  Gray.     Culms  (6' -12'  high)  and  smooth  leaves  bristle- 
like,  reclining  ;  corymb  terminal,  of  3  -  6  large  (4"  long)  ovate-lanceolate  whitish 
stalked  spikes ;  nut  oval,  lenticular,  faintly  wrinkled ;  tubercle  dilated  at  the  base, 
conical,  flat ;  bristles  longer  or  shorter  than  the  nut,  plumose  below  the  middle. 

—  Low  open  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June  and  July. 

§  2.     EHYNCHOSPORA  PROPER.      Bristles  of  the  perianth  3-20,  smooth, 

scabrous,  or  hispid. 

*  Nut  transversely  wrinkled  or  uneven  :  bristles  denticulate  or  hispid  upward. 
1-  Bristles  shorter  than  the  nut. 

4.  B.  rariflora,  Ell.     Culms  and  leaves  bristle-form;  corymbs  2-3,  re- 
mote, spreading ;  spikes  few  and  scattered,  ovate ;   nut  broadly  obovate,  bicon- 
vex, strongly  wrinkled,  twice  as  long  as  the  6  fragile  bristles ;  tubercle  flat, 
broadly  conical,  J  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Low  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.    June  and  July. — Culms  l°-l£°  long,  commonly  reclining. 
Spikes  pedicelled. 

5.  B.  Torreyana,  Gray.     Culms  erect,  slender,  nearly  terete ;  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear  or  bristle-form ;  corymbs  1-3,  remote,  erect ;  nut  obovate,  flat,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  6  bristles  ;  tubercle  compressed-conical,  dilated  at  the  base, 
J  the  length  of  the  nut.  —  Wet  ground,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.    July. 

—  Culm  1°- 3°  high.      Corymbs  many-flowered  and  somewhat  spreading,  or 
few-flowered  and  capitate. 

6.  B..cymosa,    Nutt.     Culms   (2° -3°  high)  3-angled;   leaves  narrowly 
linear ;  corymbs  mostly  3,  distant,  open  or  contracted  ;  spikes  ovate,  clustered, 
light  brown  ;  scales  mucronate  ;  nut  broadly  obovate,  biconvex,  faintly  wrinkled, 
twice  as  long  as  the  3-6  bristles ;  tubercle  broadly  conical,  compressed,  £  as 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  525 

long  as  the  nut.  —  Var.  GLOBULARIS  Smaller  (6'- 15'  high) ;  corymbs  reduced 
to  few  globose-ovate  dark  brown  clustered  spikes  ;  nuts  smaller,  and  deeper  fur- 
rowed. —  Low  ground,  Florida,  and  northward.  June  and  July. 

7.  R.  compressa,  Carey.    Culms  stout,  3-angled  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, rigid  ;  corymbs  3  --  5,  remote,  spreading  ;  spikes  ovate,  numerous,  in  dense 
bracted  clusters  ;   scales  acute ;   nut  obovate ;   the  flat  or  somewhat  depressed 
sides  strongly  wrinkled  and  pitted,  twice  as  long  as  the  6  bristles ;  tubercle 
conical-beaked,  with  the  dilated  base  wider  than  the  nut.  —  Margins  of  pine- 
barren  ponds,  West  Florida.     June  and  July.  —  Radical  leaves  numerous,  1° 
long. 

•+-   •*-  Bristles  equalling  or  longer  than  the  nut  (In  Ab.  9  variable). 

8.  R.  Stenophylla,  n.  sp.     Culms  and  leaves  setaceous;  corymbs  1-2, 
small,  erect ;  spikes  5  -  7,  distinct,  lanceolate-oblong ;  nut  obovate,  biconvex, 
strongly  wrinkled,  twice  as  long  as  the  conical-beaked  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  slen- 
der, nearly  as  long  as  the  nut  "and  tubercle.  —  Low  grassy  pine  barrens,  Apala- 
chicola.    June  and  July.  —  Culms  tufted,  1°  long. 

9.  R.  microcarpa,  Baldw.    Culms  (2°  high)  erect,  slender,  nearly  terete  ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear ;  corymbs  4-6,  slender,  spreading,  compound ;  spikes  small, 
round-ovate,  scattered ;  nut  round-obovate,  lenticular,  strongly  wrinkled,  tipped 
with  the  very  short  and  broad  tubercle  ;  bristles  5  -  6,  as  long  as  the  nut.  — 
Varies  with  the  spikes  clustered,  and  the  3  bristles  not  half  the  length  of  the 
nut.  —  Margins  of  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July  and  Aug. 

10.  R.  inexpansa,  Vahl.  Culms  nearly  terete,  slender  (2°  -  3°  high) ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear ;  corymbs  4-5,  narrow,  remote,  compound,  drooping ;  spikes 
scattered,  lanceolate ;  nut  lanceolate-oblong,  compressed,  twice  as  long  as  the 
conical-beaked  tubercle  ;  bristles  6,  very  slender,  twice  the  length  of  the  nut. — 
Swamps  and  banks  of  streams,  Georgia,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug. 

11.  R.  decurrens,  n.  sp.     Culms  (2° -3°  high)  erect,  nearly  terete,  very 
slender  and  bending  near  the  top  ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  flat  and  somewhat 
glaucous ;  corymbs  5-6,  remote,  compound,  the  bristle-like  branches  spreading 
or  drooping;  spikes  (1"  long)  ovate,  scattered,  pedicelled ;  nut  obovate,  lentic- 
ular, slightly  wrinkled  and  pitted ;  tubercle  compressed,  crescent-shaped,  with 
the  edges  decurrent,  J  the  length  of  the  nut ;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  nut.  — 
Marshy  banks  of  lakes  and  rivers,  West  Florida.     June  and  July. 

12.  R.  patula,  Gray.    Culms  3-angled  (2° -3°  high),  slender  above;  leaves 
linear;  corymbs  3-5,  remote,  compound,  widely  spreading;  spikes  scattered, 
ovate,  on  slender  stalks ;  nut  round-obovate,  lenticular ;  tubercle  flat,  conical, 
half  the  length  of  the  nut,  ciliate  on  the  edges  ;  bristles  6,  rather  longer  than  the 
nut. — Varies  with  the  spikes  lanceolate,  the  narrower  nut  contracted  at  the 
base,  and  the  bristles  twice  the  length  of  the   nut.  —  Banks   of  pine-barren 
streams,  Florida  and  Georgia.     June  and  July. 

13.  R.  Elliottii,  Dietr.    Culm  (2° -3°  high)  3-angled;  leaves  linear  (!"- 
2"  wide)  ;  corymbs  3-5,  compound,  the  lower  ones  remote;  spikes  small,  ovate, 
crowded  ;  nut  obovate,  flattened,  strongly  wrinkled ;  tubercle  broadly  conical, 
flat,  |  as  long  as  the  nut ;  bristles  6,  strongly  hispid,  as  long  as  the  nut  and 


526  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGK    FAMILY.) 

tubercle.  (R.  multiflora,  Gray.  Scirpus  schoenoides,  Ell.)  —  Margins  of  ponds 
in  the  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  June  and  July.  —  .Nuts 
£"  long,  several  on  a  spike. 

14.  B.  caduca,  Ell.    Culms  stout  (3° -4°  high),  3-angled;  leaves  broadly 
linear  (3" -4"  wide) ;  corymbs  4-6,  compound,  remote,  the  branches  and  short 
pedicels  erect ;  spikes  very  numerous,  approximate,  ovate ;  scales  caducous ; 
nuts  4-8  on  the  spike,  obovate,  biconvex,  faintly  wrinkled;  tubercle  flat,  con- 
ical, ciliate,  J  as  long  as  the  nut ;  bristles  6,  slender  twice  as  long  as  the  nut.  — 
Swamps  and  wet  banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Aug.  —  Spikes 
2"  long.     Nut  twice  as  large  as  in  No.  13. 

15.  B.  miliacea,  Gray.    Culms  tall  (3° -4°  high),  3-angled ;  leaves  flat  (3"- 
4"  wide) ;  corymbs  6-8,  distant,  compound  ;  the  branches  and  slender  pedicels 
spreading  horizontally  ;  spikes  ovate  ;  scales  caducous  ;  nuts  4  —  8  on  the  spike, 
round-obovate,  biconvex ;  tubercle  compressed,  conical ;  bristles  6,  slender,  as 
long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle.     (R.  sparsa,  Ell.)  —  Bogs  and  deep  miry  places, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June  and  July.  —  The  nuts  of  this  and  the  preced- 
ing species  remain  on  the  spike  after  the  scales  have  fallen  away. 

16.  B.  punctata,  Ell.      Culms  (l°-2°  high)  slender,  3-angled;    leaves 
short,  linear-lanceolate  ;  corymbs  3-4,  cluster-like,  the  lateral  ones  simple,  dis- 
tant, and  long-peduncled ;  spikes  ovate  ;  nut  obovate,  compressed,  with  transverse 
pitted  furrows,  rather  shorter  than  the  6  slightly  hispid  bristles  ;  tubercle  conical, 
compressed,  shorter  than  the  nut.  —  Near  Savannah  and  St.  Mary's,  Georgia, 
Elliott.    May  and  June. 

17.  R.  Grayii,  Kunth.    Culm  solitary,  3-angled  (2° -3°  high);  leaves  lin- 
ear, rigid,  shining;  corymbs  3-4,  distant,  capitate;  spikes  few,  large,  ovate;  nut 
round-obovate,  tumid,  slightly  pitted,  dull ;  tubercle  short-conical,  dilated  at  the 
base;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle;  stamens  3-6.     (R.  distans, 
Ell.    R.  Elliottii,  Gray.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June 
and  July. 

*  *  Nut  smooth  and  even :  bristles  hispid  upward. 

18.  R.  megaloearpa,  Gray.    Culms  stout  (2° -3° high),  3-angled;  leaves 
rigid,  linear,  shining ;  corymbs  4-6,  distant,  spreading  or  somewhat  contract- 
ed ;   spikes   (3"  long)  ovate,  single ;   nut  large   (2"  long),  orbicular-obovate, 
biconvex,  light  brown,  turning  blackish ;  tubercle  short-conical  from  a  spreading 
base;  bristles  6 -10,  commonly  shorter  than  the  nut;  stamens  12.     (R.  dode- 
candra,  Baldw. )  —  Dry  sands  along  the  coast  of  West  and  East  Florida,  and 
Wilmington,  North  Carolina.     May -Aug. 

19.  R.  Baldwin!!,  Gray.     Culms  (2° -3°  high)  sharply  3-angled,  rough  ; 
leaves  short,  glaucous,  smooth,  very  acute  ;  corymbs  1-3,  contracted  or  nearly 
capitate ;  spikes  ovate,  dark  chestnut ;  nut  ovate,  lenticular,  twice  as  long  as  the 
flat  conical  tubercle;  bristles  12-14,  longer  than  the  nut;  stamens  6.  —  Wet 
pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.     June  and  July. 

20.  B.  ciliata,  Vahl.    Culms  blunt-angled  (1°  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  short,  glau- 
cous, linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  fringed  on  the  margins  ;  corymbs  mostly  solitary, 
capitate ;  spikes  light  brown,  ovate  ;  nut  oval,  lenticular,  minutely  roughened ; 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  527 

tubercle  flat,  conical ;  bristles  6,  J  the  length  of  the  nut ;  stamens  3.  —  Wet  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -Aug.  —  Leaves  2'- 4' long.  Lat- 
eral corymb  (when  present)  remote. 

21.  R.  fascicularis,  Nutt.     Culms  obscurely  3-angled,  commonly  slender, 
(2°-3°  high) ;  leaves  pale,  narrowly  linear;  corymbs  2-3,  distant,  capitate,  or 
sometimes  compound  ;  bracts  conspicuous ;  spikes  light  brown,  oblong-ovate, 
densely  clustered ;  scales  mucronate-awned ;  nut  oval  or  orbicular,  lenticular, 
dark  brown,  usually  pale  in  the  middle  and  on  the  prominent  edges ;  tubercle 
white,  broadly  or  narrowly  conical,  obtuse,  compressed,  J  -  £  the  length  of  the 
nut ;  bristles  4-6,  varying  from  one  half  to  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  nut. 

—  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June  and  July. 

Var.  distans.  (R.  distans,  Nutt.)  Every  way  smaller ;  culms  (6'  - 18'  high) 
erect ;  corymbs  capitate,  by  pairs  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  and  often  with  a 
third  rather  distant  lateral  one ;  spikes  ovate ;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  nut,  rarely 
twice  as  long.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Aug.  and  Sept. 

Var.  trichoides.  Culms  (6'  - 12'  long)  prostrate,  and,  like  the  leaves,  bristle- 
form  ;  corymb  solitary,  capitate  ;  spikes  few ;  nut  orbicular,  three  times  as  long 
as  the  3 -6  bristles.  —  Open  pine  barrens,  West  Florida. 

22.  R.  fllifolia,  Gray.      Culms  (l°-2°  high)  filiform,  erect ;  leaves  seta- 
ceous ;  corymbs  2-4,  distant,  capitate  ;  spikes  densely  clustered,  lanceolate  ;  nut 
minute,  obovate,  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining,  twice  as  long  as  the  compressed 
triangular-ovate  ciljate  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  rigid,  nearly  as  long  as  the  nut  and 
tubercle.  —  Margins  of  pine-barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July  and 
Aug.  —  Culm  nearly  terete.     Spikes  brown.     Nut  pale,  with  thickened  edges. 

23.  R.  pallida,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Culms  rigid,  acutely  3-angled,  glaucous- 
green,  rough  above;  leaves  erect,  ciliate-serrulate ;  corymb  terminal,  capitate, 
compact;   spikes   very  pale-ferruginous,   lanceolate,    1 -flowered ;   nut  obovate, 
smooth,  compressed,  reddish  brown,  with  a  paler  disk ;  tubercle  very  short,  de- 
pressed, apiculate ;  bristles  3,  one  fifth  the  length  of  the  nut ;  stamens  3 ;  style 
2-clcft.  —  Wilmington,  North  Carolina.     Curtis.    June.  —  Culm  12' -20'  high. 
Nut  1"  long. 

24.  R.  gracilenta,  Gray.     Culms  and  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous ;  cor- 
ymbs 2-3,  distant,  capitate,  brown ;  spikes  densely  clustered,  ovate-lanceolate ; 
nut  oval,  dull,  as  long  as  the  slender  subulate  tubercle;  bristles  6,  twice  as 
long  as  the  nut.  — Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.   July  and  Aug. 

—  Culms  1°-  2°  high. 

*  *  *  Nut  smooth  and  even  :  bristles  hispid  downward. 

25.  R.  alba,  Vahl.     Culms  (l°-2°  high)  slender,  3-angled  above  ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  setaceous ;  corymbs  mostly  2,  capitate,  white,  turning 
brownish,  the  lower  one  long-peduncled ;  spikes  ovate-lanceolate,  1-flowered ; 
nut  obovate,  lenticular,  twice  as  long  as  the  compressed  subulate  tubercle ; 
bristles  10-20,  rigid,  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle,  ciliate  at  the  base.— 
Wet  springy  places,  Florida,  and  northward.    Aug.  and  Sept. 

26  R.  glomerata,  Vahl.  Culms  (2°  -3°  high)  3-angled;  leaves  narrowly- 
linear;  corymbs  4-12, often  by  pairs,  capitate,  dark  brown;  spikes  ovate-lanceo 


528  <  YPERACE.*:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

late ;  nut  obovatc  from  a  stalk-like  base,  lenticular  ;  tubercle  subulate,  as  long  as 
the  nut,  with  its  dilated  base  equalling  it  in  width ;  bristles  6,  stout,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  nut  and  tubercle.  —  Var.  PANICULATA.  (R.  paniculata,  Gray.)  Culms 
stout  (3° -4°  high) ;  leaves  flat  (2" -3"  wide) ;  corymbs  compound,  paniculate, 
with  the  very  numerous  spikes  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  branches.  —  Bogs 
and  springy  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July  -  Sept. 

27.  R.  cephalantha,  Gray.    Culms  (2°  -  3°  high)  nearly  terete ;  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear;  corymbs  4 - 8,  mostly  by  pairs,  globose,  compact;  spikes  numer- 
ous, lanceolate-oblong,  dark  brown  ;  nut  broadly  obovate  from  a  stalk-like  base, 
compressed,  almost  truncate  at  the  apex,  and  much  wider  than  the  base  of  the 
subulate  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle.  —  Bogs  and  shady 
swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug. 

§  3.    HALOSCHCENUS.     Perianth  none. 

28.  R.  pusilla,  n.  sp.    Culms  (6r- 12'  high)  and  leaves  bristle-form ;  corymbs 
2-3,  distant,  erect-spreading,  the  upper  one  compound;  spikes  minute,  ovate, 
mostly  scattered  on  the  branches,  3-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  brown ;  nut  white, 
oblong-obovate,    compressed-lenticular,   contracted    at    the    base,    transversely 
wrinkled ;  tubercle  depressed-conical,  free  at  the  base.  —  Margins  of  pine-barren 
ponds,  Middle  and  West  Florida.    June. 

29.  R.  divergens,  n.  sp.  Culms  (6' -12' high)  and  leaves  filiform  or  bristle- 
form;  corymbs  2-3,  distant,  spreading;  spikes  small,  scattered,  pedicellcd,  3- 
flowered ;  scales  brown,  ovate ;  nut  obovate,  biconvex,  minutely  pitted  ;  tubercle 
depressed,  sessile,  minutely  pointed  in  the  centre.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina.     June. 

30.  R.  Chapmanii,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Culms  (12'-20'high)  densely  tufted, 
erect,  setaceous  or  filiform,  like  the  short  and  flat  leaves ;  corymb  solitary,  terminal, 
capitate;  spikes  whitish,  lanceolate,  densely  clustered,  1 -flowered;  scales  5,  the 
uppermost  fertile ;  nut  oval,  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining ;  tubercle  short,  ses- 
sile, broadly  conical ;  stamens  1-2.  —  Flat  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina.   July  and  Aug. 

15.    CERATOSCHCENUS,    Nees.    HORNED  RUSH. 

Spikes  few-flowered.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the  lower  ones  empty,  the 
upper  with  staminate  or  abortive  flowers.  Perianth  of  4  -  6  bristles,  which  are 
dilated  and  connate  at  the  base.  Stamens  3.  Style  elongated,  entire  or  slightly 
2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Nut  compressed,  crowned  with  the  persistent  and  hispid 
lower  half  of  the  style.  —  Perennials.  Culms  jointed,  leafy.  Spikes  scattered 
in  an  open  corymb,  or  clustered  in  a  globose  head. 

1.  C.  COrniculatUS,  Nees.  Culms  stout  (3° -4°  high),  3-angled;  leaves 
flat,  scabrous  on  the  edges  (6"  -  10"  wide) ;  corymbs  3  -  5,  erect,  compound ;  spikes 
brown,  ovate-lanceolate ;  style  very  long,  the  lower  and  persistent  portion  up- 
wardly scabrous ;  nut  narrowly  obovate,  smooth,  the  sides  concave  and  minutely 
dotted  ;  bristles  5-6,  rigid,  smoothish,  half  as  long  as  the  nut ;  tubercle  subulate, 
3-4  times  the  length  of  the  nut.  (Rhynchospora  longirostris,  Ell.)  —  Ponds 


CYPERACFwE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  529 

and  ditches,  Florida,  and  northward.     July-  Sept.  —  Leaves  l°-2°  long.     Nut 
and  tubercle  nearly  1 '  long. 

2.  C.  macrostachyus,    Gray,   var.   patulus.      Corymbs   very  large, 
decompound,  diffuse ;  style  minutely  2-cleft;  nut  broadly  obovate  ;  bristles  slen- 
der, twice  as  long  as  the  nut ;  otherwise  like  No.  1.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Florida, 
and  northward.     August.  —  Culms  3° -4°  high.     Terminal  corymbs  often  1° 
in  diameter. 

3.  C.  capitatUS,  n.  sp.     Culms  (2° -3°  high)  nearly  terete,  straight,  like 
the  long  narrow  erect  and  channelled  leaves ;  spikes  densely  clustered  in  1  -  6 
globular  heads,  the  lateral   heads  long  pedunclcd  and  somewhat  corymbose; 
scales  about  9  (the  fourth  fertile),  whitish;  style  very  long,  minutely  2-cleft ;  nut 
obovate,  lenticular,  obscurely  wrinkled,  hispid  on  the  margins  above,  shorter 
than  the  6  slender  bristles  ;  tubercle  bristle-awl-shaped,  twice  as  long  as  the  nut. 
—  Pine-barren  ponds,  Middle  and  West  Florida.     June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  2"  -  4" 
wide,  as  long  as  the  culm.     Head  composed  of  30  or  more  spikes.     Nut  and 
tubercle  3"  long. 

16.     CHJETOSPORA,    R.  Brown. 

Spikes  few-  (1  -8-)  flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  two  rows;  the  lower  ones 
empty,  the  upper  bearing  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  3  -  6  scabrous  or  plumose 
bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-cleft,  not  dilated  at  the  base,  nearly  deciduous. 
Nut  triangular,  mostly  pointed  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  —  Leaves 
radical,  narrow.  Spikes  in  a  terminal  cluster,  subtended  by  a  1  -  2-leaved  in- 
volucre. 

1.  C.  nigricans,  Kunth.  Culms  tufted,  erect,  slightly  compressed,  smooth 
and  rigid,  jointed  near  the  summit ;  leaves  rigid,  erect,  semi-terete,  rough  on  the 
margins,  shorter  than  the  culms ;  sheaths  black ;  involucre  2-leaved,  the  lowest 
longer  than  the  ovoid  dark  brown  head;  spikes  ovate-lanceolate,  compressed, 
6  -  8-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  compressed-keeled,  the  lowest  mucronate ;  rachis 
zigzag;  bristles  6,  unequal,  compressed,  dilated  at  the  base,  hispid  upward, 
longer  than  the  globosc-3-angled  white  and  polished  nut.  ( Schcenus  nigricans, 
L.) — Damp  soil,  near  Marianna,  West  Florida,  and  salt  marshes,  near  St. 
Mark,  Middle  Florida.  May.  U—  Culms  1°  -  l£°  high.  Although  differing 
in  some  particulars,  the  Florida  plant  is  probably  not  distinct  from  that  of  the 
eastern  hemisphere. 

17.    PSILOCARYA,    Torr. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  terete.  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows,  membrana- 
ceous,  all  bearing  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-cleft. 
Nut  biconvex,  transversely  wrinkled,  crowned  with  the  persistent  base  of  the 
style.  —  Culms  leafy.  Spikes  ovate,  disposed  in  spreading  lateral  and  terminal 
corymbs. 

1.  P.  rhynchosporoides,  Torr.  Culms  nearly  terete  (£°-2°  high); 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  longer  than  the  culm;  corymbs  2—3,  widely  spreading, 
the  terminal  one  mostly  compound  ;  spikes  pedicclled  ;  scales  ovate,  acute  ;  nut 
45 


530  CYPEEACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.; 

orbicular,  strongly  wrinkled ;  tubercle  compressed,  very  short,  sessile,  but  not 
decurrent  on  the  edges  of  the  nut.  (Scirpus  nitens,  Vahl.)  —  Shallow  pine- 
barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July.  ®  —  Culms  commonly  root- 
ing at  the  lower  joints. 

P.  SCIRI-OIDES,  Ton-.,  if  within  our  limits,  may  be  known  by  its  nearly  smooth 
nut,  and  slender  beak-like  decurrent  tubercle. 

18.     DICHROMENA,    Richard. 

Spikes  compressed,  few-flowered,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  head,  and  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre  of  several  leaves,  which  are  commonly  white  at  the 
base.  Scales  imbricated  in  few  rows,  most  of  them  bearing  abortive  flowers. 
Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Nut  lenticular,  crowned  with  the  broad  and  persist- 
ent base  of  the  style.  Perianth  none.  Perennials.  Culms  jointless,  leafy  at 
the  base.  Scales  white,  membranaceous. 

1.  D.  leucocephala,  Michx.     Culms  (l°-l£°  high)  slender,  3-angled ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear ;  involucre  of  4  -  7  narrow  leaves  ;  nut  orbicular,  wrinkled  ; 
tubercle  flat,  broadly  conical,  sessile,  but  not  decurrent.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Involucre  unchanged  in  drying. 

2.  D.  latifolia,  Baldw.     Culms  stout  (2° -3°  high),  nearly  terete;  leaves 
broadly  linear,  elongated ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  8-9,  tapering  from  the  broad 
(3"- 4"  wide)  base  to  the  slender  summit,  becoming  reddish  ;  nut  round-obovate, 
faintly  wrinkled ;  tubercle  flat,  conical,  obtuse,  the  sides  decurrent  on  the  edges 
of  the  nut.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May  —  July.  — 
Heads  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding. 

19.     CLADIUM,    Browne. 

Spikes  ovate,  1  -  2-flowered.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the  lower  ones  empty. 
Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-3-clcft,  the  divisions  often  2-3-cleft,  de- 
ciduous. Nut  globose-ovate,  the  pericarp  thickened  and  corky  near  the  apex. 
Tubercle  none. — Culms  tall.  Spikes  disposed  in  axillary  and  terminal  cyme- 
like  panicles. 

1.  C.  effusum,  Torr.  (SAW-GRASS.)  Culms  (4°-  8°  high)  nearly  terete ; 
leaves  linear,  elongated,  saw-edged  ;  panicles  numerous,  diffuse  ;  spikes  small, 
3-4  in  a  cluster,  deep  brown ;  scales  about  6,  the  uppermost  bearing  a  perfect 
flower,  the  next  below  staminiferous,  the  others  empty  ;  nut  ovate,  pointed, 
wrinkled.  (Schoenus  effusus,  Swartz.)  —  Fresh  or  brackish  marshes  along  the 
coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July  and  Aug. 

20.    SCLERIA,    L.     NUT  RUSH. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  spike  few  -  many-flowered.  Scales  loosely  im- 
bricated in  2  -  3  rows.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  separate  or  at  the  base  of  the 
sterile  spike.  Stamens  1  -  3.  Style  3-cleft.  Nut  globose  or  ovate,  stony  or 
bony.  —  Chiefly  perennials,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  and  triangular  leafy  culms 
Spikes  clustered,  lateral  and  terminal. 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  531 

§  1.    SCLERIA  PROPER.     Nut  supported  by  an  annular  or  3-  6-lobed  disk. 
*  Nut  smooth  :  stamens  3. 

1.  S.  triglomerata,  Michx.     Culms  stout,  rough,  sharply  angled  (2° -3° 
high);   leaves  broadly  linear,  smooth  or  hairy;  spikes  disposed  in  3-6  clusters 
at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  and  1  -  2  distant  lateral  ones  on  long  and  drooping 
peduncles  ;  disk  forming  a  complete  narrow  ring  at  the  base  of  the  globose- 
ovate  yellowish  white  nut.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.     June- 
August. 

2.  S.  Oligantha,  Ell.,  Michx.?      Culms  (l°-2°  high)  slender,  smooth, 
sharply  angled,  often  glaucous,  like  the  smooth  linear  leaves;  spikes  3  —  5,  sin- 
gle, scattered,  forming  a  terminal  interrupted  compound  spike,  and  1-2  distant 
lateral  ones,  on  long  drooping  peduncles ,-  bracts  leafy  ;  disk  of  9  minute  globular 
lobes  at  the  base  of  the  white  and  polished  ovate  nut.  —  Thickets  and  margins  of 
fields,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.    July. 

*  *  Nut  reticulated:  dish  of  3  flattened  lobes  :  stamens  2. 

3.  S.  reticularis,  Michx.     Culms  slender  (1°  - 1£°  high),  scabrous  below ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear  ;  spikes  clustered,  axillary  and  terminal,  the  lateral  ones  on 
a  short  erect  peduncle  ;  nut  globose,  small,  reticulated  and  pitted ;  lobes  of  the 
disk  appressed  to  the  base  of  the  nut.  — Margins  of  ponds,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    Aug.  and  Sept. 

4.  S.  laxa,  Torr.     Culms  weak,  rough  on  the  angles ;  leaves  linear,  obtuse  ; 
spikes  separate,  the  axillary  ones  on  a  long  and  drooping  peduncle  ;  nut  globose, 
wrinkled  and  somewhat  hairy,  obscurely  pitted  ;  lobes  of  the  disk  appressed  to 
the  nut.     (S.  reticularis,  Ell.) — Damp  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward. 
Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Culms  1  °  - 1  £°  long.    Nut  l£"  -  2"  in  diameter. 

*  *  *  Nut  warty :  disk  bearing  3-6  globular  lobes :  stamens  3. 

5.  S.  Ciliata,  Michx.     Culms  slender,  rigid  (l£°-  2°  high),  smooth  below, 
sparingly  fringed  on  the  angles  above  ;  leaves  2,  narrowly  linear  (1"  wide),  rigid, 
smooth,  or  with  scattered  hairs  on  the  margins ;  sheaths  pubescent ;  clusters  ter- 
minal ;  sterile  spikes  large,  many-flowered  ;  nut  globose,  pointed,  closely  beset 
with  unequal  warts,  these  corresponding  to  the  angles  of  the  nut  and  at  the 
base  larger  than  the  rest ;  lobes  of  the  disk  3,  globular,  entire.  —  Dry  pine  bar- 
rens.    Florida  to  South  Carolina.     June  -  Aug.  —  Rhizoma  thick  and  creeping. 

6.  S.  Elliottii.     Culms  stout  (£°-  1°  high),  densely  rough-fringed  on  the 
angles  throughout ;  leaves  3  —  4,  broadly  linear  (2"  — 3"  wide),  closely  fringed  on 
the  margins  and  midrib  beneath  ;  sheaths  pubescent ;  clusters  2,  the  lateral  one 
remote,  on  a  short  erect  peduncle ;  sterile  spike  small,  few-flowered ;  nut  globose, 
deeply  wrinkled  or  pitted,  and  with  slender  warty  projections  at  the  base  ;  lobea 
of  the  disk  3,  globose,  2-lobed.     (S.  hirtella,  Ell.,  Michx.  ?  not  of  Swartz.)  — 
Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July. 

7.  S.  pauciflora,  Muhl.      Smoothish   or   hairy  or  villons    throughout; 
culms  (6'-  12'  high)  slender;  leaves  narrowly  linear;  clusters  small,  of  1  -few- 
spikes,  terminal,  and  also  a  remote  axillary  one  on  a  short  erect  peduncle ;  ster- 
ile spike  few-flowered  ;  nut  globose  (small),  pointed,  closely  beset  with  minute 


532  CYPERACE-iE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

warts,  those  at  the  base  elongated ;  lobes  of  the  disk  6,  distinct,  globose.     (S 
Caroliniana,  Willd.,  the  villous  form.) 

Var.  glabra.  Smooth  throughout,  or  the  leaves  and  bracts  scabrous  at  the 
summit;  culms  erect  (1°  high),  rigid,  but  slender,  like  the  erect  leaves  ;  clusters 
terminal ;  spikes  many-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  disk  3,  each  2-lobed.  This  also 
varies,  with  longer  (2° -2£°)  diffuse  culms,  and  with  1-2  distant  axillary  clus- 
ters on  long  (5'-10')  drooping  peduncles.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida, 
and  northward  ;  the  varieties  chiefly  southward.  May  -  Aug. 

\  2.     HYPOPORUM.     Disk  none :  nut  concave  and  often  pitted  at  the  sides  of 

the  triangular  base. 
*  Clusters  of  spikes  terminal,  leafy-bracted. 

8.  S.  Baldwin!!,  Torn    Culms  rough  above  (2°-  3°  high) ;  leaves  mostly 
2,  linear,  rigid  ;  nut  large  (2"  long)  dull  white,  globose-ovate,  obscurely  angled, 
longitudinally  furrowed,  concave  at  the  sides  of  the  abruptly  contracted  base, 
.slightly  pointed.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  and  Georgia,  near  the  coast. 
June  and  Julv. 

9.  S.  gracilis,  Ell.     Culms  slender  (1°  high),  smooth,  like   the   filiform 
leaves;  nut  small  (1"  long),  ovate,  dull  white,  furrowed  lengthwise,  the  sides  at 
the  base  concave  and  pitted.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina 
June  and  July.  —  Plant  brownish,  tufted. 

*  *  Clusters  of  spikes  (small)  numerous,  scattered  near  the  summit  of  the  culm,  fann- 
ing an  interrupted  compound  spike :  bracts  mostly  short. 

10.  S.  filiformis,  Swartz.      Glaucous;    culms   slender   (l£°-2°   high), 
smooth ;   leaves  narrowly  linear,  rough  on  the  margins  and  keel,  ciliate  at  the 
throat ;   clusters  3-4,  erect,  few-flowered,  the   lowest  remote,   leafy-bracted  ; 
scales  lanceolate,  rough-pointed;  stamens  3;  nut  obovate,  obscurely  3-angled, 
smooth  and  glassy,  concave  at  the  base,  not  pitted.  —  South  Florida.     Oct. 

11.  S.  verticiUata,  Muhl.     Culms  very  slender  (6' -12'  high),  smooth, 
like  the  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  leaves  and  sheaths;    clusters  3-5,  erect; 
scales  smooth  ;   nut  very  small,  globose-3-angled,  pointed,  rough  with  raised 
wavy  ridges,  not  pitted  at  the  base.  —  Varies  with  hairy  sheaths,  more  numer- 
ous (6-9)  clusters,  and  reticulated  nuts.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward. 
June  and  July. 

12.  S.  Michauxii.    Culms  (6'-  12'  high)  smooth;  leaves  linear,  and,  like 
the  sheaths,  hairy ;  clusters  4 -6,  nodding;    scales  bristle-awned ;    nut  globose- 
3-angled,  very  minute,  pointed,  smooth,  not  pitted  at  the  base.     (S.  intcrrupta, 
Michx.,  not  of  Richard.)  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.    July 
and  Aug. 

21.     CAREX,    L.     SEDGE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious,  spiked.  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in 
the  same  spike  (androgynous),  or  in  separate  spikes.  Scales  imbricated  in  few  - 
many  rows.  Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  exserted  from  a  sac  (perigi/nium) 
which  encloses  the  ovary  and  the  lenticular  biconvex  or  3-angled  nut.  —  Peren- 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  533 

nials,  with  grass-like  leaves.    Spikes  from  the  axils  of  scale-like  or  leaf-like  bracts, 
simple  or  compound. 

§   1.     VIGNEA.     Stigmas  tivo:  nut  lenticular,  or  more  or  less  compressed. 

A.   Spikes  bearing  both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers. 
*  Spikes  with  the  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  variously  disposed. 

1.  C.  bromoides,  Schk.     Spikes  4-6,  distinct,  oblong-lanceolate,  com- 
pressed ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  erect,  finely  nerved,  ending  in  a  long  flat  rough- 
margined  2-cleft  beak,  longer  than   the   ovate-lanceolate  mucronate  scale.  — 
Swamps  and  bogs,  Florida,  and  northward.     March  and  April. —  Culms  tufted, 
weak  and  slender,  1°  -  1^°  high.     Leaves  narrowly  linear.     Spikes  occasionally 
wholly  sterile  or  fertile.     Perigynia  somewhat  2-ranked. 

*  *  Spikfs  with  the  upper  flowers  sterile,  the  lower  fertile.   • 

-*-  Spikes  indefinite,  disposed  in  a  close  panicle. 

•*-*•  Perigynia  sessile. 

2.  C.  decomposita,  Muhl.     Panicle  long,  drooping,  the  upper  spike-like 
branches  densely  clustered,  the  lower  elongated,  distinct,  and  spreading ;  perigy- 
nia  obovate,  biconvex,  nerved,  abruptly  short-beaked,  about  the  length  of  the 
ovate   pointed  white-margined   scale.  —  Wet   margins   of  ponds   and   streams, 
Florida,  and   northward.     May.  —  Culms  erect,  stout,  2° -3°  high.     Panicle 
4'-  6'  long.     Bracts  of  the  lower  spikes  bristle-form.     Perigynia  dark  brown  at 
maturity. 

3.  C.  vulpinoidea,  Michx.     Panicle  spike-like,  erect ;  clusters  of  spikes 
8-12,  short,  oval,  the  upper  ones  densely  crowded;   perigynia  small,  ovate, 
compressed,  short-beaked,  2-cleft  at  the  orifice,  faintly  nerved  at  the  broad  base  ; 
scales  yellowish,  mucronate.     (C.  multiflora,  Muhl.)  —  Swamps,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.     May.  —  Culms  1  £°  -  2°  high.     Panicle  2'  -  3'  long,  cylin- 
drical.    Bracts  of  the  lower  spikes  setaceous  or  leaf-like,  often  exceeding  the 
panicle.     Perigynia  yellowish  at  maturity. 

**  ••-*•  Perigynia  short-stalked,  truncate  at  the  base. 

4.  C.  crus-COrvi,  Shuttleworth.     Panicle  very  large,  the  lower  branches 
long  and  distinct,  the  upper  short  and  crowded ;  perigynia  plano-convex,  ovate, 
strongly  nerved,  dilated  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender  rough-edged 
deeply  2-cleft  beak,  thrice  the  length  of  the  ovate  mucronate  scale.  —  River- 
swamps,  West  Florida,  and  westward.    May.  —  Culms  thick  and  spongy,  sharp- 
angled,  and,  like  the  broad  (£'-|;  wide)  leaves,  glaucous.    Panicle  4f-9'  long, 
oblong  or  spike-like.     Perigynia  widely  spreading,  brown  at  maturity. 

5.  C.  Stipata,  Muhl.    Panicle  oblong ;  the  short  ovate  branches  densely 
clustered ;    perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  nerved,  tapering  into  a  stout 
rough-edged  erect-spreading  2-cleft  beak,  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  scale.  — 
Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.     April  and  May.  —  Plant  yel- 
lowish.    Culms  1°  -  2°  high,  sharp-angled,  thick  and  spongy.     Leaves  4" -9 
broad. 

45* 


534  CTPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

+-   •<—  Spikes  4-10,  disposed  in  a  simple  spike  or  head,  or  (in  No.  6)  the  lowest  ones 
compound 

6.  C.  sparganioides,  Muhl.    Spikes  6-  10,  ovoid,  the  upper  ones  crowd- 
ed, the  lower  scattered  and  often  compound ;  perigynia  flattened,  ovate,  acute  at 
the  base,  narrowly  margined,  nerveless,  spreading,  with  a  short  and  rough  2-cleft 
beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  thin  ovate  scale.  —  Upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and 
northward. —  Culms  stout,  2°  high.    Leaves  broadly  linear,  as  long  as  the  culm. 
Common  spike  2' -4'  long.     Perigynia  yellowish. 

7.  C.  Muhlenbergii,  Schkr.    Spikes  5-8,  ovoid,  approximate,  or  crowd- 
ed in  dn  oblong  head ;  perigynia  round-ovate,  plano-convex,  strongly  nerved, 
with  a  short  and  broad  rough-edged  2-cleft  beak,  barely  longer  than  the  ovate 
short-pointed  scale.  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culms 
12'-  18'  high,  rigid,  rough  above,  twice  as  long  as  the  narrow  leaves.     Head  or 
spike  1'  long.     Bracts  bristle-form,  longer  than  the  spikes. 

8.  C.  cephalophora,  Muhl.     Spikes  5-6,  small,  crowded  in  a  compact 
ovoid  head ;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  few-nerved,  short  and  rough-beaked,  as  long 
as  the  ovate  long-pointed  scale.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms 
9-'-  15'  high,  naked  above,  rough  on  the  angles,  tough  and  wiry.     Leaves  nar- 
row.    Head  £'  long.     Bracts  bristle-like. 

9.  C.  TOSea,  Schk.     Spikes  4-6,  8-  10-flowered,  the  two  upper  ones  ap- 
proximate, the  others  scattered  ,  perigynia  oblong,  plano-convex,  rough-beaked, 
spreading  at  maturity,  twice  as  long  as  the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  or  short-mucronate 
scale.     (C.  radiata,  Dew.,  a  form  with  more  slender  culms,  and  3  -  4-flowered 
spikes.)  —  Upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Culms  1°  high,  smooth, 
longer  than  the  narrow  leaves.    Common  spike  2'  -  3'  long.    Bract  of  the  lowest 
spike  commonly  exceeding  the  culm. 

10.  C.  retroflexa,  Muhl.     Spikes  4 -5,  crowded,  or  the  lower  ones  dis- 
tinct, ovoid,  the  lowest  short-bracted ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth-beaked, 
2-cleft,  at  length  widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  barely  longer  than  the  ovate  long- 
pointed  scale.  —  Open  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms  slender,  1°  high, 
rough-angled  above.    Leaves  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm.     Common  spike 
about  1'  long. 

*  '*  *  Spikes  with  the  lower  flowers  sterile,  the  upper  fertile. 

11.  C.  stellulata,  Good.     Spikes  3-5,  obovoid,  distinct,  the  uppermost 
club-shaped  at  the  base ,  perigynia  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a 
short  and  rough  2-cleft  beak,  finely  nerved,  spreading   and   finally  recurved, 
rather  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  scale.      (C.  scirpoides,  Schk.)  —  Shady 
river-swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms  6'- 12'  high,  weak.     Leaves 
narrow  and  tender.     Spikes  small. 

Var.  sterilis.  Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  on  separate  culms,  or  some  of  them 
either  sterile  or  fertile  on  the  same  culm,  otherwise  like  the  preceding,  and  grow- 
ing in  similar  places.  (C.  sterilis,  Willd.) 

Var.  conferta.  Culms  taller  (2°  high)  and  stouter ;  spikes  larger  and  more 
crowded;  perigynia  round-ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  broadly  ovate  barely 
pointed  scale.  —  Pine-barren  swamps. 


CYPERACF^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  535 

12.  C.  canescens,   L,    var.   vitilis,    Carey.      Spikes  5-7,  small,  scat- 
tered, roundish,  6  -  10-flowered;  perigynia  ovate,  plano-convex,  short  and  rough- 
beaked,  spreading  and  tawny  at  maturity,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  acute 
white  scale.     (C.  sphaerostachya,  Dew.)  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.  —  Culms  weak  and  slender,  10'  -  15'  high,  longer  than  the  nar- 
row and  tender  leaves. 

13.  C.  SCOparia,  Schk.     Spikes  6-8,  approximate,  ovate  or  oblong,  many- 
flowered  ;  perigynia  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowly  margined,  acute  at  the  base,  ta- 
pering into  a  long  2-cleft  rough  beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  pointed 
scale,  turning  light  brown  at  maturity.  —  Swamps,  South  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. —  Culms  1°  — 2°  high,  rough  above,  longer  than  the  narrow  leaves. 

Var.  lagOpod.ioid.es.  Spikes  10-15,  obovoid ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  re- 
maining pale  green  at  maturity,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  rather  obtuse  scale. 
(C.  lagopodioides,  Schk.)  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  — 
Culms  commonly  taller  than  the  preceding. 

14.  C.  Straminea,    Schk.     Spikes  3-6,  distinct,  ovoid;  perigynia  ovate 
or  round-ovate,  broadly  winged,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  2-cleft  beak, 
somewhat  tawny  and  spreading  at  maturity,  longer  than  the  ovate -lanceolate 
scale. 

Var.  festucacea.  Spikes  6-8,  pale,  obovoid  or  somewhat  club-shaped, 
scattered ;  perigynia  ovate,  less  broadly  margined,  tapering  into  a  more  slender 
beak,  erect  and  pale  green  at  maturity.  (C.  festucacea,  Schk.  C.  fcenea,  Torr., 
Sfc.,  a  form  with  more  rigid  culms,  and  more  crowded  and  glaucous  spikes.)  — 
Swamps,  verv  common.  —  Culms  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  shorter 
than  the  culm. 

15.  C.  foenea,  Muhl.     Spikes  6-10,  large  (6" -8"  long),  ovoid,  approxi- 
mate ;  perigynia  flat,  broadly  obovate,  wing-margined,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
very  short  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale;  nut  oval,  stalked.     (C.'  alata, 
Torr. )  —  Marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  2°  -  3°  high,  leafy  below 
the  middle.     Spikes  brownish  at  maturity.     Perigynia  2^"  long. 

B.    Terminal  spikes  sterile:  the  others  fertile  or  with  few  sterile  flowers  at  the  summit: 

perigynia  beakless. 

*  Scales  awnless,  black  or  brown  :  bracts  scarcely  exceeding  the  culm :  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  glaucous. 

16.  C.  torta,  Boott.     Sterile  spike  solitary,  peduncled  ;  fertile  spikes  mostly 
3,  linear-club-shaped,  loosely  flowered  below,  spreading,  the  lowest  peduncled ; 
perigynia  elliptical,  tapering  and  at  length  spreading  or  recurved  at  the  apex, 
nerveless  or  nearly  so,  as  long  as  the  oblong  black  scale  ;  culms  smooth  (1°  high) ; , 
leaves  narrowly  linear.     (C.  verrucosa,  Schw.,  not  of  Ell.)  —  Mountain  swamps, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

17.  C.  Stricta,  Good.     Sterile  spikes  1  -  2  ;  fertile  spikes  2-4,  linear-cylin- 
drical, sessile  or  the  lowest  short-peduncled,  erect,  dense-flowered;  perigynia 
elliptical,  erect,  nerveless,  commonly  shorter  than  the  narrow  obtuse  reddish- 
brown  scale ;  culms  (2°  high)  rough-angled ;  leaves  linear.     (C.  acuta,  Ell.,  $-c., 
not  of  Linrueus.)  —  Swamps  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward. 


536  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Scales  awned,  green :  fertile  spikes  on  nodding  peduncles :  bracts  long  and  leaf. 

like :  leaves  broadly  linear. 

18.  C.  crinita,   Lam.     Sterile  spikes  mostly  2,  often  with  fertile  flowers 
intermixed ;  fertile  spikes  3-4,  long-cylindrical,  dense-flowered,  on  long  drooping 
peduncles ;  perigynia  round-ovate  or  obovate,  somewhat  inflated,  2-nerved,  ab- 
ruptly short-pointed,  shorter  than  the  long  and  rough-awned  scale  ;  culms  rough- 
angled  above  (2°-3°  high).  —  Swamps  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.  — 
Spikes  1^'- 3' long. 

19.  C.  Mitchelliana,  M.  A.  Curtis.     "  Spikes  in  threes,  peduncled,  some- 
what distant,  oblong,  slightly  nodding;  terminal  spike  staminate  at  the  base  and 
summit ;   the  lowest  peduncle   scarcely  sheathed ;  perigynia   ovate,  acute,  gla- 
brous ;  scales  oblong,  the  lowest  with  a  long  cusp  much  exceeding  the  fruit,  the 
upper  about  equalling  it.  —  Wet  places,   Chatham  County,  North  Carolina." 
Curtis.  —  Culm  slender,  18'  high,  rough  above.     Spikes  1'  long. 

§  2.    CAREX  PROPER.     Stigmas  3  :  nut  3-angled. 

A.    Spike  solitary. 

*   Divccious. 

20.  C.  Boottiana,  Benth.     Culms  slender,  naked,  rough,  shorter  than  the 
linear  bright-green  radical  leaves;  spikes  (rarely  2)    many-flowered,   purplish, 
cylindrical,  erect ;  fertile  spike  dense-flowered ;  perigynium  obovate,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  short-beaked,  ciliate  and  2-toothcd  at  the  orifice,  nerved,  pubescent,  cili- 
ate-toothed  on  the  angles,  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  oblong-acute  or  abruptly 
pointed  purple  scale.  —  North  Alabama,  Peters,  and  westward.  —  Culms  6'-  8' 
long.     Spikes  1'- 2' long. 

*  *  Monoecious.     Spike  sterile  above,  fertile  below. 

21.  C.  polytrichoides,   Muhl.      Spike   linear,   few-flowered;   perigynia 
lanceolate-oblong,  many-nerved,  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  apex,  twice  as  long  as 
the  oblong  mucronate  scale ;  bract  scale-like  or  occasionally  leafy  and  exceeding 
the  spike;  culms  tufted,  filiform,  weak  (6' -12'  high),  rough  above,  longer  than 
the  very  narrow  leaves.  —  Bogs  and  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward. 

22.  C.   Fraseri,    Sims.     Spike  oblong,  many-flowered,  the  fertile  portion 
globose  ;  perigynia  ovoid,  inflated,  abruptly  short-pointed,  longer  than  the  oblong 
obtuse  hyaline  scale;  leaves  very  wide  (!'  or  more),  obtuse,  serrulate  and  wavy 
on  the  margins,  convolute  below,  and  sheathing  the  base  of  the  naked  smootli 
culm.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  —  Leaves 
6'-  12'  long,  longer  than  the  culm. 

•  23.  C.  Steudelii,   Kunth.     Spike  linear  (6"-10"  long);  sterile  flowers 
20-25;  perigynia  1-4,  ovoid,  smooth,  3-nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
slender  compressed  rough-edged  beak,  longer  than  the  ovate  white  green-keeled 
scale ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  abruptly  pointed,  longer  than  the  bristle-like  prostrate 
culms.  — Shady  banks,  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Culms  3' -6'  long.      Plant 
whitish. 

24.   C.  Willdenovii,  Schk.     Sterile  flowers  4-8,  forming  a  minute  linear 
spike ;  perigynia  6-9,  oblong,  with  3  rough  angles ;  lower  scales  longer  than 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  537 

the  spike,  often  leafy ;  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Shady  woods,  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.  —  Plant  deep  green. 

B.    Spikes  two  or  more.     (In  No.  25  oftener  solitary.) 
*    Terminal  spike  sterile  below  (often  wholly  so  in  Nos.  26  and  35),  fertile  above,  the 

others  chiefly  fertile. 
•*—  Perigynia  inflated,  contracted  into  a  long  and  slender  beak. 

25.  C.  squarrosa,  L.     Spikes  1  -4,  oval,  thick  (£'-!'),  erect,  ped uncled ; 
perigynia  horizontal,  obovate,  smooth,  3-ncrved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long 
subulate  smooth  2-cleft  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acute  scale.  —  Swamps 
and  meadows,  near  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Culms  8'- 16'  high, 
shorter  than  the  linear  leaves  and  bracts. 

26.  C.  Stenolepis,    Torr.      Spikes   4-7,  the  terminal  one  small,  often 
wholly  sterile  or  fertile,  the  others  cylindrical,  erect,  dense-flowered,  the  upper 
ones  approximate  and  nearly  sessile,  the  lower  scattered,  on  exserted  peduncles  ; 
perigynia  horizontal,  contracted  into  a  long  and  slender  2-cleft  beak,  shorter  than 
the  awn-like  scales.  —  Swamps  and  meadows,  upper  districts  of  Georgia  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.  —  Culms  l°-l£°  high,  flexuons  above,  shorter  than  the 
broad  leaves  and  bracts. 

•<-   -t—  Perigynia  beakless. 

*+  Spikes  approximate,  ovoid  or  cylindrical,  dense-flowered,  sessile,  or  on  short  and 
erect  peduncles  :  bracts  short. 

27.  C.  Buxbaumii,  Wahl.     Spikes  3 -4,  oblong,  the  upper  one  pedun- 
cled,  the  others  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  perigynia  whitish,  smooth,  elliptical,  com- 
pressed-3-angled,  obtuse  and  emarginate  at  the  apex,  commonly  shorter  than  the 
ovate  acute  or  awn-pointed  blackish  scale.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward.—  Culms  1°-1|°  high,  rough  above,  longer  than  the  narrow  glaucous 
leaves. 

28.  C.  hirsuta,  Willd.    Spikes  2-4  (mostly  3),  sessile  or  nearly  so,  ovoid 
-or  oblong,  many-flowered ;  perigynia  pubescent  or  at  length  smoothish,  ovate, 
compressed-3-angled,  strongly  nerved,  obtuse  and  emarginate  at  the  apex,  about 
as  long  as  the  oblong  mucronate  white  scale.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  northward.  —  Culms  erect,  1°-1|°  high,  rough-angled,  and,  like  the 
narrow  leaves  and  sheaths,  more  or  less  pubescent. 

29.  C.  triceps,  Michx.  ?     Spikes  3-4,  ovoid  or  oblong,  sessile,  few-flow- 
•ered;    perigynia  smooth,  round-pear-shaped,  obscurely  angled,  faintly  nerved, 

contracted  into  a  short  and  entire  point,  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  or  barely 
pointed  white  scale. — North  Carolina  (Curtis),  Tennessee,  and  northward. — 
Culms  1°  high,  very  slender.  Leaves  and  sheaths  smooth. 

30.  C.  Virescens,  Muhl.    Spikes  2-3,  cylindrical,  short-peduncled,  dense- 
ly many-flowered  ;  perigynia  small,  pubescent,  ovoid,  strongly  nerved,  3-angled, 
acute  and  entire  at  the  apex,  as  long  as  the  ovate  mucronate  white  scale.  —  Low 
grassy  meadows,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culms  l°-2°  high,  rough. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  hairv- 


538  CYPER4CE.E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

*+  *+  Spikes  remote,  linear  or  cylindrical,  rather  loosely  flowered,  on  long  and  mosffj 
drooping  peduncles :  bracts  long  and  leaf-like :  perigynia  smooth,  somewhat  inflated, 
Jew  and  faintly  nerved. 

31.  C.  OXylepis,  Torr.  &  Hook.     Spikes  4-5,  linear,  all  on  long  bristle- 
like  partly  included  nodding  peduncles,  distant;  perigynia  oblong,  acute-angled, 
emarginate  at  the  pointed  apex,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  rough-pointed  white 
scale.  —  Low  ground,  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Culms  slender,  l£°-  2°  high, 
the  lower  part,  like  the  leaves  and  sheaths,  pubescent. 

32.  C.  SBStivalis,  M.  A.  Curtis.      Spikes  3-5,  linear  or  filiform,  loosely 
flowered,  erect,  the  lowest  on  nearly  exsertcd  peduncles,  the  upper  almost  sessile ; 
perigynia  oblong,  obtuse-angled,  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  apex,  twice  as  long  as 
the  ovate  obtuse  or  emarginate  scale.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.—  Culms  1°  -  l£°  high,  smooth.     Lowest  sheaths  pubescent. 

33.  C.  gracillima,  Schw.     Spikes  3-5,  distant,  linear,  on  slender  and 
nodding  peduncles ;  perigynia  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  and  oblique  at  the  orifice, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  short-awned  scale.  —  Wet  meadows, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culm  l°-2°  high.      Spikes  !'-!£'  long, 
thicker  than  those  of  the  preceding.     Sheaths  smooth. 

34.  C.  Davisii,  Schw.  &  Torr.     Spikes  3-4,  remote,  oblong-cylindrical, 
all  on  slender  nearly  exserted  peduncles,  nodding  ;  perigynia  ovate-oblong,  in- 
flated, round-angled,  emarginate  at  the  pointed  apex,  longer  than  the  oblong 
awned  scale.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Culms  l£°-2°  high. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  more  or  less  pubescent.     Spikes  rather  dense-flowered. 

35.  C.  miliacea,  Muhl.    Spikes  4,  linear,  all  on  exserted  nodding  peduncles, 
the  terminal  one  often  wholly  sterile ;  perigynia  yellowish,  ovate,  compressed- 
3-angled,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  tapering  into  a  spreading  slightly  emarginate 
point,  as  long  as  the  oblong  mucronate  scale.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and 
jorthward. —  Culms  weak,  l°-l£°  high.     Sheaths  smooth.    Lower .  perigynia 
scattered. 

*  *  Terminal  spikes  sterile,  the  others  fertile,  or  with  few  sterile  flowers  at  the  summit. 
-»-  Perigynia  small  ( 1"  -  3"  long),  slightly  or  not  at  all  inflated,  obtuse  or  short-beaked. 
->•+  Fertile  spikes  sessile,  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense-flowered;  perigynia  pubescent,  short- 
beaked  or  pointed. 

36.  C.  filiformis,  L.     Sterile  spikes  2  or  more,  slender,  long-peduncled  ; 
fertile  spikes  1-3,  distant,  oblong ;  perigynia  ovoid,  obtuse,  3-angled,  densely 
pubescent,  obscurely  nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  emarginate  point, 
longer  than  the  oblong  mucronate  brown  scale.  —  Bogs  and  swamps,  South 
Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culms  2°  high,  smooth.    Leaves  filiform,  elongated. 
Bracts  leafy,  many  times  longer  than  the  spikes. 

37.  C.  VCStita,  Willd.     Sterile  spikes  1  -  2,  thick,  short-peduncled ;  fertile 
spikes  1—2,  approximate,  ovoid  or  oblong ;  perigynia  oblong-ovate,  3-angled, 
densely  pubescent,  strongly  nerved,  tapering  into  a  distinct  beak,  with  a  white 
membranaceous  2-cleft  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong  mucronate  brown  scale.  — 
Sandy  swamps  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.  —  Culms  rigid,  acute- 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  539 

angled,  1  °  -  2  high.     Leaves  short,  linear.     Bracts  short,  the  upper  one  shorter 
than  the  spikes. 

38.  C.  dasycarpa,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  single,  short-ped uncled ;   fertile 
spikes  2-3,  approximate,  oblong ;  perigynia  woolly,  oblong,  3-angled,  striate, 
scarcely  beaked,  with  the  orifice  entire,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  barely 
pointed  pale  scale ;  nut  stalked.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  — 
Culms  6'-  12'  high,  rough-angled.     Leaves  pubescent. 

39.  C.  tenax,  Chapm.     Culms  (10'-  15'  high)  and  rigid  channelled  leaves 
rough,  but  not  pubescent ;  spikes  and  ovate  beaked  and  less  pubescent  perigynia 
larger  ;  nut  sessile ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding,  and  possibly  a  stouter  form  of 
it.  —  Dry  sand-ridges,  Middle  Florida. 

40.  C.  Pennsylvanica,  Lam.    Sterile  spike  single ;  fertile  spikes  mostly 
2,  ovoid,  approximate,  4  -  6-flowered,  the  lower  one  with  a  short  or  scale-like 
colored  bract ;  perigynia  nearly  globose,  pubescent,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
short  2-cleft  beak,  longer  than  the  oblong-ovate  dark  brown  scale.     (C.  margi- 
nata,  Muhl.)  —  yar.  MUHLENBERGII,  Torr.  $•  Gray.    Fertile  spikes  mostly  3, 
6  -  10-flowered,   distinct,    the   lowest   leafy-bracted ;   perigynia  ovate,  tapering 
into  a  short  beak;  scales  light  brown.     (C.  varia,  Muhl.)  —  Dry  woods,  in  the 
upper  districts,   Georgia,   and  northward.  —  Culms  4'  -  8'  high,   longer   than 
the  leaves. 

41.  C.  lucorum,  Willd.     Sterile  spike  single;  fertile  spikes  3  -  4,  ovoid, 
few-flowered,  approximate,  or  the  lowest  remote  and  usually  leafy-bracted  ;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  more  or  less  pubescent,  acute  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  slender 
rough  2-cleft  beak,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate-oblong  acute  scale ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear.  —  Var.  NIGRO-MARGINATA.    (C.  nigro-marginata,  Schw  )    Peri- 
gynia 3-angled;  scales  with  brown  or  black  sides;  culms  l'-2'  high.  —  Var. 
FLORIDANA.     (C.  Floridana,  Schw.)     Perigynia  compressed-3-angled  or  lentic- 
ular (but  the  stigmas  3);  scales  white  or  margined  with  black;  culms  2' -12' 
long,  prostrate  or  erect.  —  Var.  EMMONSII.     (C.  Emmonsii,  Dew.)     Perigynia 
3-angled,  acuminate  at  each  end,  nearly  smooth;  scales  white;  culms  bristle- 
form,  prostrate.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

•w-  •**  Fertile  spikes  linear  or  cylindrical,  remote,  all,  or  the  lowest,  on  distinct  and 

commonly  elongated  peduncles. 

=  Perigynia  striated  with  numerous  fine  nerves :  sterile  spike  always  single. 

t  Perigynia  smooth,  nearly  terete,  obtuse  or  barely  pointed :  bracts  long  and  leaf-like  : 

spikes  erect. 

42.  C.  grisea,  Wahl.     Sterile  spike  short,  sessile ;  fertile  spikes  3-4,  lin- 
ear-oblong, rather  loosely-flowered  (4" -8"  long),  the  upper  one  nearly  sessile; 
perigynia  oblong-ovoid,  pointless,  somewhat  inflated,  twice  as  long  as  the  white 
ovate  rough-awned  scale.  —  Varies  (C.  flaccosperma,  Dew.),  with  longer  (!'  or 
more)  cylindrical  spikes,  and  nearly  awnless  scales.  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.  —  Culms  smooth,  1°  -  l£°  high.     Leaves  and  bracts 
broadly  linear.     Upper  spikes  commonly  approximate,  the  lowest  very  remote, 
on  a  long  erect  peduncle.     Perigynia  often  indented  near  the  apex. 


54:0  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

Var.  angustifolia,  Boott.  Sterile  spike  long-peduncled ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  3,  linear,  few-flowered,  very  remote,  the  lowest  at  the  base  of  the  culm ; 
perigynia  4-8,  lanceolate-oblong,  3-angled,  alternate  and  2-ranked,  pointless 
and  entire  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  ovate  rough-awned  scale.  —  Dry  open 
woods,  Florida.  —  Culms  filiform,  8' -12'  high.  Leaves  and  bracts  linear. 
Lowest  sheaths  dark-brown. 

43.  C.  granularis,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  short,  sessile ;  fertile  spikes  3-4, 
linear-cylindrical,  densely  many-flowered,  yellowish,  the  upper  one  nearly  sessile, 
the  lowest  distant  and  long-peduncled  ;    perygynia   small,  globose-ovate,  con- 
tracted into  a  minute  mostly  recurved  entire  or  emarginate  point,  longer  than 
the  ovate  obtuse  or  barely  pointed  scale.  —  Meadows  and  banks   of  streams, 
Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms  6' -12'  high.      Leaves  and  bracts  broadly 
linear,  3-nerved. 

44.  C.  COnoidea,  Schk.     Sterile  spike  long-peduncled ;  fertile  spikes  2  -  3, 
oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely  many-flowered,  remote  ;  perigynia  small,  oblong- 
ovoid,  obtuse,  striate  with  impressed  nerves,  smooth  and  shining,  equalling  or 
the  lower  shorter  than  the  ovate  pointed  or  short-awncd  scale.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culms  6'-  12'  high.     Leaves  and  bracts  lin- 
ear.    Spikes  y  - 1'  long,  the  lowest  long-peduncled. 

45.  C.  tetanica,  Schk      Sterile  spike  short-peduncled  ;  fertile  spikes  1  -  3, 
linear-cylindrical,  remote,  loosely  flowered ;  perigynia  obovate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  contracted  into  a  short  bent  point,  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  or  short- 
awned  scale.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culms  1°  high. 
Leaves  and  bracts  narrowly  linear. 

t   t  Per'ujynia  smooth  (except  No.  51),  3-angled,  with  a  recurved  or  spreading  point : 

lowest  peduncles  elongated  and  often  recurved. 

Bracts  leafy :  scales  white. 

46.  C.  laxiflora,  Lam.     Sterile   spike  peduncled,  exceeding  the  bracts; 
fertile  spikes  2-3,  remote,  linear,  loosely  8-12-flowered  ;    perigynia  oblong- 
obovate,  tapering  into  a  smooth  spreading  entire  beak,  longer  than  the  oblong 
mucronate  scale.     (C.  anceps,  Willd.     C.  plantaginea,  Ell.     C.  ignota,  Dew.)  — 

•Plant  more  or  less  glaucous.     Culm  10'  -  15'  high,  usually  compressed-3-angled 
above.     Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  tender.     Sheaths  smooth. 

Var.  striatula.  Culms,  leaves,  and  especially  the  sheaths,  rough ;  sterile 
spike  sessile  or  nearly  so,  shorter  than  the  bracts;  fertile  spikes  3-5,  rather 
closely  12  -  20-flowered,  the  2-3  upper  ones  commonly  approximate ;  perigynia 
obovate,  abruptly  short  and  bent-pointed.  (C.  striatula,  Michx.  C.  blanda, 
Dew.  C.  conoidea  and  C.  tetanica,  Ell.) — Dry  open  woods  and  margins  of 
fields,  Florida,  and  northward  ;  common,  and  varying  greatly  in  the  form  of  the 
perigynia  and  width  of  the  leaves. 

47.  C.  Styloflexa,  Buckley.     Sterile  spike  short-pedunclfd  ;  fertile  spikes 
3,  oblong,  few-flowered,  very  remote,  the  lowest  on  a  long  and  mostly  nodding 
peduncle  ;  perigynia  lanceolate  or  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a 
spreading  rough-angled  mostly  emarginate  beak,  longer  than  the  oblong  mucro- 
nate scale.  —  Shady  swamps,  Middle  Florida,  to  the  mountains  of  North  Caro- 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  541 

lina.  —  Culms  filiform,  1°  -  H°  high,  and,  like  the  sheaths  of  the  linear  leaves, 
roughened  downward. 

48.  C.  digitalis,  Willd.     Sterile  spike  small,  sessile,  or  nearly  so;  fertile 
spikes  commonly  3,  remote,  very  slender,  loosely  5  -  8-flowered,  all  on  long 
bristle-like  peduncles,  the  lowest  near  the  base  of  the  culm  and  generally  re- 
clining ;   perigynia  alternate,  ovoid,  with  a  short  and  spreading  entire  point, 
twice  the  length  of  the  ovate   acute  green-keeled  scale;    leaves  linear,  green; 
culms  6'- 12'  high. —  Var.  GLAUCA.     Leaves  and  bracts  wider  (4" -6"),  glau- 
cous, 3-ncrved  ;  fertile  spikes  thicker,  the  two  upper  ones  approximate  and  short- 
peduncled;   perigynia  larger,  thrice  the  length  of  the  barely-pointed  scale. — 
Low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward. 

Bracts  sheathing,  leafless  or  nearly  so  :  scales  brown  or  black. 

49.  C.  plantaginea,  Lam.     Fertile  spikes  3-4,  remote,  the  lowest  at  the 
base  of  the  culm,  linear,  erect,  loosely  few-flowered,  the  peduncles  mostly  in- 
cluded in  the  brown  leafless  sheaths ;  perigynia  oblong-obovate,  short-pointed, 
longer  than  the  ovate  acute  black  scale.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
northward. —  Leaves  all  radical,  1'  or  more  wide,  about  as  long  as  the  slender 
culm. 

50.  C.  Caroliniana,  Buckley.      Fertile  spikes  3,  loosely  3  -  6-flowered, 
remote,  all  on  long  bristle-like  drooping  peduncles,  which  are  partly  included 
in  the  sheaths  of  the  short  bracts ;  the  lowest  near  the  base  of  the  culm  ;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  short-pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  mucronate  dark-brown 
scale.  —  Table  Mountain,   South   Carolina,  Buckley.  —  Radical   leaves  4"  -  6" 
wide,  3-nerved,  exceeding  the  tufted  culms. 

51.  C.  Baltzellii,  Chapm.      Sterile  spike  rigid,  often  with  a  few  fertile 
flowers  at  the  base ;  fertile  spikes  3-6,  linear-cylindrical,  closely  many-flowered, 
one  (rarely  two)  on  an  erect  peduncle  which  is  included  in  a  leafless  sheath  at 
the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  the  others  on  long  recurved  or  spreading  radical 
peduncles,  commonly  sterile  at  the  summit ;  perigynia  obovate-oblong,  pubescent, 
abruptly  short-pointed,  as  long  as  the  obovate  obtuse  mucronate  reddish-brown 
scale. — Dry  sandy  soil,  Middle  Florida.  —  Leaves  all  radical,  2" -4"  wide, 
glaucous,  very  rough  above,  longer  than  the  culm.  . 

=  =  Perigynia  with  few  and  scattered  nerves,  commonly  a  little  inflated,  straight- 
beaked  or  pointed :  spikes  all,  or  the  lowest,  on  long  and  mostly  nodding  peduncles  : 
bracts  leafy. 
t  Spikes  linear  or  filiform,  loosely  flowered :  perigynia  lanceolate  or  Mong. 

52.  C.  Venusta,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  3-5,  linear  (I'-lJ'  long),  remote, 
or  the  two  upper  ones  approximate  and  erect ;  perigynia  oblong,  acute  at  each 
end,  rough-hairy,  notched  at  the  orifice,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse 
.scale  — Low  banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  2° -3° 
high.     Sheaths  of  the  linear  leaves  very  rough. 

53.  C.  debilis,  Michx.      Fertile  spikes  3-5,  remote,  filiform,  drooping ; 
perigynia  alternate,  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  2-cleft 
beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  one-nerved  scale ;  sheaths  smooth.  — 

46 


542  CYPERACE^.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Swamps  and   low  grounds,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  —  Culms 
very  slender,  l°-2°  high. 

54.  C.  juncea,  Willd.     "Spikes  2-4,  slender,  erect,  brownish  purple,  the 
sterile  one  filiform,  the  fertile  loosely-flowered,  somewhat  remote,  the  lowest  ou 
an  exserted  peduncle;  perigynia  3-angled,  spindle-shaped,  rough  at  the  apex, 
with  the  orifice  entire ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  and  longer  than  the  perigynia,  or 
lanceolate,  mucronate,  and  about  equalling  them."     Boott.     ( C.  miser,  Buckley. ) 

—  Summit  of  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina,  Buckley.  —  Leaves  somewhat 
bristle-form,  shorter  than  the  culm. 

tt  Spikes  cylindrical  or  Many,  densely  many-flowered:  perigynia  ovate  or  roundish. 

55.  C.  SCabrata,  Schw.     Sterile  spike  short,  single;   fertile  spikes  4 -5, 
rather  distant,  on  erect  exserted  peduncles ;  perigynia  ovate,  rough,  spreading, 
with  few  rather  prominent  nerves,  tapering  into  a  2-cleft  beak,  longer  than  the 
oblong  acute  brownish  scale.  —  Shady  swamps,  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

—  Culms  (1°-1|°  high)  and  broadly  linear  thin  leaves  very  rough.      Bracts 
leaf-like,  destitute  of  sheaths. 

56.  C.  flacca,  Schreb.     Sterile  spikes  1-2,  long  and  rigid ;  fertile  spikes 
2 - 3,  cylindrical,  all  on  drooping  peduncles,  commonly  sterile  at  the  summit; 
perigynia  yellowish,  compressed-3-angled,  round-elliptical,  slightly  roughened, 
emarginate  or  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  or  pointed  black 
scale.  —  Marshes,  Alabama  to  North  Carolina  (Curtis),  and  northward.  —  Culms 
l°-2°  high,  rough-angled,  longer  than  the  rigid  glaucous  leaves. 

57.  C.  glaucescens,  Ell.      Sterile  spike  single,  long-peduncled ;  fertile 
spikes  4 -10,  cylindrical  (l'-2'  long),  all  on  long  and  drooping  peduncles,  mostly 
sterile  at  the  summit ;  lowest  bract  exceeding  the  culm,  the  others  shorter  and 
bristle-like ;  perigynia  glaucous,  ovate,  compressed-3-angled.  nerveless,  except  at 
the  angles,  narrowed  into  an  emarginate  point,  longer  than  the  brown  rough- 
awned  scale.  —  Pine-barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  2°  -  4° 
high,  rough-angled  above.   Leaves  glaucous,  as  long  as  the  culms,  bristle-like  at 
the  summit. 

58.  C.  verrucosa,  Ell.     Sterile  spikes  1-3,  sessile  or  short-peduncled, 
often  with  fertile  flowers  variously  intermixed;  fertile  spikes  4 -10,  cylindrical 
or  oblong,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  erect,  the  lower  long-peduncled  and  droop- 
ing ;   perigynia  glaucous,  globose-obovate,  3-angled,  strongly  nerved,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  short  and  entire  point,  about  as  long  as  the  brown  rough- 
awned  scale.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  rivers,  Florida  to  North   Carolina.  — 
Culms,  leaves,  and  bracts  as  in  the  preceding. 

59.  C.  Cherokeensis,  Schk.     Sterile  spikes  2-4,  slender;  fertile  spikes 
5-15,  often  2-3  from  the  same  sheath,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  sterile  at  the  sum- 
mit, all  on  long  and  nodding  peduncles ;  perigynia  whitish,  oblong,  compressed- 
3-angled,  short-beaked,  with  the  orifice  membranaceous  and  obliquely  2-cleft, 
longer  than  the  oblong  acute  scale  ;  stigmas  elongated.  —  Banks  of  the  Apala- 
chicola  River,  Florida,  to  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Plan* 
whitish.     Culms  l°-2°  high,  smooth,  like  the  linear  leaves. 


(SEDGE  FAMILY.)  543 

-i-  Perigynia  large  (3"- 6"  long),  and  commonly  much  inflated  (except  Nos.  60 
and  61 ),  conspicuously  nerved,  tapering  into  a  conical  or  long  and  subulate  2-cleJl 
beak. 

ft-  Sterile  spike  single:  styles  persistent,  contorted:  perigynia  smooth:  spikes  many- 
Jlowered   (except  No.  66). 

60.  C.  COinosa,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  4,  cylindrical,  approximate,  on  ex- 
serted  nodding  peduncles  (l£'  -2^'  long) :  perigynia  (2"  long)  oblong,  spreading 
or  reflexed,  tapering  into  a  long  subulate  deeply  2-cleft  beak,  with  bristly,  spread- 
ing  teeth,  longer  than  the  awned  scale.     (C.  furcata,  Ell.)  —  Swamps,  Georgia, 
and  northward.  —  Culms  stout,  2°  -3°  high,  rough-angled  above.  Leaves  broadly 
linear,  and,  like  the  bracts,  exceeding  the  culm. 

61.  C.  hystricina,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  3,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  on  nod- 
ding peduncles ;  perigynia  oblong-ovate,  many-nerved,  spreading,  tapering  into 
a  minutely  2-cleft  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  awned  scale ;  nut  obovate, 
smooth.  —  Swamps,    Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Culms  l°-l£°  high,   rough 
above,  shorter  than  the  leaves  and  bracts.     Spikes  1'-  l£'  long. 

62.  C.  tentaculata,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  nearly  sessile  ;  fertile  spikes  I  - 
3,  sessile,  approximate,  or  the  lowest  remote  and  short-peduncled,  ovate  or  cylin- 
drical-oblong;  perigynia  ovate,  spreading,  few-nerved,  the  long  subulate  beak 
cleft  on  the  inner  side,  and  minutely  2-toothed,  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate 
awned  scale ;  nut  ovoid,  roughish.  —  Meadows  and  low  grounds,  Florida,  and. 
northward.  —  Culms  1°  -  l£°  high.     Leaves  and  bracts  elongated. 

63.  C.  gigantea,  Radge.     Fertile  spikes  3 -4,  oblong  or  cylindrical;  the 
upper  approximate  and  nearly  sessile,  the  lowest  distant  and  short-peduncled, 
erect;  perigynia  (6" -7"  long)  widely  spreading,  strongly  many -nerved,  taper- 
ing from  an  ovate  and  obtuse  base  into  a  long  subulate  rough  2-cleft  beak,  with 
hispid  teeth,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  awn-pointed  scale ;  nut  depressed,  3- 
ungled.  —  Pine-barren  ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  —  Culms 
2°  high,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  broad  linear  leaves  and  bracts. 

64.  C.  lupulina,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  3 -4,  approximate,  sessile,  or  the 
lowest  short-peduncled,  erect,  oblong,  thick  (!'  in  diameter) ;  perigynia  (6" -7" 
long)  erect-spreading,  tapering  from  the  ovoid  acutish  base  into  a  subulate  smooth 
or  slightly  roughened  beak,  with  smooth  and  spreading  teeth,  twice  as  long  as 
the  oblong  awn-pointed  scale ;  nut  rhombic-oblong.  —  Deep  river-swamps,  Flori- 
da, and  northward.  —  Culms  and  leaves  as  in  the  preceding. 

65.  C.   Halei,   Carey.     Sterile  spike  slender,  long-peduncled  ;  fertile  spikes 
2-3,  remote,  ovoid  or  oblong  (!'  in  diameter),  erect,  the  lowest  commonly  on  a 
partly  exscrted  peduncle,  the  others  nearly  sessile;  perigynia  large  (6"  long), 
tapering  from  a  greatly  inflated  and  rounded  base  into  a  smooth  and  slender  2- 
cleft  beak,  with  smooth  and  spreading  teeth,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  ob- 
long acuminate  scale;  nut  rhomboid.  —  Banks  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  Florida, 
and  westward.  —  Culms  1°  high,  smooth  and  slender,  as  long  as  the  narrow 
smooth  leaves:     Spikes  whitish,  !'-!£'  long. 

66.  C.  SUbulata,  Michx.     Sterile  spike  small ;  fertile  spikes  3-4,  remote, 
few-flowered,  the  lowest  on  a  partly  exserted  peduncle,  erect ;  perigynia  4-6, 


344  CYPEKACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

subulate,  smooth,  rcflexed,  the  rigid  teeth  reflexed  and  oppressed  to  the  slender 
beak,  4  times  as  long  as  the  awn-pointed  scale. — Deep  swamps,  Fayetteville, 
North  Carolina  (Curtis),  and  northward.  —  Culms  smooth,  filiform,  1°-1|° 
high,  longer  than  the  linear  leaves. 

**  *»  Sterile  spike  single;  style  deciduous,  straight  or  nearly  so:  fertile  spikes  few- 
Jlowered. 

67.  C.  folliculata,  L.     Fertile  spikes  3-4,  ovoid,  remote,  8-  10-flowcred, 
on  erect  peduncles,  sterile  at  the  summit ;  perigynia  (6"  long)  horizontal,  lance- 
olate, tapering  into  a  smooth  beak,  with  erect  hispid  teeth,  one  third  longer  than 
the  lanceolate  rough-pointed  scale.  —  Wet  margins  of  streams,  Florida,  and 
northward. —  Culms  smooth,  2°  high,  commonly  exceeding  the  linear  and  flat 
leaves. 

68.  C.  turgescens,  Torr.    Fertile  spikes  2,  near  or  remote,  on  short  in- 
cluded peduncles,   ovoid,  8-12-flowered;  perigynia  erect-spreading  (4''  long), 
lance-ovate,  strongly  nerved,  tapering  into  a  smooth  2-cleft  beak,  with  hispid  erect 
teeth,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  scale.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  —  Culms  smooth,  2° -3°  high,  longer  than  the  narrow  rigid 
and  channelled  leaves. 

69.  C.  Elliottii,  Schw.  &  Torr.     Fertile  spikes  mostly  3,  approximate  and 
nearly  sessile,  or  the  lowest  remote  and  long-peduncled,  globose,  8-  16-flowered, 
Sterile  at  the  apex  ;  perigynia  small  (3"  long),  oblong-ovate,  compressed,  spread- 
ing, few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  smooth  beak,  with  erect  hispid  teeth,  twice 
as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  scale.     (C.  Castanea,  Ell.)  —  Boggy  margins  of  pine- 
barren  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  l°-2°  high,  rough  above, 
longer  than  the  narrowly  linear  leaves. 

70.  C.  intumescens,  Rudge.    Fertile  spikes  2-4,  approximate,  the  up- 
per sessile,  the  lower  peduncled,  globose,  10-15  flowered;  perigynia  large  (6'' 
long),  spreading,  tapering  from  a  rounded  and  greatly  inflated  base  into  a  short 
and  smooth  2-cleft  beak  with  hispid  teeth,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  acuminate 
scale.     (C.  folliculata,  Ell.)  —  Shady  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms 
1°-  l£°  high,  rough  above,  shorter  than  the  broadly  linear  deep-green  leaves  and 
bracts. 

«-*•  ++  -!-»•  Sterile  spikes  2  or  more:  fertile  spikes  many -Jlowered. 
—  Perigynia  pubescent. 

71.  C.  trichocarpa,  Muhl.    Sterile  spikes  about  three,  linear,  long-pedun- 
cled ;  fertile  spikes  2,  cylindrical,  on  short  and  mostly  included  peduncles ;  peri- 
gynia thin,  rough-hairy,  tapering  from  a  rounded  ovate  base  into  a  rather  slender 
rough  beak,  with  long  and  spiny  teeth,  longer  than  the  oblong  acute  awnless 
scale.  —  Deep  marshes,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Culms  2° -3°  high,  rough 
above.     Leaves  linear,  elongated. 

72.  C.  Striata,  Michx.     Sterile  spikes  2-4,  long-peduncled ;  fertile  spikes 
1-4  (mostly  2),  remote,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  long-peduncled,  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical ;  perigynia  thick,  ovate,  pubescent  above  the  middle,  contracted  into  a 
•hort  and  whitish  2-cleft  or  emarginate  beak,  longer  than  the  oblong  acute  scale. 


CRAMINE^.       (GRASS   FAMILY.)  545 

(C.  bullata,  Ell.)  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms 
jio  _  2°  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  keeled,  rather  rigid.  Perigynia  occa- 
sionally nearly  smooth,  f 

=  =  Periyyma  smooth. 

73.  C.  riparia,  Curtis.  Sterile  spikes  4-6,  dark  brown;  fertile  spikes  2  - 
3,  oblong-cylindrical,  sterile  at  the  summit  (H'-2'  long),  on  erect  peduncles, 
perigynia  ovate-oblong,  obscurely  nerved,  tapering  into  a  smooth  2-cleft  beak, 
longer  than  the  oblong  brown  awned  scale.  —  Deep  marshes,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina.  —  Culms  stout,  2° -3°  high,  rough  above,  shorter  than  the  broad  (^') 
smoothish  and  glaucous  leaves  and  bracts. 

"4.  C.  bullata,  Schk.  Sterile  spikes  2  -  3,  long-peduncled ;  fertile  spikes 
1  -  2,  oblong  or  oval  (!'  long),  sessile,  or  on  very  short  exserted  peduncles ;  peri- 
gynia globose-ovate,  much  inflated,  strongly  nerved,  smooth  and  shining,  slender- 
beaked,  longer  than  the  oblong  acute  scale.  —  Swamps,  South  Carolina,  and 
northward.  —  Culms  1°  -  l£°  high,  shorter  than  the  linear  leaves  and  bracts. 


ORDER  160.     GRAMINE^.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs.  Stem  (culm)  mostly  hollow  and  with  closed  joints. 
Leaves  alternate,  2-ranked,  narrow  and  entire.  Sheaths  open  or  split 
on  one  side,  and  usually  prolonged  into  a  membranaceous  or  fringed 
appendage  (ligula)  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Flowers  in  spiked  or 
panicled  spikelets,  consisting  of  2-ranked  imbricated  bracts  or  scales; 
of  which  the  exterior  or  lower  ones,  subtending  one  or  more  flowers, 
are  called  glumes,  and  the  two  inner  ones,  enclosing  the  1-celled  1-ovuled 
ovary,  and  1-11  (commonly  3)  hypogynous  stamens,  are  called  palece. 
Perianth  none,  or  composed  of  1  -  3  minute  hypogynous  scales  (squamu- 
Itf).  Anthers  versatile,  2-celled.  Styles  2-3,  with  hairy  or  plumose 
stigmas.  Fruit  a  caryopsis  (grain).  Embryo  placed  on  the  outside  and 
near  the  base  of  mealy  albumen.  —  Root  fibrous. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.  OR  YZEjE.  —  Spikelets  1  flowered,  mostly  imperfect.  Glumes  none.  Pale«2. 
Stamens  1  - 11. 

1.  LEEIISIA.     Flowers  perfect,  compressed,  panicled.     Palese  unequal,  ciliate. 

2.  ZIZANIA.     Flowers  monoecious  ;   the  pistillate  and  staminate  ones  in  the  same  panicle. 

59.  LUZIOLA.     Flowers  monoecious ;  the  pistillate  and  staminate  ones  in  ceparate  panicles. 

3.  HYDROCIILOA.    Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  pistillate  and  staminate  ones  in  separate  spikes, 

60.  MONANTHOCHLOE      Flowers  dioecious,  in  terminal  spikes. 

TRIBE  II.  AGROSTlDEjE.  —  Spikelets  1-flowered,  or  with  the  pedicel  of  a  second 
flower  above.  Glumes  2.  Paleae  mostly  2,  the  lower  one  often  awned.  Stamens  1-3. 
Spikelets  in  open  or  closely  spiked  panicles. 

*  Glumes  united  at  the  base,  strongly  compressed-keeled. 

4.  ALOPECURUS.     Lower  palea  awned  on  the  back,  the  upper  wanting.    Flowers  spiked. 

46* 


546  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

*  «  Glumes  distinct,  concave  or  keeled.     Palese  membranaceous.     Grain  free.    Spikelets  in 

open  or  contracted  panicles. 

5.  SPOROBOLUS.    Flowers  awnless.    Seed  loose  in  the  globose  or  obovoid  [icricarp. 

6.  VILFA.    Flowers  awnless.    Seed  adhering  to  the  closely  investing  pericarp. 

7.  AGROSTIS.     Palese  shorter  than  the  nearly  equal  glumes,  the  lower  awned  on  the  back, 

the  upper  sometimes  wanting. 

8.  POLYPOGON.     Palese  much  shorter  than  the  long-awned  glumes,  the  lower  one  truncated 

and  toothed.     Stamens  3.    Panicle  spike-like. 

9.  CINNA.    Paleae  rather  longer  than  the  acute  glumes,  the  lower  one  awned  under  the  apex. 

Stamen  1.     Panicle  loose. 

10.  MUHLENBERGIA.     Lower  glume  smaller  than   the  upper  one.    Palese  bearded  at  the 

base,  the  lower  one  mucronate  or  awn  pointed.     Stamens  3* 

11.  BRACIIYELYTRUM.    Lower  glume  obsolete     Lower  palea  long-awned.    A  pedicel  of  a 

second  flower  at  the  back  of  the  upper  palea;.     Stamens  "2. 

12.  CALAMAGR03TIS.    Paleae  surrounded  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs,  the  lower  awned  on  the 

back. 

*  «  «  Paleae  raised  on  a  hairy  stalk ;  the  lower  one  awned,  indurated,  and  involute,  closely 

investing  the  grain. 

13.  STIPA.     Lower  palea  with  a  single  contorted  awn  jointed  with  its  apex      Panicle  short. 

14.  STREPTACHNE.     Lower   palea  with  a  single  straight  or  curved  awn  continuous  with  its 

apex.     Panicle  elongated. 

15.  ARISTIDA.    Lower  palea  triple-awned.    Panicle  elongated. 

TRIBE  III.  CHLORIDEJE.  —  Spikelets  2  -several-flowered  (in  No.  16  one-flowered),  in 
1-sided  spikes.  Rachis  jointless.  Upper  flowers  imperfect.  Glumes  and  paleae  2.  Spikes 
racemed  or  digitate,  rarely  single. 

#  Spikelets  strictly  1-flowered.     (See  Paspalum.) 

16.  SPARTINA.    Spikelets  flat,  imbricated  in  alternate  spikes. 

*  *  Spikelets  2-3-flowered,  only  the  lowest  flower  perfect. 

17.  GYMNOPOGON.     Spikelets  linear,  scattered.    Lower  palea  and  rudiment  awned.    Spikes 

racemed. 

18.  EUSTACIIYS.     Spikelets  roundish,  crowded.    Lower  palea  mucronate.    Spikes  digitate. 

19.  CYNODON.    Lower  palea  awnless.    Culms  creeping.     Spikes  digitate. 

#  *  *  Spikelets  4  -•  5-flowered,  one  of  the  middle  ones  only  perfect. 

20.  CTEN1UM.     Lower  palea  stout-awned  on  the  back.     Spike  solitary. 

*  »  *  *  Spikelets  mostly  several-flowered,  the  lower  flowers  perfect. 

21.  DACTYLOCTENIUM.    Spikes  digitate.    Upper  glume  awned.    Paleae  pointed. 

22.  ELEUSINE.    Spikes  digitate.    Glumes  and  palese  awnless. 

23.  LEPTOCHLOA.     Spikes  racemed,  long  and  slender.    Glumes  awnless. 

TRIBE  IV.  FESTUC  ACEJE.  —  Spikelets  panicled,  few  -  many  flowered ;  the  upper  and 
(in  No.  36  and  37)  the  lower  flowers  also  imperfect.  Glumes  2.  Paleae  2,  membranaceou.s 
or  rarely  indurated,  awnless,  or  the  lower  one  with  a  straight  awn  at  or  near  the  apex. 
Stamens  1-3 

«  Grain  smooth,  free  from  the  paleae.     Lower  flowers  perfect. 
*-  Lower  palea  3  -  5-toothed  or  awned. 

24.  TRICUSPIS.    Spikelets  5-7  flowered.    Lower  palea  slightly  2-cleft,  the  3  hairy  nerves 

percurrent. 

25.  TRIPLASIS.    Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  lower  palea  deeply  2-cleft,  and  with  a  plumose 

awn  between  the  teeth. 


CRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  547 

•t-  -i-  Lower  palea  entire,  awnless  or  (in  No  33)  awn-pointed. 
•H-  Glumes  unlike,  the  lower  one  linear,  the  upper  obovate. 

26.  EATONIA.     Spikeletsl-5-flowered.     Culms  slender,  tufted. 

•H-  ++  Glumes  alike.     Lower  palea  rounded  on  the  back,  not  keeled. 

27.  MELICA.     Spikelets  3  -  5-flowered.    Lower  palea  many-nerved. 

28.  GLYCERIA.     Spikelets  5  -  many -flowered.    Lower  palea  strongly  7-nerved. 

29.  ARUNDINARIA.     Spikelets  loosely  many-flowered.     Culms  woody. 

30.  i>K!ZOPYRUM.     Spikelets  dioecious.    Lower  palea  rigid. 

++  -H-  ++  Glumes  alike.    Lower  palea  keeled. 

31.  POA.     Palese  falling  away  together,  the  lower  one  5-nerved,  and  with  cobwebby  hairs  at 

the  base.     Spikelets  3  -  6-flowered. 

32.  ERAGROSTIS.     Lower  palea  falling  before  the  upper  one,  3-nerved,  not  hairy. 

33.  DACTYLIS.    Lower  palea  awn-pointed.    Panicle  contracted,  composed  of  1-sided  clusters. 

*  *  Grain  adherent  to  the  upper  palea,  downy  at  the  apex. 

34.  FESTUCA.    Lower  palea  entire,  acute  or  awn-pointed. 

35.  BROMUS.     Lower  palea  2-cleft,  awned  between  the  teeth. 

*  *  *  Grain  free,  smooth.     Lowest  flowers  of  the  spikelet  imperfect. 

36.  UNIOLA.     Spikelets  broad  and  flat,  many-flowered.     Palea?  coriaceous. 

37.  PHRAGMITES.    Spikelets  3  -  6  flowered,  silky  bearded  on  the  rachis.    Palea;  thin. 

TRIBE  V.  HORDE  ACE  jE.  —  Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  sessile,  on  opposite  sides  of 
the  jointed  rachis,  spiked.  Glumes  1-2,  rarely  wanting.  Pale«  2. 

38.  ELYMUS.    Spikelets  2-4  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis.    Glumes  2,  placed  side  by  side  before 

the  spikelets. 

39.  GYMNOSTICHUM.     Spikelets  2  -  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis.     Glumes  none. 

40.  LOLIUM.    Spikelet  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis.    Glume  1. 

TRIBE  VI.  AVENACE^E.  —  Spikelets  panicled,  2  -  several-flowered,  the  terminal  flow- 
ers mostly  imperfect.  Rachis  or  base  of  the  flowers  often  bearded.  Lower  palea  with  a 
twisted,  bent,  or  straight  awn  on  the  back,  or  below  the  apex. 

41.  AIRA.    Spikelets  2-flowered.     Lower  palea  thin,  rounded  on  the  back,  awned  below  the 

middle. 

42.  TRISETUM.     Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered.     Lower  palea  thin,  compressed-keeled,  bear- 

ing a  bent  awn  below  the  2-cleft  apex. 

43.  DANTIIONIA.     Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered.      Lower  palea  rigid,  many -nerved,  bearing 

a  flattened  and  twisted  awn  at  the  2-cleft  apex. 

44.  ARRHENATHERUM.    Spikelets  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower  staminate,  and  bearing  a 

long  bent  awn  below  the  middle. 

TRIBE  VII.  PH  AL  ARIDE.E.  —  Spikelets  in  spike-like  panicles  3  flowered,  the  upper 
or  middle  flower  perfect,  the  two  lateral  ones  imperfect  or  mere  rudiments.  Glumes  2. 
Paleae  2,  indurated  in  fruit. 

45.  ANTHOXANTHUM.    Lateral  flowers  neutral,  each  of  one  awned  palea.    Perfect  flower 

diandrous. 

46.  PIIALARIS.     Lateral  flowers  rudimentary.     Perfect  flower  triandrous. 

TRIBE  VIII.  PANICE.SE.  —  Spikelets  2-flowered.  Glumes  2,  or  the  lower  wanting. 
Lower  flower  imperfect,  either  staminate  or  neutral,  with  the  lower  palea  membrana- 
ceous  and  similar  to  the  upper  glume,  the  upper  one  mostly  wanting.  Paleae  of  the 
perfect  flower  coriaceous.  Grain  mostly  grooved  or  flattened  on  the  outside.  Flowers 
in  spikes  or  panicles. 

*  Lower  glume  and  upper  palea  of  the  sterile  flower  wanting  (the  spikelet  appearing  like  a 
single  flower,  with  2  glumes  and  2  palese) 

47.  PASPALUM.    Spikelets  alike,  pjano-convex,  in  1-sided  spikes. 


548  HUAMIXK.*:.       (GHASS    KAMII-Y.) 

48.  AMPHICARPUM.     Spikelets  of  two  kinds ;  one  disposed  in  a  terminal  jwnicle,  perfect  but 

seldom  fruiting  ;  the  other  fruitful,  on  long  solitary  radical  peduncles. 

*  *  Glumes  2,  the  lower  one  often  minute,  rarely  wanting. 

49.  PANICUM.     Spikelets  single,  without  a  bristly  or  spiny  involucre. 

60.   SETARIA.    Spikelets  crowded  in  spike-like  panicles,  subtended  by  a  bristle-like  involucre. 

51.  CENCHRUS.     Spikelets  single,  or  few  in  a  cluster,  enclosed  in  an  indurated  and  spiny  in- 

volucre.    Spikelets  spiked. 

52.  STENOTAPHRTJM.     Spikes  and  spikelets  mostly  as  in  Rottboellia,  but  the  flowers  as  in 

Panicum. 

TBIBB  IX.  ROTTB<EL,MACE^E.  —  Spikelets  1  -  2-flowered,  by  pairs,  imbedded  in 
an  excavation  of  the  thick  and  jointed  rachis,  one  stalked  and  imperfect,  the  other  sessile 
and  perfect ;  or  the  upper  spikelets  all  staminate  and  the  lower  pistillate.  Lower  glume 
coriaceous  or  cartilaginous.  Palese  awnless. 

63.  ROTTB<ELLIA.     Spikelets  2  on  each  joint,  one  stalked  and  sterile,  the  other  sessile  and 

perfect. 

64.  MANISURIS.     Spikelets  2  on  each  joint,  the  one  at  the  top  of  the  joiut  sterile,  the  other 

at  the  base  globose  and  fertile. 

55.  TRIPSACUM.     Upper  spikelets  by  pairs,  all  staminate  ;  the  lower  ones  single,  and  pis- 

tillate. 

TRIBE  X.  ANDROPOGONE  JK.  —  Spikelets  2  -  3  on  each  joint  of  the  slender  hairy  or 
plumose  rachis.  Glumes  more  rigid  than  the  thin-awned  palese. 

56.  ANDROPOGON.     Spikelets  2  on  each  joint  of  the  plumose  or  hairy  rachis,  one  sessile  and 

perfect,  the  other  stalked  and  imperfect  or  rudimentary. 
5".  ERIANTHUS.    Spikelets  2  on  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  both  fertile  and  surrounded  by  a 

hairy  involucre. 
58.  SORGHUM.    Spikelets  panicled,  2-3  together,  the  lateral  ones  rudimentary. 


1.     LEERSIA,    Swartz.    FALSE  RICE. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  grasses,  with  the  leaves  and  sheaths  roughened 
with  minute  recurved  points,  the  1 -flowered  (whitish)  spikelets  crowded  in 
1-sided  panicled  racemes.  Pedicels  jointed.  Glumes  none.  Paleae  2,  charta- 
ceous,  strongly  compressed,  fringed  on  the  keel,  the  lower  one  much  wider. 
Stamens  1-6.  Stigmas  2.  Grain  compressed. 

1.  L.  oryzoides,  Swartz.     Panicle  large,  diffuse;  spikelets  oblong,  flat, 
loosely  imbricated ;  stamens  3.  —  Ditches  and  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  and  Aug.  —  Culm  3°  -  4°  long,  commonly  prostrate  at  the  base.     Leaves 
spreading.     Base  of  the  panicle  mostly  enclosed  in  the  sheath  of  the  subtending 
leaf.     Spikelets  strongly  fringed,  about  3"  long. 

2.  L.  Virginica,  Willd.    Panicle  nearly  simple,  the  lower  branches  spread- 
ing; spikelets  small,  concave,  sparingly  fringed,  closely  imbricated;  stamens 
1-2.     (L.  imbricata.  Lam.?)  —  Swamps  and  margins  of  streams,  Florida,  and 
northward     July  and  Aug.  —  More  slender  than  the  last,  and  with  spikelets 
half  as  large. 

3.  L.  lenticularis,  Michx.     Panicle  diffuse  ;  spikelets  oval,  flat,  strongly 
fringed,  closely  imbricated  ;  stamens  2.  —  Ponds  and  swamps,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward^     Aug.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  long.     Leaves  widely  spread- 
ing, somewhat  glaucous.     Spikelets  3"  long. 


GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  549 

4.  L.  hexandra,  Swartz.  Panicle  contracted,  erect,  simple;  spikelets 
lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  stamens  6.  —  In  lakes  and  ponds,  often  in  deep  water, 
Florida,  and  westward.  July  and  Aug.  —  Culms  slender,  1  °  -  6°  long,  mostly 
branching.  Leaves  narrow,  rather  rigid.  Panicle  2'  -  3'  long,  exserted.  Spike- 
lets  short-fringed,  2"  long,  loosely  imbricated. 

2.     ZIZANIA,    Gronov.     WILD  RICE. 

Rank  water  grasses,  with  broad  flat  leaves,  and  large  diffuse  panicles  of  mo- 
noecious 1-flowered  spikelets,  on  club-shaped  jointed  pedicels.  Glumes  none,  or 
reduced  to  a  cup-shaped  ring  at  the  base  of  the  spikelet.  Paleae  2,  membrana- 
ceous,  the  lower  one  rough-awned  in  the  pistillate  spikelet.  Stamens  6.  Stig- 
mas elongated,  brush-shaped.  Grain  cylindrical,  free. 

1.  Z.  aquatica,  L     Lower  portion  of  the  panicle  staminate  and  widely 
spreading,  the  upper  pistillate  and  erect,  with  straight  branches ;  awn  straight, 
elongated ;  styles  2  ;   grain  linear.  —  Deep  marshes  and  ponds,  Florida,  and 
northward.     July.  —  Culms  4°-  8°  high.     Leaves  rough  beneath.     Panicle  1°- 
2°  long. 

2.  Z.  miliacea,  Michx.     Panicle  diffuse ;  staminate  and  pistillate  spike- 
lets  intermixed  ;   awns  short ;   styles  united,  elongated ;   leaves  smooth,  with 
rough  edges ;    grain  oval.  —  With  the  preceding.     April  and  May.  —  Culms 
4°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  somewhat  glaucous. 

3.    HYDROCHLOA,    Beauv. 

A  small  floating  or  creeping  grass,  with  short  oblong-linear  flat  leaves,  and 
simple  spikes  of  small  monoecious  1-flowered  (white)  spikelets,  mostly  included 
in  the  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves.  Spikelets  3-4  in  a  spike,  the  upper  one 
staminate  and  exserted.  Glumes  none.  Paleae  2,  hyaline,  the  lower  one  emar- 
ginate,  the  upper  acute.  Stamens  6.  Styles  2:  stigmas  elongated.  Grain 
ovoid,  free. 

1.  H.  Carolinensis,  Beauv.  (Zizania  fluitans,  Michx.) — Floating  in 
still  water  or  creeping  on  muddy  banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July  and 
Aug.  —  Culm  filiform,  branching,  |°  -2°  long.  Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

4.    ALOPECURUS,    L.    FOXTAIL  GRASS. 

Flat-leaved  grasses,  with  the  1-flowered  spikelets  closely  crowded  in  a  simple 
spike-like  cylindrical  panicle.  Glumes  2,  compressed,  boat-shaped,  sharply 
keeled,  united  below,  awnless.  Lower  palea  compressed,  awned  on  the  back 
below  the  middle,  the  upper  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  2,  rarely  united  be- 
low. Grain  free,  smooth  and  lenticular. 

1.  A.  geniculatUS,  L.  Low;  culms  ascending,  bent  at  the  lower  joints; 
awn  longer  than  the  obtuse  hairy  glume.  —  Wet  cultivated  grounds,  Florida  and 
northward.  April.  —  Culms  6'  - 12'  high.  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long,  with  the  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  joints.  Spikes  1'  -  1|'  long. 


550  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

The  MEADOW  FOXTAIL  (A.  pratcnsis,  L.),  a  taller  species  (2° -3°  high), 
with  acute  glumes,  is  scarcely  spontaneous  at  the  South.  The  same  observation 
applies  to  the  TIMOTHY  or  HERD'S-GRASS  (Phleum  pratense,  L.),  which  differs 
from  Alopecurus  in  having  two  paleae  and  awned  glumes. 

5.     SPOROBOLUS,    Brown.     DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

Tough  wiry  and  tufted  or  creeping  perennial  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves,  and 
1-flowered  awnless  spikelets,  disposed  in  open,  or  crowded  in  spiked  panicles. 
Glumes  2,  membranaceous,  unequal,  the  lower  one  shorter.  Paleae  2.  mostly 
longer  than  the  glumes,  and  of  the  same  texture.  Stamens  3.  Styles  2.  Grain 
oval  or  globose,  loose  in  the  thin  membranaceous  pericarp,  deciduous.  Panicles 
fexserted. 

*  Panicles  open. 

1.  S.  junceus,  Kunth.     (WIRE-GRASS.)     Panicle  narrow,  the  short  and 
spreading  branches  whorled ;  spikelets  on  one  side  of  the  branches,  short-stalked  ; 
glumes  smooth,  the  upper  one  acute,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  lower,  and  about 
equal  to  the  obtuse  palese  ;  culms  (1°  -  2°  high)  erect ;  leaves  chiefly  radical,  fili- 
form and  elongated,  involute,  thoi-e  of  the  culm  short  and  remote.     (Agrostis 
juncea,  Michx.) — Dry  pine  barrens,  common.     April  and  May,  and  often  in 
October. 

2.  S.  PloridanuS,  n.  sp.    Panicle  diffuse,  large;  spikelets  (purplish)  on 
long  hair-like  stalks ;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  one  barely  shorter  than  the  obtuse 
paleae,  the  upper  one  a  third  longer ;  leaves  rather  rigid,  flat,  pungent,  very  rough 
on  the  edges.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Middle  and  West  Florida.     September.  — 
Culm  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  1°  -•  2°  long.     Panicle  1°  - 1£°  long. 

*  *  Panicles  spiked. 

3.  S.  Indicus,  Brown.      Culms  erect;  panicle   elongated,  linear;  leaves 
long,  flat ;  paleae  twice  as  long  as  the  glumes,  the  upper  one  truncated.    ( Agrostis 
Indica,  L. )  —  Waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May  -  Sept.  —  Culms 
2° -3°  high.     Leaves  with  bristle-like  summits.     Panicle  6' -18' long,  turning 
blackish.     Spikelets  crowded  on  the  short  appressed  branches. 

4.  S.  Virgi.ni.CUS,   Kunth.     Culms  creeping,  short-jointed,  the  short  and 
mostly  clustered  branches  erect;  leaves  2-ranked,  soon  convolute,  short  and 
rigid;  panicle  small,  lanceolate;  glumes  nearly  equal,  acute,  rather  longer  than 
the  paleae.     (Agrostis   Virginica,   L.)  —  Saline  marshes  and    banks  along  the 
coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.      July  and  Aug.  —  Flowering  stems  6' -12' 
high.    Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Panicle  l'-2'  long,  pale  or  purple. 

6.     VILFA,     Adans.     RUSH-GRASS. 

Panicles  contracted  or  spiked,  more  or  less  included  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves. 
Grain  oblong  or  linear,  adherent  to  the  closely  investing  pericarp.  Otherwise  as 
in  Sporobolus. 

1.  V.  aspera,  Beauv.  Perennial;  culms  tall  and  slender;  leaves  elon- 
gated, rough  above,  bristle-like  at  the  summit ;  panicles  partly  included  in  the 


GKAMINE^E.       ^GUASS    FAMILY.)  551 

upper  sheaths  ;  paleae  rough-hairy,  unequal,  awl-pointed,  2-3  times  as  long  a* 
the  rough-keeled  glumes  and  linear  grain.  (Agrostis  aspera,  Michx,  A.  clan- 
destina,  Spreng.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  and  Aug.  — 
Culms  2°  -  3°  high.  Sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat. 

2.  V.  vaginseflora,  Torr.  Annual;  culms  low,  clustered,  bearing  con- 
cealed panicles  at  every  joint,  the  terminal  one  partly  exserted ;  leaves  short, 
smoothish;  paleae  ovate,  smooth,  one  third  longer  than  the  smooth  glumes  and 
oval  grain.  (Agrostis  Virginica,  Mtihl.  Crypsis  Virginica,  Nutt.) — Dry  bar- 
ren soil,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  September.  —  Culms  6'  - 12'  high. 
Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

7.     AGROSTIS,    L.     BENT-GRASS. 

Tufted  usually  tender  grasses,  with  flat  and  narrow  leaves ;  the  small  1 -flowered 
spikelets  racemose  on  the  hair-like  clustered  branches  of  the  open  panicle,  on 
thickened  pedicels.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  paleae.  Paleae  2, 
the  lower  one  commonly  awned  on  the  back,  3-5-nerved,  the  upper  2-nerved, 
occasionally  minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Grain 
free. 

§   1.    TRICHODIUM.      Upper  jxtlea  minute  or  icanting,  the  lower  aivnless,  shorter 
than  the  unequal  acute  rouyh-keeled  glumes. 

1.  A.  elata,  Trin.     Culms  stout,  erect;  leaves  flat  (!"-  2"  wide);  branches 
of  the  panicle  flower-bearing  above  the  middle.     (A.  dispar,  Michx.  <)  —  Swamps, 
North  Carolina,  Curtis.     September.     1J. — Culms  2° -3°  high.     Panicles  large 
and  diffuse. 

2.  A.  perennans,  Gray.     Culms  slender,  decumbent  at  the  base ;  leaves 
flat  (l"-2"wide);  branches  of  the  panicle  short,   flower-bearing  from  below 
the  middle  ;  spikelets  whitish.    (T.  perennans,  Ell.}  —  Swamps  and  river-banks, 
Florida,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug.      y.  —  Culms  l°-2°  high. 

•'!.  A.  SCabra,  Willd.  Culms  slender,  erect ;  leaves  short ;  branches  of  the 
panicle  long,  hair-like,  hispid,  bearing  the  purple  spikelets  near  their  summits. 
(T.  laxiflorum,  Ell.)  —  Sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  June  and  July. 
(j)  —  Panicle  usually  as  long  as  the  culm. 

§  2.    AGROSTIS  PROPER.      Upper  palea  manifest :  the  lower  commonly  awned  on 
the  back. 

4.  A.  alba,  L.     Culms  ascending  from  a  creeping  base ;  panicle  spreading 
in  flower,  contracted  in  fruit ;  glumes  (whitish)  nearly  equal,  rough-keeled ;  pa- 
leae hairy  at  the  base,  the  lower  twice  as  long  as  the  upper  one,  awnless  or  short- 
awned.  —  Damp   soil,  Florida,    arid  northward.     Introduced.  —  Culms   1°-3°J 
long. 

5.  A.  rupestris,  All.     Culms  slender,  erect;  panicle  small,  oblong,  with 
erect  smooth   branches ;  glumes  lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  rough-keeled ;  lower 
palea  one  third  shorter  than  the  glumes,  short-awned  below  the  middle,  the  uppci 

one  minute.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July 

Culms  1°  high. 


552  GRAMINE^E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

6.  A.  araclinoid.es,  Ell.  Culms  and  leaves  very  slender;  panicle  con- 
tracted, weak  and  drooping ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  rough  on  the  keel 
and  margins;  upper  palea  minute,  the  lower  with  two  minute  bristles  at  the 
truncated  apex,  and  a  long  and  very  fine  awn  on  the  back  above  the  middle.  — 
Near  Orangeburg,  South  Carolina,  Elliott,  and  westward.  April  and  May.  Ij. 
—  Culms  1°  high. 

8.     POLYPOGON,    Desf.     BEARD-GRASS. 

Flat-leaved  chiefly  annual  grasses,  with  the  1-flowered  spikelets  stalked,  and 
crowded  in  close  clusters  into  a  terminal  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  2,  equal,  awned, 
and  much  longer  than  the  palese,  of  which  the  lower  one  is  truncated  and  toothed 
at  the  apex,  and  often  short-awned.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  2.  Grain  elliptical, 
free. 

1.  P.  maritimus,  Willd.  Culms  simple  (6'-  8'  high);  glumes  pubescent, 
hispid  on  the  keel,  one  third  as  long  as  the  slender  awns ;  lower  palea  4-toothed, 
unawned.  (Phleum  pratense,  Ell.,  Herb.)  —  Sea-shore  of  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Introduced. 

9.    CINNA,    L. 

Tall  perennial  grasses,  with  broad  leaves,  bearing  the  1-flowered  compressed 
spikelets  in  a  large  compound  terminal  panicle.  Glumes  unequal,  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  sharp  keel  hispid-serrulate.  Palese  2,  raised  on  a  stalk,  smooth,  the 
lower  one  short-awned  on  the  back  below  the  apex.  Stamen  1.  Grain  linear- 
oblong,  free. 

1.  C.  arundinacea,  L.  Culms  (2° -7°  high)  simple;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  (£'  wide) ;  branches  of  the  panicle  in  fours  or  fives,  erect  in  fruit; 
spikelets  often  purplish  (2£"-3"  long).  —  Shaded  swamps,  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward. —  Panicle  6'- 15'  long,  rather  dense.  —  Var.  PEXDULA,  Gray.  Culms  and 
branches  of  the  drooping  panicle  more  slender ;  pedicels  very  rough ;  spikelets 
smaller ;  glumes  and  paleae  thinner.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Curtis. 

10.    MUHLENBERGIA,     Schreb.     DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  persistent,  pointed  or  awned,  equal,  or  the 
lower  one  smaller.  Paleae  2,  sessile  in  the  glumes,  commonly  hairy  at  the  base, 
deciduous  with  the  enclosed  grain ;  the  lower  one  3-nerved  and  mucronate  or 
awned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  3. 

$  1.    MUHLENBERGIA  PROPER.  —  Spikdets  commonly  much  crowded,  in  lat- 
eral and  terminal  panicles,  short-stalked:  culms  branching:  leaves  flat. 

1.  M.  Mexicana,  Trin.     Panicles  oblong,  dense  ;  glumes  unequal,  lance- 
olate, ending  in  slender  hispid  awn-like  points,  the  upper  one  as  long  as  the 
awnless  palete.     (Agrostis  laterifloni,  Michx.)  —  Damp  soil,  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.     June  and  Julv.  —  Culms  ascending,  much  branched. 

2.  M.  Willdenovii,  Trin.      Culms  sparingly  branched,  erect;    panicles 
linear ;  spikelets  scattered ;  paleae  twice  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  short-pointed 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  O«>3 

glumes,  the  lower  one  with  an  awn  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  (Agros- 
tis  tenuiflora,  Willd.)  —  Dry  rocky  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  July  and  Aug. — 
Culms  3°  high. 

3.  M.  diffusa,  Schreb.     Culms  diffusely  branched,  low ;  panicles  long  and 
slender ;  glumes  very  small,  the  upper  one  truncated  ;  awn  of  the  palea  twice  as 
long  as  the  spikelet.  —  Shaded  waste  places,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  and 
Sept.  —  Culms  1°  - 1^°  high. 

§  2.    TRICHOCHLOA.  —  Panicle  terminal,  diffuse:  spikdets  on  long  and  hair, 
like  stalks  :   culms  tall  and  simple. 

4.  M.  capillaris,  Kunth.      Leaves  rigid,  elongated,  convolute;    panicle 
erect,  the  long  and  purple  glossy  branches  and  spikelets  drooping ;  glumes  nearly 
equal,  half  as  long  as  the  paleas,  the  lower  one  awned ;  paleae  unequal,  the  up- 
per one  barely  awned,  the  lower  3-awned,  with  the  middle  awn  many  times 
longer  than  the  spikelet. — Varies  with  both  glumes  long-awned.      (M.  filipes, 
Curtis.)  —  Sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  and  sparingly  in  the  interior,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culms  2° -4°  high. 

5.  M.  trichopod.es.     Culms  and  leaves  filiform,  elongated ;  panicle  erect, 
oblong ;  spikelets  linear,  on  spreading  stalks ;  palete  twice  as  long  as  the  nearly 
equal  awnless  glumes,  ribbed  ;  the  lower  one  tipped  with  a  short  awn,  and  with 
the  two  lateral  nerves  slightly  percurrent,  hairy  at  the  base.     (Agrostis  tricho- 
podes,  Ell.  — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.     1J. —  Culms 
2° -3°  high.     Panicle  rarely  purplish.     Leaves  flat. 

11.    BBACHYELYTBUM,    Beauv. 

A  perennial  erect  grass,  with  a  simple  slender  culm,  flat  lanceolate  leaves, 
and  a  loose  lanceolate  simple  panicle  of  large  (^'  long)  1-flowered  spikelets. 
Lower  glume  obsolete,  the  upper  minute,  persistent  and  awnless.  Palese  rigid, 
rough  with  short  bristly  hairs,  the  lower  one  concave,  5-ribbed,  tapering  into  a 
long  straight  awn,  and  enclosing  the  shorter  2-pointed  upper  one.  An  awn-like 
pedicel  of  a  second  flower  is  applied  to  the  back  of  the  upper  palea.  Stamens 
and  long  stigmas  2.  Grain  linear. 

1.  B.  aristatum,  Beauv.  (Muhlenbergia  erecta,  Schreb.) — Dry  rocky 
places,  Florida,  and  northward.  July. —  Culms  solitary,  2° -3°  high. 

12.     CALAMAGBOSTIS,     Adans.     REED  BENT-GRASS. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  rigid  erect  simple  culms,  bearing  a  loose  or  contracted 
panicle  of  1-flowcred  spikelets,  with  the  hairy  pedicel  of  a  second  flower  at  the 
back  of  the  upper  palea.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  keeled,  longer  than  the  palese. 
Palese  2,  bearded  at  the  base  with  long-  hairs,  the  lower  one  awned  on  the  back. 
Stamens  3.  Grain  free. 

§  1.     CALAM AGROSTIS   PROPER.—  Glumes  and  paten  membranaceous,  the 
former  boat-shaped :  panicle  open  or  loose. 

1.   C.  coarctata,  Torr.      Panicle   contracted,   lanceolate;    glumes  lance- 
olate, awl-pointed,  rough-keeled,  with  a  purple  stripe  near  the  margins ;   lower 
47 


554  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

palea  5-nerved,  rough-keeled,  about  as  long  as  the  awn,  much  longer  than  the 
hairs  at  the  base.  —  Swamps,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  Aug.  and  Sept. 
—  Culms  2°  — 3°  high.  Leaves  somewhat  glaucous.  Panicle  £°  long,  purplish. 

§  2.  AMMOPHIL A.  —  Glumes  and  pale.ce.  somewhat  coriaceous :  panicle  spike-like. 
2.  C.  arenaria,  Roth.  Culms  and  elongated  convolute  leaves  rigid ;  pan- 
icle long  (5' -9'),  cylindrical;  lower  palea  5-nerved,  obscurely  awned,  3  times 
as  long  as  the  hairs  at  the  base.  —  Sandy  sea-shore,  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. Aug.  —  Rootstock  creeping.  Culm  2° -3°  high.  Spikelets,  like  the 
whole  plant,  whitish,  £'  long. 

13.     STIPA,     L.      FEATHER-GRASS. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  convolute  leaves,  and  loose  panicles  of  1 -flowered 
spikelets,  with  very  long  awns.  Glumes  2,  membranaceous,  nearly  equal,  awn- 
less  and  persistent.  Paleae  coriaceous,  involute,  raised  on  an  obconical  bearded 
stalk,  the  lower  one  with  a  twisted  or  contorted  awn  jointed  with  its  apex.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Grain  terete,  enclosed  in  the  paleae. 

1.  S.  avenacea,  L.  Culms  ( 1°  -  2°  high)  clustered ;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
rough,  the  lowest  elongated ;  awn  pubescent,  bent  in  the  middle,  many  times 
longer  than  the  dark-brown  palea.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  April. 

14.  STREPTACHNE,    R.  Brown. 

Grasses  with  the  habit  of  Aristida.  Spikelet  1  -flowered  ;  flower  stalked. 
Glumes  2,  loose,  awnless.  Palese  2  ;  the  exterior  cylindrical-involute.  Awn 
terminal,  simple,  jointless,  twisted  below ;  the  inner  palea  included,  awnless. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  2.  Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  S.?  Floridana,  n.  sp.  Culms  (2°  high)  simple,  slender,  erect;  leaves 
long,  filiform,  convolute,  smooth;  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat;  panicle  (1°  long) 
narrow,  erect,  the  rough  branches  by  pairs,  scattered ;  spikelets  short-stalked ; 
glumes  equal,  linear,  purple,  1 -nerved,  the  lower  one  awn-pointed,  hispid-serru- 
late on  the  back,  the  upper  smooth,  truncated,  mucronate-awned  ;  paleoe  raised 
on  a  slender  bea/ded  stalk,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  glumes  ;  the  lower  one  lin- 
ear-subulate, gradually  tapering  into  the  long  compressed  curved  awn,  convo- 
Jnte,  and  enclosing  the  capillary  inner  one.  —  South  Florida,  Dr.  Blodgett. 

15.  ARISTIDA,     L.      WIRE-GRASS. 

Dry  and  harsh  perennial  grasses,  growing  in  barren  soil,  with  narrow  leaves, 
racemose  or  spiked-panicled  1 -flowered  spikelets  nearly  as  in  Stipa,  but  the  lower 
palea  ending  in  a  triple  awn,  which  is  continuous  with  its  apex  (except  in 
No.  9).  Upper  palea  minute.  Grain  linear. 

*  Glumes  unequal,  the  upper  one  shorter. 

1.  A.  lanata,  Poir.  Culms  stout  (2°-3°  high),  simple;  leaves  flat,  rough 
on  the  upper  side,  the  sheaths,  like  the  axils  of  the  loose  panicle,  woolly  ;  lower 
palea  (4"  long)  as  long  as  the  upper  glume  and  lateral  awns,  and  one  half  as 


GRAMIXK^E.   -    (GRASS    FAMILY.)  555 

long  as  the  middle  one.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July 
and  Aug.  —  Lower  palea  spotted  with  purple. 

2.  A.  purpurascens,  Poir.      Culms  (l£°-2°  high)   slender,  sparingly 
branched ;    sheaths  smooth ;   glumes   sometimes   nearly  equal,  purple ;    lower 
palea  (3"  long)  j-J  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  awns. — Dry  soil,  Florida, 
and  northward.     Aug.  —  Panicle  slender,  1°  long,  with  the  branches  appressed. 

*  *  Glumes  ei/ual,  or  the  upper  one  longer. 

3.  A.  gracilis,  Ell.      Culms  much  branched  at  the  base,  very  slender; 
leaves  flat ;  panicle  very  narrow,  with  distant  appressed  branches ;  middle  awn 
rather  longer  than  the  rough  and\  spotted  lower  palea,  the  lateral  ones  much 
shorter;  glumes  nearly  equal.  —  Dry  gravelly  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Aug.  —  Culms  (with  the  panicle)  6'-  12'  high.     Spikelets  purple. 

4.  A.  virgata,  Trin.    Culms  (2° -3°  high)  branched  near  the  base;  leaves 
flat,  rigid;  panicles  (1°  long)  loose;  glumes  nearly  equal;  middle  awn  spread- 
ing, twice  as  long  as  the  erect  lateral  ones,  and  four  times  the  length  of  the  short 
(2"  long)  lower  palea.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

Var1?  palustris.  Every  jvay  larger  (3° -5°  high),  with  the  panicle  l£°- 
2^°  long,  and  the  straight  awns  nearly  equal.  —  Margins  of  pine-barren  ponds, 
West  Florida.  Aug.  and  Sept. 

5.  A.  Stricta,  Michx.    Culms  (2° -3°  high)  tufted,  simple,  straight;  leaves 
chiefly  radical,  filiform,  involute,  rigid,  hairy  at  the  base;   panicle  (1°  long) 
spiked ;    lateral  awns  as  long  as  the  lower  palea,  the  middle  one  one  third 
longer.  —  Dry  sandy  ridges  in  the  pine  barrens,  very  common.     June  and  July. 

6.  A.  dichotoma,  Michx.     Culms  low,  fork-branched ;    leaves   filiform, 
erect;  panicle  (2' -3' long)  spiked ;  glumes  purple,  longer  than  the  palea?  and 
the  very  short  and  erect  lateral  awns,  the  middle  awn  shorter  than  the  paleae, 
spreading.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     Aug.  and  Sept. —  Culms  6'-  12' 
high. 

7.  A.  spiciformis,  Ell.      Culms   simple,   rigid,   erect    (l°-l|°   high); 
leaves  rigid,  erect,  convolute,  smooth  ;  panicle  spiked  ;  glumes  much  shorter 
than   the   long  (!')  very  slender  paleae,  the  upper  one  twice  as  long  as  the 
lower;   awns  nearly  equal,  widely  spreading,  the  middle  one  as  long  as  the 
paleae.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     Aug.  and   Sept.  — 
Panicles  2'  -  4'  long,  at  'length  twisted. 

8.  A.  Oligantha,  Michx.     Culms  (l°-2°  high)  branched,  slender;  leaves 
filiform,  convolute  ;  spikelets  scattered,  single  or  by  pairs,  in  a  simple  terminal 
raceme ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  paleaB ;  middle  awn  very  long 
(2'),  rather  longer  than   the   lateral   ones,  and  2-3  times  the  length  of  the 
paleae.  —  South  Carolina  or  Georgia,  Nuttatt.     Sept. 

9.  A.  tuberculosa,  Nutt.    Culms  rigid,  branching  (1°-  l£°  high) ;  leaves 
flat;  glumes  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  paleae,  bristle-awned ;  awns  (2'  long) 
equal,  jointed  with  the  paleae,  twisted  below,  then  widely  spreading,  several  times 
longer  than  the  palea.  —  Dry  ridges,  in  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia.     Sept 
—  Panicle  simple. 


556  GUAMiNEjE.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

16.    SPARTINA,    Schreb.    MABSH-GRASS. 

Rigid  perennial  grasses,  growing  chiefly  in  saline  marshes,  with  simple  culms, 
concave  or  convolute  leaves,  and  flattened  1 -flowered  spikelets,  closely  imbricated 
in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  triangular  rachis,  forming  appressed  or  spreading 
alternate  spikes.  Glumes  2,  unequal,  acute  or  short-awned,  commonly  bristly- 
serrulate  on  the  keel ;  the  upper  mostly  longer  than  the  unequal  awnless  palea;. 
Stamens  1-3.  Styles  long,  united  below,  or  nearly  distinct.  Grain  free. 
*  Leaves  convolute,  rush-like. 

1.  S.  juncea,  Willd.     Spikes  3 - 9,  remote,  erect ;  glumes  hispid-serrulate 
on  the  keel,  the  upper  2-3  times  longer  than  the  lower  one ;  lower  palea,  and 
sometimes  the  upper  also,  rough  above.  —  Sandy  or  marshy  places  along  the 
coast,  Florida,  and  northward.    July  and  Aug.  —  Culms  1  °  -  3°  high.     Leaves 
pungent.     Spikes  1'- 2' long.     Stamens  1-3. 

2.  S.  gracilis,  Hook.     Spikes  15-30,  closely  imbricated  in  a  cylindrical 
spike,  the  lowest  rather  distinct ;  glumes  hispid  on  the  back,  the  upper  one  third 
longer  than  the  lower  one,  obtuse,  mucronate ;  paleae  obtuse,  the  lower  rough  on 
the  back,  the  upper  smooth.  —  Sandy  saline  swamps,  West  Florida.     July  and 
Aug.  —  Culms  (l°-2°high)  and  rush-like  leaves  very  rigid.     Common  spike 
4'  -  6'  long.     Proper  spikes  4"  -  6"  long. 

*  *  Leaves  concave  or  flat. 

3.  S.  polystachya,  Willd.     Spikes  numerous,  spreading  ;  upper  glume 
and  nearly  equal  palese  slightly  roughened,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  lower 
one;  leaves  broad  (£'-!£')>  concave,  very  rough  on  the  margins.  —  Brackish 
marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culms  stout,  4°  -  8° 
high.     Spikes  2' -3'  long,  racemed. 

4.  S.  glabra,  Muhl.     Spikes  numerous,  appressed  to  the  common  rachis  ; 
upper  glume  linear,  obtuse,  3  times  the  length  of  the  lower  one,  and,  like  the 
palea?,  very  smooth ;  leaves  concave,  smooth  on  the  margins.  —  Salt  marshes, 
Florida,  and  northward.    Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culms  2° -4°  high.     Leaves  nar- 
rower than  the  last,  elongated. 

17.     GYMNOPOGON,    Beauv. 

Low  perennial  grasses,  with  short  and  crowded  distichous  spreading  leaves. 
Spikelets  appressed,  scattered  on  the  straight  and  at  length  reflexed  branches  of 
the  simple  panicle,  consisting  of  one  perfect  flower,  and  the  awn-like  pedicel  of  a 
second  flower  above.  Glumes  2,  subulate,  hispid-serrulate.  Palea!  2,  shorter 
than  the  glumes,  the  lower  one  awned  under  the  apex.  Stamens  3. 

1.  G.  racemosus,  Beauv.  Culms  (1°  high)  rigid;  leaves  lanceolate 
(l£;- 2' long) ;  branches  of  the  panicle  bearing  the  linear  spikelets  from  the 
base  to  the  summit ;  awn  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  paleaj  and  the  pedicel  of 
the  sterile  flower.  ( Andropogon  ambiguus,  Michx.)  —  Var.  FILIFORMIS  has  nar- 
rower leaves,  the  spikelets  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  branches,  and  the  awns 
and  sterile  pedicel  shorter  than  the  pale*. —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. Sept.  and  Oct. 


GRAMIXE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  557 

18.     ETJSTACHYS,    Desv. 

Chiefly  tropical  grasses,  with  compressed  culms  and  sheaths,  distichous  flat  or 
folded  obtuse  leaves,  and  digitate  rarely  single  spikes.  Spikelets  2  -3-flowered, 
imbricated  or  crowded  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  triangular  rachis  ;  the  lowest 
flower  perfect  and  sessile,  the  upper  ones  staminate  or  neutral,  and  stalked. 
Glumes  2,  membranaceous,  persistent,  the  upper  (exterior)  one  short-awned. 
Paleae  coriaceous,  the  lower  one  boat-shaped,  mucronate-awned  under  the  apex, 
the  upper  (mostly  wanting  in  the  sterile  flowers)  unawned.  Stamens  3.  Grain 
free. 

1.  E.  petrsea,  Desv.     Culms  (l°-2°high)  clustered,  erect;  leaves  glau- 
cous ;   spikes  3  -  5  ;   spikelets  2-flowered ;   glumes   hispid,  the   upper  oblong, 
deeply  emarginate  ;  lower  palea  dark  brown,  hairy  on  the  keel  and  margins, 
bearded  at  the  base ;  sterile  flower  neutral,  club-shaped,  awnless.  —  Damp  soil 
along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May -Aug.     y. — Leaves  3' -5' 
long.     Spikes  erect.     Spikelets  roundish. 

2.  E.  glauca,   n.  sp.      Culms  stout  (3° -5°  high),  and,  like   the   broad 
(6" -8"  long)  leaves,  smooth  and  glaucous;  spikes  about  20;  spikelets  roundish, 
2-flowered ;   glumes  hispid,  the  upper  lanceolate,  entire ;   palea?  dark  brown, 
smooth  ;  upper  flower  obovate,  short-awned.  —  Brackish  marshes,  West  Florida, 
Aug.  and  Sept.     (I)  —  Culms  £'  wide  at  the  base.     Leaves  1|°-  2°  long. 

3.  E.  Floridana,  n.  sp.     Culms  slender  (2°  high) ;   leaves  (2' -4'  long) 
glaucous ;  spikes  single  or  by  pairs  ;  spikelets  light  brown,  3-flowered,  the  mid- 
dle flower  staminate  ;  glumes  smoothish,  truncate,  oblong ;  lower  palea  of  the 
perfect  flower  hairy  on  the  keel  and  margins,  distinctly  awned ;  sterile  flowers 
obovate,  smooth,  the  lower  one  short-awned.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Middle  Flor- 
ida.    July—  Sept.     1J.  —  Spikelets  larger  than  in  the  two  preceding. 

19.     CYNODON,    Kichard.    BERMUDA-GRASS. 

Diffusely  creeping  grasses,  with  short  and  erect  flowering  stems,  and  flat 
leaves.  Spikes  digitate,  1-sided.  Spikelets  crowded,  awnless,  2-flowered;  the 
lower  flower  perfect,  the  upper  an  awn-like  pedicel.  Glumes  2,  membranaceous, 
nearly  equal.  Palea:  2,  membranaceous,  the  lower  one  larger  and  keeled.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Grain  free. 

1.  C.  Dactylon,  Pers.  Spikes  3-5,  filiform,  purple;  glumes  rough- 
keeled  ;  palea?  longer  than  the  glumes,  the  lower  one  boat-shaped,  and  hairv 
on  the  keel ;  anthers  and  stigmas  purple.  (Digitaria  Dactylon,  Ell.)  —  Waste 
places.  Introduced.  —  Culms  perennial.  Leaves  2' -4' long.  Spikes  l'-2' 
long,  filiform. 

20.     CTENIITM,    Panz. 

Flat-leaved  grasses,  with  the  erect  culms  terminated  by  a  single  falcate  spike. 
Spikelets  4  -  5-flowered,  crowded  in  two  rows  on  the  lower  side  of  the  flattened 
rachis ;  the  two  lower  sterile,  of  1  -  2  palese  which  are  awned  under  the  apex, 
and  similar  to  the  third  perfect  one;  the  upper  ones  (1  -2)  abortive  and  awn- 

47* 


558  GHAMINE^E.         (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

less.  Glumes  2,  mcmbranaceous,  very  unequal ;  the  larger  upper  one  with  a 
spreading  awn  or  tubercle  on  the  back.  Paleae  of  the  perfect  flower  membrana- 
ceous ;  the  lower  one  awned  below  the  apex,  and  densely  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Stamens  3.  Ovary  smooth.  Styles  terminal :  stigmas  elongated,  plumose,  with 
simple  hairs.  Grain  free. 

1.  C.  Americanum,  Spreng.  Root  pungent;  culm  (2° -3°  high)  rough, 
like  the  narrow  leaves;  spike  at  length  recurved  or  coiled  (3' -4'  long)  ;  upper 
glume  granular  on  the  back ;  the  stout  awn  spreading  horizontally.  (Monocera 
aromatica,  Ell.)  —  Low  pine  ban-ens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July  and 
Aug.  U.- 

21.     DACTYLOCTENIUM,    Willd.      CROWFOOT-GRASS. 

Annual  creeping  or  spreading  branching  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  digitate 
rarely  single  spikes.  Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  crowded  on  one  side  of  the 
flattened  rachis ;  the  uppermost  flower  imperfect.  Glumes  2,  compressed-keeled, 
membranaceous ;  the  upper  (exterior)  awn-pointed.  Palese  2,  boat-shaped, 
pointed.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose,  with  branching  hairs.  Grain  round- 
ish, rugose,  free. 

1.  D.  -33gyptiacum,  Willd.  Culms  ascending  from  a  creeping  base; 
leaves  fringed  ;  spikes  commonly  4,  awn-pointed  ;  spikelets  3-flowered.  (Eleu- 
sine ?  cruciata,  Ell.)  —  Cultivated  ground,  common.  Introduced.  —  Culms  nu- 
merous, 1°  high.  Spikes  l'-2'  long. 

22.     ELEUSINE,     Ga-rt. 

Characters  chiefly  of  Dactyloctenium,  but  the  narrower  glumes  and  palese 
obtuse  and  awnless.  Stigmas  plumose,  with  simple  hairs.  Spikelets  closely 
imbricated.  —  Low  annuals. 

1.  E.  Indica,  Gaart.  —  Cultivated  ground,  very  common.  Introduced. 
Culms  (6' -18' high)  flattened;  leaves  flat;  spikes  2 -several,  the  lower  opes 
sometimes  scattered  (2' -4'  long) ;  spikelets  6-flowered. 

23.    LEPTOCHLOA,    Beauv. 

Flat-leaved  grasses,  with  the  numerous  spikes  disposed  in  a  terminal  raceme. 
Spikelets  sessile,  loose  on  one  side  of  the  elongated  filiform  rachis,  3  -  many- 
flowered.  Glumes  2,  membranaceous,  unequal,  keeled.  Palese  2,  membrana- 
ceous ;  the  lower  one  longer  than  the  upper,  3-nervcd,  awned  or  unawned. 
Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free. 

§  1.  LEPTOCHLOA  PROPER.  —  Lower  palea  unawned. 
1.  L.  mucronata,  Kunth.  Culms  2° -3°  high;  sheaths  of  the  broad  (4"- 
6"  wide)  rough  leaves  hairy ;  spikes  numerous,  in  an  elongated  raceme,  2'  -  4' 
long,  spreading  ;  spikelets  minute,  3- 4-flowered  ;  glumes  mucronate,  longer  or 
shorter  than  the  flowers :  lower  palea  smooth,  emarginate.  (Eleusine  mucro- 
nata, Micfix.)  —  Cultivated  fields,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug.  -  Sept.  ® 


GKAM1NE.E.       (/JRASS    FAMILY.)  559 

2.  L.  dubia,  Nees.     Culms  2°  high,  slender;   leaves  elongated,  filiform, 
with  smooth  sheaths  ;  spikes  6-10,  somewhat  corymbose  ;  spikelets  distant  on 
the  filifonn  rachis,  6-flowered  ;  glumes  lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  serrulate  on  the 
keel,  shorter  than  the  awnless  soon  spreading  flowers ;  paleae  fringed  on  the  mar- 
gins, the  lower  one  truncate  or  emarginate.  —  South  Florida. 

§  2.     DIPL  ACHNE.  —  Lower  palm  2-cleft,  1  -  3-awned. 

3.  L.  polystachya,  Kunth.     Culms  |°  -  4°  long,  mostly  prostrate  and 
rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  much  branched ;   raceme  partly  included  in  the 
sheaths  of  the  elongated  leaves ;  spikes  numerous,  approximate,  erect,  3'  -  5' 
long;  spikelets  lanceolate,  8  -  10-flowcred  ;  glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the 
flowers  ;  lower  palea  hairy  on  the  margins  below,  3-awned ;  the  lateral  awns 
minute,  the  middle  one  about  as  long  as  the  palea.      (Festuca  polystachya, 
Michx.)  — Brackish  swamps  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.    Sept.    (l) 

4.  L.  Domingensis,  Link.?     Culms  erect,  simple,  straight  and  slender; 
leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikes  6  —  12,  scattered, 
exserted ;   spikelets   lanceolate,   6  -  8-flowered ;   glumes  unequal,  acute,  rough- 
keeled  ;  lower  palea  hairy  on  the  margins,  much  longer  than  the  single  rough 
awn.  —  South  Florida.     Oct.  —  Culms  1°  - 1£°  high. 

24.  TRICTJSPIS,    Beauv. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  tall,  erect,  simple  culms,  from  a  thick  and  scaly  root- 
stock,  elongated  rigid  leaves,  and  ovate  or  lanceolate  5  -  7-flowered  stalked  spike- 
lets,  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound  open  panicle.  Glumes  2,  smooth,  emar- 
ginate, shorter  than  the  crowded  flowers.  Palese  2,  2-cleft,  the  lower  one  shortly 
3-awned  by  the  percurrent  hairy  nerves,  bearded  at  the  base.  Stamens  3.  Grain 
obovate-oblong,  free. 

1.  T.  sesslerioid.68,  Torr.     Panicle  ample  and  diffuse,  or  contracted  and 
erect,  bearded  in  the  axils ;  spikelets  terete,  lanceolate,  mostly  purple ;  lower 
palea  with  two  awn-like  teeth  similar  to  the  three  short  awns.     (Poa  quinquifida, 
Pursh.)  — Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culms  3° -5° 
high.     Sheaths  often  hairy. 

2.  T.  ambigua.     Panicle  short,  nearly  simple,  spreading,  smooth  in  the 
axils,  clammy ;  spikes  ovate  or  roundish,  compressed  ;  teeth  of  the  lower  palea 
obtuse,  wider  than  the  three  short  awns.     (Poa  ambigua,  Ell.)  — Low  pine  bar- 
rens, Florida  to  South  Carolina.     August.  —  Culms  2° -3°  high. 

25.  TRIPLASIS,    Beauv. 

Low  tufted  fibrous-rooted  grasses,  with  branching  culms,  linear-subulate  leaves, 
and  few  4-flowered  purple  spikelets,  disposed  in  reduced  lateral  and  terminal 
panicles.  Flowers  scattered  on  the  slender  rachis.  Glumes  2,  lanceolate,  smooth. 
Paleae  2,  hairy  on  the  margins ;  the  lower  one  2-cleft,  with  a  bearded  or  plumose 
awn  between  the  teeth  ;  the  upper  concave,  3-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free, 

1.  T.  Americana,  Beauv.  Culms  erect,  1°  - 1|°  high  ;  leaves  and  sheaths 
hairy;  lateral  panicles  included  ;  awn  of  the  lower  palea  plumose,  much  longer 


560  GRAMINE^.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

than  the  awn-pointed  teeth.     (Uralepis  comma,  Ell.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida 
to  !North  Carolina.    Aug.  and  Sept.     1J.. 

2.  T.  purpurea.  Culms  procumbent  or  ascending,  l°-l£0  long;  leaves 
and  sheaths  smooth  or  roughish ;  lateral  panicles  included ;  awn  of  the  lower 
palea  bearded,  about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  teeth,  and  much  shorter  than  the 
paleae.  (Aira,  Ell.  Uralepis  purpurea,  Nutt.)  —  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast, 
Florida,  and  northward.  Aug. -Oct.  —  Leaves  1'- 4' long.  Spikelets  bright 
purple. 

26.    EATONIA,    Raf. 

Slender  erect  and  tufted  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  small  smooth  (not 
hairy)  spikelets  of  pale  flowers  in  a  racemose  or  spicate  panicle.  Spikelets  awn- 
less,  2  -  5-flowered,  the  uppermost  flower  usually  an  awn-like  pedicel.  Glumes 
membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  the  lower  one  linear  and  1 -nerved ;  the 
upper  obovate,  3-nerved.  Paleae  unequal,  the  lower  one  obtuse.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  linear-oblong. 

1.  E.  Obtusata,   Gray.     Panicle  dense,  spike-like,  the  2-flowered  spikelets 
much  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches ;  glumes  rough  on  the  back,  the  upper 
one   round-obovate,   somewhat  truncate,   rather  rigid  ;   lower  palea  lanceolate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  rough-keeled.     (Aira  obtusata,  Michx.)  — Dry  soil,  Florida,  and 
northward.     April  and  May.     y.  and  ^l)  —  Culms  1  °  -  2°  high. 

2.  E.  Pennsylvanica,  Gray.     Panicle  slender,  loose,  the  2-3-flowered 
spikelets  scattered  on  the  slender  branches ;  glumes  slightly  roughened  on  the 
back,  the  upper  one  obovate,  obtuse,  or  abruptly  short-pointed  ;  lower  palea  ob- 
tuse ;  leaves  flat,  with  the  sheaths  smooth,  rough,  or  soft-downy.     (Aira  mollis, 
Ell.)  —  Upper  districts.     April.      U  —  Culms  1  °  -  2°  high. 

Var.?  flliformis.  Culms  1°  high,  very  slender,  barely 'longer  than  the  fili- 
form involute  leaves ;  panicle  linear,  loose  ;  spikelets  scattered,  mostly  3-flowered, 
the  flowers  distant  on  the  rachis,  the  lowest  one  and  glumes  nearly  smooth.  ( Aira 
mollis,  var.  Ell.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  March. 

27.    MELICA,    L. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves,  and  3  -  5-flowered  spikelets  of  large  flowers 
in  a  simple  panicle.  Flowers  awnless,  the  upper  ones  imperfect.  Glumes  mem- 
branaceous, unequal,  convex,  obtuse,  scarious  on  the  margins,  many-nerved. 
Paleae  similar  to  the  glumes ;  the  upper  one  smaller,  concave  on  the  back.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Grain  free. 

1.  M.  mutica,  Walt.  Culms  1°-  2°  high;  leaves  and  sheaths  smoother 
rough-pubescent ;  panicle  loose,  of  few  nodding  racemose  spikelets ;  upper  flow- 
ers imperfect,  truncate-obovate  ;  palea  roughish.  (M.  glabra,  Michx.) — Dry 
open  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  April. 

28.     GLYCERIA,    Brown. 

Smooth  perennial  marsh  or  water  grasses,  with  flat  leaves,  nearly  entire  sheaths, 
and  terete  or  tumid  many-flowered  spikelets  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  561 

panicle.  Rachis  jointed.  Glumes  membranaceous,  obtuse,  persistent.  Palea 
nearly  equal,  somewhat  chartaceous,  obtuse,  early  falling  away  with  the  separat- 
ing joints  of  the  rachis;  the  lower  one  naked,  convex,  7-nerved.  Stamens  2-3. 
Grain  free,  oblong. 

1.  G.  nervata,  Trin.     Culms  erect;  panicle  diffuse,  the  capillary  branches 
at  length  drooping ;  spikelets  purplish,  very  numerous,  ovate-oblong,  5  -  6-flow- 
ered,  nearly  terete ;  lower  palea  oblong,  obtuse,  7-nerved.    (Poa  parviflora,  Pursh.) 
— Wet  swamps,  West  Florida,  and  northward.      July.  —  Culms  2° -3°  high. 
Spikelets  2"  long. 

2.  Gr.  pallida,  Trin.     Culms  erect  or  ascending ;  panicle  narrow,  nearly 
simple,  with  the  capillary  branches  erect ;  spikelets  pale,  oblong-linear,  5  -  9-flow- 
ered,  nearly  terete ;  lower  palea  oblong,  minutely  5-toothed,  7-nerved.  —  Shallow 
water,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July.  —  Culms  1°  -  3°  long.     Spikelets 
^'  long. 

3.  G.  fluitans,  R.  Brown.     Culms  thick,  ascending  from  a  creeping  base ; 
leaves  long,  broadly  linear ;  panicle  long,  narrow,  racemose ;  spikelets  linear,  te- 
rete, pale,  loosely  7-13-flowered  (!'  long);  lower  palea  obtuse,  or  slightly  3- 
lobed  at  the  scarious  apex,  roughish'.  7-nerved.     (Poa  fluitans,  Ell.)  —  Shallow 
water  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.    June  and  July.  —  Culms  1  °  -  5° 
long.     Panicle  1°  long. 

4.  G.  rigida,  Smith.     Culms  low  (2'-4'high),  ascending,  rigid;  leaves 
subulate,  £'  -  1|  long,  involute  and  rigid  when  dry ;  panicle  1'- 1 J'  long,  lance- 
olate, dense,   1-sided;  spikelets  linear,  acute,    5 - 1 1 -flowered,  short-pedicelled  ; 
glumes  serrulate  on  the  keel;  palese  obtuse,  emarginate  or  mucronate.     (Poa 
rigida,  L.) — Dry  soils,  around  Beaufort,  South  Carolina,  Elliott.    April  and 
May. 

29.    ARUNDJNARIA,    Michx.     CANE  or  RKED. 

Tall  woody  grasses,  with  clustered  spreading  branches,  broad  and  flat  persist- 
ent leaves,  and  racemose  or  panicled  many-flowered  spikelets.  Glumes  unequal, 
concave,  membranaceous,  awn-pointed.  Palea?  rather  loosely  imbricated  on  the 
bearded  and  jointed  rachis,  nearly  equal ;  the  lowest  one  ovate-lanceolate,  con- 
cave, many-nerved,  awn-pointed;  the  upper  strongly  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Stigmas  3.  Grain  oblong,  free. 

1.  A.  gigantea.     (CANE.)     Culms  arborescent,  10° -20°  high,  rigid,  sim- 
ple the  first  year,  branching  the  second,  afterwards  at  indefinite  periods  fruiting, 
and  soon  after  decaying;  leaves  lanceolate  (l'-2'  wide),  acuminate,  smoothish  ; 
panicles  lateral,  composed  of  few  simple  racemes ;  spikelets  purple,  erect ;  lower 
palea  lanceolate-ovate,  pubescent,  fringed  (8"  long),  awn-pointed      (Arundinaria 
macrosperma,  Michx.)  — Banks  of  the  larger  rivers,  Florida  to  North  Carolina- 
February. 

2.  A.  tecta,  Muhl.  (REED.)  Culms  slender,  2° -  10°  high,  branching;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ronghish,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ;  spike- 
lets  solitary,  or  in  a  simple  raceme  at  the  summit  of  the  branches,  or  frequently 


562  GRAMINE^:.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

on  leafless  radical  culms ;  lower  palea  (6"  long)  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth,  fringed 
on  the  margins,  awn-pointed.  (Arundo  tecta,  Walt.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  Feb.  and  March. 

30.    BRIZOPYRUM,    Link. 

A  low  and  rigid  perennial  dioecious  grass,  growing  in  saline  marshes,  with 
linear-subulate  involute  distichous  leaves,  and  many-flowered  compressed  spike- 
lets,  crowded  in  a  nearly  simple  spike.  Glumes  and  paleae  smooth,  somewhat 
coriaceous,  obtuse,  compressed,  not  keeled ;  the  lower  ones  several-nerved.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Stigmas  2.  Grain  oblong,  free. 

1.  B.  spicatum,  Hook.  Rootstocks  long  and  creeping;  culms  1°  high ; 
leaves  spreading,  rigid,  2' -4'  long,  smooth,  like  the  imbricated  sheaths  ;  spike- 
lets  oblong,  7-15-flowered.  (Uniola  spicata,  Ell.)  —  Low  sandy  shores  and 
marshes,  West  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug.  and  Sept. 

31.     POA,    L.      MEADOW-GRASS. 

Grasses  with  tufted  culms,  smooth  flat  and  tender  leaves,  and  compressed  few- 
flowered  spikelets  in  loose  or  contracted  panicles.  Glumes  unequal,  shorter 
than  the  flowers.  Lower  palea  nearly  membranaceous,  keeled,  scarious  on  the 
margins,  awnless,  5-nerved,  the  three  more  prominent  nerves  mostly  hairy  or 
woolly  below ;  upper  palea  2-toothed,  falling  at  maturity  with  the  lower  one. 
Stamens  2-3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free. 

*  Branches  of  the  panicle  single,  or  by  pairs. 

1.  P.  annua,  L.     Annual;  culms  tender,  spreading,  6-10'  high;   leaves 
linear,  3' -6'  long,  l£"  wide;    panicle  ovate,  the  smooth   branches  at  length 
reflexed ;  spikelets  ovate,  about  5-flowered  ;  glumes  obtuse  or  emarginate,  half 
as  long  as  the  sparsely  hairy  obtuse  flowers.  —  Yards  and  gardens,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Feb.  and  March.     Introduced. 

2.  P.  cristata,  Walt. "?     Annual;  culms  erect,  6' -10' high;  leaves  linear, 
subulate,  1 '  long,  £"  wide ;  panicle  linear  or  lanceolate,  dense,  the  lowest  of  the 
rough  branches  spreading  ;  spikelets  3  -  5-flowered ;  lower  palea  with  a  promi- 
nent crest-like  fringe  on  the  back,  barely  longer  than  the  acute  glumes. —  Dry 
soil  around  Quincy,  Middle  Florida.     April. 

3.  P.  flexuosa,  Muhl.     Perennial;    culrns  weak,  mostly  erect,    1°-1^° 
high  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  by  pairs  (l£'-2'  long), 
capillarv,  widely  spreading  ;  spikelets  2-4  near  the  summit  of  each  branch,  pale, 
oblong,  3  -  4-flowered  ;  glumes  acute  ;  lower  palea  compressed  and  very  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  hairy  on  the  nerves.     (P.  autumnalis,  Ell.)  —  Rich  shaded  soil, 
Florida,  and  northward.    May. 

*  *  Branches  of  the  panicle  3  -  6  in  a  cluster :  perennials. 

4.  P.  pratensis,  L.     Culms  terete,  ascending  from  a  creeping  base  ;  leares 
mostly  abruptly  pointed  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  expanding,  about  5  in  a  clus- 
ter ;  spikelets  ovate,  3  -  5-flowered,  crowded ;  flowers  closely  imbricated ;  lower 


GRAMINE^E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.)  563 

palca  acutish,  strongly  nerved,  hairy.     (P.  viridis  and  P.  angostifolia,  Ell.)  — 
Eich  soil,  mostly  around  dwellings.     Introduced.     May.  —  Culm  1°  -  2°  high. 

5.  P.  COmpressa,  L.  Culms  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  geniculate, 
and,  like  the  sheaths,  compressed ;  panicle  contracted,  1 -sided,  the  short  erect 
branches  2-4  in  a  cluster ;  spikelets  4  — 8-flowered;  lower  palea  rather  obtuse, 
hairy  below,  faintly  nerved.  —  With  the  preceding.  May.  —  Culms  1°  high. 
Leaves  bluish  green. 

32.     ERAGROSTIS,    Beauv. 

Spikelets  few  — many-flowered,  compressed.  Lower  palea  3-nerved,  not  hairy 
nor  woolly  ;  the  upper  one  remaining  after  the  rest  of  the  flower  has  fallen. 
Otherwise  as  in  Poa.  —  Culms  often  branched.  Leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or 
hairy. 

*  Culms  prostrate  and  creeping,  diffusely  branched. 

1.  E.  reptaus,  Nees.      Culms  filiform,  the  flowering  branches  erect  (4' -6' 
high),  leaves  short  (I'-- 2'  long),  linear;  sheaths  downy  at  the  base  ;  panicle  small 
(2'  — 3'  long),  ovate  or  oblong,  often  contracted  ;  spikelets  linear,  10  —  30-flowered, 
nearly  sessile,  imperfectly  dioecious ;  paleae  acute.     (Poa  reptans,  Michx.)  — Low- 
sandy  places,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.     ® — Plant  pale  green. 

*  *  Culms  branching,  erect  or  ascending :   annuals. 

2.  E.  megastachya,  Link.     Culms  prostrate  and  geniculate  at  the  base, 
ascending ;  leaves  linear ;  sheaths  smooth ;  panicle  oblong  or  pyramidal,  con- 
tracted or  spreading;  spikelets  oblong  or  at  length  linear  (3" -5"  long),  10  — 30- 
flowered,  often  lead-color ;  lower  palea  ovate,  obtuse.     (Briza  Eragrostis,  L.)  — * 
Cultivated  or  waste  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug. 

3.  E.  Ciliaris,  Link.     Culms  slender,  prostrate  or  ascending,  geniculate ; 
leaves  (2' -3'  long)  linear,  smooth  ;  sheaths  smooth,  bearded  at  the  throat;  panicle 
spiked,  cylindrical,  the  minute  (£"  long)  ovate  spikelets  densely  crowded  on  the 
short  appressed  branches,  5  -  7-flowcred ;  lower  palea  obtuse,  mucronate,  rough  or 
ciliate  on  the  back ;  the  upper  one  fringed  on  the  margins  with  long  bristly  hairs. 
—  Varies  with  the  culms  nearly  erect,  open  lanceolate  or  oblong  panicle,  dis- 
tinct pale  spikelets,  and  flowers  more  scattered  on  the  smooth  rachis.  —  Waste 
places  and  along  roads,  Florida  to  South  Carolina ;  the  var.  at  Key  West.  — 
Culms  6'  - 12'  long.     Spikelets  purple. 

4.  E.  Purshii,  Schrad.     Culms  slender,  ascending,  geniculate   near  the 
base,  6' -12'  long;   leaves  narrowly  linear,  with  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the 
throat ;  panicle  3'  -  6'  long,  the  lowest  of  the  widely  spreading  branches  whorled ; 
spikelets  linear,  5  -  10-flowered,  purple  or  pale,  the  lateral  ones  appressed,  and 
mostly  longer  than  their  pedicels  ;  lower  palea  ovate,  3-nerved.     (Poa  pectinata, 
and  P.  tenella,  of  authors. )  —  Waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds,  common. 
June  -  Sept. 

5.  E.  conferta,  Trin.     Culms  erect,  stout,  2° -3°  high;  leaves  linear; 
sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  elongated  (1°-  2°  long),  linear  or  lanceolate,  the  very 
numerous  clustered  branches  and  small  oblong  8  -  10-flowered  spikelets  erect  or 


564  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

appressed ;  flowers  minute,  membranaceons,  rather  distant  on  the  rachis  ;  lower 
palea  obtuse,  3-nerved.     (Poa  conferta,  Ell.)  —  River-banks,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina.    Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Panicle  whitish.     Spikelets  1"  -  l£"  long. 
*  *  *  Culms  simple,  erect,  shorter  than  the  large  and  spreading  panicle. 

6.  E.  tenuis,  Gray.    "Panicle  virgately  elongated  (l°-2£°  long),  very 
loose,  the  spreading  branches  bearded  in  some  of  the  lower  axils,  their  remote 
divisions  and  long  diverging  pedicels  capillary;  spikelets  2-6-  (sometimes  7- 
12-)  flowered,  pale  or  greenish;  glumes  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  very  acute 
(l£"-2"  long),  membranaceous,  as  are  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  flowers; 
lower  palea  distinctly  3-nerved ;  the  upper,  ciliate-scabrous."   Gray.     (Poa  te- 
nnis, Ell.)  —  Greenville,  South  Carolina,  Elliott;  North  Carolina,  Curtis.     Aug. 
and  Sept.     y.  ?  —  Leaves  (1  £°  -  2°  long)  and  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy. 

7.  E.  capillaris,  Nees.    Panicle  widely  expanding,  the  lower  axils  mostly 
bearded  :  spikelets  very  small  (1"  -  1 J"  long),  2  -  4-flowered,  mostly  purple,  on 
long  diverging  capillary  pedicels  ;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate,  acute  ;  lower  palea 
obscurely  3-nerved.     (Poa,  L.     P.  hirsnta,  Michx.) — Dry  uncultivated  fields, 
Florida,  and  northward.      Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or 
hairy.    Panicle  1°  -  2°  long. 

8.  E.  nitida.     Panicle  (l£°-3°  long)  reclining,  the  bristle-like  or  capil- 
lary branches  erect-spreading,  naked  in  the  axils ;  spikelets  linear,  flat  (3" -4" 
long),  8  —  1 2-flowered,  on  erect-spreading  pedicels  l'-2'  long ;  lower  palea  acute, 
3-nerved,  nearly  smooth  on  the  keel ;  leaves  and  sheaths  very  smooth  and  shin- 
ing.    (Poa  nitida,  Ell.)  — Low  grassy  places  along  the  coast,  West  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.     1J.  —  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  longer  than 
the  short  (6' -9'  high)  culm. 

9.  E.  pectinacea,  Gray.     Panicle  erect,  widely  spreading,  or  the  rather 
rigid  and  hairy  branches  at  length  reflexed  ;  spikelets  purple,  flat,  about  8-flow- 
ered,  shorter  than  the  erect  or  slightly  spreading  pedicels  ;  lower  palea  ovate, 
acute,  strongly  3-nerved,  rough-keeled.     (Poa  pectinacea,  Michx.    P.  hirsuta, 
EU.,  $-c.,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  and 
Sept.  —  Panicle  1°- H°  long.     Leaves  and  sheaths  mostly  clothed  with  long 
soft  hairs. 

Var.  refracta.  Smooth  throughout,  or  the  sheaths  of  the  short  and  rigid 
leaves  bearded  at  the  throat ;  panicle  (6'  -  12'  long)  with  the  branches  reflexed  ; 
spikelets  sessile  or  nearly  so,  1 5  -  20-flowered  ;  lower  palea  faintly  3-nerved. 
(Poa  refracta,  Ell.)  —  Damp  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Spikelets  about 
5"  long. 

33.    DACTYLIS,    L.    ORCHARD-GRASS. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  simple  culms,  keeled  leaves,  and  2  -  7-flowered  spikelets 
crowded  in  a  1-sided  glomerate  panicle.  Glumes  and  lower  palea  herbaceous, 
keeled,  awn-pointed,  rough-ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  latter  5-nerved.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  free. 

1 .  D.  glomerata,  L.  —  Near  Charleston,  Elliott,  and  northward.  Intro- 
duced. May  and  June.  —  Culms  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  and  sheaths  scabrous. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  565 

Spikelets  in  close  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  short  branches,  2  -  4-flowered. 
Glumes  and  flowers  lanceolate. 

34.     FESTUCA,    L.     FESCUE-GRASS. 

Grasses  with  flat  or  setaceous  leaves,  and  panicled  3  -  many-flowered  mostly 
awned  spikelets.  Rachis  jointed  as  in  Glyceria.  Glumes  unequal,  mostly  keeled. 
Palea3  nearly  coriaceous  ;  the  lower  one  naked,  rounded  on  the  back,  3  —  5-nerved, 
acute  or  bristle-awned ;  the  upper  commonly  adhering  at  maturity  to  the  enclosed 
strain.  Stamens  1  -3. 

*  Flowers  awned:  panicle  contracted:  annuals. 

1.  F.  Myurus,  L.     Culms  erect,  very  slender,  concealed  in  the  sheaths  of 
the  bristle-like  leaves  ;  panicle  elongated,  linear,  1-sided,  partly  included  in  the 
sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf,  the  scattered  branches  appressed ;  spikelets  com- 
pressed, 6-flowered ;  awn  3  —  4  times  the  length  of  the  subulate  sparsely  hairy 
palea.     Stamen  1 .  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     March  and 
April.  —  Culms  6'  -  12'  high.     Panicle  pale,  4'  -  6'  long. 

2.  F.  tenella,  Willd.     Culms  (2' -12'  high)  erect  or  ascending;   leaves 
narrowly  linear  or   filiform  ;    panicle   long-peduncled,  simple,  spiked,  or  the 
branches   slightly  spreading,  mostly  purple ;    spikelets   crowded,   compressed, 
oblong,  8-  12-flowered  ;  awn  not  longer  than  the  subulate  hispid  palea.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.    Feb.  -  April. 

3.  F.  duriuscula,  L.    Culms  erect,  l°-l£°  high;  leaves  filiform;  panicle 
simple,  1-sided,  mostly  bending,  spreading ;  spikelets  oblong,  about  6-flowered  , 
awn  shorter  than  the  smooth  lanceolate  palea.  —  Around  dwellings,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Introduced.     April  -  May. 

4.  F.   parviflora,   Ell.      "  Panicle   equal,  slender,   appressed ;    spikelets 
terete,  subulate,  5-flowered,  awned;    calyx  (glumes)  unawned."   Ell.  —  Near 
Orangeburg,  South  Carolina.     April.     1J.  ?  —  Culms   12' -18'  high.     Awn  as 
long  as  the  palea.     (  * ) 

*  *  Flowers  aimless :  panicle  spreading :  perennials. 

5.  F.  elatior,  L.    Culms  l°-2°  high;  leaves  linear,  smooth;  panicle  long, 
narrow,  erect,  the  erect  branches  bearing  the  loosely  5-  10-flowered  spikelets 
throughout;    palea   oblong-lanceolate,  barely  pointed.  —  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.     Introduced. 

6.  F.  nutans,  Willd.     Culms  2° -4°  high,  and,  like  the  broadly  linear 
leaves,  rough,  or  the  latter  hairy ;  panicle  1 -sided,  simple,  erect  or  bending,  the 
branches  mostly  by  pairs,  remote,  bearing  few  ovate  5  -  6-flowered  spikelets  near 
their  summits,  at  length  reflexed ;  glumes  rough  on  the  back,  acute ;  lower  palea 
ovate,  barely  pointed.  —  Rich  woods  and  banks,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug. 

7.  F.  grandiflora,  Lam.     "  Panicle   simple,   erect ;   spikelets  very  few, 
generally  7-flowered  ;  flowers  acute,  distant." —  Carolina,  Frazer.     ( * ) 

8.  F.  unioloides,  Willd.    Panicle  contracted ;  spikelets  compressed,  8-flow- 
ered,  awnless  ;  sheaths  of  the  leaves  bearded  at  the  summit.  —  Carolina,  Willd. 
—  Panicle  nodding,  expanding.     Spikes  oblong-lanceolate.     Root  fibrous.     ( «  } 

48 


566  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

35.     BROMUS,    L.     BROME-GKASS. 

Grasses  with  flat  leaves,  and  long-stalked  spikelets  in  loose  panicles.  Spike, 
lets  large,  3  -  many-flowered.  Glumes  membranaceous,  unequal,  commonly 
keeled.  Lower  palea  usually  awned  under  the  apex,  convex  on  the  back,  about 
7-nerved  at  the  base.  Stamens  3.  Grain  flattened  and  grooved  on  the  inner 
face,  and  adherent  to  the  upper  palea. 

1.  B.  ciliatus,  L.,  var.  purgans,  Gray.     Perennial;  panicle  diffuse,  the 
slender  drooping  branches  mostly  by  pairs ;  spikelets  lanceolate  after  flowering, 
10-  12-flowered  ;  lower  glume  1-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved ;  lower  palea  convex 
on  the  back,  7-nerved,  hairy,  about  as  long  as  the  awn;  culms  2° -4°  high  ; 
leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  downy.  —  River-banks  and  rich  soil,  Florida,  and 
northward.     June. 

2.  B.  secalinus,  L.     (CHEAT  or  CHESS.)     Annual;   panicle   spreading, 
with  clustered,  at  length  drooping  branches;  spikelets  (£'-!'  long)  8-10-flow- 
ered,  oblong-ovate  ;  lower  glume  ft-nerved,  the  upper  7-nerved ;  paleae  smooth, 
the  lower  one  convex,  7-nerved,  awnless  or  short-awned ;  culms  1°  — 2°  high; 
leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  downy.  —  Grain-fields,  &c.     Introduced. 


36.    UNTOLA,    L. 

Tough  perennial  grasses,  with  erect  culms,  from  creeping  rootstocks,  and 
mostly  broad,  flat  many-flowered  spikelets,  in  erect  or  drooping  panicles,  with 
one  or  more  of  the  lower  flowers  glume-like  and  neutral,  and  the  upper  imper- 
fect. Glumes  lanceolate,  compressed-keeled.  Lower  palea  rather  rigid,  strongly 
compressed-keeled,  nerved,  awnless,  much  larger  than  the  2-keeled  upper  one. 
Grain  free.  Stamens  1-3. 

*  Spikelets  long-pedicdled,  drooping :  flowers  oppressed. 

1.  IT.  latifolia,  Michx.     Culms  2° -3°  high  ;  leaves  flat,  lanceolate  (£'- 
1' wide)  ;  panicle  loose,  drooping;  spikelets  green,  oblong,  acute,  10-  15-flow- 
ered  ;  lower  palea  one  third  longer  than  the  upper,  fringed  on  the  keel,  acutish  ; 
stamen  1.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug.  —  Spike- 
lets  12"  -15"  long. 

2.  U.  paniculata,  L.     Culms  stout,  3°  -  5°  high ;  leaves  very  long,  rigid, 
soon   convolute ;   panicle  crowded,  drooping ;   spikelets  whitish,  oblong-ovate, 
about  12-flowered;  paleae  equal,  the  lower  one  notched  at  the  apex,  serrulate  on 
the  keel ;  stamens  3.  —  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast,  West  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.   July  and  Aug.  —  Plant  pale.     Leaves  2°  -  4°  long. 

*  *  Spikelets  sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect :  flowers  at  length  spreading. 

3.  U.  gracilis,  Michx.     Panicle  long  and  slender,  with  the  branches  ap- 
pressed;   spikelets  small  (2" -3"),  wedge-shaped,  4  -  6-flowered ;   lower  palea 
longer  than  the  upper  one,  smooth  on  the  keel,  obtuse;  stamen  1. — Rich  damp 
soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug.  —  Culms  slender,  mostly  erect, 
2°  -  4°  long.     Leaves  2"  -  6"  wide.     Sheaths  smooth  or  downy. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  567 

4.  U.  nitida,  Baldw.  Panicle  short,  of  few  rigid  spreading  branches  ; 
spikelets  (6" -8"  long)  oblong,  6-8-flowered;  palese  equal,  the  lower  acute, 
serrulate  near  the  apex  ;  stamen  1 .  —  Swamps,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward. 
Aug.  —  Culms  slender,  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  linear,  smooth. 


37.    PHRAGMITES,    Trin.     REED. 

Large  perennial  marsh  grasses,  with  broad  and  flat  leaves  and  panicled  spike- 
lets.  Spikelets  3  -  6-flowered,  with  the  rachis  bearded  with  long  and  silky  hairs. 
Lowest  flower  with  a  single  stamen  and  imperfect  ovary,  the  others  triandrous 
and  perfect.  Glumes  unequal,  pointed.  Lower  palea  narrowly  awl-shaped,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  the  2-cleft  upper  one.  Stigmas  2.  Grain  free. 

1.  P.  COmmunis,  Trin.  Culms  -5° -8°  high;  leaves  numerous,  l'-2' 
wide ;  panicle  diffuse,  nodding  ;  spikelets  3  -  5-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the 
white  hairs  of  the  rachis.  —  Deep  river  marshes  near  the  coast,  Florida,  and 
northward.  Sept. 


38.     ELYMUS,     L.      LYME-GRASS. 

Coarse  flat-leaved  perennial  grasses,  with  rigid  erect  culms,  bearing  a  single 
spike  of  2  -  7-flowered  spikelets,  arranged  2  -  4  in  a  cluster  at  each  joint  of  the 
zigzag  rachis.  Glumes  2,  placed  side  by  side  before  the  spikelets,  coriaceous, 
unequal-sided,  mostly  awned.  Palese  of  the  same  texture  as  the  glumes,  the 
lower  convex  on  the  back,  tapering  into  a  rigid  awn ;  the  upper  enclosing  the 
linear  hairy-tipped  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  2. 

1.  E.  Virginieus,  L.      Spike  dense,  erect  (3'  long),  the  base   usually 
included  in  the  dilated  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf ;  spikelets  2  -  3  in  a  cluster, 
2  -  3-flowered,  smoothish,  short-awned ;  glumes  lanceolate,  strongly  nerved.  — 
River-banks,  Florida,  and  northward.     July  and  Aug. —  Culms  2°  — 3°  high. 
Leaves  rough.     Sheaths  smooth. 

2.  E.  StriatUS,  Willd.     Spike  dense,  erect  or  slightly  nodding  (3' -5'  long), 
long-pedunclcd ;  spikelets  2-3  in  a  cluster,  1  -  3-flowered,  hairy,  long-awned ; 
glumes  linear-subulate,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  flowers.  —  Rocky 
woods  and  banks  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.    July -Sept.  —  Culms 
slender,  2°  high.     Leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  pubescent. 

39.     GYMNOSTICHUM,    Schreb. 

Spikelets  2  -  3  on  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  raised  on  a  short  and  thick  stalk. 
Glumes  none,  or  a  single  awn-like  rudiment.  Otherwise  as  in  Elymus. 

1.  G.  Hystrix,  Schreb  Spike  erect,  3'  -  6'  long,  lax-flowered  ;  spikelets 
yellowish,  3  -  4-flowered,  smooth  or  rough-hairy,  long-awned ;  leaves  and  sheaths 
smoothish.  (Elymus  Hystrix,  L.)  —  Upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward. 
July.  —  Culms  2°  -  3°  high.  Rachis  2-edged. 


568  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

40.    LOLIUM,    L.      DARNED 

Rigid  flat-leaved  (introduced)  grasses,  with  spiked  many-flowered  compressed 
spikelets,  with  one  edge  applied  to  the  jointless  rachis.  Glume  1,  rigid,  awnless. 
Lower  palea  concave,  awnless,  or  short-awned,  herbaceous.  Stamens  3.  Grain 
adherent  to  the  upper  palea.  —  Spikelets  distant  on  the  elongated  rachis. 

1.  L.  temulentum,  L.     Culm  tall  (2°  high);  rachis  (1°  long)  flexuous ; 
glume  rigid,  many-nerved,  longer  than  the  5-flowered  spikelet,  lower  palea  awned 
under  the  scarious  obtuse  apex.  —  Grain-fields,  North  Carolina.     (1) 

2.  L.  arvense,  Withering.      Culms  low   (6' -12');    rachis   (6' -8'  long) 
straight;  glume  rigid,  many -nerved,  shorter  than  the  8-10-flowered  spikelet; 
lower  palea  awnless  or  short-awned  at  the  scarious  emarginate  apex.  —  Streets 
of  Apalachicola.    July.     (I) 

41.    AIRA,    L. 

Low  and  slender  tufted  grasses,  with  the  small  2-flowered  stalked  spikelets  in 
a  loose  panicle.  Glumes  membranaceous,  keeled,  longer  than  the  flowers.  Pa- 
leae  hairy  at  the  base ;  the  lower  one  3  -.5-nerved,  and  awned  on  the  back.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Grain  oblong,  smooth. 

1.  A.  flexuosa,  L.  Culms  nearly  naked,  l°-l£°  high;  leaves  short, 
bristle-like ;  panicle  small,  capillary,  spreading ;  lower  palea  toothed  at  the  apex, 
much  shorter  than  the  slender  awn  ;  grain  free.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and 
northward.  July.  1J. . 

42.     TRISETUM,    Pers. 

Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered.  Lower  palea  compressed-keeled,  usually  bear- 
ing a  bent  awn  below  the  2-cleft  or  2-pointed  apex.  Otherwise  as  in  Aira. 
Spikelets  in  open  or  spiked  panicles. 

1.  T.  palustre,  Torr.     Smooth;  culms  weak  (1°-  l£°  long) ;  leaves  flat, 
linear ;   panicle  long  and  narrow,  loose ;   spikelets  2  -  3-flowered ;   the  lower 
flower  awnless,  the  upper  with  a  spreading  awn  and  an  awn-like  rudiment  at  the 
base,  or  rarely  both  flowers  awnless.     (Aira  pallens,  Muhl.    A.  triflora,  Ell.  ?)  — 
Swamps,  West  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.      March  and  April. — 
Panicle  pale,  4'  -  8'  long. 

2.  T.  molle,  Kunth.     Soft  downy;  culms  short  (6' -8');    panicle  (2' -3' 
long)  contracted,  dense  and  spike-like;  spikelets  2-flowered,  the  lower  palea  of 
both  flowers  with  a  spreading  awn.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. 

43.    DANTHONIA,    DC. 

Tufted  grasses,  with  racemose  or  panicled  spikelets,  and  rough  or  bearded 
flowers.  Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered.  Glumes  nearly  equal,  membranaceous, 
longer  than  the  flowers,  awnless.  Lower  palea  rigid,  concave,  many-nerved, 
bearded  below,  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  intermediate  awn, 
which  is  flattened  and  twisted  near  the  base.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  569 

1.  D.  spicata,  Beauv.     Spikelets  4  -  8,  racemose,  7 -flowered ;  lower  palea 
rough  with  short  rigid  hairs,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate-subulate  teeth ; 
culms  (10'  -  18'  high)  slender  ;  leaves  short  and  narrow,  soon  involute.     (Avena 
spicata,  L.)  —  Dry  barren  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     June  and  July.  —  Ra- 
ceme l'-2'  long. 

2.  D.  sericea,  Nutt.      Spikelets  numerous,  panicled,   7-flowered  ;    lower 
palea  white  with  long  silky  hairs,  as  long  as  the  slender,  awn-pointed  teeth ; 
culms  2°  high  ;  sheaths  of  the  linear  leaves  woolly  above.    (Avena  spicata,  Ell.) 
—  Upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.    April. 

44.    ARRHENATHERTTM,    Beauv. 

Tall  grasses,  with  flat  leaves,  and  spreading  panicles  with  clustered  or  whorled 
branches.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  with  the  awn-like  rudiment  of  a  third  flower ; 
the  lower  one  staminate,  the  upper  perfect.  Glumes  membranaceous,  concave, 
the  upper  one  as  long  as  the  flowers.  Palese  herbaceous ;  the  lower  one  of  the 
perfect  flowers  slightly  awned  near  the  apex,  that  of  the  staminate  flower  bearing 
a  long  bent  awn  below  the  middle.  Stamens  3. 

1.  A.  avenaceum,  Beauv.  Culms  smooth,  2°  -  3°  high ;  leaves  broadly 
linear;  panicle  narrow,  whitish,  8' -10' long;  glumes  scarious.  —  North  Caro- 
lina, Curtis.  Introduced.  May.  !(.. 

45.     ANTHOXANTHTJM,    L.     SWEET-SCEXTED   GRASS. 

Grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  3-flowered  spikelets,  crowded  in  a  spiked  panicle ; 
the  two  lower  flowers  neutral,  and  consisting  of  a  single  hairy  palea  awned 
on  the  back ;  the  upper  flower  perfect,  of  two  smooth  awnless  palese,  and  two 
very  thin  glumes,  the  upper  one  3-nerved,  longer  than  the  flower,  and  twice  as 
long  as  the  1-nerved  lower  one.  Stamens  2.  Grain  enclosed  in  the  paleae. 

1.  A.  odoratum,  L.  Culms  l°high;  leaves  linear,  hairy ;  panicle  l'-3' 
long.  —  Low  grounds  around  the  larger  cities,  Savannah,  Charleston,  &c.  In- 
troduced. April  and  May. 

46.    PHALARIS,    L. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  a  densely  spiked  panicle,  3-flowered ;  the  two  lower  flow- 
ers reduced  to  hairy  scales  ;  the  upper  perfect,  consisting  of  2  boat-shaped  awn- 
less,  at  length  coriaceous  palea;,  the  lower  one  longer  and  enclosing  the  upper, 
and  two  nearly  equal  broadly  keeled  glumes  which  are  longer  than  the  flower. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  elongated.  Grain  enclosed  in  the  palea;. 

1.  P.  intermedia,  Bosc.  Culms  ascending,  slender,  6'- 12' high;  leaves 
short,  with  the  uppermost  sheath  inflated;  spike  (£'-!'  long)  oval,  compact; 
glumes  lanceolate,  slender-pointed,  broadly  keeled,  twice  as  long  as  the  hairy 
ovate  flower.  (P.  Americana,  Ell.  P.  microstachya,  DC.)  —  Sandy  places 
along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  April  and  May.  (J) —  Leaves 
.broadly  linear,  1 '  -  2'  long,  somewhat  glaucous.  Spike  white  or  purplish. 

Var.  angUSta.  (P.  angusta,  Nees.)  Culm  stout  (2° -3°  high);  spike  cy- 
48* 


570  GRAMINE^E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

lindrieal  (2' -4'  long),  somewhat  interrupted  at  the  base  ;  glumes  short-pointed, 
rather  narrowly  keeled,  J  longer  than  the  ovate  hairy  flower.  —  South  Carolina, 
and  westward.  (J) —  Leaves  not  glaucous,  4'  -  10'  long. 

47.    PASPALUM,    L. 

Spikelets  spiked  or  somewhat  racemed,  apparently  1 -flowered,  awnless,  borne 
in  1  —  4  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flattened  or  triangular  jointless  rachis.  Glumes 
2,  membranaceous,  nearly  equal.  Paleae  2,  ovate  or  roundish,  coriaceous ;  the 
lower  one  larger,  concave,  and  partly  enclosing  the  flattened  upper  one.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Grain  included  in  the  indurated  paleae.  Such  is  the  apparent  structure 
of  the  spikelet,  but  theoretically  it  is  2-flowered,  as  in  Panicum,  with  the  lower 
glume  and  upper  palea  of  the  lower  flower  undeveloped. 

*  Spikes  racemed:  spikelets  partly  enclosed  by  the  recurved  margins  of  the  broadly 

winged  membranaceous  rachis. 

1.  P.  fluitaiis,  Kunth.     Spikes  very  numerous  ;  spikelets  in  two  rows,  mi- 
nute (£"  long),  oblong,  pubescent ;  glumes  pointed ;  culm  branching,  ascending 
from  a  creeping  or  floating  base;   leaves   flat,  broadly  linear  (4" -8"   wide). 
(Ceresia  fluitans,  Ell.)  —  River-swamps,  Florida,   and   northward.     Sept.  and 
Oct.     (f)  —  Culms  smooth,  l°-3°  long. 

2.  P.  Walter!,  Schultes.     Smooth ;  spikes  3-7,  the  lowest  ones  included 
in  the  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf;  spikelets  in  two  rows,  ovate,  smooth ;  glumes 
obtuse,  5-nerved.     (P.  vaginatum,  Ell.) — Low  cultivated  grounds,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     July  and  Aug.  —  Culms  decumbent,  creeping, 
1  °  -  3°  long.     Leaves  linear,  short. 

*  *  Spikes  mostly  by  pairs,  divaricate:  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  2-rowed  on 

the  slender  wingless  rachis :  glumes  smooth,  longer  than  the  paleae. 

3.  P.  Digitaria,  Poir.     Peduncles  elongated,  lateral  and  terminal,  often 
2-3  together  from  the  upper  sheath;  spikes  (3' -4'  long)  filiform,  spreading 
horizontally;  glumes  even,  7-nerved,  J  longer  than  the  obtuse  perfect  flower; 
culms  ascending  from  a  creeping  and  branching  base ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
flat,  mostly  fringed  on  the  margins,  the  sheaths  compressed.     (Milium  paspa- 
lodes,  Ell)  —  Open  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     July  - 
Sept.     1J.  —  Culms  1°  -  2°  high. 

4.  P.  vaginatum,  Swartz.     Peduncles  single,  terminal,  spikes  (rarely  3  or 
4)  short  (!'-!£'  long),  erect  or  horizontal;  glumes  rugose,  5-nerved,  rather  longer 
than  the  acute   flower;  culms   diffusely  creeping,  short-jointed;  the  flowering 
branches  (4' -10' long)  erect;  leaves  (l'-3'long)  subulate-convolute,  their  dilated 
imbricated  sheaths  persistent.     (P.  furcatum,  Ftuegge.)  —  Saline  swamps,  West 
Florida,  and  southward.     Aug.  and  Sept.     1J.  —  Culms  2° -4°  long.     Sheaths 
compressed,  bearded  at  the  throat. 

*  *  *  Spikes  solitary,   or  Jew  and  racemose:  spikelets  ovate  or  roundish,  in  2-4 

rows:  rachis  mostly  flattened  and  flexuous :  glumes  and  palece  nearly  equal. 

5.  P.  distichum,  L.     Spikes  2,  rarely  3  or  4,  spreading  (!'-!£'  long) ; 
spikelets  in  2  rows,  single,  ovate,  acute,  as  wide  as  the  straight  rachis ;  glumes 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  a71 

3-nerved,  more  or  less  pubescent ;  culms  diffuse,  creeping ;  leaves  flat,  glaucous, 
rough  above;  and,  like  the  sheaths,  smooth  or  hairy.  (P.  tristachyum,  Leconte  1) 
—  Swamps  and  low  grounds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  Aug. 
and  Sept.  1J.  — Flowering  stems  1°  high. 

6.  P.  prsecox,  Walt.     Spikes  3  -  6 ;  spikelets  by  pairs,  in  3  rows,  orbicu- 
lar, compressed,  as  wide  as  the  straight  and  flat  rachis ;  glumes  smooth,  3-nerved, 
often  discolored;  culms  erect  (3° -4°  high),  simple;  leaves  long  and  narrow; 
sheaths  purple,  smooth  or  hairy.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  May  and  June.     1J. . 

7.  P.  IjBVe,  Michx.     Spikes   3-5,   long    (3' -4')    and  slender;    spikelets 
single,  in  2  rows,  orbicular,  wider  than  the  flexuous  rachis ;  glumes  smooth  and 
even,  5-nerved ;  culms  simple,  erect  (3° -4°  high);  leaves  (deep  green)  and 
sheaths  smooth,  or  the  latter  hairy.  —  Dry  woods  and  margins  of  fields,  Florida, 
and  northward.     July  and  Aug.     1J.  — Spikelets  1 J"  long,  larger  and  thicker 
than  the  last. 

8.  P.  Floridanum,  Michx.    Spikes  2-3,  thick,  erect;  spikelets  large  (2" 
long),  mostly  in  3  rows,  broadly  oval,  tumid,  wider  than  the  flexuous  rachis ; 
glumes  smooth,  5-nerved,  more  or  less  rugdse ;  culms  rigid,  erect  (2°  high) ; 
leaves  narrow,  rigid,  and,  like  the  sheaths,  rough-hairy.     (P.  macrospermum, 
Fluegge.) — Damp  soil,  near  the  coast,  Florida.     Aug.  and  Sept.      1J. — Plant 
glaucous. 

9.  P.  racemulosum,  Nutt.     Spikes  2-3,  slender,  erect  (4' long);  spike- 
lets  single  or  by  pairs,  obovate,  distant  on  the  filiform  and  somewhat  flexuous 
rachis,  distinctly  pedicelled ;  glumes  smooth,  obtuse,  7-nerved ;  culms  simple, 
erect  (2° -3°  high);  leaves  long,  linear,  keeled,  glaucous,  and,  like  the  sheaths, 
sprinkled  with  long  white  hairs.     (Panicum  Alabamense,  Trin.) — Dry  sandy 
soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Aug.  and  Sept.     1J. . 

10.  P.  undulatum,  Poir.     Spikes  2-12,  spreading  (2' -3' long);  spike- 
lets  small  (1"  long),  oval  or  roundish,  crowded  in  3-4  rows  under  the  broad 
and  flat  rachis  ;  glumes  smooth,  5-nerved  ;  palese  of  the  neutral  flower  often  ru- 
gose ;  culms  erect  or  ascending,  mostly  branching ;  leaves  deep  green,  broadly 
linear,  flat,  mostly  fringed  on  the  margins  or  near  the  base,  and,  like  the  smooth 
or  hairy  sheaths,  often  purple.     (P.  purpurascens,  Ell.     P.  plicatulum,  Michx. 
P.  confertum,  Leconte.     P.  Boscianum,  Fluegge. )  —  Low  cultivated  grounds,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina.     Sept.     ®  —  Culms  £°  -3°  high. 

11.  P.  Blodgettii,  n.  sp.     Spikes  4,  filiform ;  spikelets  minute  (J"  long), 
in  3  rows,  elliptical,  as  wide  as  the  straight  rachis ;  glumes  3-nerved,  minutely 
pubescent  and  granular;  culms  tufted,  simple,  erect  (1°-  1  £°  high) ;  leaves  flat, 
fringed  on  the  margins.  —  Key  West,  Dr.  BlodgeU.     1J.  —  Spikes  1 '  long. 

12.  P.  ciliatifolium,  Michx.     Spikes  slender,  mostly  solitary,  rarely  2- 
3,  on  long  lateral  and  terminal  peduncles,  of  which  2-3  often  project  from  the 
upper  sheath  ;  spikelets  orbicular,  in  2  -  3  rows,  wider  than  the  narrow  flexuous 
rachis;  glume  3-nerved,  commonly  pubescent ;  culms  tufted  (l°-2°  long),  erect 
or  spreading,  simple  or  branched ;  leaves  2"  -  9"  wide,  flat,  wavy  and  fringed  on 
the  margins,  or,  like  the  sheaths,  hairy  all  over.     (P.  setaceum,  and  P.  debile, 
Michx,     P.  dasyphyllum,  Ell.,  frc.)  —  Wet  or  dry  soil,  very  common.     June- 
Sept.     ®  and  1J.. 


572  GRAMINEA:.     (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

48.    AMPHICABPUM,     Kunth. 

Perennial  flat-leaved  grasses,  with  the  spikelets  nearly  as  in  Panicum,  but  of 
two  kinds ;  one  perfect,  but  rarely  fruitful,  disposed  in  a  simple  terminal  panicle 
or  raceme ;  the  other  larger,  pistillate  or  perfect,  and  borne  at  the  summit  of  long 
runner-like  radical  peduncles.  Lower  glume  minute  or  wanting. 

1.  A.   Purshii,   Kunth.      Culms  tufted,  erect  from  fibrous  roots,  naked 
above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rather  thin,  clothed,  like  the  sheaths,  with  spreading 
rigid  hairs ;  upper  flowers  in  a  strict  panicle ;  those  at  base  of  the  culm  perfect ; 
grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  terete.     (Milium  amphicarpon,  Pursh.)  —  Low  sandy  pine 
barrens,  Georgia,  and  northward.     Sept. —  Culms  1°- 3°  high.     Glumes  of  the 
upper  flowers  5-ncrved,  of  the  lower  one  white,  many-nerved. 

2.  A.    Floridanum,    n.   sp.     Culms   subterraneous,  diffusely  creeping; 
flowering  branches  erect  ( 1°  -  3°  high),  branching ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rigid, 
smooth ;  sheaths  fringed  on  the  margins ;  upper  flower  abortive,  panicled  or 
racemed,  oblong  (3"  long),  acute ;  glumes  5-nerved ;  anthers  of  the  radical  flow- 
ers imperfect ;  grain  compressed-globose,  pointed.  —  Banks  of  the  Apalachicola 
River,  Florida.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Plant  pale  green.     Paleae  of  the  radical  flow- 
ers crastaceous  at  maturity. 

49.     PANICUM,    L.     PANIC-GRASS. 

Inflorescence  spiked,  racemose  or  panicled.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  naked  (no 
involucre).  Glumes  2,  herbaceous  ;  the  upper  one  usually  as  long  as  the  flow- 
ers, the  lower  smaller,  often  minute,  or  occasionally  wanting.  Lower  flower 
staminate  or  neutral,  of  1  -  2  palese  ;  the  upper  palea,  when  present,  small  and 
hyaline,  the  lower  herbaceous  and  resembling  the  upper  glume.  Upper  flower 
perfect,  coriaceous,  awnless,  enclosing  the  free  grain.  Stamens  3. 
§  1.  DIGITARIA.  —  Inflorescence  spiked:  spikelets  2-3  together,  imbricated  on 

one  side  of  a  flliform  rachis :   lower  flower  of  one  palea,  and  neutral :  glumes 

shorter  than  the  flowers  :  annuals. 

1.  P.  sanguinale,  L.    (CRAB-GRASS.)    Culms  ascending  from  a  diffusely 
creeping  base ;  leaves  thin,  spreading,  the  lower  part,  like  the  sheaths,  hairy ; 
spikes  5  -  10,  spreading  ;  spikelets  oblong,  pointed  ;  glumes  hairy  on  the  mar- 
gins, the  upper  half  as  long  as  the  flowers,  the  lower  minute,  or  in  var.  VILLOSUM 
(Digitaria  villosa,  Ett:,  a  smaller  and  more  hairy  form)  wanting. —  Cultivated 
grounds  and  waste  places  everywhere.    May  -  Oct., 

2.  P.  filiforme,  L.    Culms  erect,  sparingly  branched  (2°  -  3°  high) ;  leaves 
linear,  erect,  and,  like  the  sheaths,  hairy ;  spikes  2-5,  alternate,  erect,  filiform  ; 
spikelets  oblong,  acute,  scattered ;  upper  glume  half  as  long  as  the  acute  black- 

.ish  palea,  the  lower  wanting.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  common.     Aug.  and  Sept. 
§  2.     PANICUM  PROPER.  —  Glumes  2,  unequal,  awnless :  spikelets  in  panicles 

or  racemes. 

*  Spikelets  crowded  in  simple  or  panicled  racemes. 
+-  Sterile  flower  of  one  palea,  neutral. 

3.  P.  tenuiCUlmum,  Meyer.    Culm  filiform,  erect,  simple ;  leaves  chiefly 
radical,  linear  (2"  wide) ;  racemes  8  - 12,  remote,  3  -  6-flowered,  forming  a  long 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  573 

narrow  and  simple  panicle  ;  rachis  flexuous,  naked  and  bristle-like  at  the  apex  ; 
spikelets  ovate  (1"  long);  upper  glume  9-nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse 
lower  one.  —  South  Florida.  —  Culms  l£°-2°  high.  Eacemes  distant  ou  the 
common  rachis,  £'  long. 

-*-   H-  Sterile  flower  of  two  palece,  staminate  or  neutral. 

4.  P.  gibbum,  Ell.      Panicle  spiked,  cylindrical,  3'  -  5'  long ;    spikelets 
oblong,  obtuse;    upper  glume   oval,   strongly  11 -nerved,   tumid  at  the   base, 
twice  as  long  as  the  smooth  fertile  flower,  the  lower  one  minute ;  sterile  flower 
3-androus  ;  culms  branched,  slender,  reclining  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  smooth 
or  hairy.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  deep 
green.     Spikelets  caducous. 

5.  P.  Curtisii.     Panicle  slender,  spike-like  (6' -8'  long),  the  appressed 
lower  branches  remote ;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate ;  glumes  slightly  keeled,  the 
upper  5-nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  lower  one,  and  rather  shorter  than  the 
acutish  flower ;  sterile  flower  3-androus ;  culms  and  smooth  linear-lanceolate 
leaves  rigid  ;   sheaths  smooth  or  hairy.     (P.  Walteri,  EU.,  not  of  Poiret  nor 
Pursh.     P.  carinatum,  Torr.,  in  Curtis's  Plants,  Wilmington,  not  of  Presl.)  — 
Ponds  and  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  3°  -  4°  high,  often 
rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 

6.  P.  hiaus,  Ell.    Panicle  small,  the  few  scattered  and  spreading  branches 
naked  below ;  spikelets  in  small  distinct  clusters,  ovate ;  upper  glume  5-nerved, 
3-4  times  longer  than  the  lower ;  sterile  flowers  neutral,  longer  than  the  perfect 
flower,  the  upper  palea  rigid,  obovate,  involute,  gaping  at  the  apex ;  culms 
slender  (6'-  18'  high),  simple  ;  leaves  linear,  smooth.  — Low  grounds  in  fields 
and  along  roads,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

7.  P.  gymnocarpum,  Ell.     Panicle  large,  pyramidal,  the  rigid  expand- 
ing branches  mostly  clustered  or  whorled  ;  spikelets  3  -  6  in  scattered  clusters 
(2"  long),  lanceolate;    glumes   lanceolate-subulate,   rough-keeled,   2-3   times 
longer  than  the  perfect  flower  ;  sterile  flower  neutral ;  the  lower  palea  as  long 
as  the  lower  glume,  and  much  longer  than  the  upper  palea ;  culms  rigid,  erect ; 
leaves  (!'  or  more  wide)  lanceolate,  cordate,  smooth.  —  Muddy  banks  of  rivers, 
Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.     Sept.     1J.  —  Culms  2° -3°  high.     Sheaths 
imbricated. 

8.  P.  anceps,  L.     Panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  diffuse ;  spikelets  3-10 
in  mostly  scattered  clusters,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;   glumes  smooth,  keeled, 
compressed  at  the  apex,  the  upper  7-nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  lower  one,  and 
one  third  longer  than  the  fertile  flower ;   culms  flattened.  —  Var.  STRICTDM. 
Culms  strict  and  rigid,  like  the  erect  leaves ;  panicle  filiform,  of  few  appressed 
branches,  2'  -  3'  long.  —  Damp  sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  Common  and 
very  variable.    Aug.  and  Sept.    ty  —  Plant  mostly  pale.    Spikelets  often  purple. 

*  *  Spikelets  mostly  by  pairs,  on  short  appressed  pedicels  (except  Nos.  13  and  14), 

scattered  on  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  usually  ample  open  panicle. 

•»-  Sterile  flower  consisting  oftwopalwe. 

9.  P.  virgatum,  L.     Culms  tall  (2°  -4°  high) ;  branches  of  the  large  dif- 
fuse panicle  whorled  or  clustered  ;  spikelets  (1"  long)  on  rough  pedicels,  ovate  ; 


574  GRAMINE./E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

glumes  long-pointed,  the  upper  7-nerved,  one  third  longer  than  the  obtuse  per- 
fect flower ;  sterile  flower  3-androus.  —  Sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward. 
Aug.  and  Sept.  1J.  —  Culms  several  in  a  cluster.  Leaves  smooth,  flat  (green), 
1°  or  more  long.  Glumes  purplish. 

10.  P.  amarum,  Ell.     Glaucous;  culms  stout;   branches  of  the  slender 
contracted  panicle  smooth,  appressed ;  leaves  long  and  rigid,  soon  convolute ; 
spikelets  ovate-lanceolate  (2"  long),  short-stalked  ;  upper  glume  pointed,  strongly 
7-nerved,  one  third  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  perfect  flower,  and  equalling 
the  3-androus  sterile  flower.  —  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    Sept.     1J.  —  Plant  salt  and  bitter  to  the  taste. 

11.  P.  faseiculatum,  Swartz.     Smooth;  culms  erect  (1°  high),  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  membranaceous,  linear-lanceolate  ;  panicle  contracted,  3'  -  4'  long, 
with  the  mostly  simple  branches  erect ;  spikelets  deep  green,  obovate,  acute ; 
glumes  smooth,  the  upper  one  strongly  7-nerved  and  reticulated,  2-3  times  as 
long  as  the  lower  one,  barely  longer  than  the  tumid  rugose  perfect  flower;  sterile 
flower  neutral.     (P.  fuscorubens,  Lam.)  —  South  Florida.     Oct.     1J. 

•t-  -i-  Sterile  flower  of  one  palea,  neutral. 

12.  P.  proliferum,  Lam.    Smooth ;  culms  thick  and  succulent,  ascending, 
branched,  geniculate ;  panicles  lateral  and  tenninal,  diffuse ;  spikelets  lanceolate- 
ovate,  acute,  somewhat  crowded  on  the  straight  branches  ;  upper  glutae  7-nerved, 
3-4  times  as  long  as  the  lower ;  perfect  flower  pointed.    (P.  geniculatum,  Mulil.) 
—  Wet  places  near  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.     ®  —  Culms  1°- 
3°  long. 

13.  P.  capillare,  L.    Culms  erect,  simple  or  branched ;  leaves  and  sheaths 
hirsute ;  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  the  very  slender  branches  at  length  re- 
flexed  ;    spikelets  lanceolate-ovate,  scattered  on  long  and   capillary  pedicels ; 
upper  glume  5-nerved,  pointed,  twice  as  long  as  the  lower ;  perfect  flower  obtuse. 
(P.  strigosum,  Ell.  ?)  —  Sandy  fields,  Florida,  and  northward.      Sept.     (T) — 
Culms  l°-2°  high. 

14.  P.  divergens,  Muhl.      Culms  slender,  fragile,  sparingly  branched  ; 
leaves  subulate,  rough  on  the  upper  surface  and  margins ;  the  smooth  sheaths 
longer  than  the  joints.;  panicle  diffuse,  bearded  at  the  axils  ;  spikelets  small, 
spindle-shaped,  solitary  at  the  summit  of  very  long  (2'  — 4')  and  rough  pedun- 
cles ;  lower  glume  minute ;  perfect  flower  lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  upper  glume  and  neutral  palea.    (P.  autumnale,  Bosc. )  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.     Aug.     ^  —  Culms  1°  high.    Leaves  2'  - 
4'  long. 

15.  P.  verrUGOSUm,  Muhl.      Smooth ;    culms   very   slender,   branched  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  panicles  terminal,  pyramidal,  the  slender  scattered  and 
often  simple  branches  spreading ;    spikelets   obovate,  obtuse ;    glumes  obtuse, 
roughened  with  fine  warts,  the  upper  one  at  length  shorter  than  the  perfect 
flower,  the  lower  minute.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.     y.  — 
Culms  2°-  4°  long.     Spikelets  £"  long. 

16.  P.  angUStifolium,  Ell.?     Culms  weak,  diffusely  branched;  leaves 
linear;  panicle  simple,  the  few  elongated  and  scattered  branches  bearing  2-4 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  575 

of>long-obovate  acute  spikclcts  near  the  summit ;  glumes  papillose-hispid,  the 
upper  one  5-nerved,  longer  than  the  pointed  granular-roughened  perfect  flower ; 
the  lower  minute,  obtuse.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  —  Culms  1°- 
2°  long.  Spikelets  U"  long. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  single,  on  a  spreading  pedicel,  disposed  in  open  panicles :  sterile  flower 
consisting  of  two  unequal  palece,  neutral  (except  No.  17):  perennials :  culms  at 
length  much  branched. 

17.  P.  latifolium,  L.      Culms   smooth,   erect;    leaves   ovate-lanceolate, 
mostly  smooth,  the  sheaths,  especially  at  the  joints,  villous ;  panicle  nearly  sim- 
ple; spikelets  large  (2"  long),  obovate;  glumes  pubescent,  obtuse,  the  upper 
2-3  times  longer  than  the  lower  one  ;  sterile  flower  3-androus.  —  Dry  rich  soil, 
Florida,  and  northward.     May.  —  Culms  l°-l£°  high.     Leaves  and  panicles 
3' -4'  long,  the  latter  exserted. 

18.  P.  clandestinum,  L.     Culms  rigid   (1°  high),  branched,  naked  at 
the  joints ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  sheaths  papillose-hirsute ;  panicles 
small,  lateral  and  terminal,  more  or  less  included  in  the  sheaths  ;  spikelets  ob- 
long, pubescent  (l£"  long) ;  lower  glume  half  the  length  of  the  7-nerved  upper 
one.  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.      Sept.      1J. —  Varies 
with  the  sheaths  smooth,  or  merely  pubescent,  and  the  terminal  panicle  some- 
times exserted. 

19.  P.  SCOparium,  L.     Hairy  or  woolly  all  over,  except  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  somewhat  rigid  lanceolate  leaves  ;  culms  stout  (1°- 1£°  high),  mostly 
simple  ;  panicle  terminal,  exserted  ;  spikelets  obovate  (l£"  long),  obtuse,  pubes- 
cent ;  upper  glume  9-nerved,  three  times  the  length  of  the  lower  one ;  sterile 
flower  neutral.  —  Open  woods  and  margins  of  fields,  in  dry  soil,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     May. 

20.  P.  pauciflorum,  Ell.      "Panicle  expanding,  few-flowered;    flowers 
very  large ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  ciliate  at  the  base  ;  sheaths  hairy."    Ett.  — 
In  close  damp  soils,  Georgia,  Elliott.     May.  —  Culm  12' -18'  high,  roughish 
and  branching  at  the  joints.     Leaves  3' -4' long,  3"  -  4"  wide,  smooth  above. 
Spikelets  oval,  the  lower  glume  very  small.     Resembles  P.  scoparium  in  fruit, 
and  P.  villosum  somewhat  in  habit.     (  * ) 

21.  P.  divaricatum,  L.     Shrubby,  smooth;  culms  reclining,  with  short 
and  spreading  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate,  faintly  nerved,  deciduous  from  the 
persistent  sheaths  ;  panicles  small,  simple,  few-flowered,  terminating  the  branches  ; 
spikelets  (2"  long)  obovate,  tumid,  nodding  ;  glumes  smooth,  many-nerved,  and, 
like  the  lower  palea  of  the  sterile  flower,  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  down  ;  palese  of 
the  sterile  flower  nearly  equal.  —  South  Florida,  Dr.  Blodgett.  — Leaves  l£'  -  2' 
long.     Branches  of  the  panicle  short  and  diverging. 

22.  P.  viscidum,  Ell.     Soft-hairy  or  downy  all  over,  except  a  narrow  ring 
below  each  joint  of  the  culm  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  sheaths  viscid;  panicle  (4' -6' 
long)  compound,  diffuse;  spikelets  (1"  long)  ovate,  pubescent;  upper  glume 
9-nerved,  many  times  longer  than  the  minute  lower  one.  —  Varies  with  the 
leaves,  sheaths,  and  purple  spikelets  smooth.  —  Wet  swamps  and  bogs,  near  the 


576  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

coast,  Florida,  and  northward.  May.  —  Culms  3°  -  4°  high,  soon  much  branched. 
Leaves  6  - 10'  long.  Branches  of  the  panicle  smooth.  —  In  the  smooth  form  of 
this  species  I  notice  a  remarkable  deviation  from  the  generic  character.  The 
two  glumes  and  lower  palea  of  the  sterile  flower  are  as  usual  in  the  genus,  while 
the  upper  palea  of  the  latter  is  developed  into  an  apparently  perfect  flower,  in 
all  respects  similar  to  the  upper  one. 

23.  P.  scabriusculum,  Ell.      Culm  (3° -4°  long),  sheaths,  and  lower 
surface  of  the  linear-lanceolate  leaves  rough  and  more  or  less  pubescent ;  panicle 
ample,  compound,  diffuse,  pubescent  below,  the  divisions   smooth ;    spikelets 
small,  ovate,  rough,  but  not  pubescent ;  upper  glume  9-nerved,  the  lower  minute. 
>—  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     May.  — Probably  a  form  of 
the  last. 

24.  P.  microcarpon,  Muhl.     Culm  and  leaves  smooth  ;  the  latter  lance- 
olate, tapering  from  a  broad  cordate  base,  strongly  nerved,  fringed  on  the  mar- 
gins near  the  base ;  panicle  compound,  diffuse  ;  spikelets  very  numerous,  small 
(£"  long),  oval,  pubescent;  upper  glume  5-nerved,  3  times  the  length  of  the  mi- 
nute lower  one.    (P.  multiflorum,  Ell.,  not  of  Pair.    P.  ovale,  Ell  ?)  —  Dry  soil, 
South  Carolina,  and  northward.     May.  —  Culms  2°  -  2^°  high.     Leaves  4' -6' 
long,  8" -10"  wide. 

25.  P.  dichotomum,  L.      Culms  at  length   much  branched;    panicle 
nearly  simple,  few-flowered  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  bearded  at  the  base,  or  vil- 
lous   all  over.      (P.  villosum,  Ell.) — Var.  1.      Panicles  compound,  diffuse; 
spikelets  small ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  and,  like  culm,  sheaths,  and  panicle, 
soft  hairy  (P.  lanuginosum,  Ell.),  or  only  at  the  joints  of  the  culm  (P.  barbula- 
tum,  Michx.),  or  smooth  throughout  (P.  nitidum,  Ell.,  spikelets  purple  and 
very  minute).  —  Var.  2.     Culms  weak;  panicle  loose,  compound  ;  sheaths  and 
pale-green  thin  leaves  soft  hairy  (P.  pubescens,  Ell.),  or  the  margins  of  the 
otherwise  smooth  leaves  fringed  with  long  hairs  (P.  ciliatum,  Ell.).  —  Var.  3. 
Culms  (2°  high)  smooth  ;  leaves  large  (6' -8'  long),  lanceolate,  rough  or  downy 
above,  margins  near  the  base  and  sheaths  fringed ;  panicle  large,  diffuse  ;  spike- 
lets  (1"  long)  oblong,  nearly  smooth.     (P.  nervosum,  Ell.  ?)  —  Var.  ?  4.    Culms 
smooth  and  rigid  (1°- 1£°  high) ;  leaves  pale,  rigid,  lanceolate,  fringed  ;  panicle 
oblong,  diffuse  ;  spikelets  minute,  oval,  very  hairy.     (P.  sphserocarpon,  Ell.)  — 
Woods,  fields,  and  swamps,  everywhere,  in  some  one  of  its  numerous  forms. 
March -May. 

26.  P.  depauperatum,  Muhl.     Culms  low  (2' -12' high),  simple,  erect, 
like  the  linear  leaves ;  panicle  simple,  few-flowered,  with  the  branches  erect,  often 
shorter  than  the  subtending  leaf;  spikelets  oval-obovate  (1"  long),  mostly  acute  ; 
upper  glume  9-nerved,  smoothish,  three  times  the  length  of  the  ovate  lower  one. 
(P.  strictum,  Pursh.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     June. 
—  Leaves  rigid,  2'  -  6'  long,  smoothish  or  hairy. 

27.  P.  melicarium,  Michx.     "  Culm  weak  ;  leaves  narrow  ;  panicle  con- 
tracted ;  glumes  membranaceous,  lanceolate,  nearly  equal ;  rudiment  of  a  flower 
stalked.  —  In  Carolina  and  Georgia.     Very  smooth.    Leaves  long.     Panicle 
slender,  long,  with  few  branches."    Michx.     (  *  ) 


GKAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  577 

§  3.  AULAXANTHUS.  —  Spikelets  awnless,  single,  loosely  racemose  on  the  erect 
branches  of  the  compound  contracted  panicle :  lower  (jlume  wanting,  the  upper  one 
5-ribbed,  very  hairy :  perennials. 

28.  P.  ignoratum,  Kunth.     Culms  erect,  simple,  smooth ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  pungent,  strongly  nerved,  fringed  on  the  margins,  the  lower  ones 
widely  spreading  ;  panicle  racemose ;  spikelets  obovate ;  sterile  flower  3-androus ; 
anthers  and  stigmas  yellow.     (Aulaxanthus  ciliatns,  Ell.) — Dry  gravelly  soil, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.    July  and  Aug.  —  Culms  2°  -3°  high.    Leaves  and 
spikelets  pale. 

29.  P.  rufum,  Kunth.      Leaves  erect,  linear,  smooth,  elongated  ;    sterile 
flower  neutral ;  anthers  and  stigmas  purple  ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.    (Au- 
laxanthus rufus,  Ell.)  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept. 

—  Leaves  and  spikelets  purplish. 

§  4.  ECHINOCHLOA.  —  Spikelets  crowded  on  one  side  of  the  racemed  or  pani- 
cled  spikes:  glumes  and  lower  palea  of  the  sterile  flower  hispid-pointed  or  owned. 

30.  P.  CruS-galli,  L.     Culm  stout  (2°  -4°  high),  branching  ;  leaves  very 
long,  broadly  linear,  rough;  sheaths  smooth,  rough,  or  hispid;  spikes  (l'-2' 
long)  very  numerous,  crowded  in  a  long  raceme ;  spikelets  clustered ;  glumes 
and  lower  palea  of  the  sterile  flower  strongly  hispid  on  the  nerves,  awn-pointed 
or  long-awned ;  fertile  flower  rough-pointed.  —  Wet  places,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    Aug.  and  Sept.     (I)  —  Awns  pale  or  purple. 

31.  P.  Walter!,  Ell.      Culms    (l°-2°   high)    branching;    leaves   linear, 
smooth,  like  the  sheaths ;  spikes  5—  12,  distant,  erect  or  appressed  (£'-!'  long), 
bearded  at  the  base ;  spikelets  in  3  rows,  awnless ;  glumes  and  lower  palea  his- 
pid on  the  nerves,  pointed;  fertile  flower  barely  pointed  ;  rachis  rough.' — Damp 
soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July -Sept.     (1)  —  Spikelets  purplish. 

32.  P.  ?    molle,   Michx.      "  Spikes  panicled,  alternate,  expanding,  flower- 
ing on  one  side ;  spikelets  approximate,  pedicillate,  on  one  side,  awnless,"  Ell. 

—  Sea  islands  of  South  Carolina,  Elliott.     Aug.  and  Sept.     1J.  —  Culm  4°  -6° 
high,  smooth  below,  downy  above.     Leaves  12' -18'  long,  smooth,  fringed  at 
the  throat.     Spikelets  2-3  together  on  a  villous  rachis,  hairy.     Plant  salt  and 
bitter. 

§  5.  ORTHOPOGON.  —  Panicle  simple,  spiked:  spikes  few-flowered,  distant: 
(jlumes  equal,  hairy,  the  lower  one  long-awned:  upper  and  lower  palea?,  of  the  sterile 
flower  short-owned. 

33.  P.  hirtellum,  L.      Culms  slender,  ascending  from  a  creeping  base; 
leaves  (l'-2'long)  ovate-lanceolate,  thin;  sheaths  hairy;  spikes  about  5,  dis- 
tant, 5  -  8-flowered ;  awns  (often  purple)  clammy. —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     Aug.  and  Sept.     y.  — Culms  l°-2°  long,  branched,  the  erect 
portion  6' -12' high. 

50.    SETARIA,    Beauv. 

Erect  annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  the  spikelets  of  Panicum  proper, 
but  crowded  in  cylindrical  spike-like  panicles  ;  the  short  pedicels  bearing  one  or 
more  bristles,  which  usually  exceed  the  spikelets. 
49 


578  GRAMINE^;.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

*  Bristles  roughened  downward. 

1.  S.   verticillata,    Beauv.      Culrns   sparingly   branched;  leaves   linear- 
lanceolate,  rough  above ;  spike  cylindrical,  compact,  somewhat  interrupted  be- 
low (2'  -  3'  long)  ;  bristles  short,  single  or  by  pairs.  —  Around  dwellings,  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.     Introduced.  —  Culm  2°  high. 

*  *  Bristles  roughened  upward. 

2.  S.  glauca,  Beauv.     Culms  smooth,  slightly  compressed ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  rough  above ;  spike  nearly  simple,  cylindrical ;  bristles  6  - 10,  in  2 
clusters,  longer  tfian  the  spikelets ;  perfect  flower  transversely  wrinkled.  —  Var. 
L^EVIGATUM  (Panicum  laevigatum,  Ell.)  has  a  more  flattened  culm,  longer,  nar- 
rower and  smootli  leaves,  and  the  perfect  flower  obscurely  wrinkled.  —  Culti- 
vated ground,  the  var.  in  damp  soil  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
—  Culms  1  °  -  3°  high.     Spikes  2'  -  3'  long,  pale  or  purplish. 

3.  S.  viridis,  Beauv.     Culms  smooth,  terete ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  rough ;  spikes  compound,  cylindrical,  dense  ;  bristles  1  -  3  to  eacli 
spikelet ;  perfect  flower  finely  striate  and  dotted  lengthwise.  —  Around  dwell- 
ings.    Introduced.    June  -  Sept.  —  Culms  1  °  -  2°  high.     Spikes  1 '  -  2'  long. 

4.  S.  COrrugata,  Schult.      Culms,  narrow  (2"  wide)  leaves,  and  sheaths 
rough;  spikes  compound,  cylindrical,  dense,  erect  or  bending;  spikelets  6-10 
in  a  cluster ;  bristles   one   to   each  spikelet,  elongated ;  perfect  flower  obtuse, 
strongly  wrinkled.  (Panicum  corrugatum,  EH.)  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  and  Georgia. 
July  and  Aug.  —  Culms  2°  -  3°  high.     Spikes  3'  -  6'  long,  purple. 

5.  S.  composita,  Kunth.      Culms  smooth;    leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the 
fringed  sheaths  rough-hairy  at  the  throat;  spikes  loose,  compound,  the  lower 
clusters  scattered ;  bristles  single  or  by  pairs,  many  times  longer  than  the  spike- 
lets  ;  perfect  flower  acute,  with  faint  transverse  lines.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  along 
the  west  coast  of  Florida,  Apalachicola  to  Key  West.     June  -  Aug.  —  Culms 
2° -4°  long.     Leaves  1°  or  more  long.     Spikes  6'-  12'  long. 

6.  S.  Italica,  Kunth.     Culms  tall  (4° -8°  high),  smooth,  branched;  leaves 
(£'-!'  wide)  very  rough;  spikes  compound  (6' -18'  long),  cylindrical,  dense, 
the  lower  clusters  scattered ;  bristles  1  -  2  to  each  spikelet,  elongated ;   fertile 
flower  smooth  and  even.  —  Swamps  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
July— Sept.  —  This,  and  Penicillaria  spicata,  Willd.,  are  commonly  cultivated, 
under  the  name  of  MILLET,  as  green  food  for  cattle.     The  latter  seems  to  be 
the  Panicum  cenchroides,  Ell. 

51.     CENCHRUS,    L.     COCK-SPUR. 

Prostrate  or  creeping  grasses,  with  the  spikelets  of  Panicum  proper,  but  en- 
closed, 1- several  together,  in  spiny  or  bristly,  at  length  indurated  and  decid- 
uous involucres ;  the  latter  burr-like,  and  arranged  in  a  terminal  spike.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  united  below. 

1.  C.  echinatus,  L.  Spikes  cylindrical,  composed  of  20  or  more  globular 
involucres  (3' -4'  long) ;  involucre  downy,  spiny  above,  and  with  a  row  of  rigid 
barbed  bristles  above  the  base,  3  -  5-flowered ;  culms  ascending.  —  Fields  and 


GKAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  J79 

waste  grounds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July  -  Sept.     (l) —  Culms  l°-2° 
long.     Involucre  purplish. 

2.  C.  tribuloides,  L.  Involucres  whitish,  10-  loin  a  spike,  wedge-shaped 
at  the  base,  armed  above  with  stout  compressed  broadly  subulate  erect  or  spread- 
ing spines  ;  bristles  none ;  spikelets  mostly  by  pairs.  —  Sands  along  the  coast, 
Florida,  and  northward.  July  -  Oct.  (j)  —  Culms  prostrate,  I °  -  2°  long.  Leaves 
linear.  Spikes  1'- 2' long. 

52.     STENOTAPHRUM,     Trin. 

A  creeping  and  branching  grass,  with  the  awnless  spikelets  sunk  in  excavations 
of  the  continuous  flattened  rachis.  Spikelets  by  pairs,  one  pedicelled  and  imper- 
fect, the  other  sessile,  and  with  the  structure  of  Panicum. 

1.  S.  Americanum,  Schrank.  (Rottbuellia  dimidiata,  Ell.) — Damp 
sandy  places  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  June  -  Sept.  1J.  — 
Smooth  throughout.  Culms  flattened,  creeping,  the  branches  nearly  opposite  ; 
flowering  culms  erect,  6' -12' high.  Leaves  2' -6'  long,  linear,  obtuse,  flat  or 
folded,  contracted  at  the  base.  Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  peduncled,  2'  -  5' 
long.  Sterile  spikelet  neutral  or  rudimentary.  Fertile  spikelet  sessile;  the  up- 
per glume  7-nerved,  3  times  the  length  of  the  lower  one.  Palea  of  the  sterile 
flower  coriaceous,  like  those  of  the  perfect  one. 

53.    ROTTBCELLIA,    Brown. 

Erect  perennial  mostly  tall  grasses,  with  flat  or  channelled  leaves  and  spiked 
inflorescence.  Spikes  nearly  terete,  jointed.  Spikelets  awnless,  borne  by  pairs  at 
the  base  of  each  joint ;.  one  imperfect,  on  a  coriaceous  and  closely  appressed  ped- 
icel ;  the  other  sessile,  embedded  in  an  excavation  of  the  joint,  2-flowered.  Glumes 
2,  the  exterior  one  flat,  coriaceous,  with  a  hinge-like  depression  at  the  base,  the 
interior  boat-shaped,  membranaceous.  Palesc  hyaline,  1  -  2  in  the  staminate  or 
neutral  lower  flower,  and  2  in  the  upper  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
2.  Grain  compressed,  free.  —  Spikes  solitary  on  lateral  and  terminal  peduncles 
or  branches. 

1.  R.  rugOSE,  Nutt.     Culms  compressed  ;  peduncles  or  branches  clustered, 
short,  included  in  the  sheaths  of  the  elongated  tipper  leaves ;  spikes  spreading, 
slightly  compressed ;  sessile  spikelet  shorter  than  the  joint ;  lower  glume  lance- 
olate, transversely  rugose  ;    sterile  flower  neutral.  —  Pine-barren  swamps  and 
ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Culms  2° -4°  high.     Spikes  green, 
l£'-2'  long,  1"  in  diameter. 

2.  R.  corrugata,  Baldw.?      Culm  stout,  compressed;  peduncles  mostly 
single,  elongated;  spikes  slightly  compressed,  erect;  spikelets  longer  than  the 
joint ;  lower  glume  longitudinally  grooved  and  somewhat  reticulated,  ovate  ; 
sterile  flower  staminate.  —  Low  pine  barrens,   Georgia  and  Florida,  near  the  , 
coast.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Culm  2° -4°  high.     Spikes  4' -6'  long,  2"  in  diam- 
eter, purplish. 

3.  R.  cylindrica.    Culm  slender,  terete ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  peduncles 
single,  elongated ;  spikes  slender,  terete,  mostly  curved ;    spikelets  as  long  as 


580  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

the  joint ;  lower  glume  ovate,  obfuse,  obscurely  pitted  in  lines ;  sterile  spikelet 
rudimentary.  (Tripsacum  eylindricum,  Jfichx.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Culms  1  °  -  2°  high.  Spikes  2'  -  6'  long,  1 "  in  diameter,  purplish. 

54.    MANISURIS,    L. 

t  Annual  grasses,  with  branching  culms,  flat  leaves,  and  spiked  inflorescence. 
Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  clustered,  jointed,  the  short  peduncles  enclosed  in 
spathe-like  sheaths.  Spikelets  1 -flowered,  placed  one  at  each  end  of  the  joints 
of  the  spike ;  the  upper  neutral,  compressed,  of  two  nearly  equal  hispid  mem- 
branaceous  glumes  ;  the  lower  perfect,  globose.  Glumes  coriaceous,  concave, 
the  lower  reticulated,  the  upper  smooth.  Palea:  2,  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Grain 
included. 

1 .  M.  granularis,  Swarte.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  and,  like  the  sheaths, 
hairy;  spikes  6" -10"  long;  spikelets  minute,  turning  black.  —  Fields  and  pas- 
tures, Florida  to  South  Carolina.  Aug.  and  Sept.  Introduced. —  Culms  1°- 
2°  high. 

55.     TRIPSACUM,    L.     GAMA-GRASS. 

A  tall  perennial  grass,  with  solid  culms,  broad  and  flat  leaves,  and  spiked 
inflorescence.  Spikelets  awnless,  monoecious,  in  jointed  spikes,  the  upper  ones 
staminate,  the  lower  fertile,  2-flowered.  Staminate  flowers  by  pairs  on  each 
short  triangular  joint  of  the  slender  rachis,  3-androus ;  glumes  2,  coriaceous ; 
paleae  hyaline.  Pistillate  spikelets  single,  embedded  in  a  deep  excavation  of 
the  thick  and  polished  joints  ;  the  outer  glume  cartilaginous,  concave,  the  inner 
membranaceous,  boat-shaped  ;  lower  flower  neutral,  the  upper  pistillate,  both 
with  hyaline  paleae.  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Stigmas  elongated. 
Grain  free. 

1.  T.  da/Ctyloides,  L. —  Rich  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  Aug.  and 
Sept. —  Culms  erect,  from  tufted  creeping  rootstocks,  3°  -  5°  high.  Leaves  1' 
wide.  Spikes  4'  -  8'  long,  on  long  lateral  and  terminal  peduncles,  2-4  in  a 
cluster  or  sometimes  solitary.  (T.  monostachyum,  Willd.) 

56.    ANDROPOGON,    L.    BROOM-GRASS. 

Coarse  perennial  grasses,  with  branching  erect  culms,  long  and  harsh  leaves, 
and  spiked  inflorescence.  Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  jointed.  Spikelets  by 
pairs  on  each  joint  of  the  slender  commonly  hairy  or  plumose  rachis ;  one  of 
them  pedicelled  and  staminate,  neutral,  or  rudimentary ;  the  other  sessile,  2- 
flowered,  the  lower  flower  consisting  of  one  palea,  and  neutral ;  the  upper  of 
2  palea?,  mostly  perfect,  shorter  than  the  herbaceous  or  chartaccous  glumes,  the 
lower  one  mostly  awned  at  the  apex  (except  No.  1 ).  Stamens  1  -  3.  Grain  free. 

§  1.     ANDROPOGON  PROPER.  —  Upper  flower  perfect. 

*  Peduncle  solitary,  bearing  a  single  spike. 

I-  A.  Nuttallii.  Culms  (3° -4°  high)  straight,  smooth,  like  the  long 
linear  leaves  ;  spikes  rigid,  long-peduncled,  the  rachis  and  pedicel  of  the  sterile 


GRAMINE^B.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  581 

flower  fringed  with  closely  appressed  white  hairs ;  spikelets  awnless ;  glumes 
hispid  above  ;  sterile  flower  of  2  palese,  3-androus.  (Rottboellia  ciliata,  Nutt.)  •—- 
Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  the  lower  districts  of  Georgia.  Sept.  —  Spikes 
3'  -  6'  long. 

2.  A.  oligOStachyus.     Culms  rigid,  erect ;  leaves  linear,  smooth,  glau- 
cous ;  spikes  3-4,  on  short  mostly  included  peduncles,  hoary  with  short  spread- 
ing hairs  ;  lower  glume  pubescent,  £  -  J  as  long  as  the  contorted  awn  ;  sterile 
flower  neutral,  short-awned.  —  Dry  sand-ridges,  Middle  Florida.     Aug.  and 
Sept.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high.     Spikes  2'  -  3'  long. 

3.  A.  tener,  Kunth.    Culms  filiform,  like  the  smooth  soon  involute  leaves  ; 
spikes  terete,  with  the  joints  bearded  at  the  base,  otherwise  smooth ;  spikelets  ap- 
pressed, half  as  long  as  the  bent  awn ;  glumes  rough  above ;  upper  palea  minute ; 
pedicel  of  the  awnless  neutral  flower  bearded  at  the  apex.  —  Dry  grassy  pine 
barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  northward.    Sept.  —  Culms  2° -3°  long.    Spikes 
slender,  1'-  2'  long.     Upper  leaves  short,  bearded  at  the  throat. 

*  *  Peduncles  clustered,  each  bearing  a  single  spike. 

4.  A.  SCOparius,  Michx.     Leaves  smooth  or  rough-hairy ;  spikes  numer- 
ous, on  exserted  peduncles,  the  slender  flexuous  rachis,  and  pedicel  of  the  awned 
or  awnless  staininate  or  neutral  sterile  flower  fringed  with  spreading  hairs ;  per- 
fect flower  half  as  long  as  the  awn,  the  glumes  often  roughened  with  elevated 
points.  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Culms 
2°  -  3°  high.     Spikes  1'  -  2'  long. 

*  *  *  Peduncles  or  branches  mostly  clustered,  bearing  2-4  rigid  (green)  digitate 

spikes :  rachis  and  pedicel  of  the  triandrous  awnless  sterile  flower  fringed  with 
scattered  hairs,  and  short-bearded  at  the  base. 

5.  A.  furcatUS,  Muhl.     Culm  stout,  rigid,  3°  -  5°  high ;   leaves  rough, 
fringed  at  the  base ;  peduncles  or  branches  commonly  several  at  each  upper 
joint ;  spikelets  appressed ;  glumes  hispid  on  the  nerves,  half  as  long  as  the  bent 
awn.  —  Open  woods  and  margins  of  fields,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  — 
Spikes  compressed,  2' -3'  long. 

*  *  *  *  Peduncles  or  branches  1  -  several  from  each  upper  joint,  often  included  in  the 

dilated  sheaths:  spikelets  slender,  hoary  with  long  silky  spreading  hairs:  sterile 
flower  reduced  to  an  awn-like  glume  at  the  apex  of  the  very  slender  pedicel,  or 
obsolete:  stamen  1. 

6.  A.  tetrastachyus,  Ell.     Culms  3°  -  4°  high ;  leaves  and  sheaths  very 
hairy ;  branches  short,  the  lower  ones  by  pairs,  the  upper  single ;   spikes  4  ; 
glumes  bristly-serrulate,  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  straight  awn ;  pedicel  of  the 
awn-like  sterile  flower  barely  exceeding  the  fertile  flower.  —  Var.  DISTACHYUS. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  less  hairy  or  smoothish  ;  spikes  by  pairs,  more  rigid,  on 
long-exserted  branches  ;    pedicel  of  the   sterile   flower  much  longer  than  the 
smoother  glumes. — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept. 

7.  A.  Elliottii.     Culms  l°-2°  high,  bearded  at  the  upper  joints;  leaves 
purplish,  narrow,  hairy  at  the  base ;  sKeaths  hairy,  the  upper  ones  inflated  and 
often  crowded  or  imbricated  ;  branches  single  or  by  pairs ;  spikes  by  pairs  (rarely 

49* 


582  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

3-4),  cxscrted,  or  included  in  the  upper  sheaths;  awn  3-4  times  the  length  of 
the  glumes ;  hairs  of  the  very  slender  rachis  long  and  glossy.  (A.  argenteus, 
Ell.,  not  of  DC.)  —  Wet  or  dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept. 
and  Oct.  —  Somewhat  variable,  but  distinguished  by  the  dilated  clustered  sheaths, 
and  by  the  silvery  hairs  of  the  spikes. 

8.  A.  Virginicus,  L.    Culms  mostly  tall,  erect  or  bending,  with  the  joints 
remote  and  bearded ;  branches  1-2  from  the  upper  dilated  sheaths,  compound 
and  forming  a  long  and  loose  panicle ;  spikes  by  pairs  (rarely  by  fours),  shorter 
than  the  sheaths ;  awn  straight,  four  times  the  length  of  the  glumes ;  sterile  flower 
none.     (A.  vaginatus.  Ell.,  the  short  branches  or  peduncles  included  in  the  more 
inflated  sheaths.     A.  dissitiflorus,  Michx.l     A.  gracilis,   Carpenter,  the  spikes 
borne  at  the  summit  of  elongated  simple  branches .J  —  Ban-en  soil,  Florida  to 
Mississippi,  and  northward.     Sept.  and  Oct. 

9.  A..  macroUTUS,  Michx.    Spikes  by  pairs,  exceedingly  numerous,  crowd- 
ed in  a  large  and  close  panicle ;  awns  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  glumes  ;  sterile 
flower  an  awn-like  glume.  —  Varies  with  the  whole  plant  glaucous  and  more 
slender,  branches  and  spikes  more  scattered.  —  Low  barren  soils,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Sept.  —  Culms  2°  -  5°  high. 

10.  A.  ternarius,  Michx.     "Branches  remote,  alternate,  solitary,  simple, 
bearing  mostly  three  distant  alternate  2-cleft  spikes ;  hairs  of  the  involucre  shorter 
than  the  glume ;  flowers  3-androus ;  palea?  somewhat  villous ;  awn  long,  con- 
torted." Michx.     In  Carolina.     (  *  ) 

§  2.     HETEROPOGON.  —  Upper  flower  staminate  or  pistillate. 

11.  A.  melanocarpus,  Ell.     Culms  tall  (4° - 8°  high)  paniclcd  above; 
leaves  elongated ;    spikes  numerous,  approximate,   1-sided,  shorter  than  their 
slender  filiform-pointed  sheaths  ;  spikelets  large,  the  two  lowest  pairs  glume-like, 
persistent,  sterile,  the  others  deciduous  ;  sterile  flower  3-androus,  with  the  lower 
glume  lanceolate,  membranaceous,  twisted,  much  longer  than  the  fertile  spikelet 
and  the  smooth  and  short  pedicel ;  fertile  spikelet  rusty  bearded ;  the  coriaceous 
glumes  obtuse,  many  times  shorter  than  the  very  long  (4')  contorted  and  hairy 
awn.  —  Indian  old  fields,  Florida  and  Georgia.     Introduced?  —  Glume  of  the 
sterile  spikelet,  like  the  sheaths,  rugose  on  the  back.     Perhaps  identical  with 
A.  polystachyus,  Roxb. 

57.    EBIANTHUS,    Michx. 

Tall  reed-like  grasses,  with  long  and  flat  leaves,  and  panicled  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  by  pairs  on  the  slender  branches,  alike,  one  pedicelled,  the  other  ses- 
sile, both  with  a  hairy  involucre  at  the  base.  Lower  flower  of  one  palea,  neutral ; 
the  upper  of  two  paleae,  perfect,  shorter  than  the  membranaceous  nearly  equal 
glumes,  the  lower  one  awned.  Stamens  2  -  3. 

1.  E.  alopecuroides,  Ell.  Culms  4° -10°  high;  sheaths  of  the  broad 
(6"  -  12")  very  rough  leaves  woolly  above,  rough  below  ;  panicle  (1°  -  2°  long) 
woolly,  expanding,  pyramidal ;  hairs  of  the  involucre  copious,  twice  as  long  as 
the  sparsely  hairy  glumes ;  awn  straight.  —  Var.  CONTORTUS.  (E.  contortus,  Ell.) 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS   FAMILY.)  583 

Smaller  (2°-4°  high) ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth ;  panicle  (6'- 12' long)  oblong ; 
awns  short  and  twisted.  — Var.  ISREVIBARBIS.  (E.  brevibarbis,  Michx.)  Smooth 
or  nearly  so;  rachis  of  the  oblong  panicle  rough  (not  woolly) ;  hairs  of  the  in- 
volucre shorter  than  the  glumes.  —  Dry  or  wet  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Sept.  and  Oct. 

2.  E.  Strictus,  Baldw.  Culms,  leaves,  and  sheaths  smooth  or  slightly 
roughened;  panicle  (10' -15'  long)  spiked;  involucre  very  short  or  none; 
glumes  rough  ;  awns  straight.  —  River-banks,  Florida  and  the  lower  districts  of 
Georgia,  and  westward.  Sept.  —  Culms  4° -8°  high.  Leaves  3" -6"  wide. 
Spikelets  twice  the  size  of  the  preceding. 

58.  SORGHUM,    Pers. 

Spikelets  2-3  together  on  the  slender  branches  of  the  loose  panicle  ;  the  lat- 
eral ones  sterile  or  a  mere  pedicel ;  the  middle  or  terminal  one  fertile.  Glumes 
coriaceous  or  indurated,  closely  bearded,  sometimes  awnless.  Otherwise  like 
Andropogon. 

1.  S.    avenaceum.      Panicle   erect;    glumes   yellowish,   lanceolate,   the 
lower  one  hairy ;  one  palea  to  each  flower,  linear,  ciliate ;  awn  rough,  slender, 
twice  as  long  as  the  glumes  ;  sterile  flowers  reduced  to  one  or  two  slender  hairy 
pedicels.     (Andropogon  avenaceus,  Michx.     A.  ciliatus,  EIL)  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.    Sept.     1J.—  Culms  (2°  -  4°  high)  and  leaves  smooth. 
Panicle  oblong,  6'  -  12'  long. 

2.  S.  nutans,  Gray.    Panicle  long  and  narrow,  nodding ;    glumes   dark 
brown,  the  upper  sparingly,  the  lower  densely  hairy  ;  paleae  of  the  upper  flower 
2,  unequal  ;  awn  4  times  the  length  of  the  glumes,  bent  in  the  middle,  rough 
above,  twisted  and  hairy  below  ;  sterile  spikelets  mostly  rudiments.     (A.  nutans, 
L.)  —  Dry  barren  soil,  Florida  and  northward.    Sept.     1J. —  Culms  2°  -  4°  high. 
Panicle  l°-2°  long. 

3.  S.  secundum.     Panicle  erect,  contracted,  1-sided ;  spikelets  nodding ; 
glumes  light  brown,  very  hairy  all  over ;  otherwise  like  the  last,  and  probably  a 
variety  of  it.     ( Andropogon  secundus,  Ell. }  —  Dry  sand-ridges  in  the  pine  bar- 
rens, Georgia  and  Florida.     Sept.  and  Oct.  —  Culms  2°  -  3°  high. 

S.  VULGARE,  Pers.,  is  the  DURRA  CORN  ;  S.  SACCHARATUM,  the  BROOM 
CORN  ;  S.  CERNUUM,  Willd.,  the  GUINEA  CORN.  S.  HALAPENSE,  Pers.,  is 
sometimes  cultivated  under  the  name  of  CUBA  GRASS. 

59.  LUZIOLA,    Juss. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  grasses,  with  narrow  elongated  leaves,  and  pan- 
icled  monoecious  flowers ;  the  pistillate  and  smaller  staminate  spikelets  borne 
on  separate  panicles.  —  Spikelets  scattered,  on  jointed  pedicels,  neai-ly  terete, 
1-flowered.  Glumes  none.  Paleas  2,  nearly  equal,  membranaceous,  concave, 
obtuse,  strongly  nerved.  Squamulae  2.  Stamens  5-11:  anthers  linear,  2-lobed 
at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  short  filaments.  Styles  2,  short :  stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  ovoid.  Pericarp  crustaceous. 


584  GRAMINE^E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

1.  L.  AlabamensiS,  n.  sp.  Smooth  throughout;  culms  low  (4' -6' high), 
simple,  jointed  near  the  base  ;  leaves  mostly  two ;  the  lowest  one  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  culm ;  the  elongated  purple  sheath  enclosing  the  short  membraiia- 
t-eous  upper  one,  and  the  stalk  of  the  simple  few-flowered  panicle ;  spikelets 
pale,  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  erect  or  appressed  capillary  pedicels  ; 
the  staminate  and  pistillate  ones  borne  on  separate  culms  ;  paleae  of  staminatc 
spikelet  lanceolate,  7 -nerved  ;  those  of  the  pistillate  ovate-lanceolate,  11-13- 
nerved,  much  longer  than  the  smooth  grain.  —  Brooklyn,  Conecuh  County, 
Alabama,  J.  F.  Beaumont. 

60.    MONANTHOCHLOE,    Engelm. 

A  low  maritime  branching  grass,  with  very  short  rigid  crowded  leaves,  and 
diojcious  flowers  in  solitary  terminal  sessile  spikes.  Glumes  none.  —  Spikes 
•  short,  3-5-flowered  ;  the  lowest  flower,  or  the  two  lower  ones,  neutral,  of  1  -2 
paleas ;  the  uppermost  abortive  ;  the  intermediate  ones,  composed  of  two  paleae, 
triandrous  in  the  staminate,  digynous  in  the  pistillate  spike.  Palea;  convolute, 
scarious  and  obtuse  at  the  apex  ;  the  lower  one  rigid,  ovate-lanceolate,  9  — 12- 
nerved  above ;  the  upper  rather  longer,  2-keeled  or  2-winged  on  the  back. 
Squamulaj  none.  Anthers  longer  than  the  short  filaments,  2-lobed  at  each  end. 
Ovary  lanceolate-linear,  3-angled.  Styles  2  :  stigmas  elongated,  plumose  with 
simple  hairs.  Grain  3-angled,  free. 

1.  M.  littoralis,  Engelm. — Low  sandy  shores,  South  Florida,  and  west- 
ward. —  Culms  much  branched,  5'  -  8'  high,  smooth  and  somewhat  woody, 
erect,  or  at  length  prostrate  and  rooting.  Leaves  3"  long,  very  rigid,  ob- 
tuse, many-nerved,  rough  on  the  margins,  mostly  crowded  at  the  summit  of 
the  short  branches,  and  enclosing  the  short  (3"  -4")  sessile  spikes.  Flowers 
pedicelled. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  585 


SERIES    II. 

CRYPTOGAMOUS   OR   FLOWEBLESS   PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  destitute  of  proper  flowers,  and  producing, 
in  the  place  of  seeds,  minute  homogeneous  bodies  (spores) 
containing  no  embryo. 

CLASS  III.     ACROGENS. 

Plants  with  a  distinct  stem,  growing  from  the  apex  only, 
containing  woody  fibre  and  vessels. 

ORDER  161.     EQUISETACE./E.     (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.) 
Comprises  only  the  genus 

1.    EQUISETUM,    L.     SCOURING  HUSH. 

Fructification  terminal,  spiked  or  cone-like.  Spore-cases  (sporangia)  6-7, 
borne  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  peltate  scales,  l-celled,  opening  on  the  inner 
side.  Spores  loose,  furnished  at  the  base  with  4  club-shaped  elastic  filaments 
(elaters).  —  Stems  leafless,  grooved,  hollow  and  jointed,  bearing  at  the  closed 
joints  a  toothed  sheath. 

1.  E.  laevigatum,  Braun.  Stems  perennial,  mostly  Simple,  the  obtuse 
ridges  smooth,  or  roughened  with  minute  tubercles  ;  sheaths  appressed,  with 
numerous  bristle-like  caducous  black  teeth.  —  Stiff  clay  soil,  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.  —  Stem  l£°  -  4°  high. 

ORDER  162.      FLLICES.      (FERNS.*) 

Leafy  plants,  mostly  with  perennial  rootstocks  (caudex),  which  in  this 
climate  are  creeping  and  slender,  or  stouter  and  sometimes  ascending, 
but  in  the  tropics  often  grow  many  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  several 
inches,  giving  the  plants  an  arborescent  appearance  (Tree-ferns).  Leaves 
(fronds)  circinately  rolled  up  in  vernation  (except  the  last  Suborder), 
and  raised  on  a  stalk  or  petiole  (stipe).  Spore-cases  (sporangia)  one- 


*  By  DANIEL  C.  EATON. 


otffi  FILICES.      (FERNS.} 

celled,  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  fronds  or  along  their  margins,  often 
covered  by  a  membrane  of  various  shape  (indusium  or  involucre),  contain- 
ing numerous  exceedingly  minute  spores. 

Synopsis. 

SUBORDER  I.  POLYPODINE^E.  Sporangia  collected  in  dots,  lines, 
or  variously  shaped  clusters  (son  or  fruit-dots),  or  in  indefinite  masses, 
cellular-reticulated,  mostly  pedicelled ;  the  stalk  running  into  a  vertical 
incomplete  elastic  ring,  the  straightening  of  which  ruptures  the  ripe 
sporangium  on  the  inner  side,  discharging  the  spores.  —  Fronds  simple 
or  variously  divided. 

TRIBE  I.  A  <  HOST  1C  HE /E.  —  Sporangia  collected  in  large  or  indefinite  masses  on  the 
back  of  the  frond  :  indusium  none. 

1.  ACROSTICHUM.     Sporangia  covering  the  lower  surface  of  the  upper  pinnae.    Veins  retic- 

ulated. 

TRIBE  II.  POI* YPODIE-flE.  —  Fruit-dots  roundish,  distinct,  destitute  of  indusium, 
borne  on  the  back  of  the  frond. 

2.  POLYPODIDM.    Fruit-dots  scattered  variously  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  borne  at  or  near 

the  ends  of  the  veins. 

TRIBE  III.  —  VITT  ARIEjE.  —  Sporangia  borne  in  a  continuous  elongated  marginal  or 
sub-marginal  furrow. 

3.  VITTARIA.     Fronds  simple,  narrowly  linear. 

TRIBE  IV.     PTERIDE  JE.  —  Fruit-dots  marginal,  separate  or  continuous.     Indusium 

formed  by  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  frond  or  its  lobes,  opening  toward  the  midrib. 
*  Indusium  thin  and  membranaceous.  continuous  around  the  margin  of  the  fertile  pinnae. 

4.  PTERIS.     Sporangia  borne  on  a  transverse  intramarginal  veinlet. 

5.  PELIuEA.     Sporangia  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins,  at  length  confluent. 

*  *  Indusium  rarely  continuous,  mostly  formed  of  the  reflexed  ends  of  the  lobes  er  divisions 
of  the  pinnae  or  pinnules. 

6.  CHEILANTHES.     Sporangia  borne  on   the  veins  beneath  the  reflexed  margin  of  the 

frond.     Pinnules  with  a  midrib. 

7.  ADIANTUM.      Sporangia  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  indusium.      Midrib  none  or 

eccentric. 

TRIBE  V.  BL-ECHNE  JE.  —  Fruit-dote  dorsal,  linear  or  oblong,  borne  on  transverse 
veins  parallel  to  the  midrib.  Indusium  fixed  by  its  outer  margin,  and  opening  at  the 
inner  one. 

8.  BLECHNUM.    Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  covered  by  a  continuous  indusium. 

9.  WOODWARDIA     Fruit-dots  linear-oblong,  in  a  series  near  the  midrib,  covered  by  sep- 

arate indusia. 

TRIBE  VI.  ASPLEXIEjE.  —  Fruit-dots  dorsal,  linear  or  oblong,  oblique  or  at  right 
angles  to  the  midrib.  Indusium  fixed  by  one  margin  to  the  veinlet,  opening  at  the 
other. 

10.  CAMPTOSORUS.    Fruit-dots  straight  or  curved,  scattered  irregularly  on  the  more  or  less 

reticulated  veins,  or  facing  each  other  in  pairs.     Frond  simple. 

11.  ASPLENIUM.     Fruit-dots  oblique,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  veins,  rarely  on  both  sides  of 

them.     Veins  free. 


FILICES.      (FERNS.)  587 

TRIBE  VII.     ASPIDIEJE.  —  Fruit-dots  at  or  below  the  ends  of  the  veini,  round,  or 
somewhat  oblong  and  then  placed  across  the  vein.    Indusium  round  or  nearly  so,  fixed 
in  the  middle  and  opening  at  the  margin,  or  reniform  and  fixed  at  the  sinus. 
*  Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  alike. 

12.  CYSTOPTERIS.     Indusium  on  the  back  of  the  veinlet,  hood-shaped,  fixed  at  the  base 

partly  under  the  fruit-dot,  opening  toward  the  apex  of  the  segment 

13.  ASPIDIUM.     Indusium  mostly  on  the  back  of  the  veins,  orbicular  or  round-reniform, 

fixed  in  the  middle  or  at  the  sinus,  opening  all  round  the  margin. 

14.  NEPHROLEPIS.     Indusium  at  the  end  of  a  free  vein,  reniform,  fixed  at  the  sinus  or  by 

the  arcuate  base,  opening  toward  the  margin  of  the  frond. 
*  *  Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  different. 

15.  ONOCLEA.     Fertile  fronds  contracted,  the  divisions  rolled  up  and  berry-like. 

TRIBE  VIII.  AVOODSIE^E.  —  Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  a  free  vein.  In- 
dusium fixed  beneath  the  fruit-dot,  saucer-shaped,  or  globose  and  bursting  at  the  top. 

16.  WOODSIA.     Indusium  divided  into  irregular  lobes,  or  a  capillary  fringe. 

TRIBE  IX.  DICKSONIEJE.  —  Fruit-dots  marginal,  roundish,  borne  at  the  ends  of  the 
free  veins.  Indusium  cup-shaped  or  two-valved,  its  outer  part  composed  of  a  reflexed 
lobe  of  the  frond,  or  more  or  less  united  with  it. 

17.  DICKSONIA.    Indusium  (in  our  species)  small,  nearly  globular,  membranaceous. 

SUBORDER  II.  HYMENOPHYLLE^E.  Sporangia  borne  on  a  seti- 
form  or  slender  receptacle,  cellular-reticulated,  surrounded  by  a  complete 
transverse  ring.  Involucres  marginal,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  cup-shaped 
or  two-valved.  Fronds  delicately  membranaceous  and  pellucid. 

18.  TRICHOMANES.     Involucre  cup-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  sometimes  2-lipped. 


SUBORDER  III.  SCHIZ^INETE.  Sporangia  large,  borne  on  narrow 
segments  of  the  frond,  oval,  cellular-reticulated,  crowned  by  the  converg- 
ing striae  of  a  complete  apical  ring,  opening  longitudinally. 

19.  LYGODIUM.     Sporangia  attached  laterally  in  two  rows  to  the  narrow  divisions  of  the 

pinnae,  each  one  covered  by  a  scale-like  indusium. 

20.  ANEIMIA.    Sporangia  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  narrow  divisions  of  the  panicled 

fertile  branches  of  the  frond.    Indusium  none. 

SUBORDER  IV.  OSMUNDINE^E.  Sporangia  large,  nearly  sessile 
on  the  back  or  margins  of  the  mostly  contracted  fertile  fronds,  two- 
valved,  opening  vertically  at  the  apex.  Ring  rudimentary  or  none. 

21.  OSMUNDA.    Sporangia  globular,  covering  the  contracted  fronds  or  portions  of  fronds. 

SUBORDER  V.  OPHIOGLOSSE^E.  Sporangia  very  large,  sessile, 
spiked  or  panicled,  coriaceous,  not  reticulated,  on  narrow  divisions  of  the 
frond,  destitute  of  a  ring,  transversely  two-valved.  Fronds  not  circulate 
in  vernation. 

22.  BOTRYCHIUM.     Sporangia  in  panicled  spikes.     Sterile  part  of  the  frond  pinnately  di- 

vided. 

23.  OPHIOGLOSSUM.     Sporangia  iu  a  simple  spike.    Sterile  part  of  the  frond  simple  in  our 

species. 


588  .    FILICES.         (FERNS.; 

1.    ACROSTICHUM,    L. 

Sporangia  entirely  covering  the  lower  surface  of  the  upper  pinnae.  Veins 
finely  reticulated  with  oblong  hexagonal  meshes.  —  Tall  Ferns,  with  pinnate 
fronds. 

1.  A.  aureum,  L.  Fronds  coriaceous ;  pinnae  short-stalked,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  entire. —  Coast  of  South  Florida.  —  Fronds  4° -8°  high,  dark  green, 
shining. 

2.    POLYPODIITM,    L.    POLYPODY. 

Fruit-dots  round,  naked,  mostly  at  the  ends  of  the  free  or  reticulated  veins.  — 
Rootstocks  creeping.  Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  alike. 

§  1.     POLYPODIUM  PROPER.  —  Veins  free. 

1.  P.  VUlgare,   L.     Fronds   evergreen,    smooth   on   both   sides,   oblong, 
simply  and   deeply  pinnatifid;    the   divisions    linear-oblong,    obtuse,    slightly 
toothed ;  fruit-dots  large.  —  Mossy  rocks,  &c.,  in  shady  woods,  in  the  upper 
districts  of  Alabama,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  4'  -  10'  high. 

2.  P.  Plumula,  Willd.    Fronds  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
pinnatifid  to  the  black  and  somewhat  chaffy  midrib ;  the  divisions  very  numer- 
ous, narrowly  linear,  entire,  wider  at  the  base ;  fruit-dots  small.  —  Tampa  Bay, 
Dr.  Leavenworth.—  Fronds  12' -18'  high,  18" -24"  wide. 

3.  P.  hexagonopterum,   Michx.      Fronds  annual,  broadly  triangular, 
bipinnatifid ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading,  the  lower  pair  erect ;  pin- 
nules oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  crenately  toothed  or  entire ;  fruit-dots  numerous, 
minute.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  westward  and  northward.  — 
A  foot  or  more  high  from  an  elongated  creeping  rootstock.     Pinnae  decurrent, 
forming  irregular  hexagonal  wings  on  the  rachis. 

§    2.      MARGIN  ARIA,    Bory.  — Veins  obscure,  sometimes  reticulating  near  the 
margin.     Stipe  and  lower  surface  of  the  frond  covered  with  chaffy  scales. 

4.  P.  incanum,  Swartz.     Fronds  evergreen,  coriaceous,  beneath  thickly 
beset  with  peltate  chaffy  scales,  smooth  and  green  above,  pinnately  parted ;  the 
divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  entire ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin. —  On  trunks  of  trees, 
Florida  to  Mississippi,  westward  and  northward.  —  Rootstock  chaffy,  creeping. 
Fronds  3' -8' high. 

§  3.  CAMPYLONEURUM,  Presl.  —  Veins  parallel,  pinnate  from  the  midrib: 
veinlets  reticulated,  forming  a  series  of  parallel  angular  arcs  with  short  veinlets  pro- 
ceeding from  their  angles.  Fronds  simple. 

5.  P.  Phyllitidis,  L.     Fronds  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate,  of  a 
thin  chartaceous  texture,  semi-pellucid ;    fruit-dots  rather  large,  in  two  rows 
between  the  veins.  —  South  Florida.  —  Fronds  1°  -2°  high. 

§  4.  PHLEBODIUM,  R.  Br.  —Veins  pinnate  from  the  midrib,  furcate:  veinlets 
reticulated  in  mostly  elongated  meshes.  Fruit-dots  large,  commonly  at  the  extremities 
of  two  converging  veinlets. 

6.  P.  aureum,  L.     Fronds  smooth  and  glaucous,  broadly  ovate,  pinnately 


FILICES.      (FERNS.)  589 

parted ;  the  divisions  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire ;  fruit-dots  mostly  in  a  double 
series  in  each  lobe  of  the  frond,  near  the  midrib.  —  South  Florida.  —  Rootstock 
large,  creeping,  copiously  beset  with  lanceolate  brown  chaffy  scales.  Stipe 
smooth,  8'  - 10'  long.  Fronds  10'  - 15'  long,  two  thirds  as  wide. 

3.    VITTARIA,     Smith. 

Sporangia  on  a  continuous  receptacle  immersed  in  a  furrow  open  outwardly 
at  or  near  the  margin  of  the  frond.  Veins  obscure,  simple,  connected  at  their 
extremities  by  the  receptacle.  Fronds  simple,  linear,  elongated. 

1.  V.  lineata,  Swartz.  Fronds  nearly  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  elongated  ; 
midrib  inconspicuous,  lines  of  fructification  near  the  margin.  (V.  angustifrons, 
Michx. )  —  On  trees,  South  Florida.  Fronds  many  from  the  short  scaly  root- 
stock,  l°-2°  long. 

4.    PTERIS,    L. 

Sporangia  borne  on  a  transverse  marginal  receptacle  connecting  the  ends  of 
the  veins.  Indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  membranaceous  margin  of  the 
frond,  at  first  reflexed,  at  length  pushed  back  and  disclosing  the  ripened  fructifi- 
cation. Fronds  1  -3-pinnate  or  decompound. 

1.  P.  longifolia,  L.     Fronds  lanceolate,  pinnate ;  pinnte  numerous,  nar- 
xowly  linear,  acuminate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  terminal  one  elongated,  the 
lower  ones  gradually  smaller.  —  Key  AVest.  —  Fronds   1°  — 2°  high,  smooth. 
Stipe  more  or  less  chaffy. 

2.  P.  Cretica,  L.     Fronds  smooth,  ovate,  ternate  or  pinnate ;  the  lower 
pinnse  2  -  3-parted,  sessile,  the  upper  ones  decurrent ;  sterile  ones  lanceolate, 
or  linear-lanceolate,  finely  serrate ;  fertile  ones  narrower,  entire,  or  spinulose- 
serrate  at  the  acuminate  apex  ;  veins  straight,  simple  or  forked,  close  together, 
almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib.  —  Shady  woods,  Middle  and  East  Florida. 
—  Frond  6'-  10'  long.     Stipe  smooth,  very  long  and  slender. 

3.  P.  aquilina,  L.    (BRAKE.)    Fronds  large,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy 
beneath,  broadly  triangular,  tripinnate ;  pinnules  oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  has- 
tate or  pinnately  parted  ;  ultimate  segments  obtuse,  oblong  or  linear,  the  termi- 
nal ones  often  elongated,  the  margin  reflexed  or  revolute ;  veins  simple  or  forked ; 
indusium  narrow,  ciliated.  —  Common  everywhere.  —  Stipe  stout,  6'  -  2°  high. 
Frond  l°-2°  long. 

Var.  caudata  (P.  caudata,  L.),  with  very  narrow  segments,  the  terminal 
ones  elongated,  and  both  surfaces  of  the  frond  glabrous  or  even  glaucous,  occurs 
in  South  Florida  and  along  the  Gulf  coast. 

5.     PELLJEA,    Link. 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  confluent  in  a  broad 
marginal  line  of  fructification.  Indusium  as  in  Pteris.  Veins  free,  forked  or 
pinnate.  Fronds  mostly  1  -3-pinnate,  smooth,  mostly  coriaceous. 

1.  P.  atropurpurea,  Link.  Fronds  tufted,  coriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate, 
pinnate  or  below  bipinnate  ;  pinnae  opposite,  rather  distant,  the  lower  ones 
50 


590  FILICES.      (FERNS.) 

stalked ;  pinnules  sessile,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  obtuse  or  rarely  somewhat  mucronate  ;  indusium  formed  of  the  reflexed 
and  little-changed  margin,  at  length  pushed  back  and  showing  a  broad  marginal 
band  of  ripened  sporangia.  (Pteris  atropurpurea,  L.  Allosorus,  Kunze,  Gray.) 
—  Mountains  of  Alabama  and  northward,  mostly  on  lime-rock.  Frond  2'- 
12'  high.  Stipe  and  rachis  black  and  shining,  smooth  or  somewhat  rusty- 
pubescent. 

6.    CHEILANTHES,    Swam. 

Fruit-dots  at  the  thickened  ends  of  the  veins,  distinct  or  at  length  confluent, 
covered  by  the  continuous  or  interrupted  reflexed  margin  of  the  lobes.  Veins 
free.  Fronds  1  -3-pinnate ;  pinnules  with  a  midrib,  often  hairy  or  woolly. 

1.  C.  Alabamensis,  Kunze.     Fronds  broadly  lanceolate,  subcoriaceous, 
pinnate  ;  pinna?  ovate-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  or  the  lower  ones  again  pin- 
nate ;  pinnules  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  often  auriculate  at  the  upper  side  of 
the  base,  glabrous,  the  margin  reflexed  and  forming  a  mostly  continuous  mem- 
branaceous  involucre.     (Pteris  Alabamensis,  Buckley.)  —  Limestone  cliff's  on  the 
Tennessee  and  French  Broad  Rivers,  Alabama,  &c.,  Buckley.  —  Fronds  4' -6' 
long,  on  slender  black  and  polished  stipes  2' -4'  long,  pulverulent  along  the 
upper  side,  and  somewhat  chaffy  at  the  base. 

2.  C.  VGStita,  Swartz.     Fronds  broadly  lanceolate,  like  the  stalks  hirsute 
with  rusty  hairs,  bipinnate ;  pinna?  triangular-ovate ;  pinnules  oblong,  obtuse, 
more  or  less  incised;  the  ends  of  the  lobes  reflexed  to  form  separate  herbaceous 
involucres.  —  Near  Augusta,  Georgia,  Kunze,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  4'  -  8' 
long,  becoming  smooth  above. 

3.  C.  tomentosa,  Link.     Fronds   broadly   lanceolate,   tripinnate,   above 
clothed  with  white  deciduous  hairs,  beneath  densely  tomentose  with  brownish- 
white  wool ;  primary  pinnae  ovate-oblong ;  ultimate  segments  minute,  round- 
obovate,  sessile  or  adnate-decurrent,  the  margin  reflexed  forming  a  continuous 
somewhat  mcmbranaceous  involucre.     ( C.  Bradburii,  Hook.,  at  least  as  to  Lind- 
heimer's  plant.) — French  Broad  River,  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and 
southwestward.  —  Frond  6' -12'  long.      Stipe   and   rachis  whitish   with   long 
paleaceous  hairs. 

7.    ADIANTUM,    L.     MAIDENHAIR. 

Indusium  orbicular  or  transversely  elongated,  formed  of  a  reflexed  and  altered 
portion  of  the  margin  of  the  frond,  bearing  the  sporangia  on  its  under  side  at 
the  ends  of  the  veins.  Midrib  none  or  eccentric :  veins  forking,  mostly  free. 
Stipe  and  rachis  commonly  black  and  shining. 

1.  A.  pedatum,  L.  Stipe  long  and  slender,  forked,  the  spreading  and 
recurved  branches  bearing  on  the  outer  side  several  slender  horizontal  pinnate 
divisions ;  pinnules  numerous,  alternate,  short-stalked,  oblong,  entire  on  the 
lower  side,  the  upper  margin  cleft  and  fruit-bearing.  —  Shady  woods,  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Stipe  8' -12'  high.  The  most  graceful  of  all  our 
Ferns. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  591 

2.  A.  CapilluS-Veneris,  L.  Frond  ovate-lanceolate,  2- 3-pinnate;  pin- 
nules very  delicate,  oblique,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  sometimes  rhomboid, 
rather  long-stalked,  the  upper  margin  deeply  incised  and  fruit-bearing  or  sterile 
and  dentate ;  stipe  slender,  ebeneous  ;  rachis  almost  capillary,  flexuous.  —  Mostly 
pendent  from  Limestone  cliffs,  Florida,  Alabama,  and  westward. — Fronds  1°- 
3°  long. 

8.    BLECHNUM,    L. 

Sporangia  on  a  transverse  elongated  receptacle  parallel  to  the  midrib,  combin- 
ing the  veins  near  their  bases.  Indnsium  fixed  by  its  outer  margin,  opening  in- 
ward. Veins  of  the  sterile  fronds  free.  Fronds  simple  or  pinnate. 

1.  B.  serrulatum,  Michx.  Fronds  erect,  rigid,  pinnate;  pinnae  articu- 
lated with  the  rachis;  fertile  ones  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  finely  and  sharply 
serrate ;  fruit  close  to  the  midrib ;  sterile  ones  broader,  bearing  a  few  chaffy 
scales  along  the  midrib.  (B.  angustifolium,  Willd.)  —  Florida,  Michaux, 


9.    WOODWARDIA,     Smith. 

Fruit-dots  linear-oblong,  in  one  or  two  series  on  transverse  anastomosing 
veinlets  parallel  and  near  to  the  midrib.  Indusium  attached  by  its  outer  margin 
to  the  veinlet,  opening  inward.  Veins  more  or  less  reticulated,  free  toward  the 
margin  of  the  frond.  Fronds  mostly  pinnatifid  or  pinnate. 

1.  W.  angustifolia,  Smith.     Fronds  smooth,  pinnatifid ;  the  sterile  ones 
ovate,  with  broadly-lanceolate  finely  serrate  divisions,  united  at  the  base  and 
dccurrent  on  the  stipe,  the  veins  reticulated  in  several  series  of  areoles ;  fertile 
fronds  taller,  with  narrowly  linear  entire  divisions,  and  a  single  series  of  elon- 
gated areoles,  each  containing   an  oblong  fruit-dot  with  a  vaulted  indusium. 
( Acrostichum  areolatum,  L.     W.  onocleoides,  Willd.)  — Bogs  and  shady  banks, 
Florida,  and  northward.  —  Rootstock  creeping,  'elongated,  as  thick  as  a  goose- 
quill.     Stipe  6'-  12'  high,  about  the  length  of  the  frond. 

2.  W.  Virginica,  Willd.     Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  alike,  ovate,  smooth, 
pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  pinnatifid ;  segments  oblong, 
obtuse ;  veins  forked,  forming  a  single  series  of  areoles  along  the  midrib  both  of 
the  pinnae  and  of  the  segments ;  areoles  fruit-bearing  in  the  fertile  frond.  —  Shal- 
low ponds,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  —  Rootstock  as  thick  as  one's 
fino-er,  creeping,  elongated,  with  a  tough  black  exterior,  the  interior  soft  and 
white.     Fronds  1°- 4°  high ;  stipe  smooth. 

10.     CAMPTOSORUS,    Link.     WALKING-LEAF. 

Fruit-dots  linear  or  oblong,  straight  or  curved,  scattered  irregularly  on  the  back 
of  the  frond,  often  opposite  in  pairs,  or  converging  and  united.  Indusium  linear, 
attached  by  one  margin  to  the  reticulated  veins-  of  the  simple  frond. 

1.  C.  rhizophyllus,  Link.  Fronds  evergreen,  lanceolate,  cordate  or 
hastate  at  the  base,  long-acuminate,  often  rooting  at  the  extremity  and  giving 


592  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

rise  to  new  plants.      (Asplenium  rhizophyllum,  L.)  —  Shaded  rocks  on  the 
mountains  of  Georgia,,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  4'- 10'  long. 

11.    ASPLENIUM,    L. 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  oblique  to  the  midrib,  the  indusium  attached  by- 
one  margin  to  the  mostly  free  veins,  rarely  curved,  or  double  and  attached  to 
both  sides  of  the  vein. 

§  1.     ASPLENIUM  PROPER.  —  Indusia  straight,  attached  by  their  whole  length 

to  Ike  upper  side  of  the  vein;  rarely  some  of  them  double,  and  placed  back  to  back. 

*  Fronds  pinnatiftd  or  simply  pinnate. 

1.  A.  pinnatifldum,    Nutt.      Fronds  lanceolate,  acuminate,  cordate  at 
the  base,  pinnatifid,  or  below  sometimes  pinnate,  the  roundish  divisions  obtuse, 
crenate  or  serrate ;  fruit-dots  scattered.  —  Alleghanies  of  Alabama,  and  north- 
ward.—  Fronds  3' -6'  long.     A  form  with  the  lowest  segment  on  each  side 
elongated  horizontally  and  acuminate,  has  been  found  in  Alabama  by  Mr.  Beau- 
mont. 

2.  A.    dentatum,    L.      Fronds   linear-oblong,   obtuse,   piffliate ;    pinnas 
mostly  opposite,  8-12  pairs  on  short  but  distinct  stalks,  roundish  ovate  (3" -4" 
long),  cuneate  at  the  lower  side  of  the  base,  and  truncate  at  the  upper  side,  cre- 
nate or  serrate,  obtuse ;  fruit-dots  6-8  on  each  pinna,  elongated,  the  one  next 
the  rachis  often  double.  —  Carolina,  Th.  Moore,  Florida,  Binney.  —  Fertile  fronds 
4' -6'  high,  the  stipe  as  long  as  the  sterile  fronds. 

3.  A.  Trichomanes,  L.     Stipe  and  rachis  slender,   purplish  black   and 
shining;  fronds  many  from  the  short  rootstock,  linear,  pinnate ;  pinnae  numer- 
ous, minute  (2" -3"  long),  roundish  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base  and  attached 
to   a  raised   point  on  the  rachis;  fruit-dots  4-8  on   a  pinna.      (A.  melano- 
caulon,  WiUd.)  —  Rocks  along  the  Alleghanies,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  4'  - 
8'  high. 

4.  A.  ebeneum,   Aiton.      Stipe  and  rachis  purplish  black  and  shining ; 
fronds  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate,  acuminate,  pinnate ;  pinnae  numerous,  ses- 
sile, linear-oblong,  auricled  on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  base,  serrate  or  nearly 
entire,  those  below  the  middle  of  the  frond  gradually  shorter  and  deflexed  ;  fruit- 
dots  10-13  on  a  pinna.  —  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  6'- 
18'  high,  l'-3'  wide ;  stipe  very  short. 

5.  A.  angustifolium,  Michx.     Fronds  tall,  lanceolate,  pinnate;   pinnae 
numerous ;  the  sterile  ones  lanceolate  from  a  truncate  base ;  the  fertile  ones  nar- 
rower, and  bearing  60  -  80  curved  fruit-dots  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  pin- 
nate forking  veins;  indusia  thickish,  strongly  convex. — Rich  soil  along  the 
mountains,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  1°- 3°  high,  annual.     Pinnae  2' -4' long, 
4" -8"  wide. 

*  *  Fronds  2  -  3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

6.  A.  montanum,  Willd.     Fronds  small,  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnate ;  pin- 
nae few,  petioled,  ovate  or  triangular ;  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid ;  the  upper  ones 
incised ;  divisions  toothed  or  serrate ;  fruit-dots  very  short,  the  basal  ones  often 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  593 

with  a  double  indusium.  —  Mountains  of  Alabama,  and  northward.  —  Fronds 
2' -5'  high,  with  a  winged  greenish  rachis,  and  a  stipe  nearly  as  long  as  the 
frond. 

7.  A.  Ruta-muraria,  L.     Fronds   small,  ovate,  pinnate  above,  bipinnate 
below,  the  divisions  stalked,  obovate-cuneate,  toothed  at  the  apex ;  veins  forked 
from  the  base ;  fruit-dots  few,  indusia  laciniate  at  the  margin.  —  Rocks  along 
the  mountains,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  2' -4'  high. 

8.  A.  myriophyllum,   Presl.      Fronds  delicately  membranaceous,  lan- 
ceolate, narrowed  below,  2  -  3-pinnate ;  ultimate  segments  obovate-oblong,  en- 
tire or  2-3-lobed;  veins  single  in  each  segment  or  lobe,  bearing  below  the 
middle  a  solitary  oblong  fruit-dot.    (A.  Anchorita,  Chapm.  MS.)  —  On  the  walls 
of  a  limestone   cave  at  Schurlock's  Spring,  Jackson  Co.,  Florida,  Chapm. — 
Fronds  3' -10'  high,  with  short  stipes  and  narrowly  winged  rachises. 

9.  A.   thelypteroides,   Michx.      Fronds  ample,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate; 
the  deeply  pinnatind  pinnae  lanceolate-acuminate  from  a  broad  sessile  base ;  the 
lower  ones  smaller,  distant,  and  deflexed ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  crenately 
serrate;  fruit-dots  8-12  to  a  lobe,  at  length  confluent,  those  next  the  midrib 
toward  the  ends  of  the  pinna?  mostly  double;   indusium  convex,  thickish. — 
Rich  woods  in  the  upper  part  of  Georgia,  and  northward. — Fronds  l°-3° 
high. 

§  2.  ATHYRIUM,  Roth.  —  Indusium  thin,  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  the  vein ; 
or  recurved  and  crossing  the  vein,  attached  to  both  sides  of  it,  thus  becoming  rent- 
form  or  shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 

10.  A.  Filix-foemina,  Benih.     Fronds  ample,  ovate-oblong  ;  pinnas  lan- 
ceolate, numerous ;  pinnules  oblong  or  lanceolate,  doubly  serrate  or  variously 
incised ;  fruit-dots  short,  at  length  confluent.     (Aspidium  Filix-fcemina,  Sivartz.) 
—  Low  shady  woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. — Fronds  l°-3° 
high.  —  A.  asplenoides  (Aspidium  asplenoides,  Swartzl)  is  said  to  differ  in  hav- 
ing a  creeping  caudex. 

12.     CYSTOPTERIS,    Bernhardi. 

Fruit-dots  round,  on  the  back  of  the  free  forking  veins,  covered  when  young 
by  a  thin  ovate  or  roundish  hood-shaped  indusium  attached  by  the  lower  side 
rather  beneath  the  fruit-dot,  its  apex  pointing  toward  the  end  of  the  vein,  at 
length  reflexed  or  falling  away.  —  Delicate  Ferns  with  2  -  3-pinnate  fronds,  and 
short  creeping  rootstocks. 

1.  C.  fragilis,  Bernh.  Fronds  ovate-oblong,  bipinnate;  the  ovate-lance- 
olate pinnae  mostly  opposite,  the  lowest  pair  distant,  smaller ;  pinnules  oblong 
or  obovate,  cuneate  at  the  base  and  decurrent  on  the  winged  secondary  rachis, 
variously  toothed  or  incised ;  indusium  ovate,  acuminate.  (Aspidiam  tenue, 
Swartz.)  — Moist  rocks  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. — 
Fronds  4'  — 8 'long,  on  slender  brownish  stipes  as  long  as  the  frond.  Pinnules 
varying  greatly  in  shape  and  size. 
50* 


594  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

2.  C.  bulbifera,  Bernh.  Fronds  lanceolate,  very  long  and  attenuated  at 
the  apex,  often  bearing  bulblets  beneath,  bipinnate ;  pinnte  triangular-lanceolate ; 
the  lowest  pair  largest,  distant;  pinnules  oblong,  crenately  incised  or  toothed, 
obtuse;  indusium  roundish,  truncate.  (Aspidium  bulbiferum,  Swartz.)  —  Rocks 
on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  l°-3°  long. 
The  bulblets  fall  to  the  ground,  and  form  new  plants,  which  are  about  two  years 
in  coming  to  maturity. 

13.    ASPIDIUM,     Swam.     SHIELD-FERN. 

Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  veins  mostly  below  their  apices.  Indusium 
round-reniform  and  fixed  at  the  sinus,  or  orbicular  and  fixed  by  the  depressed 
centre.  Veins  with  acute  or  attenuated  apices.  Our  species  have  free  veins 
and  1  -  3-pinnate  fronds. 

§  1.    LASTREA,  Bory.     Indusium  round-kidney-shaped,  fixed  at  the  sinus. 

*  Fronds  thin  and  delicate,  decaying  in  autumn ;  ultimate  segments  entire  or  nearly 

so ;  veins  simple  or  once  forked. 

1.  A.  Thelypteris,  Swartz.     Fronds  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnate  ; 
pinnae  lanceolate,  often  recurved,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  the  lowest  1-2  pairs  rather 
smaller ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  the  fertile  ones  with  a  strongly 
revolute  margin ;  veins  mostly  forked  ;  indusium  minute,  smooth.  —  Swamps 
and  bogs,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  1 0'  - 1 8'  long,  with  an  elongated 
stipe.     This  species  and  the  next  one  have  slender,  nearly  naked  rootstocks, 
which  creep  several  inches  in  advance  of  the  fronds. 

2.  A.  Noveboracen.se,  Willd.     Fronds  lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways 
from  the  middle,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  hairy  beneath  along  the  midrib ; 
the  lowest  4-6  pairs  gradually  smaller,  distant  and  deflexed  ;  segments  oblong, 
obtuse,  nearly  entire  ;  veins  simple  ;  indusium  minute,  smooth.  —  Low  grounds, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  1°  -  2°  long,  on  rather  short  stipes. 

3.  A.  patens,  Swartz.      Fronds   ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  pubescent,  espe- 
cially on  the  veins  beneath,  pinnate ;   pinnae  lance-linear  from  a  broad  base, 
deeply  pinnatifid ;   the   lowest  pair  a  little   smaller  and  reflexed  ;   segments 
oblong,  often  falcate,  entire,  or  the  upper  basal  one  enlarged  and  pinnatifid ; 
veins  simple,  free,  or  the  basal  ones  meeting  at  the  sinus  between  the  segments ; 
indusium  small,  pubescent.  (A.  molle,  Kunze  in  Sill.  Jour.)  — Low  shady  woods, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  —  Fronds  1°  -  3°  high. 

*  *  Fronds  thicker ;  ultimate  segments  more  or  less  serrate  or  toothed ;  the  lowest 

veins  more  than  once  forked. 

4.  A.  spinulosum,  Swartz.     Fronds  ovate-oblong,  thin,  smooth  ;  bipin- 
nate or  below  tripinnate ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate ;   the  lower  ones  broader, 
triangular-ovate ;  ultimate  segments  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  closely  set  on  a 
narrowly  winged  partial  rachis,  variously  incised  or  serrate  with  spinulose  teeth ; 
fruit-dots  small ;  indusium  deciduous,  sparingly  glandular  at  the  margin.     (A. 
intermedium,  Muhl.)  —  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  North  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  and  northward.— Fronds  l°-2°  long,  5' -9' wide,  varying  greatly 
in  outline,  and  in  the  shape  of  the  segments. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  595 

Var.  dilatatum,  Gray.  Fronds  wider  in  outline,  of  a  rather  firmer  text- 
ure ;  the  pinnae  fewer  and  set  farther  apart,  the  lowest  pair  largest,  with  the  2-3 
lower  basal  pinnules  elongated ;  segments  larger  and  more  distant ;  fruit-dots 
larger ;. indusium  smooth.  (A.  dilatatum,  Swartz.  A.  campylopterum,  Kunze.) 

—  Summits  of  the  Black  Mountains,  North  Carolina,  Ruyel.  —  Fronds  l°-2° 
long,  .10' -16'  wide. 

5.  A.  Lud.OViciEHU.ID.,  Kunze.     '•  Fronds  membranaceous,  rather  rigid, 
finely  glandular-pubescent  beneath  on  the  midribs,  ovate,  acuminate,  bipinnate  ; 
pinnae  distant,  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate ;  pinnules  ovate,  deeply 
pinnatifid ;  the  lowest  divisions  sessile  with  a  narrowed  base ;  the  upper  ones 
adnate,  oblong,  obtuse,  crenately  appressed-serrate  ;  serratures  acute,  sometimes 
denticulate  ;  fruit-dots  half-way  between  the  midrib  and  margin,  on  the  upper 
branches  of  the  forked  veins ;  indusium  reniform,  thickish,  entire,  smooth,  per- 
sistent."    Mettenius.  —  Florida  to  Louisiana,  Kunze.  —  "  Rootstock    oblique  ; 
fronds  2° -3°  long;  stipe  straw-color,  sparsely  chaffy" — I  have  not  seen  this 
Fern,  which  has  more  recently  been  referred  by  Mettenius  to  A.  Canariense, 
At.  Br. 

6.  A.  Floridanum.     Fronds  thickish,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate  ;  lower 
pinnae  sterile,  triangular-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  closely  set  oblong, 
obtuse  divisions  ;  upper  pinnoa  fertile,  narrower  and  longer,  again  pinnate,  with 
oblong  obtuse  pinnules,  distant  on  the  narrowly  winged  secondary  rachis ;  fruit- 
dots  large,  half-way  between  the  midrib  and  margin  ;  indusium  round-reniform, 
smooth.    (Nephrodium  Floridanum,  Hook.)  — Wet  woods,  Florida  to  Louisiana. 

—  Fronds  l°-2°  high,  the  sterile  ones  shorter,  growing  in  a  crown  from  a 
thick   and  scaly  rootstock.  —  The   plant   has   much   the   appearance  of  large 
forms  of  A.  cristatum,  Su/artz,  and  may  prove  to  be  an  extreme  state  of  that 
species. 

7.  A.  marginale,  Swartz.     Fronds  evergreen,  smooth,  thickish  and  al- 
most coriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnate ;   pinnae  lanceolate  from  a  broad 
base ;  pinnules  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  attached  by  a  broad  base  to  the  nar- 
rowly winged  secondary  rachis,  entire  or  crenately  toothed  ;  fruit-dots  large, 
very  near  the  margin ;  indusium  round-reniform,  convex,  thickish,  smooth.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  bluish-green,   l°-2° 
long,  on  a  short  stipe,  which,  like  the  short  thick  rootstock,  is  shaggy  with  large 
brown  chaffy  scales. 

§  2.     POLYSTICHUM,  Roth,  Schott.     Indusium   orbicular,  fixed  by  the  de- 
pressed centre. 

8.  A.  acrostichoides,  Swartz.     Fronds  evergreen,  thickish,  smooth  and 
shining,  lanceolate,  the  fertile  ones  tallest,  pinnate ;   pinnae  numerous,  short- 
stalked,  oblong-lanceolate,  auriculate  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  cuneate  at 
the  lower,  obtuse  or  acute,  finely  serrate  or  incised  with  spinulose-pointed  teeth ; 
the  upper  pinnae  of  the  fertile  frond  contracted  and  covered  with  the  copious 
fruit-dots  ;    indusium   round,  peltate,  smooth   and   entire.  —  Shady  and  rocky 
woods,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. — Fronds  l°-2°  high.     Root- 
stock  and  stipe  very  chaffy. 


5%  CILICES.     (FERNS.) 

14.     NEPHROLEPIS,    Schott. 

Fruit-dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  in  a  series  near  the  margin  of  the  pinna?. 
Indusiuni  reniform,  often  broadly  so,  fixed  by  the  sinus,  or  by  the  arcuate  base, 
open  obliquely  toward  the  margin  of  the  pinnce.  Fronds  pinnate,  elongated  ; 
the  pinnae  articulated  to  the  rachis.  Veins  free,  forked  from  the  midrib,  their 
apices  thickened. 

1.  N.  exaltata,  Schott.  Fronds  linear,  indefinitely  elongated,  unfolding 
numerous  pinnae,  which  are  oblong-lanceolate,  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  base,  rounded  on  the  lower  side,  falcate,  crenately  serrate  ;  fruit-dots  large ; 
indusium  reniform  or  crescent-shaped,  the  oblique  sinus  narrow  and  deep  or 
broad  and  shallow  on  the  same  pinnae.  —  South  Florida,  Dr.  Cooper.  —  Fronds 
l°-6°  long,  2' -3'  wide,  usually  pendent  from  the  trunks  of  trees. 

15.    ONOCLEA,    L. 

Fertile  fronds  contracted,  the  pinnules  strongly  revolute  and  berry-like  ;  fruit- 
dots  on  the  back  of  the  free  veins,  with  an  elevated  receptacle ;  indusium  attached 
partly  to  the  receptacle  and  partly  to  the  intervenular  surface.  Sterile  fronds 
foliaceous,  much  taller  than  the  fertile  ones. 

1.  O.  Sensibilis,  L.  Sterile  fronds  on  a  long  smooth  stipe,  broadly 
deltoid-ovate,  pinnatifid  almost  or  quite  to  the  rachis  ;  the  divisions  lanceolate, 
entire  or  crenately  incised ;  veins  finely  reticulated  with  oblong-hexagonal 
areoles ;  fertile  fronds  shorter,  bipinnate  ;  pinna?  erect,  appressed  to  the  rachis ; 
the  pinnules  crowded.  —  Meadows  and  wet  places,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and 
northward.  —  Rootstock  nearly  naked,  creeping.  Fronds  varying  from  four 
inches  to  three  feet  in  height. 

16.    WOODSIA,    R.  Brown. 

Fruit-dots  on  the  back  of  the  veins  ;  the  involucres  placed  beneath  the  fruit- 
dot,  saucer-shaped  or  cup-shaped,  divided  into  irregular  lobes  or  a  delicate 
fringe,  or  sub-globose  and  contracted  at  the  mouth.  Small  Ferns  with  many 
fronds  from  a  short  scaly  rootstock. 

*  Involucre  fringed,  the  hair-like  divisions  incurved  on  the  sporangia. 

1.  W.  Ilvensis,  R.  Brown.      Fronds   sparingly  hairy  above,  villous  be- 
neath and  on  the  stipe  and  rachis  with  brown  hairs  and  narrow  chaff,  lanceolate, 
pinnate ;  pinnae  ovate-oblong,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  divisions  oblong,  obtuse, 
entire  or  crenate.    Fruit-dots  enveloped  in  the  fringe  of  the  involucre.  —  Rocks 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  3' -8'  high. 

*   *  Involucre  divided  into  afeto  irregular  lobes. 

2.  W.  obtusa,  Torr.    Fronds  nearly  smooth,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate, 
or  near  the  rachis  bipinnate;  pinnae  triangular-ovate,  the  lower  ones  distant, 
pinnately  parted ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  toothed,  the  lower 
ones  pinnatifid  with  toothed  lobes ;  veins  forked,  the  tips  whitish  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  frond ;  fruit-dots  on  the  lobules  ;  involucre  delicate,  the  lobes 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  597 

hidden  by  the  ripened  sporangia.  — Rocky  places,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
and  northward.  —  Fronds  6'  -  16'  high. 

17.    DICKSONIA,    L'Her.     §  SITOLOBIUM,  Desv. 

Fruit-dots  small,  globular,  terminal  on  the  free  veins;  sporangia  on  an  ele- 
vated receptacle  in  a  thin  cup-shaped  involucre  which  is  partly  adherent  to  a 
reflexed  lobule  of  the  frond.  Fronds  large,  2-3-pinnate,  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock. —  DICKSONIA  proper  has  large  two-lipped  involucres,  of  a  firmer  texture, 
and  several  species  have  an  arborescent  caudex. 

1.  D.  punctilobula,  Kunze.  Fronds  delicate,  slightly  glandular-pubes- 
cent, as  is  the  rachis,  lanceolate-acuminate,  2  — 3-pinnate;  pinnae  numerous; 
pinnules  oblong-ovate,  closely  placed,  obtuse,  pinnately  incised  or  pinnatifid; 
the  divisions  obtusely  serrate,  each  one  bearing  a  minute  fruit-dot  at  the  upper 
margin.  —  Moist  shady  woods  in  the  upper  part  of  North  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
and  northward.  —  Rootstock  slender,  extensively  creeping.  Fronds  2° -3°  high, 
when  crushed  returning  a  pleasant  odor. 

18.    TEJCHOMANES,    L. 

Sporangia  with  a  transverse  entire  ring,  arranged  on  the  lower  part  of  a 
cylindrical,  filiform,  often  elongated  receptacle  :  involucres  marginal,  funnel- 
shaped,  or  bell-shaped,  entire  or  two-lipped  at  the  mouth.  Fronds  delicate,  very 
thin  and  pellucid. 

1.  T.  Petersii,  Gray.    Very  small,  with  entangled  filiform  tomentose  root- 
stocks  ;  fronds  oblong-lanceolate  or  obovate,  entire  or  variously  pinnatifid,  nar- 
rowed into  a  slender  stipe  nearly  as  long  as  the  frond,  the  younger  ones  with  a 
few  black  forked  hairs  along  the  margin ;  veins  forked,  pinnate  from  the  midrib ;. 
involucre  solitary,  terminal,  funnel-shaped,  the  mouth  expanded  and  slightly 
two-lipped,  receptacle  included.  —  On  the  face  of  a  sandstone  rock,  sprinkled 
from  a  waterfall,  Hancock  Co.,  Alabama,   T.  M.  Peters.     Also  among  some 
Mosses  sent  from  Pensacola,  Florida.  —  Fronds  less  than  an  inch  high. 

2.  T.  radicans,  Swartz  ?     Fronds  pellucid,  with  a  loose  roundish  areola- 
tion,  on  a  short  broadly  winged  stipe,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnatifid ; 
pinna?  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  side  of  the  base  parallel  and 
appressed  to  the  winged  rachis,  the  lower  side  cuneate ;  divisions  toothed  or 
divided  into  linear  lobes ;   involucres  terminal  on  short  lobes  of  the  pinnae, 
tubular-funnel-shaped,  margined,  at  the  mouth  truncate  and  slightly  two-lipped; 
receptacle  exserted  a  little  or  very  much.     (T.  Boschianum,  Sturm.)  —  Hancock 
County,  Alabama,  Peters,  Beaumont.     Cumberland  Mountains,  Eastern  Tennes- 
see, Rev.  Dr.  Curtis.  —  Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  tomentose  with  black  hairs. 
Fronds  4' -8'  high,  12" -18"  wide. 

19.    LYGODIUM,    Swartz.      CLIMBING  FERN. 

Sporangia  beneath  ovate  hood-shaped  imbricated  indusia,  in  a  double  row  on 
narrow  divisions  of  the  fronds,  attached  laterally,  ovate,  with  a  many-rayed  api- 


598  riLiCES.     (FERNS.) 

cal  ring.     Fronds  elongated,  climbing,  the  branches  usually  in  pairs  with  a  short 
common  foot-stalk. 

1.  L.  palmatum,  Swartz.  Fronds  slender,  pinna  deeply  cordate  at  the 
base,  palmately  4  -  7-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  entire ;  the  upper  pinnee 
decompound  and  bearing  the  fruit  on  the  very  narrow  segments.  —  Low  shady- 
woods,  Florida,  and  northward  ;  not  common.  —  Rootstock  very  slender,  creep- 
ing. Fronds  2°  —  5°  high,  climbing  on  weeds  and  bushes. 

20.  ANEIMIA,   Swartz. 

Sporangia  ovate,  many-rayed  at  the  apex,  attached  by  the  base  in  a  double 
row  to  the  narrow  one-sided  paniculate  divisions  of  the  two  lower  branches  of 
the  frond,  or  on  separate  fronds.  Indusium  none.  Fronds  erect,  commonly 
three-branched,  the  middle  branch  sterile  and  1  -3-pinnate. 

1  •  A.  adiantifolia,  Swartz.  Fronds  sparingly  pubescent,  erect  on  a  slen- 
der stipe;  the  two  lower  branches  elongated,  pinnately  decompound,  fertile; 
sterile  part  of  the  frond  deltoid-ovate,  2 -3-pinnate;  ultimate  segments  obovatc, 
cuneate,  entire  or  lobed,  striate  above  with  numerous  flabcllate  veins.  —  Key 
West,  &c.,  South  Florida.  —Fronds  6'  - 12'  high,  rather  rigid.  Rootstock  creep- 
ing, slender,  covered  with  a  black  tomentum. 

21.     OSMUNDA,    L.      FLOWERING  FERN. 

Sporangia  globular,  short-pedicelled,  having  an  incomplete  transverse  ring, 
represented  by  a  few  parallel  stria3  near  the  apex,  opening  by  a  vertical  chink 
into  two  nearly  equal  valves,  paniculately  arranged  on  contracted  parts  of  the 
frond  or  on  separate  fronds.  Fronds  tall,  erect,  several  from  a  stout  rootstock, 
1  -  2-pinnate.  Veins  forking,  free. 

*  Fronds  bipinnate,  fertile  at  the  top ;  sterile  pinnee  few. 

1.  O.  regalis,  L.     Fronds  ovate,  smooth  ;  sterile  pinnae  distant ;  the  finely 
serrulate  pinnules  distinct,  oblong-lanceolate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  nearly 
sessile  base,  sometimes  auricled  at  the  lower  side  of  the  base ;  the  upper  piniuc 
erect,  panicled  and  thickly  covered  with  light  brown  sporangia.     (O.  spectabilis, 
Willd.)  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. — Fronds  1°  -  5° 
high;  pinnules  1'— 2'  long,  3"  — 4"  wide.  • 

*  *  Sterile  fronds  pinnate :  the  pinnee  numerous,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  oblony  entire 
segments. 

2.  O.  Claytoniana,  L.     Fronds  broadly  lanceolate,  woolly  when  young, 
at  length  nearly  smooth ;  sterile  pinnae  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  deeply  pinna- 
tifid  ;  the  segments  crowded ;  fertile  pinnae  few,  between  the  middle  and  the  base 
of  the  frond,  contracted,  the  sporangia  deepening  in  color  as  the  sterile  pinna? 
expand.      (O.  interrupta,  Michx.) — Low  grounds  in  the  upper  districts,  and 
northward.  —  Fronds  2°  -  3°  high. 

3.  O.  cinnamomea,  L.     Sterile  fronds  covered  with  rusty  wool  when 
young,  at  length  smooth ;  pinnae  sessile,  lanceolate ;  segments  broadly  oblong, 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  599 

obtuse ;  the  lower  basal  ones  in  large  fronds  often  elongated  and  pinnatifid ;  fer- 
tile frond  distinct,  contracted,  bipinnate,  very  woolly,  densely  covered  with  cin- 
namon-colored sporangia,  withering  before  the  sterile  fronds  are  expanded.  — 
Low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  l°-3°  high. 

22.     BOTRYCHIUM,     Swartz.      MOONWORT. 

Fronds  mostly  solitary,  erect  from  a  root  of  thickened  fleshy  fibres ;  the  termi- 
nal branch  fertile,  pinnately  decompound,  bearing  on  its  narrow  divisions  the 
large  coriaceous,  transversely  2-valved  sporangia ;  the  lateral  branch  sterile,  with 
forking  free  veins. 

1.  B.  Virginicum,  Swartz.     Stem  tall;  sterile  part  of  the  frond  sessile, 
broadly  triangular,  ternately  3  -  4-pinnate  ;  ultimate  segments  oblong-lanceolate, 
thin  and  delicate,  toothed  and  incised;  fertile  part  long-stalked,  2-3-pinnate. — 
Shady  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  — Fronds  4' -2°  high. 

2.  B.  lunarioides,  Swartz.     Stem  low ;  sterile  part  of  the  frond  mostly 
long-stalked,  broadly  triangular,  2  -  4-pinnate  ;  ultimate  segments  of  a  thick  and 
fleshy  texture,  roundish,  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  toothed,  incised,  or 
even  dissected  into  very  narrow  lobes  ;  fertile  part  taller  than  the  sterile,  ovate, 
2-3-pinnate.     (B.  fumarioides,  Willd.     B.  obliquum  and  B.  dissectum,  Muhl.) 
—  Low  shady  woods  and  pastures,  rarely  in  open  pine-barrens,  Florida,  and 
northward.  —  Fronds  3' -10' high,  the  succulent  stem  divided  down  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  or  even  lower. 

23.     OPHIOGLOSSUM,     L.       ADDER'S-TONGUE. 

Fronds  mostly  solitary,  with  short  and  often  thickened  rootstocks,  and  fleshy 
fibrous  roots ;  sporangia  large,  coriaceous,  opening  transversely,  connate,  arranged 
in  compact  simple  2-ranked  spikes,  proceeding  variously  from  the  mostly  simple 
sterile  part  of  the  frond.  Veins  reticulated. 

1.  O.  VUlgatum,  L.  Sterile  part  of  the  frond  ovate  or  oblong-oval,  ob- 
tuse, sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  without  a  midrib  ;  fertile  spike  terminal, 
long-peduncled ;  rootstock  short,  erect ;  roots  fibrous,  spreading  horizontally.  — 
Insphagnous  meadows  and  pastures,  Tennessee,  and  northward. — Fronds  4'- 
10'  high.  —  The  following  are  probably  but  forms  of  this  widely  diffused  and 
variable  species. 

Var.  crotalophoroid.es.  Smaller ;  sterile  part  of  the  frond  near  the  base 
of  the  stem,  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base  and  slightly  petioled  ;  spike 
short  and  thick ;  rootstock  bulbous;  roots  slender.  (0.  crotalophoroides,  Wal- 
ler. 0.  bulbosum,  Michx.)  — -Low  grounds,  Florida  to  Louisiana.  —  Fronds  3'  - 
6'  high. 

Var.  nudicaule.  Small,  sterile  part  of  the  frond  near  the  base  of  the  stem, 
ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole ;  spike  linear  acuminate ; 
rootstock  bulbous;  roots  coarse.  (O.  nudicaule,  L.  f.  0.  ellipticum,  Hook.  $* 
Grev.)  —  Low  sandy  places  or  occasionally  in  dry  soil,  Florida  and  Georgia.  — 
Fronds  l'-4'  high. 


600  LYCOPODIACE^E.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  163.      t-YCOPODIACE^].       ( CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  plants,  with  solid  branching  and  mostly  creeping  stems, 
sparingly  or  thickly  clothed  with  small,  simple,  sessile,  awl-shaped  or  linear 
leaves.  Fructification  consisting  of  1  -  3-celled  solitary  spore-cases,  ax- 
illary, either  along  the  main  stem,  or  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  and 
mostly  changed  (bract-like)  leaves. 

1.    LYCOPODIUM,    L.     CLUB-MOSS. 

Sporangia  of  one  kind,  coriaceous,  commonly  kidney-shaped,  opening  trans- 
versely into  two  valves  and  containing  minute  powdery  spores.  Perennial, 
mostly  evergreen  plants ;  the  leaves  imbricated  in  several  or  many  rows  along 
the  stem  and  branches. 

§  1.     Sporangia  borne  along  the  stem,  in  the  axils  of  uniform  leaves. 

1.  L.   lucidulum,   Michx.      Stems   ascending,  forking,  somewhat  com- 
pressed ;  leaves  (deep  green)  in  several  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  very  acnte,  spar- 
ingly denticulate,  spreading  or  reflexed.  —  Shady  woods  on  the  mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  northward. —  Stem  6'- 12'  long.     Leaves  glossy. 

2.  L.  SelagO,  L.     Stems  short  and  thick,  terete,  clustered,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, forking ;  leaves  in  several  rows,  deep  green,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  the 
upper  erect,  the  lower  spreading.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
northward. —  Stems  3' -6'  high,  rigid.     Leaves  crowded. 

§  2.  Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming  a  terminal  terete  bracted  spike. 
*  Bracteal  and  stem  leaves  alike,  spreading. 

3.  L.  alopecuroid.es,  L.     Stem  thick,  terete,  forking  near  the  base,  re- 
curved, and  rooting  at  the  apex,  very  leafy ;  leaves  in  many  rows,  spreading, 
subulate,  bristly-fringed  below  the  middle;  peduncles  erect,  6'-  12'  high,  similar 
to  the  stem;  spike  thick,  cylindrical,  bristly  from  the  spreading  or  recurved 
bracteal  leaves.  —  Open  pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward. —  Stems  1°  - 1£°  long,  pale  green. 

4.  L.  inundatum,  L.  var.  pinnatum.     Stem  rather  slender,  prostrate, 
creeping,  pinnately  branched ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  bristly-fringed  below  the 
middle,  unequal,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  shorter  and  somewhat  appressed,  the 
lateral  ones  widely  spreading;  peduncle  mostly  solitary,  erect  (1°  high),  very 
leafy;  spike  thick,  cylindrical,  2' -3'  long.  — Low  pine  barrens,  near  the  coast, 
West  Florida.  —  Stem  6'-  15'  long,  and,  with  the  spreading  leaves,  £'  wide. 

*  *  Bracteal  leaves  under  than  those  of  the  stem. 
H—  Leaves  of  the  stem  equal  and  alike. 

5.  L.  clavatum,  L.     Stem  very  long-,   terete,  creeping,   with  numerous 
short  and  erect  leafy  branches  ;  peduncles  with  scattered  leaves,  each  bearing  2  - 
3  linear-cylindrical  spikes;  leaves  in  several  rows,  subulate,  entire,  incurved, 
pointed,  like  the  ovate  erosely-denticulate  bracts,  with  a  spreading  bristle. — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Peduncles  4' -6'  long. 


LYCOPODIACE.E.       (CLUB-MOSS   FAMILY.)  601 

•>-  -t-  Leaves  of  the  flattened  stem  and  branches  unequal. 

6.  L.  dendroideum,  Michx.     Stem  erect  (6' -12')  .clothed  with  scattered 
appressed  subulate  and  entire  leaves,  simple  below,  bearing  above  numerous 
forking  and  spreading  fan-like  mostly  compressed  branches ;  lower  row  of  leaves, 
and  sometimes  the  upper,  shorter,  the  lateral  ones  spreading ;  peduncles  short, 
bearing  one  or  more  cylindrical  spikes ;  bracts  spreading,  ovate,  acute,  crenate 
on  the  margins.     (L.  obscurum,  L.).  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
northward. 

7.  L.  Carolinianum,    L.      Stem   creeping,   pinnately  branched,  naked 
and   rooting  beneath ;    upper  leaves  short  appressed,  the   lateral   ones   widely 
spreading,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire;   peduncle  slender  (6' -12'  high),  clothed 
with  scattered  subulate  leaves,  and  bearing  a  single  linear  spike ;  bracts  ovate, 
acuminate,  spreading.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2'  - 
8'  long. 

8.  L.  complanatum,  L.     Stem  long  and  creeping,  the  numerous  erect 
branches  successively  forking  into  many  linear  crowded  flattened  branchlets; 
leaves  minute,  subulate,  imbricated  in  4  rows,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  spread- 
ing ;  peduncles  with  minute  scattered  leaves,  slender,  bearing  2-4  erect  cylin- 
drical spikes.  —  Woods  along  the  Alleghanies,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2°  - 10° 
long. 

2.     SELAGINEL.LA,    Beauv. 

Fructification  of  two  kinds,  either  in  the  same  or  separate  axils ;  one  kind  as 
in  Lycopodium,  the  other  with  sporangia  containing  few  (mostly  3-4)  larger 
spores.  Spikes  4-angled. 

1.  S.  rupestris,  Spring.     Stems  rigid,  densely  clustered,  erect  or  spread- 
ing, much  branched;  leaves  (grayish)  subulate,  rigid,  rough-fringed  on  the  mar- 
gins, bristle-pointed,  closely  imbricated  in  many  rows ;  spikes   linear,  nearly 
sessile.  —  Dry  sand  ridges  in  the  pine  barrens,  and  on  dry  rocks,  Florida,  and 
northward.  —  Stems  2' -3'  high. 

2.  S.  apus,  Spring.     Stems  prostrate,  creeping,  slender,  branched;  leaves 
scattered,  unequal,   the   lateral   ones  larger  and   widely  spreading,   2-ranked, 
ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  membranaceous,  denticulate  on  the  margins ;  the  others 
smaller,  acuminate,  and  appressed ;  bracts  of  the  short  sessile  spike  similar  to 
the  leaves.  —  Low  shady  woods,   Florida,   and  northward.  —  Plant  whitish. 
Stems  3' -9' long. 

3.    PSILOTUM,    K.  Brown. 

Sporangia  of  one  kind  sessile,  globular,  opening  at  the  apex  into  2-3  valves, 
and  filled  with  very' minute  powdery  spores. 

1.  P.  triquetrum,  Swartz.      Stem  forking,  compressed,  the  branches  3- 
angled  ;  leaves  very  minute,  bristle-like ;  sporangia  spiked,  3-celled,  the  cells  im- 
perfectly 2-valved.  —  East  Florida. 
51 


HYDROPTERIDES.       (\VATER-FERN    FAMILY.) 


ORDER  164.    HYDROPTERIDES.    (WATER-FERN  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  the  sporangia  of  two  forms,  borne  at  the  base  of 
the  leaves  and  bursting  irregularly. 

1.    ISOETES,    L. 

Plants  composed  of  fibrous  roots  and  filiform  cellular  leaves,  without  any  ap- 
parent stem.  Sporangia  sunk  in  an  excavation  of  the  dilated  base  of  the  leaves, 
plano-convex,  membranaceous,  filled  with  transverse  threads  and  minute  pow- 
dery spores ;  those  of  the  central  leaves  filled  with  larger  spores. 

1.  I.  flaccida,  Shuttlw.  Immersed;  leaves  very  long  (l£°-2°),  slender, 
flaccid,  yellowish-green ;  spores  very  small,  minutely  pulverulent,  not  reticulated. 
—  In  lakes  and  clear  streams,  Middle  and  West  Florida. 

2.    AZOLLA,    Lam. 

Minute  floating  plants,  with  pendent  roots,  pinnately  branching  stems,  and 
thick  imbricated  cellular  leaves.  Sporangia  of  two  kinds,  ovoid,  sessile  on  the 
under  side  of  the  branches,  and  covered  with  a  thin  membrane ;  the  smaller  kind 
opening  transversely,  containing  several  angular  grains,  attached  to  a  central  col- 
umn, the  larger  bursting  irregularly  and  containing  numerous  globular  stalked 
spores. 

1.  A.  Caroliniana,  Willd.  —  On  still  water,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  Flor- 
ida, and  northward. — Plant  reddish,  circular  in  outline,  £'-!'  in  diameter 
Leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  rounded  and  roughened  on  the  back. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


ORDER  BANUNCULACE^E. 

ADONIS,    L. 

Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Petals  5-15,  ovate  without  scale  or  spot  on  the 
narrowed  base  within.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovaries  numerous,  1-celled,  1- 
ovuled.  Style  straight  or  hooked;  achenia  spiked  or  capitate.  Seed  sus- 
pended. —  Herbs  with  many-parted  leaves,  and  solitary  red  or  yellow  flowers. 

A.  autumnalis,  L.  (PHEASANT'S  EYE.)  Stem  branching;  leaves 
pinnately  dissected  ;  petals  6-8,  deep  red ;  achenia  capitate.  —  New 
Orleans.  Introduced.  (T) 

RANUNCULUS,    L. 

K.  oblongifolius,  Ell.  Stem  branching;  leaves  oblong,  denticulate,  the 
upper  ones  linear-lanceolate ;  petals  5,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  stamens  nu- 
merous; seeds  globular,  pointless.  —  Ditches  and  wet  places,  South  Carolina, 
and  westward.  May- July.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Flowers  3" -5"  in  diameter. 

ORDER    ANONACE^. 

ASIMINA,    Adans. 

A.  reticulata,  Shuttlw.  Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse, 
abruptly  short-petioled,  smooth  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath ;  flowers 
single,  the  short  peduncle  and  calyx  rusty-tomentose ;  sepals  ovate,  acute ; 
outer  petals  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  thick  ovate  inner  ones.  —  South 
Florida  (Rugel,  Feay).—A  low  shrub.  Leaves  3' -4'  long.  Outer  petals 
10"  long. 

ANONA,   L.    CUSTARD  APPLE. 

Ovaries  numerous,  with  a  single  erect  ovule,  forming  in  fruit  a  compound 
many-seeded  pulpy  berry.  Otherwise  like  Asimina.  —  Tropical  trees  or 
shrubs. 

A.  laurifolia,  Dunal.  Smooth ;  leaves  oblong,  acute ;  peduncles  short, 
1-flowered ;  petals  thick,  whitish,  the  outer  ones  larger,  broad-ovate,  acute ; 
fruit  conical,  smooth;  seeds  oblong,  compressed.  —  Banks  of  the  Caloosa 
River,  and  Miami  (  Garber).  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  3' -5'  long.  Flowers 
H'  wide. 


604  FUMARIACE.fi. 

ORDER  NYMPBLEACE.E. 

NYMPH.SJA,    Tourn. 

N.  flava,  Leitner.  Rhizoma  short,  oblong  ;  leaves  broadly  oval,  more 
or  less  wavy  on  the  margins,  with  the  lobes  acute  or  obtuse ;  flowers  yel- 
low; stigma  7-rayed. —  St.  John's  River  (Curtiss),  Miami  (Garber).  —  Leaves 
3'  -  5'  wide.  Flowers  3'  -  4'  wide. 

ORDER    PAP  AVERAGES. 

STYLOPHORUM,  Nutt. 

Sepals  2,  rounded,  concave,  hairy.  Petals  4,  orbicular.  Ovary  ovoid. 
Style  long;  stigma  3-4-lobed,  spreading.  Capsule  ovoid,  bristly,  with  3-4 
parietal  placentae.  Seeds  globular,  crested;  albumen  fleshy.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  yellow  juice,  1  -  2-pinnatifid  leaves,  and  showy  long-peduncled 
flowers. 

S.  diphyllum,  Nutt.  (YELLOW  POPPY.)  Leaves  petioled,  divided 
into  5-7  oblong  sinuate  lobes,  the  upper  pair  opposite;  peduncles  terminal, 
single  or  clustered;  flowers  bright  yellow.  (Meconopsis,  DC.)  —  Shady 
woods,  Tennessee,  and  northward.  May.  —  Stems  1°-1|°  high.  Flowers 
1'  wide. 

ORDER    FUMARIACEJ3. 

FUMARIA,    L.    FUMITORY. 

Posterior  petal  spurred,  united  below  with  the  two  inner  ones.  Stamens 
united  in  two  sets  of  three  each.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  globular,  1-seeded, 
indehiscent ;  seeds  crestless.  —  Tender  branching  annuals,  with  finely  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  lateral  or  terminal  racemes. 

F.  officinalis,  L.  Leaves  bipinnately  divided,  the  narrow  lobes  widen- 
ing upwards  ;  racemes  many-flowered ;  sepals  sharply  toothed  ;  petals  flesh- 
color,  tipped  with  crimson.  —  Waste  places,  sparingly  introduced. 

CORYDALIS,   Vent. 

C.  aurea,  Willd.,  var.  australis.  Stem  roughish  ;  racemes  stout, 
many-flowered,  much  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  (•£'  long)  three  times 
as  long  as  the  pedicel  and  straight  spur,  bright  yellow ;  outer  petals  crested  ; 
capsule  erect,  even ;  seeds  smooth  and  shining,  the  margins  obtuse.  —  Waste 
grounds  in  early  spring. 

C.  flavidula,  Raf.—  Stem  smooth;  racemes  few-flowered,  barely  longer 
than  the  leaves;  corolla  (3"- 4"  long)  as  long  as  the  pedicel,  pale  yellow, 
crested ;  spur  very  short ;  capsule  spreading  or  drooping,  slightly  knotted  ; 
seeds  rugose-reticulated,  the  margins  acute.  —  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),&nd 
northward. 


CRTJCIFER^E.  605 

ORDEK    CBUCIFEB^E. 
NASTURTIUM,  R.  Br. 

IT.  sylvestre,  R-  Br.  Stem  ascending;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into 
narrow  toothed  lobes ;  silique  linear,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicel ; 
style  very  short;  petals  yellow,  longer  than  the  calyx. — New  Orleans. 
Introduced. 

N.  obtusum,  Nutt.  Stem  short,  widely  branched  ;  leaves  oblong,  pin- 
natifid,  the  oblong  or  roundish  lobes  sparingly  toothed ;  racemes  barely  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  minutely  many-flowered;  silique  oblong,  obtuse,  or 
pointed  by  the  short  style,  twice  as  long  as  the  slender  pedicel ;  petals  minute, 
yellowish.  —  Banks  of  the  Mississippi. 

N.  limosum,  Nutt.  "  Very  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  laciniately  pin- 
natiftd  towards  the  base,  nearly  entire  above,  or  angularly  toothed,  the  lobes 
serrate  or  entire  ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  short  silique  ;  stigma  nearly 
sessile."  — New  Orleans  (Nuttall). 

CABDAMINE,    L. 

C.  Clematitis,  Shuttlw.  Smooth;  earliest  leaves  reniform,  nearly  entire ; 
lower  stem  leaves  broadly  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  reniform-cordate, 
or  angularly  3-lobed  ;  upper  ones  oblong,  3-lobed ;  petioles  with  an  arrow- 
shaped  appendage  at  the  base ;  racemes  short,  loose ;  petals  white,  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx ;  silique  narrow-linear,  compressed,  tipped  with  tbe  long 
style.  —  Moist  banks,  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  June.  — 
Stem  6' -12' high. 

C.  curvisiliqua,  Shuttlw.  Stem  ascending  from  a  creeping  base  (i°- 
1|°  high),  smooth,  soon  branching;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  3-8  oval 
or  obovate  wavy-margined  lobes,  rarely  entire,  the  lobes  of  the  upper  ones 
narrower  and  sometimes  toothed ;  petals  white,  spatulate-obovate,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals ;  style  short ;  silique  filiform,  terete,  incurved ;  seeds  oval 
or  roundish.  —  Margins  of  ponds,  &c.,  St.  Marks  (Rugel).  East  Florida 
(Garber). 

LEAVENWORTHIA,    Torr. 

L.  torulosaj  Gray.  Silique  linear,  torose ;  style  fully  equalling  the 
breadth  of  the  silique  ;  seeds  broadly  oval,  narrowly  winged  ;  radicle  nearly 
transverse,  strictly  applied  to  the  edges  of  the  cotyledons  at  the  base  on  one 
side;  petals  purplish  with  a  yellow  base.  — Cedar  barrens,  Tennessee  (Dr. 

Gattingtr). 

L.  Stylosa,  Gray.  Slender,  strictly  stemless  ;  silique  oval  or  broadly 
oblong  (4"  long),  plane,  surmounted  by  a  slender  style  of  fully  2  lines  in 
length  ;  seeds  only  3-6,  orbicular,  distinctly  winged  ;  embryo  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding ;  petals  pure  golden  yellow.  —  With  the  preceeding. 

The  above-described  species,  submitted  by  Dr.  Gray  for  future  determi- 
nation, appear  to  me  to  be  quite  distinct. 


606  VIOLACE^E. 


BARBAREA,    R.  Br. 

Silique  long,  linear,  terete  or  4-sided,  the  valves  keeled.  Seeds  in  a  single 
row  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyledon  thick,  accurabent.  —  Biennial  or 
perennial  herbs,  with  pinnatifld  clasping  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers. 

B.  prsecox,  R.  Br.    (SCURVY  GRASS  )     Lower  leaves  lyrate,  with  the 
terminal  lobe  obovate,  the  upper  ones  pinnatifid,  with  oblong-linear  lobes  ; 
silique  compressed,  barely  thicker  than  its  pedicel ;  style  short  and  thick.  — 
Waste  places,  North  Carolina.     Introduced. 

ERYSIMUM,    L. 

Silique  linear,  4-angular,  the  valves  keeled.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each 
cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledon  flat,  incumbent.  —  Chiefly  biennial 
herbs,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers. 

E.  Cheiranthoides,  L.  (WORMSEED  MOSTARD.)  Stem  erect,  branch- 
ing above,  closely  pubescent ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  slightly 
toothed,  roughish ;  flowers  small ;  silique  ascending,  rather  longer  than  the 
slender  pedicel,  the  angles  rounded.  —  North  Carolina  (Curtis).  July.— 
Stem  1°  -  2°  high.  Silique  8"  - 10"  long. 

CAKILE,    Tourn. 

C.  maritima,    Scop.,  var.   Cubensis.       Stem  and  branches  erect; 
leaves  linear,  obtuse,  dentate-serrate,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  loment  obo- 
vate.    (C.  Americana,  var.  Cubensis,  DC.)  —  Keys  of  South  Florida. 


OKDER    CAPPARIDACE^. 
POLANISIA,    Raf. 

P.  trachysperma,  Torr.  &  Gray  ?  Glandular-pubescent  ;  leaflets  and 
bracts  ovate  or  oblong  ;  raceme  loosely  many-flowered  ;  petals  bright-yellow 
(•J'  long),  the  obovate  notched  limb  as  long  as  the  capillary  claw;  stamens 
20-30,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  petals ;  style  longer  than  the  ovary  ;  capsule 
stipitate.  —  Roadsides,  Dadeville,  Alabama  ( Charles  Mohr). 

ORDER   VIOLACE^S. 
VIOLA,    Tourn. 

V.  TOStrata,  Pursh.  Stems  numerous,  ascending  (3'- 6' long);  leaves 
cordate,  serrulate  ;  stipules  large,  fringed  ;  spur  straight,  slender,  longer  than 
the  pale-purple  beardless  petals  ;  stigma  beakless.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia 
and  Alabama,  and  northward. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.  607 

ORDER   HYPERICACE^E. 
HYPERICUM,   L. 

H.  spheerocarpum,  Michx.  Stem  woody  at  base,  simple,  or  branch- 
ing above,  obscurely  4-angled ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  sessile  ;  cyme 
compound,  many-flowered  ;  sepals  nearly  equal,  ovate,  much  shorter  than 
the  petals ;  styles  united  ;  capsule  coriaceous,  globose.  —  Rocky  hills, 
Northern  Alabama  (Molir)  and  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger). 

H.  dolabriforme,  Vent.  Stem  woody  at  base,  ascending,  2-edged 
above ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  spreading ;  cyme  few-flowered ; 
sepals  unequal,  ovate-lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  the  very  oblique  petals  ; 
capsule  broadly  conical,  acuminate.  (H.  procumbens,  Michx.) — Dry  hills, 
Tennessee.  July.  —  Stem  0'- 20' high.  Leaves  l'-l£'  long. 

ORDER   PORTULACACE^E. 
PORTULACA,    Adans. 

P.  halimoides,  L.  Stem  thick,  erect  (3' -6' high),  branching  ;  leaves 
terete,  woolly  in  the  axils ;  flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  cluster,  immersed  in 
wool,  and  surrounded  by  a  whorl  of  short  subulate  bracts;  petals  4-6,  yel- 
low ;  stamens  8-12.  —  Shell-Hummocks  at  Sarasota  Bay  (Garber). 

TRIANTHEMA,    Sauvages. 

Sepals  3.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Capsule  1-  or  2-celled,  1-  or  few-seeded.  Other- 
wise, with  the  characters  and  habit  of  Sesuvium. 

T.  monogyna,  L.  Perennial ;  stem  dichotomous,  diffuse  (2° -3°  long) ; 
leaves  opposite,  obovate,  subconnate  by  their  dilated  petioles;  flowers  axil- 
lary, sessile,  purple  within;  stamens  5;  stigma  single;  capsule  1-celled,  4- 
8-seeded.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida  (Garber,  Curtiss). 

CYPSELEA,    Turp. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1  -  3,  alternate  with  the  calyx- 
lobes.  Styles  2.  Capsule  circumscissile. 

C.  humifusa,  Turp.  Small,  annual,  decumbent,  glabrous,  branching; 
leaves  nearly  opposite,  obovate  or  oval,  dotted  (l£"-2"  long),  the  petiole 
dilated  and  with  membranous  margins  at  the  base  ;  stipules  laciniate  ;  flow- 
ers axillary,  small,  greenish.  —  South  Florida  (Blodijett). 

ORDER   CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 
PARONYCHIA,    Tourn. 

P.  riparia,  Chapm.  Smooth  or  nearly  so;  perennial;  stems  several, 
spreading,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  stipules  very  short ; 
sepals  smoothish  ;  otherwise  like  P.  Baldwinii. — Banks  of  Flint  River, 
Georgia.  —  Stems  1  £°-  3°  long.  Leaves  £'  long. 


608  MALVACEAE. 


ALSINE,    Tourn. 

A.  Pitcheri.  Stems  erect  (3' -6' high);  leaves  narrow-linear,  obtuse ; 
cyme  peduncled,  setaceous,  spreading;  petals  oblong,  longer  than  the  3-5- 
nerved  lanceolate-subulate  sepals.  (Arenaria,  Nutt.)  —  Eastern  shore  of 
Mobile  Bay  (Jfohr). 

STELLARIA,    L. 

S.  crassifolia,  Ehrhart.  Stems  weak,  diffuse  (6' -12'  long);  leaves 
linear-spatulate  or  oblong,  spreading ;  peduncles  axillary,  longer  than  the 
leaves  ;  flowers  very  small,  mostly  4-androus  ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx, 
or  none  ;  sepals  3-nerved,  acute  ( Sagina  f ontinalis,  Short  $•  Peters) .  — 
Springy  places,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger).  April.  —  Flowers  apetalous. 


ORDER     MALVACEAE. 

MALVASTRUM,   Gray. 

M.  Rugelii,  Watson.  Stems  erect,  much  branched,  stellate-hairy; 
leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  slender-petioled ;  flowers  axillary,  small,  sin- 
gle, or  the  upper  ones  densely  spiked ;  involucel  3-leaved,  as  long  as  the  very 
hairy  calyx  ;  petals  yellow,  oblique;  carpels  12,  even,  awnless.  (Malope,  Ell. 
Malva,  L.)  —  South  Florida.  —  Stems  2° - 4°  high.  Flowers  \'  wide. 

SIDA,   L. 

S.  COrdifolia,  L.  Annual,  villous ;  stem  tall,  much  branched ;  leaves 
ovate,  cordate,  entire  or  angularly  3-lobed,  crenate-serrate  ;  flowers  small, 
yellow,  mostly  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes;  carpels  10-12, 
shorter  than  the  slender  retrorsely  scabrous  awns.  (S.  althaeifolia,  var.  aris- 
tosa,  DC. )  —  Cedar  Keys,  Florida.  Introduced.  November.  —  Stem  3°  - 5° 
high.  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

PAVONIA,    Cav. 

P.  racemosa,  Swartz.  Shrubby,  tomentose,  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves 
petioled,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  serrate,  3-nerved ;  stipules  subu- 
late, deciduous  ;  racemes  terminal,  leafless,  few-flowered  ;  involucel  8-leaved  ; 
petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  convolute,  "  dull  white  tinged  with  yellow  "  ; 
stigmas  sessile,  "  carpels  unarmed."  —  Miami  and  Key  Biscayne  ( Garber, 
Curtiss).  —  Stem  6° -8°  high. 

P.  spinifex,  Willd.  Shrubby,  hirsute;  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong- 
ovate  or  cordate,  coarsely  serrate ;  flowers  long-peduncled ;  involucel  8- 
leaved,  longer  than  the  calyx,  shorter  than  the  yellow  corolla ;  carpels  armed 
with  three  stout  retrorsely  bearded  spines.  —  Charleston  (Rev.  Dr.  Bachman). 
Mayport,  Florida  (Curtiss).  Introduced.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high.  Corolla  1' 
wide. 


MALVACEAE.  609 


MALACHRA,   L. 

Flowers  capitate,  surrounded  by  a  3  -  5-leaved  involucre.  Leaves  of  the 
involucel  8-12,  linear  or  setaceous.  Stigmas  10,  capitate.  Capsule  separat- 
ing into  five  1-seeded  carpels.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  rough  with  rigid,  often 
stinging  hairs.  Flowers  white  or  yellow. 

M.  capitata,  L.  Bristly,  and  tomentose  in  lines ;  stem  much  branched ; 
leaves  cordate,  obscurely  lobed  and  toothed  ;  peduncles  single  or  2  — 3  in  a 
cluster,  axillary,  7-flowered ;  involucre  3-leaved,  cordate ;  petals  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  yellow;  capsule  glabrous. — Key  in  Chuckolusky  Bay 
( Curtiss).  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high. 

URENA,   L. 

Involucel  deeply  5-clef  t.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  oblique.  Column  short ; 
anthers  few,  terminal.  Stigmas  10,  capitate,  capsule  separating  into  5  bristly- 
barbed  1-seeded  carpels.  —  Branching  shrubs. 

U.  lobata,  L.  Stem  stout,  tomentose  ;  leaves  roundish,  slightly  cor- 
date, entire  or  obscurely  3  -  5-lobed,  canescent  beneath  ;  flowers  small, 
axillary,  and  crowded  in  a  terminal  raceme;  leaves  of  the  involucel  5-7, 
subulate  ;  petals  pale  rose-color  ;  carpels  densely  bristly.  —  Waste  places. 
Florida.  Introduced. 

ABUTILON,    Tourn. 

A.  pedunculare,  HBK.  Shrubby,  velvety-tomentose ;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  round-cordate,  acuminate,  crenate,  canescent  beneath;  peduncles 
axillary,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  calyx-tube  plicate ;  petals  "  rose-color," 
reflexed,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  carpels  about  20,  mucronate,  villous,  3- 
9-seeded.  —  South  Florida  (Miss  Reynolds).— Stem  2°  -6°  high.  Petals  10" 
long. 

A.  permolle,  Don.  Shrubby,  velvety-tomentose  ;  leaves  round-cordate, 
acute,  crenate ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers,  the  upper  ones  race- 
mose; calyx-tube  not  plicate;  petals  yellow,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx; 
carpels  7  -  10,  villous,  3-seeded.  —  South  Florida  ( Grisebach). 

FTJGOSIA,    Juss. 

Involucel  6-  9-leaved.  Column  of  stamens  naked  above.  Stigmas  3  or  4. 
separate  or  united.  Capsule  3-  or  4-celled,  3-  or  4-valved,  few-  or  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  woolly.  —  Shrubby  tropical  plants,  with  solitary  axillary 
yellow  flowers. 

F.  heterophylla,  Vent.  Smooth,  erect;  stem  angular,  branching; 
leaves  lanceolate,  obovate,  or  3-lobed,  3-nerved ;  peduncles  long,  dilated 
under  the  flower ;  leaves  of  the  involucel  minute,  subulate  ;  calyx  dotted  with 
black,  the  acute  sepals  3-ribbed,  much  shorter  than  the  showy  petals  ;  stigmas 
3,  united;  capsule  3-celled,  12-20-seeded.  — Keys  of  South  Florida.  —  Stem 
12'-18'high.  Corolla  1^-2' wide.  ....... 


610  TILIACE^E. 

KOSTELETZKYA,    Presl. 

K.  smilacifolia.  Stem  slender,  the  lower  branches  long  (2° -3°)  and 
trailing;  leaves  small,  the  lowest  ovate,  the  others  hastate- 3-lobed,  with 
the  middle  lobe  lanceolate,  serrate ;  racemes  loosely  few-flowered ;  corolla 
rose-color,  2'  wide ;  column  interruptedly  antheriferous ;  capsule  hirsute. 
(Hibiscus,  Shutllw.)  — Low  pine  woods,  South  Florida. 

HIBISCUS,    L. 

H.  COCCineus,  var.  integrifolius.  Leaves  smaller  (4' -6'  long),  ovate, 
undivided,  or  the  lowest  angularly  3-lobed  ;  petals  broader.  —  Deep  marshes, 
East  Florida. 

H.  furcellatus,  Desrous.  Shrubby ;  stem  tall,  branching,  tomen- 
tose  ;  leaves  cordate,  entire,  finely  serrate,  rough  above,  tomentose  beneath  ; 
leaves  of  the  involucel  10,  forked ;  calyx  hispid ;  corolla  yellow  (3'  long) ; 
capsule  strigose  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Eastern  shore  of  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 

ORDER  BYTTNERIACE^E. 
MELOCHIA,    L. 

Involucel  3-leaved,  or  none.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  convolute.  Stamens 
6,  the  filaments  more  or  less  united  near  the  base.  Cells  of  the  ovary  1-2- 
ovuled ;  styles  5,  separate,  or  partly  united  ;  stigmas  club-shaped.  Capsule 
6-celled,  few-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  stellate  pubescence,  and  clus- 
tered white  or  purple  flowers. 

§  RIEDLEIA.     Capsule  septicidal  or  loculicidaL     Involucel  3-leaved. 
Flowers  purple. 

M.  serrata,  Benth.  Shrubby,  pilose  ;  stem  slender,  branching  (2° -4° 
high);  leaves  ovate,  acute,  unequally  serrate;  stipules  linear,  longer  than 
the  petioles  ;  flower-clusters  axillary,  globose,  the  upper  ones  spiked  ;  corolla 
showy,  purple  (!'  wide).  —  Pine  woods,  South  Florida.  October. 

M.  hirsuta,  Cav.  Herbaceous,  pubescent  and  slightly  hispid;  leaves 
ovate,  subcordate,  crenate- serrate ;  stipules  subulate,  shorter  than  the  peti- 
oles ;  flower-clusters  terminal ;  corolla  pale  purple,  yellowish  within.  —  Streets 
of  Savannah  (Feay).  East Florida  (Curtiss).  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Corolla 
i'  wide. 

ORDER   TILIACE^E. 

TRIUMFETTA,    L. 

Sepals  5,  linear.  Petals  5,  convolute.  Stamens  10 -30,  separate.  Cells  of 
the  ovary  2-5,  2-ovuled.  Capsule  uncinate-hispid,  2-5-celled,  mostly  sepa- 
rable into  as  many  1  -  2-seeded  carpels.  —  Chiefly  shrubs,  with  lobed  leaves, 
and  small  clustered  yellow  flowers. 


LIN  ACE  J2.  611 

T.  semitriloba,  L.  Hirsute,  much  branched  ;  leaves  round-ovate,  entire, 
or  angularly  3-lobed :  peduncles  3-flowered,  clustered  in  the  axils ;  sepals 
pointed,  as  long  as  the  yellow  wedge-shaped  petals  ;  stamens  10-15;  capsule 
globose.  —  Manatee,  Florida.  Introduced.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high. 

ORDER   OLACACE^E. 
SCHCEPFIA,    Wallich. 

Calyx  truncate,  calyculate.  Petals  united  into  a  4  -  5-cleft  tube,  smooth 
within.  Stamens  4  or  5,  opposite  the  lobes.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  1- 
ovuled.  Style  3-f urrowed ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Drupe  1  -  3-seeded.  —  Shrubs 
or  trees.  Flowers  small,  on  axillary  peduncles. 

S.  arborescens,  R.  &  S.  Branches  smooth,  brittle ;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate, short-petioled  ;  peduncles  short,  single  or  clustered,  3-flowered;  corolla 
bell-shaped,  red.  —  South  Florida.  A  small  tree. 

ORDER   SIMARUBACE^. 
PICRAMNIA,    Swartz. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  3-5-parted.  Petals  3-5,  oblong.  Stamens 
3-5,  exserted.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Fruit  a  2-celled,  2-seeded  drupe.  —  Small 
trees,  with  unequally-pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  racemes 
or  panicles. 

P.  pentandra,  Swartz.  Leaflets  5-7,  alternately  distant,  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse;  panicle  simple,  drooping;  flowers  greenish;  stamens  5.  —  Miami, 
South  Florida  (Garber). 

ORDER   VITACE^E. 
VITIS,  L. 

V.  (Cissus)  sicyoides,  L.  Pubescent,  climbing  high  ;  leaves  entire, 
ovate,  cordate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  longer  than  the  small  cymes; 
berry  small,  globose.  —  Banks  of  the  Caloosa  River,  South  Florida.  October. 
—  Branchlets  and  leaves  somewhat  succulent,  detached  in  drying. 

V.  rupestris,  Scheele.  Stem  low,  mostly  erect;  leaves  pale,  smooth, 
round-cordate,  or  truncate  at  the  base,  rarely  divided,  coarsely  and  broadly 
serrate,  abruptly  acuminate ;  berries  middle-sized,  in  small  clusters.  —  Ten- 
nessee (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  westward. 

ORDER   LINAGES. 

LINUM,  L. 

L.  Berlandieri,  Hook."?  Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched  (6' -12' 
high);  leaves  narrow-linear;  flowers  few,  racemose,  yellow ;  sepals  acute, 
glandular  on  the  margins  ;  styles  united  to  the  top ;  capsule  globose.  — 
Miami,  South  Florida  (Garber). 


612  CELASTKACE^E. 

ORDER  RHAMNACE^E. 

CONDALIA,    Cav. 

Calyx  4-5-cleft,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  lobes  deciduous. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  4  or  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes.  Ovary  2-3- 
celled,  with  a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  short ;  stigma  2  -  3-lobecl. 
Drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded,  the  seed  not  grooved.  —  Mostly  spiny  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  short-petioled  leaves,  and  small  clustered  axillary  flowers. 

C.  ferrea,  Griseb.  Unarmed  ;  branchlets  pubemlent ;  leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  entire,  smooth  ;  umbel-like  clusters  few-flow- 
ered, sessile  or  short-peduncled  ;  calyx-lobes  4,  ovate,  acute  ;  stamens  4  -T 
stigma  2-lobed;  drupe  globose.  (Scutia  ferrea,  Brongn.)  —  Coast  and  Keys 
of  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  thick,  1'  -  2'  long. 

EEYNOSIA,    Griseb. 

Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  free,  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 
Drupe  baccate.  Seed  large,  with  ruminated  albumen.  Otherwise  like 
Condalia. 

B.  latifolia,  Griseb.  Leaves  pale,  coriaceous,  alternate  or  opposite, 
elliptical  or  obovate,  emarginate  ;  flowers  axillary,  short-pedicelled  ;  calyx- 
tube  5-angled,  the  lobes  ovate;  stigma  2-lobed;  drupe  ovoid.  (Scutia  ferrea, 
1st  edition.)  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree,  or  shrub.  Leaves  1',  or  less, 
long.  Drupe  \'  long. 

BHAMNIDIUM,    Reiss. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  keeled  within,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  clawed. 
Stamens  5,  enclosed  in  the  petals.  Ovary  free,  2-celled.  Style  short ;  stigma 
2-lobed.  Berry  elliptical,  dry,  1- 2-celled.  Seed  compressed.  Albumen 
none.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  white,  in  axillary 
cymes.  Seeds  bony. 

K.  revolutum,  Wright.  Branches  puberulous;  leaves  smooth,  thick, 
oval-oblong,  rounded  or  notched  and  mucronate  at  the  tip,  the  margins  revo- 
lute ;  clusters  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  calyx-lobes  deltoid  ;  petals  obcordate ; 
berry  globose.  —  South  Florida  ( Curtiss).  —  Leaves  V  -  2'  long.  Berry  6"  in 
diameter. 

ORDER   CELASTRACE^E. 

MYGINDA,    Jacq. 

M.  pallens,  Smith.  Branches  4-angled;  leaves  elliptical  or  obovate, 
obtuse,  crenate,  smooth,  nearly  sessile ;  peduncles  few-flowered,  forking,  ¥ 
or  less  long,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  style  distinct,  4-lobed  ;•  drupe  obovate. 
—Pine  Key,  South  Florida  (Curtiss).  —  Shrub  10° -15°  high.  Leaves  1'- 
2'  long  Flowers  and  drupe  red. 


POLYGALACEJS.  613 

PACHYSTIMA,    Raf. 

Calyx  4-lobed.  Petals  and  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  disk 
that  fills  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Style  very  short ;  stigma  obscurely  2- 
lobed.  Capsule  2-celled,  loculicidally  2-valved,  2  -4-seeded,  the  seed  arillate. 

—  Low  shrubs,  with  opposite  persistent  leaves,  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 
P.  Canbyi,   Gray.      Leaves   oblong-linear,   denticulate  near  the    tip  • 

flowers  single,  or  clustered  on  the  common  peduncle ;  petals  oblong-ovate. 

—  Rocky  cliffs  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Virginia  ( Curtiss).  — 
Shrub  1°  or  more  high. 

TRIBE  HIPPOCRATES.  Calyx  5-c/e/i.  Petals  5.  Stamens  3,  inserted 
within  the  large  disk.  Ovary  ^-celled ;  styles  united  below.  Ovules  ascending. 
Albumen  none. 

HIPPOCRATEA,   L. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Petals  spreading,  ralvate  or  imbricate.  Filaments 
recurved  :  anthers  2-  or  4-celled.  Disk  expanded.  Ovary  free  or  confluent. 
Style  short,  subulate,  3-cleft.  Ovules  2  -  6  in  each  cell.  Carpels  3,  united 
at  the  base,  2-valved,  or  indehiscent,  few-seeded.  Seeds  mostly  winged.  — 
Climbing  shrubs.  Cymes  or  panicles  dichotomous. 

H.  ovata,  Lam.  Leaves  elliptical-oblong,  serrulate ;  panicles  rusty- 
pubescent,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  oblong ;  carpels  oval  or 
roundish.  —  Borders  of  the  Everglades  (Curtiss). 


OEDER  SAPINDACE^E. 

SAPINDUS,    L. 

S.  Saponaria,  L.  Petioles  broadly  winged ;  leaflets  6  or  8,  nearly  oppo- 
site, rather  rigid,  oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  equal  sided,  pubescent  beneath; 
panicle  tomentose,  canescent;  fruit  globose.  —  Coast  of  South  Florida.— 
A  small  tree. 

ORDER  POLYGALACE2E. 

POLYGALA,  L. 

P.  Rugelii,  Shuttlw.  Stem  mostly  branching ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceo- 
late, acute,  sessile,  the  lowest  ones  clustered  and  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ; 
spikes  globose ;  wings  oblong-obovate,  cuspidate ;  seeds  and  caruncle  as  in 
P.  lutea.  —  Flat  pine  barrens,  East  Florida.  May  -  August.  —  Stem  1°  -  2° 
high.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  drying  brown. 

P.  Reynolds®,  n.  sp.  Stems  stout,  at  length  branching  above  (1°  or 
more  high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  mucronate,  punctate  (!'  long) ;  the  lowest 
ones  clustered,  spatulate ;  flowers  large,  yellow,  scattered  -in  a  long  (6'  or 
more)  stout  terminal  raceme  ;  wings  elliptical,  mucronate,  4  times  as  long  as 
the  capsule  ;  keel  crested  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  subulate  bracts  ;  caruncle 
52 


614  I.EGUMINOSJE. 

as  long  as  the  hairy  oval  seed.  —  St.  Augustine,  East  Florida  (Miss  Mary  E. 
Reynolds).  —  Anomalous  among  the  yellow-flowered  species,  but  may  prove 
to  be  a  form  of  the  preceding. 

P.  Curtissii,  Gray.  Stem  slender;  leaves  alternate,  narrow-linear; 
racemes  long,  loosely  flowered ;  wings  narrowly  oblong1,  erect,  twice  as  long 
as  the  capsule ;  seeds  and  caruncle  as  in  P.  Chapmanii.  —  North  Carolina 
(Prof.  Porter),  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinyer).  —  Stem  9'  high.  Flowers  rose- 
color.  Bracts  persistent. 

P.  ambigua,  Nutt.  Very  closely  allied  to  P.  verticillala,  but  taller 
(6' -15'  high),  the  branches  erect;  leaves  usually  broader,  only  the  lower 
ones  verticillate  ;  spikes  more  slender,  more  loosely  flowered ;  wings  white.  — 
Gravelly  hills,  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  May. 


OKDEE   LEGUMINOS.E. 

CROTALARIA,    L. 

C.  maritima,  Chapm.  Low,  much  branched,  appressed-pubescent ; 
leaves  simple,  oblong,  sessile,  very  thick  and  succulent ;  stipules  minute  or 
none  ;  raceme  2-flowered  ;  legume  oblong,  smooth.  —  Sandy  beach  at  Palm 
Cape,  South  Florida.  —  Stem  6'  high.  Leaves  1'  long.  Flowers  not  seen. 

C.  pumila,  Ortega.  Shrubby  or  perennial ;  stem  slender,  decumbent ; 
leaves  trifoliolate ;  leaflets  small,  cuneate,  emarginate,  longer  than  the  peti- 
ole ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  few-flowered  ;  corolla  small ;  legume 
oval,  pubescent,  few-seeded.  (C.  littoralis,  HBK.)  —  Sandy  beach  at  Casey's 
Pass,  South  Florida.  October.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  long. 

C.  incana,  L.  Annual,  tall,  much  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  trifolio- 
late, long-petioled  ;  leaflets  round-obovate ;  racemes  stout,  many-flowered  ; 
keel  of  the  corolla  tomentose  on  the  margins  ;  legume  oblong,  hairy.  — 
South  Elorida,  near  the  coast 

MEDICAGO,   L. 

M.  denticulata,  Willd.  Stems  prostrate  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  obcordate, 
denticulate;  stipules  ciliate-toothed  ;  spikes  2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  pur- 
plish ;  legume  flat,  coiled,  the  thin  margin  fringed  with  a  double  row  of 
curved  hooked  bristles.  —  Charleston  and  New  Orleans.  Introduced. 

M.  maculata,  Willd.  Like  the  preceding,  but  the  leaflets  mostly  pur- 
plish in  the  centre,  the  stipules  more  strongly  toothed,  and  the  margins  of 
the  legume  thicker.  —  New  Orleans.  Introduced. 

MELILOTUS,    Tourn. 

M.  parviflora,  Desf.  Annual ;  stems  ascending  ;  leaflets  of  the  lower 
leaves  roundish  entire,  of  the  upper  ones  oblong,  denticulate ;  flowers  very 
small,  densely  spiked,  yellow ;  legume  ovate,  rugose,  1-seeded.  —  New  Or- 
leans. Introduced. 


LEGUMINOSJE. 


615- 


PETALOSTEMON,    Michx. 

P.  violaceus,  Michx.  Stem  erect,  corymbose  above,  very  leafy  ;  leaf- 
lets 3-5,  narrow-linear  ;  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical ;  calyx  silky,  the  short 
teeth  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  acuminate  silky  bracts.  —West  Ten- 
nessee, and  westward.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Flowers  violet-purple. 

P.  roseus,  Nutt.  Leaflets  narrower  ;  calyx  smooth,  the  teeth  as  long  as 
the  tube,  shorter  than  the  setaceous  bracts  ;  petals  obovate,  rose-color ;  other- 
wise like  the  preceding.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  East  Florida. 

P.  Candidas,  Michx.  Smoothish  ;  stem  erect,  branching  above ;  leaflets 
6-7'  lanceolate  ;  spikes  oblong  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx  ;  flowers  white.  —  West  Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Stem  1°  - 
2°  high. 

P.  foliosus,  Gray.  Smooth,  very  leafy;  leaflets  16-29,  linear-oblong, 
mucronate,  the  glands  few  and  small ;  spikes  cylindrical,  short-peduncled ; 
bracts  slender-awned  from  a  lanceolate  base,  exceeding  the  rose-purple  flow- 
ers ;  calyx  glabrous,  the  teeth  about  half  the  length  of  the  cylindraceous 
tube  (Gra>i),  —  Near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 

P.  decumbens,  Nutt.  Stems  decumbent,  branching  from  the  base ; 
leaflets  6  or  8,  linear-oblong,  mucronate ;  spikes  ovate-oblong ;  calyx  shorter 
than  the  acuminate  bracts,  the  teeth  longer  than  the  smooth  tube  ;  petals 
deep  violet-purple,  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  the  base,  vexillum  cordate. — 
North  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Stems  1°  long.  Leaflets  6"  -  8" 
long. 

P.  Feayi,  n.  sp.  Smooth ;  stems  several,  decumbent,  much  branched  ; 
leaves  long-petioled,  the  4-8  leaflets  soon  involute-filiform,  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate ;. heads  globular,  corymbose,  long-peduncled  ;  calyx-tube  smooth,  twice- 
the  length  of  the  ovate  acute  pubescent  teeth,  and  smooth  bracts ;  petals 
bright  rose-color  ;  stamens  long-exserted.  —  Bartow,  South  Florida  (Feay). — 
Stems  1°  - 1£°  long.  Leaflets  5"  -  8"  long.  Heads  3"  -  4"  broad. 

DALEA,   L. 

D.  Domingensis,  DC.  Erect,  velvety-pubescent ;  leaflets  12  or  14, 
obovate ;  spikes  capitate,  short-peduncled  ;  calyx  villous,  the  lobes  subulate. 
—  Key  Biscayne,  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 


TEPHROSIA,    Pers. 

T.  onobrychoides,  Nutt.  Softly  pubescent ;  stem  erect,  mostly  sim- 
ple ;  leaves  petioled  ;  leaflets  numerous,  narrowly  oblong,  truncate  or  emar- 
ginate  at  the  apex,  mucronate,  soon  smooth  above ;  racemes  very  long,  erect, 
many-flowered  ;  petals  white,  turning  red  ;  legume  nearly  straight.  —  Pine 
barrens  near  Mobile  (Moftr),  and  westward. — Stem  2°  high.  Leaflets  1' 
long.  Racemes  l°-2°  long. 


616  LEGUMINOS^E. 

T.  leptostachya,  DC.  Stem  erect,  branching,  slightly  pubescent; 
leaflets  8  - 12,  wedge-oblong,  when  young  silky  beneath  ;  stipules  subulate  ; 
racemes  long  and  slender ;  flowers  distant,  purple  ;  legume  erect.  —  Sand- 
hills at  Cape  Canaveral  ( Curtiss).  July.  —  Stem  1°  - 2°  high. 

INDIGOFERA,   L. 

I.  subulata,  Vahl.  Somewhat  shrubby,  sparsely  pubescent  with  ap- 
pressed  hairs  ;  stem  filiform,  decumbent ;  leaves  distant ;  leaflets  5,  oblong, 
mucronate  ;  racemes  loosely  many -flowered,  in  fruit  many  times  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  calyx-teeth  subulate  ;  legume  filiform,  reflexed,  nearly  terete, 
6 - 8-seeded.  —  Miami,  South  Florida  ( Garber).  —  Stem  2' - 3'  long.  Legume 
2'- 3' long. 

ASTRAGALUS,    L. 

A.  caryocarpus,  Ker.  Stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  appressed-pubes 
cent ;  leaflets  16  -  24,  oblong ;  stipules  ovate  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves  ; 
racemes  rather  loosely  flowered ;  the  flowers  violet-purple  ;  legume  ovate, 
acute,  smooth,  thick  and  succulent,  corky  when  dry.  —  Near  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  westward. 


DADBENTONIA  PUNICEA,  DC.,  a  Brazilian  shrub,  with  showy  bright-red 
flowers  and  4-winged  legumes,  was  introduced  into  the  gardens  of  Apalachi- 
cola  many  years  ago,  and  is  now  permanently  established  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  city. 

VICIA,    Tourn. 

V.  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.  Smoothish  ;  leaflets  10-15,  elliptical,  rounded 
or  emarginate  at  the  tip ;  peduncles  mostly  2-flowered,  flowers  small,  pale 
blue ;  calyx  hairy ;  legume  broadly  sabre-shaped,  5  -  6-seeded.  —  New  Orleans 
( Carpenter).  —  Stem  stout,  2°  -  3°  long.  Leaflets  6"  - 8"  long.  Peduncles  in 
fruit  longer  than  the  leaves. 

V.  Ploridana,  Watson.  Leaflets  oblong  or  obovate,  mucronate,  thin 
(^'  long);  flowers  smaller;  legume  short  (§•'  long),  nearly  oval,  pointed, 
2-4-seeded;  otherwise  like  V.  acutifolia.  —  Low  hummocks,  East  Florida 
(Garber,  Curtiss). 

LESPEDEZA,    Michx. 

L.  striata,  Hook.  &  Arnott.  Annual,  erect  or  prostrate,  appressed-pubes- 
cent ;  leaflets  oblong-obovate  ;  stipules  thin,  strongly  veined,  twice  as  long  as 
the  petioles,  persistent;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-5-flowered; 
calyx  veiny,  the  ovate  teeth  shorter  than  the  round  ovate  reticulate  legume  ; 
flowers  purple.  —  Fields  an,d  waste  ground.  Introduced  from  Asia.  —  Stems 
6' -l^  long. 

DESMODIUM,   DC. 

D.  triflorum,  DC.  Creeping,  pubescent ;  leaflets  obcordate  ;  peduncles 
axillary,  single,  or  2  -  3  together,  1-flowered ;  legume  curved,  3  -4-jointed. — 
Manatee,  South  Florida.  —  Stem  C'  - 12'  long. 


61 


D.  incanum,  DC.    Stems  erect  or  spreading,  rough  above  (2°  -3°  high)  ; 
leaflets  varying  from  roundish  or  oval  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  smooth- 
ish  above,  canescent-tomentose   beneath;   stipules   partly  united;  flowers 
small  ;  legume  nearly  sessile,  straight  on  one  edge,  with  2-8  semi-oval  joints. 
—  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 

An  arborescent  ERTTHRINA  occurs  sparingly  in  South  Florida,  with  the 
characters,  so  far  as  these  are  known,  of  E.  herbacea,  and  it  has  been  sug- 
gested that  it  maybe  that  species  growing  in  a  climate  more  suited  to  its  full 
development. 

CENTROSEMA,    DC. 

C.  Plumieri,  Turp.  Smooth  or  scabrous  ;  leaflets  ovate  ;  peduncles 
2-6-flowered  ;  bracts  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  corolla  very  large,  whitish, 
the  middle  of  the  vexillum  and  tip  of  the  wings  bright  purple  ;  legume 
compressed  -4-sided.  —  New  Orleans.  Introduced. 

GALACTIA,    P.  Browne. 

G.  filiformis,  Benth.  Stem  long,  twining,  villous  ;  leaflets  oval  or  ob- 
long, silky  beneath,  shorter  than  the  many  -flowered  curved  racemes  ;  flowers 
rather  large,  purple,  the  vexillum  finely  and  obliquely  striate  ;  legume  silky, 
falcate,  compressed,  10-seeded.  (G.  spiciformis,  var.,  1st  edit.)  —  Keys  of 
South  Florida.  November. 

CANAVALTA,    DC. 

C.  altissima,  Macfadyen.  Stem  climbing  ;  leaflets  oblong,  mucronate- 
awned  ;  racemes  many  -flowered,  the  petals  large,  purple  ;  legume  slightly 
curved,  11-seeded,  the  seeds  whitish.  —  South  Florida  (Feay),  climbing  over 
the  tallest  trees.  —  Legume  8-10'  long,  !'-!£'  wide. 

ECASTAPHYLLTJM,    P.  Browne. 

Calyx  campanulate,  unequally  5-toothed.  Vexillum  orbicular.  Stamens 
8  or  10,  diadelphous.  Ovary  stipitate,  2-ovuled.  Style  short  and  slender. 
Legume  orbicular,  compressed,  mostly  1-seeded.  —  Tropical  shrubs,  with 
pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  short  axillary  panicles. 

E.  Brownei,  Pers.     Stem  branching;  leaf  reduced  to  a  single  ovate 
acute  leaflet,  pubescent  above,  pale  and  velvety  beneath  ;  panicles  cluster- 
like,  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  corolla  white  ;  legume  1-seeded.  —  Banks  of 
rivers,  South  Florida.    November.  —  Shrub  4°  -8°  high.    Leaflet  3'  -5'  long. 

BAPTISIA,    Vent. 

B.  calycosa,  Canby.  Smoothish,  much  branched  ;  leaflets  wedge-obo- 
vate  ;  stipules  and  bracts  lanceolate,  persistent;  racemes  numerous,  terminal, 
the  long  (l'-2')  pedicels  bibracteolate;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  leafy, 
4  times  as  long  as  the  tube,  and  barely  shorter  than  the  yellow  petals  ; 
legume  ovate,  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Near  St.  Augustine,  East 
Florida  (Miss  Reynolds). 

52* 


618  LEGUMINOS^E. 


GYMNOCLADUS,    Lam.     COFFEE-TREE. 

Flowers  polygamo-dicedous,  tomentose.  Calyx  narrowly  funnel-shaped, 
6-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  separate.  Style  long,  exserted.  Legume 
woody,  pulpy  within,  few-seeded,  the  seeds  large,  compressed.  —  A  slender 
tree,  with  thick  thornless  branches,  very  large  bipinnate  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

G.  Canadensis,  Lam.  —  Rich  woods,  Tennessee,  and  northward.  May. 
—  Leaves  2° -3°  long.  Leaflets  ovate,  the  lowest  pair  borne  on  the  common 
petiole,  and  larger.  Legume  6'  - 10'  long,  2'  wide,  6  -  8-seeded. 


C-ffiSALPINIA,   L. 

Sepals  unequal,  united  into  a  cup-shaped  base.  Petals  5,  unequal,  clawed. 
Stamens  10,  all  fertile,  the  long  filaments  ascending,  and  hairy  at  the  base. 
Style  filiform.  Legume  unarmed,  compressed,  wingless,  1  -  many-seeded.  — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  abruptly  bipinnate  leaves,  and  racemose  mostly  yellow 
flowers. 

C.  pauciflora,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Glabrous,  armed  with  rather  stout  stipu- 
lar  and  stipellate  recurved  spines;  pinnae  2-4  pairs;  leaflets  3-5  pairs, 
obovate,  rounded  at  each  end  (4" -5"  long)  ;  racemes  simple,  loosely  few- 
flowered  ;  sepals  obovate-oblong,  little  shorter  than  the  yellow  corolla  and 
the  slightly  exserted  stamens  ;  legumes  short,  short-stipitate,  obliquely 
acuminate,  1 -few-seeded.  —  Big  Pine  Key,  South  Florida  (Curtiss).  —  A 
low  shrub. 

C.  Bonduc,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Leaflets  5-8  pairs,  obliquely  oval,  mucro- 
nate,  the  stipular  thorns  2-3;  racemes  long,  densely  flowered  ;  calyx-lobes 
downy  within,  shorter  than  the  long  recurved  deciduous  bracts.  (Guilandina, 
Juss.).  —  South  Florida.  —  A  tall  shrub.  Leaflets  £' - 1'  long.  Racemes  1° 
long.  Flowers  yellow. 

PARKINSONIA,   Plum. 

Sepals  5,  equal,  recurved.  Petals  5,  ovate,  the  upper  one  roundish,  Ibng- 
clawed.  Stamens  10.  Style  filiform.  Legume  linear-oblong,  compressed- 
moniliform,  several-seeded.  —  A  spiny  shrub.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  the 
petiole  broadly  winged,  the  numerous  leaflets  small,  often  deciduous  or  abor- 
tive. Flowers  showy,  yellow,  in  terminal  racemes. 

P.  aculeata,  L.  —  Key  West,  escaped  from  cultivation. 


DESMANTHUS,   Willd. 

D.  brachylobus,  Benth.  Smooth  ;  stem  erect;  pinnae  6-14  pairs,  each 
with  a  minute  gland  at  the  base ;  leaflets  numerous,  linear ;  heads  globose ; 
stamens  5;  legumes  oblong,  curved,  4-6  seeded.  (Darlingtonia,  DC.)  — 
Mississippi  (Carpenter),  and  northward. 


ROSACEJ3.  619 

ACACIA,    Necker. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.  Petals  4-5,  separate  or  united 
in  a  tube.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Legume 
2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Mostly  trees  or  shrubs,  with  pinnately  compound 
leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 

A.  fllicina,  Willd.  Herbaceous,  unarmed,  hirsute ;  stem  erect ;  leaves 
bipinnate  ;  leaflets  50  -  60,  very  small,  oblong-linear ;  stipules  deciduous ; 
heads  peduncled,  axillary  and  terminal ;  flowers  white ;  "  legume  flat,  few- 
seeded."— Gains  ville,  Florida  (  Garber).—  Stem  simple,  2° -3°  high. 

A.  Parnesiana,  Willd.  (OPOPONAX.)  Shrubby,  spiny,  glabrous ;  pinnae 
about  6  pairs ;  leaflets  12  - 18  pairs,  oblong-linear ;  stipular  spines  long,  • 
straight;  heads  globose,  on  axillary  single  or  clustered  peduncles;  flowers 
yellow,  fragrant ;  legume  terete,  torulose.  —  Waste  places.  Introduced. 

A.  Julibrissin,  Willd.  Arborescent,  unarmed,  glabrous;  pinnae  8-12 
pairs ;  leaflets  about  30  pairs,  oblong,  oblique ;  heads  in  a  terminal  panicle  ; 
flowers  flesh-color ;  stamens  long-exserted ;  legume  flat,  oblong,  few-seeded.  — 
Roadsides.  Introduced. 

LEUCJENA,    Benth.        . 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Stamens  10;  anthers  ovoid-oblong.  Legume  stipitate, 
broadly  linear,  flat,  2-valved  ;  seeds  compressed,  transverse  to  the  valves.  — 
Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  bipinnate.  Flowers  white,  in  globose  heads. 

L.  glauca,  Benth.  Unarmed,  glabrous;  pinnae  4- 5  pairs;  leaflets  12- 
15  pairs,  linear,  distant,  acute,  glaucous  beneath ;  heads  single  or  by  pairs 
on  axillary  peduncles  ;  flowers  white ;  legume  linear,  flat.  —  Keys  of  South 
Florida  (Curtiss).-A  small  tree. 

LYSILOMA,    Benth. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  broadly  funnel-shaped,  the 
lobes  valvate.  Stamens  mostly  12-30,  united  at  base,  exserted;  anthers 
minute,  globose.  Ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so,  many-ovuled.  Legume  linear, 
nearly  straight,  compressed,  the  valves  at  maturity  separating  from  the  per- 
sistent margin.  Seeds  compressed,  transverse.  —  Trees  or  shrubs. 

L.  latisiliqua,  Benth.  Unarmed,  glabrous ;  pinnae  5  pairs  ;  leaflets  10 
pairs,  elliptical ;  heads  panicled ;  flowers  white  ;  legume  flat,  strap-shaped, 
stipitate,  many-seeded.  —  South  Florida  ( Garber,  Curtiss).  —  A  shrub  or 
small  tree.  Legume  6'  long. 

ORDER   ROSACE^E. 

SPIRSJA,    L. 

S.  COrymbosa,  Raf.  Leaves  undivided,  ovate,  unequally  serrate  near 
the  tip,  whitish  beneath ;  corymb  large,  smooth,  compound ;  flowers  white  ; 
follicle  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Georgia.  June.  —  Shrub 
1°  -  2°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 


620  LYTHRACEJE. 

PRUNUS,   L. 

P.  (Laurocerasus)  sphaerocarpa,  Swam.  Racemes  small,  erect, 
shorter  than  the  leaf;  leaves  entire,  shining;  flowers  scattered;  drupe  sub- 
globose.— Key  Biscayne*  (Curtiss),  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree,  10° -15° 
high,  flowering  in  winter. 

FRAGARIA,    Tourn. 

P.  (Duchesnea)  Indica,  Andr.  (STRAWBERRY  GERANIUM.)  Creep- 
ing ;  leaves  trifoliate  or  3-lobed,  the  lobes  round-obovate,  crenate ;  peduncles 
1-flowered ;  petals  yellow ;  fruit  inedible.  —  Waste  places,  escaped  from  culti- 
vation. 

ORDER  MYRTACE^. 
EUGENIA,   Micheli. 

E.  longipes,  Berg.  Smooth ;  branchlets  very  slender  ;  leaves  (!'  or 
less  long)  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  short-petioled,  obtuse  ;  flowers  large,  single, 
or  by  pairs,  lateral  or  at  the  base  of  the  branchlets,  on  long  (I'-l^')  bibrac- 
teolate  peduncles  ;  petals  oblong,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  slen- 
der style  ;  berry  large.  —  No  Name  Key,  South  Florida  ( Curtiss).  —  A  shrub 
or  small  tree. 


The  GUAVA-TREE  (PsnnuM)  is  cultivated  at  Manatee,  and  occurs  along 
the  west  coast  of  Florida. 


ORDER  LYTHRACE^E. 

AMMANNIA,    Houston. 

A.  latifolia,  L.  Stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile, 
dilated  at  the  base ;  flowers  single  or  clustered ;  style  long  and  slender.  — 
Banks  of  the  Mississippi.  August.  —  Stem  |°  -  2°  high. 


LYTHRUM,    L. 

L.  flagellare,  Shuttlw.  Perennial,  creeping,  smooth  ;  the  branches  erect, 
terete ;  leaves  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  rigid,  oblong  ;  flowers  single,  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  the  short  pedicel  bibracteolate  ;  calyx  club-shaped,  6-toothed, 
the  teeth  broad  and  shorter  than  the  subulate  appendages  ;  petals  6,  spatu- 
late,  bright  purple ;  stamens  and  style  exserted.  —  Margins  of  ponds.  Sara- 
sota,  South  Florida  ( Garber).  —  Branches  6'  - 12'  high.  Leaves  4"  -  6"  long. 


The  TAMARISK  (TAMARIX  GALLICA,  L.)  has  been  found  by  Mr.  C. 
Smith  permanently  established  on  James  Island,  near  Charleston. 


PASSIFLORACE^B.  621 

ORDER  ONAGRACE^E. 

CENOTHEBA,    L. 

(E.  triloba,  Nutt.  Perennial,  nearly  stemless,  caespitose;  leaves  pin- 
natifid,  sraoothish ;  calyx-tube  very  long  (3'-  5'),  filiform,  the  lobes  longer 
than  the  somewhat  3-lobed  pale  yellow  petals;  capsule  sessile,  3-winged.— 
Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger). 

JUSSIJEA,    L. 

J.  repens,  L.  Smooth,  creeping  or  floating;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  ;  flowers  large  ;  calyx-lobes  5,  shorter  than  the 
petals;  capsule  cylindrical,  much  shorter  than  the  long  (2')  peduncle. — 
Ponds  and  ditches.  New  Orleans.  August. 

J.  Peruviana,  L.  1  Shrubby,  hirsute ;  branches  terete ;  leaves  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  ovary  clavate,  as  long  as  the  2-bracted  pedicel ; 
calyx-lobes  4,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube,  shorter  than 
the  roundish  petals ;  capsule  clavate-oblong,  obscurely  4-sided,  longer  than 
the  bracts.  —  Muddy  banks  of  rivers.  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  5°  - 10°  high. 

LUDWIGIA,    L. 

L.  Curtissii,  Chapm.  in  Curtiss's  Fasc.  III.  Smooth  ;  stem  rigidly  erect, 
simple,  terete  ;  upper  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base;  flowers 
single,  sessile,  apetalous,  bibracteolate  ;  calyx  turbinate,  terete,  the  triangular 
lobes  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Shallow  ponds,  East  Florida  (Curtiss).  July 
and  August.  —  Stem  1°  - 1|°  high. 


ORDER  PASSIFLORACEJE. 
PASSIFLORA,   L. 

P.  multiflora,  L.  Stem  climbing  high ;  leaves  velvety-pubescent,  ovate- 
oblong,  entire,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters  ;  involucre 
none.  —  Miami  (Garber).  Umbrella  Key  (Curtiss),  South  Florida.  —  Stem 
woody,  climbing  over  the  tallest  trees.  Leaves  2' -3'  long. 

CABICA,    L.     CUSTARD-APPLE. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Corolla  of  .the  staminate  flower  salver-shaped,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  10,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate 
flower  5-petalled.  Lobes  of  the  stigma  lacerate.  Fruit  pulpy,  many-seeded. 
—  Trees,  with  simple  stems,  large  long-petioled  lobed  leaves,  and  axillary 
flowers. 

C.  Papaya,  L.  Trunk  simple,  leafy  at  the  top  (10° -20°  high) ;  leaves 
mostly  7-lobed,  broadly  sinuate ;  staminate  flowers  panicled ;  pistillate  flowers 
single  OP  2  -  3  together,  and  larger.  —  South  Florida.  —  Flowers  yellow. 


622  SAXIFRAGACE^E. 


ORDER    CUCURBITACE^E. 

The  common  GOURD  or  CALABASH  (LAGENARIA  VUIXJARIS,  Seringe.),  origi- 
nally from  the  tropics,  is  generally  diffused  over  the  Southern  States,  in 
waste  places  and  around  dwellings. 


ORDER   CRASSULACE^. 
SEDUM,    L. 

S.  pusillum,  Michx.  "  Pale  glaucous  ;  leaves  alternate,  nearly  terete, 
oblong ;  flowers  tetramerous,  in  a  loose  terminal  cyme,  white ;  stamens  8  ; 
carpels  oblong,  abruptly  pointed  by  the  short  style."  —  Flat  Kock,  South 
Carolina  (Michaux).  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia  (Gray).  —  Stem  l'-3'  high. 
Leaves  2"  -  3"  long. 

S.  Rhodiola,  DC.  Stem  simple,  erect,  very  leafy  (6'  high)  ;  leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  flowers  dioecious,  greenish  yellow,  crowded  in 
a  small  nearly  sessile  corymbose  cyme  ;  stamens  8.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina  ( Canby),  and  northward. 

TILL-SJA,    L. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  carpels  3  or  4  ;  the  carpels  mostly  with  a  mi- 
nute scale  at  the  base,  2 -many-seeded.  —  Small  annuals,  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

T.  simplex,  Nutt.  Stems  mostly  simple  (2'  -  3'  high),  ascending,  rooting 
near  the  base  ;  leaves  connate,  broadly  linear,  spreading  ;  flowers  nearly  ses- 
sile; petals  and  8-10-seeded  capsule  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  —  Wet 
places,  Mobile  (Mohr),  and  northward. 

T.  Drummondi,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  tufted,  dichotomous  (!'  high)  ; 
leaves  oblong-linear,  somewhat  connate  ;  flowers  pedicelled  ;  petals  reddish  ; 
carpels  obtuse,  12  -  20-seeded.  —  East  Feliciana,  Louisiana  ( Carpenter). 


ORDER   SAXIFRAGACE^E. 
HEUCHERA,    L. 

H.  Rugelii,  Shuttlw.  Glandular-hirsute,  and  somewhat  viscid  ;  scape 
slender  (8'-15'  high),  often  leafy;  panicle  small  (2'- 5'  long),  the  slender 
pedicels  nodding ;  flowers  small ;  petals  linear-spatulate,  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  exserted ;  leaves  thin,  obicular-cordate  (3'  -6' 
broad),  shortly  and  broadly  7-9-lobed,  with  rounded  mucronate  teeth, 
pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath  ;  petioles  filiform.  —  Shaded  rocks  on  the 
mountains  of  Alabama  and  North  Carolina  (Mohr,  Rugel). 


UMBELLIFEK^E.  623 

ORDER  UMBELLIFERJ3. 
LEPTOCAULIS,   Nutt. 

L.  echinatus,  Nutt.  Leaves,  &c.  as  in  L.  divaricatus,  but  the  fruit 
beset  with  rigid  spreading  hooked  bristles.  —  Mobile  (Mohr)  and  westward. 

HELOSCIADIUM,    Koch. 

H.  leptophyllum,  DC.  Stem  erect  or  diffuse  ;  leaves  ternately  or 
biternately  divided,  the  divisions  linear  or  setaceous  ;  umbels  nearly  sessile, 
1-3-rayed;  involucre  and  involucel  none;  fruit  ovate.  —  East  Florida,  and 
westward.  Introduced.  —  Stem  £°-2°  high.  Fruit  very  small. 

CYNOSCIADIUM,    DC. 

Calyx-teeth  subulate.  Fruit  ovate,  terete.  Carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs, 
the  two  lateral  ribs  united  with  the  thick  corky  margin.  Intervals  with  sin- 
gle vitta?.  —  Smooth  annuals,  with  finely  divided  leaves,  and  very  small  white 
flowers.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  few  or  none. 

C.  pinnatum,  DC.  Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  few  long  linear  seg- 
ments ;  petals  roundish,  obtuse ;  fruit  ovate-oblong,  the  ribs  not  prominent.  — 
Alabama  (Prof.  E.  A.  Smith),  and  westward.  August.  — JStem  6'  - 12'  high. 
Lowest  leaves  often  entire. 

POLYTJENIA,    DC. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  compressed,  the  margins  thickened ;  carpels 
obscurely  ribbed,  with  two  vittae  in  the  intervals,  and  six  on  the  commis- 
sure. —  A  smooth  biennial  1  herb,  with  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  yellow 
flowers. 

P.  Nuttallii,  DC.  —  St.  Tammany  Parish,  Louisiana  (Mohr),  Tennessee 
(Dr.  Gattinger).  April.  — Stem  l°-2°  high.  Upper  leaves  opposite. 

TREPOCARPTTS,    Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  subulate,  deciduous.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  acute,  nearly  terete, 
8-angled ;  carpels  4-ribbed,  each  rib  covering  a  single  vitta.  Commissure 
spongy,  grooved  in  the  middle,  with  two  minute  vittse  next  the  seed.  —  A 
smooth  annual,  with  3-pinnately  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  3  -  5-rayed  long- 
peduncled  umbels. 

T.  JEthusa,  Nutt.  —  Low  banks  near  Mobile  (Mohr).  —  Stem  2°  high. 
Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  white. 

ERIGENIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate.  Fruit  didymous,  the  carpels  kid- 
ney-shaped, incurved  at  each  end,  with  5  slender  ribs ;  intervals  with  several 
vittae.  —  A  low  (6'- 10'  high)  smooth  herb  from  a  deep  round  tuber;  the 


624  RUBIACE^E. 

simple  stern  bearing  2  -  3-ternately  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  a  small  leafy- 
bracted  compound  umbel  of  white  flowers. 

E.  bulbosa,  Nutt.  —  Base  of  Lookout  Mountain,  Tennessee,  and  north- 
ward. April. 

ORDER  CAPKIFOLIACE^E. 
VIBURNUM,    L. 

V.  densiflorum.  Stem  slender,  branching ;  leaves  small,  downy  be- 
neath, varying  from  oblong  to  broadly  ovate,  entire,  irregularly  serrate  or 
slightly  2  -  3-lobed,  acute  at  each  end,  or  rounded  at  the  base ;  cymes  downy, 
small,  compact,  the  base  and  ramifications  involucrate  with  a  whorl  of  linear 
bracts.  (V.  involucratum,  Chapm.,  not  of  Wall.)  —  Wooded  hillsides,  West 
Florida.  April.  —  Stems  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

V.  nudum,  L.,  var.  angustifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smoother;  leaves 
thinner  and  narrower,  obscurely  serrulate  or  entire.  —  Margins  of  swamps, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

Var.  serotinum,  Ravenel.  Smooth,  or  nearly  so,  punctate ;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  attenuate  above  the  middle,  crenate-serrate,  abruptly  short- 
petioled ;  cyme  long-peduncled,  mostly  leafy  and  corymbose,  the  divisions 
very  slender,  flowers  very  small,  the  filaments  slightly  exserted.  —  Low  pine 
barrens  near  Darien,  Georgia.  October  and  November. 

ORDER   RUBIACE^E. 

GALIUM,   L. 

G.  Aparine,  L.  (CLEAVERS.)  Annual ;  stems  weak,  retrorsely  hispid  ; 
leaves  6-8  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate,  hispid  on  the  margins  and  midrib  ;  pedun- 
cles long,  1-2-flowered;  fruit  bristly.  —  Waste  places,  sparingly  introduced. 

G.  pilosum,  var.  puncticulosum,  Gray.  (G.  puncticulosum,  Michx.) 
Stem,  leaves,  &c.  smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  fruit  often  much  larger.  —  Dry,  rich 
soil,  Florida,  and  northward. 

G.  Virgatum,  Nutt.  Low  (6'  -10'  high),  simple  or  branching  at  the 
base,  smooth  or  hispid  ;  leaves  4  in  a  whorl,  short  (4"  or  5"),  oblong-lanceo- 
late, hispid-ciliate ;  peduncles  axillary,  short,  bracteolate,  1-flowered;  fruit 
hispid.  —  Barrens  of  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  westward. 

RICHARDSONIA,    Kunth.    FALSE  IPECAC. 

Calyx  4  - 7-parted,  the  lobes  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  3  - 6-lobed. 
Stamens  3-6,  exserted.  Style  3-  or  4-cleft.  Capsule  separating  into  2-4 
one-seeded  indehiscent  nutlets.  —  Hairy  branching  herbs.  Leaves  united  by 
bristly  stipules.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  sessile  clusters. 

R.  scabra,  St.  Hilaire.  Annual,  hirsute,  forking ;  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
the  two  upper  pairs  involucre-like ;  calyx-lobes  subulate ;  nutlets  2-3, 
oblong.  —  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Florida.  Introduced. 


COMPOSITE.  625 

OLDENLANDIA,    Plum. 

O.  patens.  Radical  leaves  acute ;  flowers  erect  in  the  bud,  seldom  (if 
ever)  dimorphous ;  calyx-lobes  acute ;  corolla  3"  broad,  deep  blue,  its  tube 
three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  otherwise  like  0.  ccerulea,  Gray.  (Hous- 
tonia,  Ell.)  —  Roadsides,  &c.,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 

CATESB.S3A,   L. 

Calyx  4-toothed  or  4-parted  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Berry  2-celled,  many 
seeded,  the  placentae  at  the  top  of  the  partition.  Seeds  flat,  imbricated.  — 
Spiny  shrubs,  with  small  thick  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  whitish  flowers. 

C.  parviflora,  Swartz.  Glabrous  ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  spines,  the  margins  revolute ;  flowers  sessile ;  corolla  small  (4"  long), 
the  tube  4-angled  ;  berry  globose.  —  Bahia  Honda,  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 
—  Shrub  4° -8°  high. 


ORDER  VALERIANACE^E. 
FEDIA,   Mcench. 

F.  olitoria,  Vahl.  Flowers  pale  blue ;  fruit  compressed,  oblique,  with  a 
corky  mass  at  the  back  of  the  fertile  cell,  the  empty  cells  large  and  some- 
times confluent ;  stem  and  leaves  as  in  F.  radiata.  —  New  Orleans.  Intro- 
duced. 

F.  patellaria,  Sulliv.  Flowers  white ;  fruit  circular,  notched  at  both 
ends,  the  empty  cells  concave,  broader  than  the  fertile  one,  and  forming  a 
wing  around  it.  —  Nashville  (Dr.  Gattinger). 


ORDER  COMPOSITE. 

VERNONIA,    Schreb. 

V.  angustifolia,  var.  pumila,  Chapm.  Low  (G'-l^),  smoothish ; 
leaves  short;  heads  3-7,  loosely  corymbose  ;  involucre  smooth  ;  pappus  yel- 
lowish ;  achenium  smooth.  —  Wet  pine  woods,  South  Florida.  November. 

ELEPHANTOPUS,   L. 

E.  nudatus,  Gray  ?  Sparsely  hirsute,  and  dotted  with  minute  resinous 
atoms  ;  stem  (6'- 18'  high)  with  3  or  4  short  obovate  leaves  at  the  base,  and 
a  smaller  one  below  the  branches  of  the  cyme  ;  floral  leaves  broad-ovate, 
barely  acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  heads ;  scales  of  the  involucre  smooth, 
cuspidate  ;  scales  of  the  pappus  abruptly  dilated  at  the  base.  —  Damp  ground 
near  the  coast,  Florida. 

53 


626  COMPOSITE. 


PECTIS,   L. 

P.  ciliaris,  L.  Stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  linear,  bristly-fringed  below 
the  middle ;  heads  nearly  sessile  ;  rays  3 ;  pappus  of  the  disk-flowers  of  5 
lanceolate  acuminate  scales,  of  the  rays  only  3.  —  Keys  of  Caximbas  Bay, 
South  Florida.  —  Stem  6'  - 12'  high. 


LIATRIS,    Schreb. 

L.  Garberi,  Gray.  Hirsute,  the  rigid  leaves  at  length  smooth  ;  heads 
closely  spiked,  6-7-flowered ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  ovate  or 
oblong,  cuspidate,  glandular-hirsute  ;  pappus  barbellate.  —  Tampa,  Florida 
(Garber). 

L.  tenuifolia,  var.  quadriflora.  Leaves  involute-filiform,  rigid,  those 
of  the  stem  setaceous  ;  heads  4-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  8,  half  as 
long  as  the  disk,  often  cuspidate.  —  Banks  of  the  Caloosa  River,  South 
Florida. 

EUPATORITJM,    Tourn. 

E.  conyzoides,  Vahl.  Shrubby,  stem  much  branched  (4° -6°  high), 
leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  serrate  or 
nearly  entire  ;  corymb  trichotomous  ;  heads  10 - 20-flowered,  receptacle  flat; 
scales  of  the  involucre  rounded  at  the  tip,  striate  ;  achenium  scabrous  on  the 
angles.  —  Coast  of  South  Florida  (  Curtiss). 

E.  heteroclinium,  Griseb.  ?  Pubescent;  stem  branching  above  (2° 
high);  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  crenate-serrate,  short-petioled ;  pedicels  1-3 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  longer  than  the  cylindrical  many-flowered 
heads ;  scales  of  the  involucre  smooth,  oblong,  obtuse,  striate,  deciduous  ; 
receptacle  globular,  naked  ;  flowers  pale  blue  ;  achenium  smooth.  —  Keys  or 
South  Florida. 

E.  aromaticum,  var.  gracile.  Smoothish ;  stem  long  and  slender ; 
leaves  thin,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  corymbs  loose  ;  achenium  slightly 
pubescent.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  woods,  Clear  Water  Harbor,  South  Florida. 

CONOCLINIUM,    DC. 

C.  dichotomum,  Chapm.  Stem  dichotomously  branched  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  deltoid,  barely  acute,  crenate-serrate,  twice  as  long  as  the  short 
petiole  ;  corymbs  numerous,  mostly  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  short- 
peduncled  ;  heads  few  (3-10),  short-pedicelled  ;  flowers  blue.  —  South 
Florida. 

ASTER,    Tourn. 

A.  ptarmacoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  or  scabrous  ;  stems  (6'- 15' 
high)  simple;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1- 3-nerved;  heads  small,  in  a  flat 
cerymb ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows,  short ;  rays 
white.  —  Northern  States. 


COMPOSITE.  627 

Var.  Georgianus,  Gray.  Taller  (l£°-2°  high),  and  more  slender, 
coryrabosely  branched  above ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate ; 
corymb  larger  and  more  loosely  flowered  ;  ray-flowers  sterile,  the  style  short 
or  abortive.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia.  September. 

ERIGERON,    L. 

E.  divaricatum,  Michx.  Annual,  decumbent,  hirsute  :  leaves  narrow- 
linear  ;  heads  loosely  corymbose ;  rays  purple,  not  longer  than  the  simple 
pappus  ;  achenium  nearly  smooth.  —  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 

E.  annuum,  Pers.  Annual,  hirsute,  erect  (2° -4°  high) ;  lowest  leaves 
oblong,  petioled,  toothed,  the  others  lanceolate,  sessile,  mostly  entire ;  heads 
corymbose  ;  rays  numerous,  white,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  sparsely  hir- 
sute involucre;  inner  pappus  of  the  ray-flowers  scanty  or  none. — Waste 
places,  Florida,  and  northward.  May  and  June. 

BELLIS,    Tourn.    DAISY. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate,  in  a  single  row.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre mostly  in  two  rows,  rather  thin,  equal.  Receptacle  conical,  naked. 
Achenia  obovate,  compressed,  wingless.  Pappus  none.  — Low  herbs,  with 
alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  terminal  heads  of  white  or  purple  flowers. 

B.  integrifolia,  Michx.  Annual,  brandling,  smooth  (6' -12'  high); 
leaves  obovate,  entire,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  sessile,  heads  peduncled ; 
rays  pale  purple  ;  achenia  rough.  —  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  March. 

GRINDELIA,   Willd. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical  invo- 
lucre imbricated  in  several  rows.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenia  oval  or  obovate, 
glabrous.  Pappus  of  2-8  rigid  deciduous  awns  or  bristles.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  single  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating 
the  branches. 

G.  lanceolata,  Nutt.  Glabrous,  corymbosely  branching  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  sharply  serrate  ;  involucre  glutinous,  the  scales 
nearly  equal,  ending  in  a  filiform  point ;  bristles  of  the  pappus  mostly  2.  — 
Cedar  barrens,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  westward. 


APLOPAPPUS  RUBIGINOSCS,  Torr.  fr  Gray,  a  branching  herb  2° -3°.  high, 
the  leaves  with  sharp  spreading  bristle-pointed  teeth,  the  single  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  terminating  the  leafy  branches,  and  the  villous  top-shaped 
achenium  crowned  with  a  copious  scabrous  pappus,  is  spontaneous  at  Punta 
Rassa,  South  Florida,  doubtless  introduced  from  Texas. 

SOLIDAGO,    L. 

S.  Missouriensis,  Nutt . ,  var.  pumila.  Low  (1°  high ),  simple,  glabrous ; 
lower  leaves  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  entire,  or  ob- 


628  COMPOSITE. 

scurely  denticulate  near  the  apex,  the  others  much  smaller,  the  upper  ones 
(£'  or  less  long)  passing  into  the  oblong-linear  obtuse  bracts  of  the  widely 
spreading  flat  panicle;  involucre  ovoid,  16 - 20-flowered,  the  oblong  scales 
obtuse;  rays  few,  notched;  pappus  coarse,  shorter  than  the  flowers;  ovary 
smooth.  —  Rocky  barrens  of  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinqer). 

S.  rupestris,  Raf.  Smooth  throughout;  stem  slender  (2° -3°  high); 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  the  lowest  ones  slightly  serrulate  ;  panicle 
narrow,  often  simple  ;  heads  small  with  very  short  rays ;  achenia  pubescent. 
—  Rocky  banks,  Tennessee. 

LINDHEIMERIA,    Gray  &  Engelm. 

Ray-flowers  4  —  5.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows,  the  outer  ones 
linear,  the  inner  ones  oblong,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  fertile  achenia, 
and  to  the  adjacent  scales  of  the  receptacle.  Achenium  oval,  flat,  the  nar- 
row wings  prolonged  into  a  2-toothed  pappus.  Otherwise  like  Berlandiera. 

L.  Texana,  Gray  &  Engelm.  —  Alabama  (Mohr),  and  westward. —  An- 
nual, hirsute,  erect,  1°  -  2°  high.  Leaves  oblong,  dentate.  Heads  in  a  dichot- 
omous  panicle,  nodding.  Flowers  yellow. 

IVA,    L. 

I.  ciliata,  Willd.  Annual,  hispid ;  stem  branching ;  leaves  ovate,  acu- 
minate, coarsely  serrate ;  spikes  dense,  the  bracts  elongated ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  3  —  4,  roundish,  ciliate ;  fertile  flowers  mostly  3.  —  Mississippi 
( Carpenter),  and  westward.  September.  —  Stem  2°  - 3°  high.  Leaves  3'  - 4' 
long. 

AMBROSIA,    Tourn. 

*  *  *  Heads  of  sterile  flowers  densely  cpiked,  the  top-shaped  involucre  produced  on 
one  side  into  a  long  recurved  appendage.     Fertile  heads  axillary,  4t-angled. 

A.  bidentata,  Michx.  Annual,  hirsute,  very  leafy  :  leaves  mostly  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  sessile  or  clasping,  entire  or  with  2  short  basal  lobes  ;  fruit 
acute,  with  4  short  spines.  —  Northern  Mississippi,  and  westward.  —  Stem 
lo  _ 20  high. 

ACANTHOSPERMUM,    Schrank. 

Heads  monoscious,  radiate,  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  pistillate,  in  a  single 
row ;  disk-flowers  staminate,  tubular,  5-toothed.  Involucre  of  5  elliptical 
scales.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenia  compressed,  armed  on  the  back  with  rigid 
hooked  prickles,  and  enclosed  in  the  outer  scales  of  the  chaffy  receptacle.  — 
Diffusely  branching  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  of  yellow 
flowers. 

A.  xanthioides,  DC.  Prostrate,  pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  oval  or 
obovate,  toothed  or  entire  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  which  encloses  the  ache- 
nium  unarmed.  —  Introduced  from  South  America  several  years  ago,  and 
now  widely  disseminated. 


COMPOSITE.  629 

WEDELIA,    Jacq. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate.  Flowers  of  the  ray  pistillate,  of  the  disk 
perfect,  tubular,  5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2-3  rows,  the  outer 
ones  leafy,  the  inner  ones  membranaceous.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy. 
Achenia  obovate  or  compressed.  Pappus  calyx-like,  composed  of  united 
dentate  and  ciliate  scales.  —  Herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  opposite  serrate 
leaves,  and  mostly  solitary  yellow  flowers. 

W.  carnosa,  Rich.  Herbaceous,  smooth,  creeping ;  leaves  sessile,  thick, 
obovate,  slightly  3-lobed  ;  heads  axillary,  peduncled  ;  outer  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre oblong,  as  long  as  the  disk,  the  inner  ones  smaller ;  achenia  wingless. 

—  Springy  places,  Key  Biscayne  (Curtiss). 

DRACOPIS,    Cass. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  very  small,  the  inner  row  linear,  mucronate. 
Achenia  terete,  finely  striate  and  glandular.  Pappus  none.  Otherwise  like 
Rudbeckia. 

D.  amplexicaulis,  Cass.  —  New  Orleans  (Dr.  Hale),  and  westward.  — 
Annual,  smooth,  branching,  l°-3°high;  leaves  oblong,  mostly  serrate, 
clasping  ;  heads  terminating  the  peduncle-like  branches  ;  rays  yellow  ;  disk 
brown. 

RUDBECKIA,    L. 

R.  rupestris,  Chickering.  Stem  and  leaves  sparingly  hairy  ;  lower  stem- 
leaves  3-parted,  with  deep  rounded  sinuses,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading ;  heads 
large  (f  wide),  globular ;  rays  10-13,  orange-yellow  ;  otherwise  like  R.  iri- 
loba.  —  Rocky  slopes  of  Little  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina  (Prof.  J.  W. 
Chickering). 

R.  buplcuroides,  Shuttlw.  Smooth  throughout ;  stem  sometimes  flexu- 
ous  below  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  3-nerved,  entire,  the  lowest  ones  tapering 
into  a  more  or  less  elongated  petiole,  the  upper  ones  distant,  short,  linear- 
subulate  ;  heads  long-peduncled,  globose  ;  rays  yellow,  longer  than  the  dark- 
brown  disk  ;  achenia  slightly  curved  ;  pappus  cup-shaped.  (R.  Mohrii,  Gray.) 

—  Wet  pine  barrens,  St.  Mark's  and  lola,  Florida  (Rugd,  Mohr).  —  Stem  2°- 
3°  high.     Lower  leaves  6'  -  12'  long. 

HELIANTHTJS,   L. 

H.  Floridanus,  Gray.  Stem  tall  (4°  -  6°  high),  smooth ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  sparingly  denticulate,  short-peti- 
oled  (2' -4'  long)  ;  involucre  smooth,  the  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate;  disk 
dark  purple  ;  rays  long,  oblong.  — East  Florida  (Palmer,  Garber). 

H.  cinereus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rough  with  rigid  white  hairs  ;  stem  simple  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  nearly  sessile,  paler  beneath,  the 
upper  ones  small  and  distant ;  heads  1  -  3  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  short- 
peduncled ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  canescent.  —  Mountains 
of  Georgia,  and  westward.  September.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  3'- 
5'  long. 

53* 


630  COMPOSITE. 

ACTINOMERIS,   Nutt. 

A.  heterophylla,  Chapm.  Stem  mostly  simple,  hirsute,  terete  above, 
winged  below ;  leaves  rough,  the  lower  ones  opposite,  decurrent,  oblong,  the 
upper  ones  small,  linear,  remote ;  heads  single  or  loosely  corymbose ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  disk  and  the  5 -10  linear  rays  ; 
chaff  of  the  receptacle  rigid,  acute,  longer  than  the  obovate  narrowly  winged 
1  -  2-awned  achenia.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  East  Florida.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
Lower  leaves  2'-  3'  long. 

COREOPSIS,    L. 

C.  auriculata,  L.  Stem  short  (4' -8'  high),  smooth  or  sparsely  villous, 
1-2-forking;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  roundish  (l^'-Z  long),  entire,  or  with 
2-4  small  lateral  lobes,  £-£  the  length  of  the  slender  petiole,  the  others  small 
and  remote  ;  heads  few  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  setaceous,  twice  as  long  as 
the  flowers ;  achenia  oblong,  incurved,  wingless,  even,  or  obscurely  papillose. 
(C.  auriculata,  var.  diversifolia,  Ell.)  — Woods  in  the  upper  districts.  April 
and  May. 

C.  pubescens,  Ell.  Stem  tall  (2°  high),  densely  villous,  at  length  much 
branched;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  (3' -4'  long),  mostly  3-lobed,  as 
long  as  the  stout  petiole,  the  uppermost  ones  only  entire  ;  heads  very  numer- 
ous ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  achenia  broadly  winged, 
circular,  slightly  2-toothed,  plainly  papillose  on  both  sides.  (C.  auriculata, 
var.,  Torr  8f  Gray.)  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.  May  to  Sep- 
tember. 

VERBESINA,  L. 

V.  oncelioides,  Benth.  Annual,  canescent ;  stem  erect ;  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  the  broadly  winged  petioles  auriculate  at  the 
base ;  heads  somewhat  corymbose  ;  achenia  of  the  disk  winged,  2-awned,  of 
the  rays  wingless,  3-toothed.  (Ximenesia  encelioides,  Cav.)  —  Middle  and 
South  Florida.  Introduced  from  Mexico.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Flowers 
yellow. 

PLAVERIA,    Juss. 

F.  angUStifolia,  Pers.  Stem  woody  and  much  branched  at  the  base, 
erect ;  leaves  thick,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  serrulate,  connate  ; 
corymbs  very  numerous,  compact ;  heads  10- 15-flowered,  angular,  discoid, 
or  with  a  single  oblong  entire  ray.  —  Sandy  beach  at  Clear  Water  Harbor, 
South  Florida.  October.  —  Stems  2°  -  4  high. 

PALAFOXIA,    Lag. 

P.  Feayi,  Gray.  Stem  woody,  slender,  widely  branched,  rough  with 
short  rigid  hairs ;  leave*,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  opposite  or  alternate,  ehort- 
petioled  ;  corymbs  loose ;  heads  discoid ;  achenium  sparsely  hispid,  many 
times  longer  than  the  obtuse  denticulate  scales  of  the  pappus.  —  South 
Florida  (Feay).  —  Stem  3° -5°  high. 


631 


ARTEMISIA,   L. 

A.  vulgaris,  L.  (MUGWORT.)  Stem  branching;  leaves  white-downy 
beneath,  pinnatifld,  with  the  lobes  lanceolate  ;  heads  downy,  in  slender  ter- 
minal spicate  panicles  ;  flowers  all  perfect.  —  Waste  grounds,  North  Carolina. 
Introduced. 

A.  biennis,  Willd.  Biennial,  smooth  ;  stem  simple  (l°-3°  high)  ;  leaves 
1-2-pinnatifid,  the  linear  lobes  sharply  toothed;  heads  crowded  in  terminal 
and  axillary  spikes,  which  form  a  long  narrow  leafy  panicle  ;  flowers  all 
perfect.  —  West  Tennessee. 

FILAGO,   L.     CUDWEED. 

Heads  discoid,  many-flowered;  the  central  flowers  perfect,  but  often  abor- 
tive, the  outer  ones  very  slender  and  pistillate.  Involucre  of  few  woolly 
scales.  Lower  part  of  the  long  or  top-shaped  receptacle  chaffy,  the  upper 
part  naked.  Pappus  of  the  perfect  flowers  capillary,  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
none.  —  Low  woolly  annuals. 

F.  Germanica,  L.  Stem  forking  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  and  chaff  cuspidate.  —  Waste  ground.  Introduced. 

CNICUS,    Vahl. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  central  flowers  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
produced  into  a  long  pinnate  spine.  Receptacle  bristly.  Achenium  terete. 
Pappus  in  3  rows  ;  the  outer  row  consisting  of  10  horny  teeth  ;  the  middle 
row  of  10  longer  bristles  alternating  with  the  inner  row  of  10  bristles.  —  A 
prostrate  villous  annual  herb,  with  pinnatifid-toothed  clasping  leaves,  and 
large  bracted  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

C.  Benedictus,  L.  —  Coast  of  South  Carolina  (Elliott).  Montgomery, 
Alabama  (Mohr).  Ne'w  Orleans  (Riddell).  Introduced. 

NABALUS,    Cass. 

N.  asper,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rough-pubescent  ;  stem  simple  ;  leaves  oval- 
oblong,  sharply-toothed  ;  heads  erect,  clustered,  forming  a  compound  villous 
terminal  raceme;  involucre  of  8  or  9  hirsute  scales,  12  -  14-flowered  ;  pappus 
straw-color.  —  Barrens  of  Tennessee,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high. 
Leaves  small.  Flowers  cream-color. 

N.  Roanensis,  Chickering.  Hirsute;  stem  low  (3'  -12'  high)  simple; 
leaves  hastate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  lower  ones  petioled  ;  raceme 
compound;  involucre  10-13-flowered  ;  pappus  straw-color.  —  •  Summit  of 
Roan  Mountain  (Chickering). 

ORDER   LOBELIACE^E. 

LOBELIA,    L. 

L.  Canbyi,  Gray.  Stem  simple,  or  branching  above  (l°-2°  high)  ; 
leaves  numerous,  linear,  glandular-denticulate  ;  racemes  long,  loosely  flow- 


632  CAMPANULACE^E. 

ered  ;  bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  calyx- tube  top-shaped,  half  the  length 
of  the  denticulate  lobes,  in  fruit  oblong,  covering  the  capsule  ;  corolla  deep 
blue,  more  or  less  bearded  in  the  throat.  —  Wet  places,  South  Carolina 
(Gray).  August. 

L.  Cliffortiana,  L.  Annual;  stem  branching  (1°-1£°  high);  leaves 
ovate,  petioled,  dentate,  the  upper  ones  narrower  and  sessile ;  racemes  loosely 
many-flowered,  the  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts  and  flowers  ;  calyx-tube 
obconical,  enclosing  the  lower  half  of  the  ovoid  capsule,  the  lobes  subulate. 
—  Southern  States  (Gray).  Introduced. 

Var.  Xalapeusis,  Gray.  Stem  weaker;  leaves  thinner;  tube  of  the 
calyx  enclosing  only  the  base  of  the  capsule ;  seeds  smooth.  (L.  Xalapensis, 
H.B.K.)  —  Manatee,  South  Florida  ( Garber).  East  Florida  (Miss  Reynolds}. 

L.  Feayana,  Gray.  Annual,  smooth  (4' -8'  high);  stem  simple  or 
branched ;  leaves  few,  the  lowest  orbicular,  crenate,  petioled,  the  others 
narrower,  nearly  sessile ;  racemes  loosely  4  -  10-flowered ;  calyx-tube  ob- 
conical, in  fruit  enclosing  the  lower  half  of  the  capsule,  the  lobes  subulate  ; 
seeds  rough.  —  Damp  places.  East  Florida. 

L.  Gattingeri,  Gray.  Smooth ;  stem  weak,  branching ;  leaves  thin,  ses- 
sile, oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  the  lowest  obovate ;  racemes  peduncled, 
very  slender,  many-flowered  ;  calyx-tube  ovoid,  longer  than  its  pedicel,  shorter 
than  the  linear-subulate  entire  lobes,  the  sinuses  not  appendaged ;  corolla 
(4" -5"  long)  deep  blue. — Barrens  of  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger).  April. — 
Stem  10' -20'  high.  Leaves  2'  or  less  long. 

L.  Floridana,  Chapm.  Stem  stout  (3° -5°  high) ;  lowest  leaves  thick, 
lanceolate  or  strap-shaped,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  denticulate  (6' -9'  long) ; 
the  others  small  (!'  long)  and  distant;  raceme  rigidly  erect,  closely  flowered, 
the  stout  appressed  pedicels  as  long  as  the  linear  denticulate  bracts  ;  calyx- 
tube  obconical,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  lower  half  ^of  the  ovoid  capsule,  the 
ovate-lanceolate  lobes  mostly  denticulate,  the  acute  sinuses  rarely  appen- 
daged;  corolla  (8"  — 9"  long)  blue,  the  tube  longer  than  the  lobes,  almost 
villous  within,  the  upper  lobes  reflexed.  —  Wet  pine-barrens.  Florida.  June  - 
September. 

ORDER  CAMPANULACE.E. 

CAMPANULA.    L. 

C.  Floridana,  Watson.  Smooth  ;  stem  filiform,  angular,  simple  or 
branched  above  (6'- 12' long) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  (8'- 12'  long),  the 
upper  ones  linear  ;  peduncles  terminal ;  calyx-lobes  subulate,  bidentate, 
spreading,  longer  than  the  5-parted  blue  corolla ;  stigmas  recurved.  —  Tampa, 
Florida  (Feay). 

SPECULABIA,    Heister. 

S.  biflora,  Gray.  Stem  rough,  simple  or  branching  at  the  base ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  sessile,  crenate,  the  upper  ones  bract-like  ;  flowers  single  or 
by  pairs,  mostly  apetalous.  —  Waste  places  and  fields,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina. 


AQUIFOLIACE^E. 


ORDER  ERICACEAE. 

VACCINIUM,    L. 

V.  formosum,  Andr.  Stem  smooth;  leaves  thickish  (partly  peren- 
nial), ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath ;  racemes 
axillary;  corolla  cylindrical,  red.  —  Florida  (Herb.  Durand). — Stem  2° -3° 
high.  Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

V.  virgatum,  Ait.  Stem  smooth,  the  branches  and  young  leaves 
downy ;  leaves  thickish,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire ;  racemes 
mostly  on  naked  branches  ;  corolla  cylindrical,  white,  or  red  like  the  bracts; 
berry  black.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  March.  —  Stem 
2° -4°  high.  Leaves  1'  or  less  long. 

V.  vacillans,  Solander.  Stem  smooth,  with  yellowish  shining  branches  ; 
leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  nearly  entire,  pale  and  glaucous  ;  corolla  oblong- 
bell-shaped,  white  ;  berry  blue.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.  April.  —  Stem  1°- 2°  high.  Leaves  1' -  2' long. 

CHIOGENES,   Salisb.     CREEPING  SNOWBERRY. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  Stamens  8 :  anther-cells 
unawned,  opening  from  the  tip  to  the  middle.  Berry  white,  globular,  4-celled, 
many-seeded.  —  A  small  creeping  evergreen.  Leaves  ovate,  acute,  the  mar- 
gins revolute,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  margins,  bristly.  Flowers  small, 
.axillary,  white,  nodding. 

Gr.  hispidula,  Torr.  &  Gray.  —  Damp  woods,  Mountains  of  North  Car- 
olina, and  northward. 

RHODODENDRON,  L. 

R.  Vaseyi,  Gray.  Low  and  bushy ;  branches  smooth  ;  leaves  thin,  ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  acute  at  base ;  pedicels  glandular,  at  length  recurved ; 
calyx  short,  truncate ;  corolla  smooth,  rose-color,  rotate-campanulate,  nearly 
equally  5-parted,  the  lobes  obovate  ;  stamens  and  style  slightly  exserted ; 
capsule  oblong,  smooth.  (Gray.) — Balsa  Mountain,  North  Carolina  (R. 
Vasey). 

ORDER  AQUIFOLIACE^. 

ILEX,   L. 

I.  mollis,  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rulate, downy ;  sterile  flowers  very  numerous,  in  umbel-like  clusters,  the 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  petiole,  soft-downy,  like  the  calyx  ;  fertile  pedun- 
•cles  very  short.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

I.  monticola,  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  acuminate, 
smooth,  sharply  serrate  ;  fertile  flowers  very  short-peduncled  ;  calyx  ciliate. 
(I.  ambigua,  Torr.)  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  (Gray).  —  Leaves  3' -5' 
long. 


634  PRIMULACE^E. 

ORDER    SAPOTACEJE. 

CHEYSOPHYLLUM,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  without  appendages.  Stamens  5.  Ovary 
6-  10-celled,  the  ovules  ascending.  Berry  mostly  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Albu- 
men scanty.  —  Tropical  trees.  Leaves  thick,  silky  beneath.  Flowers  small, 
in  axillary  clusters. 

C.  Oliviforme,  Lam.  Branchlets,  &c.  with  copper-colored  pubescence ; 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  entire  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  corolla 
white ;  "  berry  black,  1-seeded."  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves 
2'- 4' long. 

ORDER  PLANTAGINACE^. 
PLANTAGO,   L. 

P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.  Annual,  villous,  or  sometimes  smoothish ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear,  shorter  than  the  scape :  spike  oblong  or  capitate ;  bracts 
shorter  than  the  flower  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  ;  capsule  2-seeded.  — 
Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  westward. 

Var.  aristata,  Gray.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  spike  linear,  the  filiform 
bracts  3-6  times  the  length  of  the  flower.  —  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and 
westward.  —  Stem  1°  or  less  high.  . 

P.  pusilla,  Nutt.  Small  (!'  -  2'  high),  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  narrow- 
linear,  entire  ;  capsule  ovoid,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-seeded.  —  Ten- 
nessee and  northward. 

ORDER  PLUMBAGINACE^E. 

STATICE,    L. 

S.  Brasiliensis,  Boissier.  Leaves  oblong,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  thin  ;  scape  and  spreading  panicle  slender  (1°-  2°  high) ;  spikelets  1  - 
3-flowered,  more  or  less  distant ;  bractlets  very  unequal ;  calyx  smooth,  the 
ovate  lobes  acute  ;  corolla  white.  —  Coast  of  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 


ORDER   PRIMULACE^. 

CENTUNCULUS,   L. 

C.  pentandrus,  R.  Br.  Stems  erect,  simple  (4'  -8'  high)  ;  leaves  oval  or 
roundish,  mucronate ;  peduncles  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  pentandrous 
flower ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  4  or  5.  —  Low  ground  along  the 
Caloosa  River,  South  Florida.  October. 


SCROPHULARIACE.E.  635 

ORDER  LENTIBULACE^]. 

UTRICULARIA,    L. 

U.  longeciliata,  A.DC.  Scape  3-7-flowered  (6'  high),  the  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  upper  lip  of  the  small  (5"  long)  yellow  corolla  obo- 
vate,  the  lower  one  nearly  entire,  with  reflexed  margin,  as  long  as  the  horn- 
shaped  spur;  leaves  numerous,  linear;  scales  and  bracts  long-ciliate-dentate. 
—  Miami,  South  Florida  (Garber),. 

PINGUICULA,    Tourn. 

P.  Floridensis,  n.  sp.  Leaves  short  (£'  long),  obovate-oblong ;  scape 
filiform;  calyx-lobes  oblong-linear,  acutish,  downy;  corolla  (4"-5"  long) 
violet-purple,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  broad  lobes  notched  or  entire,  the  tube 
short ;  spur  depending,  subulate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  — 
Low  ground  along  the  Homosassee  River,  Florida  (Mr.  Benj.  Miller). — 
Scape  4' -6' high. 

ORDER  SCROPHULARIACE^. 
HERPESTIS,   Gsert. 

H.  repens,  Cham.  &  Schlect.  Smooth,  or  the  summit  of  the  creeping 
stems  pubescent ;  leaves  oval,  clasping  ;  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  flower  ; 
outer  sepals  oval  or  slightly  cordate,  reticulate-veiny,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  white  corolla.  (H.  micrantha,  Ell.)—  Banks  of  the  Ogeechee  River, 
Georgia  (Elliott). 

H.  rotundifolia,  Pursh.  Stem  smoothish,  creeping;  leaves  round- 
obovate,  clasping  (•£'—  1'  long);  peduncle  longer  than  the  flower;  exterior 
sepal  ovate.  —  Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Galtinger). 

HYDRANTHELIUM,    H.B.K. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  short-funnel-shaped,  3-cleft.  Stamens  3,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  2-lobed.  Capsule  many-seeded. — 
Aquatic  herbs,  with  the  habit  of  Callitriche.  Leaves  opposite.  Peduncles 
axillary,  1-flowered. 

H.  Egense,  Poepp.  Floating;  stem  filiform,  branching;  lower  leaves 
small  (2"  or  3"  long),  distant,  oblong,  the  upper  ones  crowded,  obovate; 
calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate.  —  New  Orleans  (Dr.  Hale).  Introduced? 

MICRANTHEMTJM,    Michx 

M.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Stem  erect  or  creeping  (l'-2"  long) ;  leaves  obo- 
vate ;  pedicels  equalling  or  longer  than  the  flowers,  upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
obsolete.  —  Wet  banks,  Florida,  and  northward. 


OdO  VERBENACE^E. 

CONOBEA,    Aublet. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  obscurely  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  the 
lower  one  3-parted.  Stamens  4,  all  fertile ;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  the 
cells  parallel.  Style  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globular,  many-seeded.  — 
Low  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  flowers. 

C.  multiflda,  Benth.    Annual,  much  branched,  pubescent  (3' -8'  high) ; 
leaves  pinnately  divided  into  linear  toothed  lobes  ;  corolla  pale  purple,  barely 
longer  than  the  calyx ;  capsule  ovoid.     (Capraria,  M ichx.)  —  Valley  of  the 
Coosa  River,  Georgia,  and  westward.    July. 

DASYSTOMA,    Raf. 

D.  Drummondii,  Benth.     Closely  pubescent ;  stem  branching ;  lower 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  upper  ones  dentate  or  serrate ;  calyx 
mostly  longer  than  the  pedicel,  the  broadly  lanceolate  lobes  as  long  as  the 
top-shaped  tube.     (Gerardia  grandiflora,  Benth.)  — -  Mountains  of  Georgia, 
Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Corolla  \\'  long. 

D.  laevigata,  Raf.  Smooth,  or  nearly  so,  slender,  sparingly  branched ; 
lowest  leaves  mostly  pinnately  lobed  and  toothed,  the  others  lanceolate, 
entire ;  calyx  longer  than  the  pedicel,  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla 
funnel-shaped  (!'  long).  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 

D.  patula,  Chapm.  Stem  tall  (3° -4°)  and  slender,  widely  branched  ; 
lower  leaves  pinnately  lobed  and  toothed,  the  upper  ones  oblong,  entire  ; 
pedicels  long  (!'- 1|'),  spreading  or  recurved ;  calyx-lobes  rather  longer  than 
the  tube,  entire;  corolla  (!£'  long)  tubular-funnel-shaped.  —  Mountains  of 
Georgia  and  Tennessee.  August. 

SEYMERIA,   Pursh. 

S.  macrophylla,  Nutt.  Tall  and  stout  (4° -5°  high),  more  or  less 
pubescent,  branching ;  leaves  large  (6'  -  8'  long),  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  ovate 
or  lanceolate  lobes  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  floral  ones  entire ;  racemes 
short,  dense ;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  woolly 
within.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  ?  Tennessee,  and  northward. 


OEDER   VEBBENACE^E. 

VERBENA,    L. 

V.  stricta,  Vent.  Softly  pubescent ;  stem  mostly  simple ;  leaves  ses- 
sile, oblong,  serrate ;  spikes  thick,  densely  flowered  ;  flowers  rather  large, 
blue.  —  Barrens  of  Tennessee,  and  northward.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

V.  Bonariensis,  L.  Pubescent  and  scabrous ;  stem  much  branched 
(2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  auriculate-clasping  ;  panicle  dense, 
'cymose,  the  spikes  short;  tube  of  the  purple  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  —  Roadsides  near  Charleston  (Curtiss).  Introduced. 


LABIATE.  637 

ORDER  LABIATE. 

HYPTIS,    Jacq. 

H.  spicata,  Poit.  Annual,  closely  pubescent ;  stem  obtusely  4-angled, 
muricate  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  long-petioled  ;  whorls  short- 
peduncled,  8-6-flowered,  interruptedly  racemose;  calyx-teeth  spine-like, 
spreading ;  corolla  small,  purple.  —  Tampa  and  Jacksonville,  Florida.  —  Stem 
2°  -  5°  high. 

H.  pectinata,  Poit.  Annual  1  pubescent ;  stem  often  muricate ;  leaves 
ovate,  acute,  serrate,  pale  beneath,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole,  the  upper- 
most ones  bract-like;  whorls  packed  in  dense  one-sided  pectinate  spikes; 
calyx  villous  at  the  throat ;  corolla  minute,  pale  purple.  (H.  spicigera, 
Chapm.,  not  of  Lam.)  —  South  Florida.  —  Stems  2°  -6°  high. 

MENTHA,   L. 

M.  arvensis,  L.  (CORN  MINT.)  Downy  and  somewhat  canescent ;  leaves 
oblong  or  ovate  ;  whorls  axillary,  dense,  globose  ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate.  — 
Georgia.  Introduced. 

M.  aquatica,  L.,  var.  glabrata,  Benth.  (BERGAMOT  MINT.)  Smooth ; 
leaves  ovate,  sharply  serrate ;  whorls  loose,  peduncled,  single  or  racemose ; 
calyx-teeth  subulate.  —  Manatee,  South  Florida  (Garber).  Introduced. 

PYCNANTHEMUM,    Michx. 

P.  Torreyi,  Benth.  Stem  more  or  less  pubescent,  nearly  simple ;  leaves 
(not  whitened)  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  nearly  sessile  and  entire ; 
calyx-teeth  subulate.  —  Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  northward. 
—  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Leaves  2'  long. 

SATUREIA,   L.    SAVORY. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip 
3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  spreading  or  connivent ;  anthers  2-celled.  Style  un- 
equally 2-cleft. 

S.  (Pycnothymus)  rigida,  Bartram.  Shrubby,  villous ;  stem  assur- 
gent  (1°  - 1|°  long) ;  leaves  rigid,  lanceolate,  entire ;  spikes  capitate,  oblong  ; 
calyx  minute  ;  corolla  pale  purple.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  South  Florida. 

HEDEOMA,    Pers. 

H.  graveolens,  Chapm.  Stems  clustered,  woody  at  the  base,  mostly 
simple,  pubescent  (1°-1£°  high);  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  the  lowest  short- 
petioled,  sparingly  serrate ;  flowers  single,  opposite,  racemose ;  the  bracts  and 
2  opposite  bractlets  oblong,  nearly  equal ;  calyx-teeth  ciliate  ;  sterile  anther 
manifest ;  seeds  ovoid.  —  Low  pine  barrens  near  Apalachicola,  Florida. 
July. 

54 


638 


CALAMINTHA,    Benth. 


C.  glabella,  Benth.  Herbaceous,  smooth  ;  stems  slender  (1°  -2°  high)  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sparingly  serrate,  short-petioled ;  whorls 
mostly  6-flowered,  sessile,  the  spreading  pedicels  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
and  commonly  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acute  bracts  ;  corolla  pale  purple. 
(Cunila  glabella,  Michx.)  —  Rocky  banks,  Tennessee. 

SALVIA,   L. 

S.  lanceolata,  Willd.  Stem  low  (6' -12'  high),  smooth,  the  branches 
pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  obtuse,  obscurely  serrate  (l|'-2'  long), 
narrowed  to  a  petiole,  the  floral  ones  subulate  ;  whorls  distant,  mostly  2- 
flowered  ;  corolla  blue,  scarcely  longer  than  the  smooth  calyx.  —  East 
Florida  (Gray),  and  far  west. 

S.  OCCidentalis,  Swartz.  Stem  long  (2° -6°),  creeping,  retrorsely  pu- 
bescent, the  internodes  swollen ;  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate,  acute,  serrate  ; 
racemes  spike-like,  many-flowered ;  whorls  distant,  mostly  6-flowered,  as 
long  as  the  ovate  acuminate  bracts  ;  calyx  glandular-villous,  half  as  long  as 
the  blue  corolla,  the  teeth  obtuse  ;  lobes  of  the  style  flat,  rounded.  —  Miami, 
South  Florida  (Garber). 

S.  privoides,  Benth.,  var.  Garberi.  Chiefly  like  the  preceding,  but 
the  whorls  less  crowded  and  more  distant,  the  calyx  larger  in  fruit  (3"  — 4" 
long),  the  broad  teeth  abruptly  contracted  into  an  awn-like  point,  and  both 
lobes  of  the  style  rounded.  (S.  occidentalis,  var.  Garberi,  Chapm.)  — 
Manatee,  South  Florida  (Garber). 

SCUTELLARIA,   L. 

S.  saxatilis,  Riddell.  Smooth,  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  thinner,  obtuse,  less 
strongly  crenate-toothed  ;  otherwise  like  6".  arguta,  Buckley,  which  appears 
to  be  scarcely  a  variety  of  it.  —  Shady  woods,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 

S.  montana,  Chapm.  Softly  pubescent;  stem  mostly  simple  (l|°-2° 
high)  ;  leaves  of  the  stem,  and  lowest  floral  ones,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
coarsely  serrate,  acute  at  each  end,  or  the  lowest  ones  cordate;  racemes  few- 
flowered;  corolla  large  (l'-l£' long),  blue,  the  ample  lower  lip  nearly  as 
long  as  the  upper  one.  —  Dry  woods,  and  margins  of  fields,  on  the  mountains 
of  Georgia. 

S.  CANESCENS,  Nutt,  is  nearly  like  the  var.  punctata  of  the  first  edition, 
but  is  taller  (3° -4°  high),  smooth  or  canescent,  and  leaves  generally  longer 
and  narrower.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  Tennesseee,  and  northward. 

SYNANDRA,    Nutt. 

Calyx  inflated,  bell-shaped,  4-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
e'ntire,  the  lower  broadly  3-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip,  hairy  ;  anthers  smooth,  the  contiguous  cells  of  the  upper  pair 
smaller,  sterile,  and  connate.  Nutlets^large,  smooth,  angular. 


HYDROPHYLLACE^E.  639 

S.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Biennial;  stem  simple,  hairy  (1°-1|°  high); 
leaves  thin,  long-petioled,  cordate,  crenate-serrate,  obtuse,  the  floral  ones 
narrower,  acuminate,  sessile;  corolla  large  (!£'  long),  yellowish-white; 
•calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Shady  woods,  Tennessee,  and  northward.  June. 

STACHYS,   L. 

S.  COrdata,  Riddell.  Stem  slender,  more  or  less  hirsute ;  leaves  thin, 
oblong-cordate,  crenate,  acuminate,  long-petioled,  the  floral  ones  minute  ; 
calyx-teeth  broadly  subulate.  —  Banks  of  streams,  mountains  of  Georgia 
and  Tennessee.  August. 


ORDER  BORRAGINACE^E. 

CORDIA,    Plum. 

C.  Sebestena,  L.  (GEIGER-TREE.)  Rough-pubescent;  leaves  large 
(4'-8'  long),  ovate;  cyme  loose,  many-flowered;  calyx  cylindrical,  2-5- 
toothed,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  large  red  corolla;  stamens  5-8. — 
Keys  of  South  Florida.  —  A  large  shrub. 

HELIOTROPIUM,    Tourn. 

H.  polyphyllum,  Lehm.  Rough,  with  short  appressed  white  hairs  ; 
stems  (1°  long)  spreading  from  a  woody  root,  very  leafy;  leaves  nearly 
sessile,  lanceolate ;  spikes  leafy;  nutlets  4,  hairy ;  corolla  white,  or,  in  var. 
Leavenworthii,  Gray  (H.  Leavenworthii,  Torr.),  bright  yellow.  —  South 
Florida,  the  variety  near  Miami  (Garber). 

H.  tenellum,  Torr.  Annual,  rough-hairy;  stem  erect  (6'- 12'  high), 
slender,  branching;  leaves  linear;  racemes  leafy  or  naked,  remotely  few- 
flowered,  calyx-lobes  linear,  unequal;  corolla  white. — Alabama,  West  Ten- 
nessee, and  westward. 

H.  anchusaefolium,  Poir.  Stem  villous,  simple  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ; 
«yme  compact,  at  length  spreading;  flowers  violet-blue.  —  East  Florida; 
Augusta,  Georgia;  Montgomery,  Alabama.  Introduced. 

LITHOSPERMUM,   L. 

L.  latifolium,  Michx.  Softly  pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate;  root  fibrous  ;  otherwise  like  L.  tuberosum.  —  Tennessee, 
and  northward.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 


ORDER   HYDROPHYLLACE^. 
HYDROPHYLLUM,    Tourn. 

H.  macrophyllum,  Xutt.     Hirsute;  stem  stout  (l°-2°  high)  ;  leaves 
long  (6' -10'),  pinnatifid,  with  distinct  oval  toothed  lobes,  the  upper  lobes 


640  CONVOLVULACE^E. 

confluent ;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  cyme  compact ;  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate-subulate ;  corolla  white.  —  Rich  woods,  Northern  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  and  northward. 

H.  appendiculatum,  Michx.  Hirsute,  erect,  branching  (1°  high), 
lowest  leaves  pinnately  divided,  with  toothed  lobes,  the  others  palmately 
5-lobed ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  the  cyme  loosely  flowered ;  calyx 
with  short  reflexed  appendages  between  the  subulate  lobes  ;  corolla  blue.  — 
Damp  woods,  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 
May. 

ORDER  HYDROLEACE^. 
HYDROLEA,    L. 

H.  OVata,  Nutt.  Spiny,  closely  pubescent ;  stem  branching  near  the 
summit;  leaves  short  (l'-l£'  long),  ovate;  flowers  crowded  at  the  end  of 
the  branches  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  villous,  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  sta- 
mens exserted.  —  Central  Alabama  (Prof.  E.  A.  Smith),  and  westward. — 
Stem  l°-2°  high.  Corolla  1'  wide. 


ORDER  POLEMONIACE^. 

PHLOX,    L. 

P.  stellaria,  Gray.  Low  (6'  high),  smooth,  branching;  leaves  linear 
(l'-2'  long) ;  lobes  of  the  pale  blue  corolla  wedge-shaped,  deeply  notched. — 
Near  Nashville,  Tennessee  (Gray).  Kentucky  (Short),  on  rocky  cliffs. 

ORDER  CONVOLVULACEJE. 

IPOMCEA,    L. 

I.  trifida,  Don.,  var.  Torreyana,  Gray.  Perennial,  smoothish ;  pedun- 
cles longer  than  the  leaves,  3  -  10-flowered ;  sepals  glabrous ;  capsules  as 
long  as  the  calyx ;  otherwise  like  /.  commutata,  which  it  greatly  resembles. 
—  Cultivated  ground,  Apalachicola.  Introduced. 

CONVOLVULUS,   L. 

Sepals,  corolla,  ovary,  &c.  of  Ipomoea.  Style  single ;  stigmas  2,  filiform 
or  subulate,  or  broader  and  flat.  Capsule  2-9-valved. 

C.  Havanensis,  Jacq.  Stems  very  long,  woody,  prostrate,  canescent- 
tomentose ;  leaves  small,  oblong,  obtuse,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  stout, 
single  or  by  pairs,  1-3-flowered  ;  outer  sepals  obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
roundish  inner  ones ;  corolla  white,  sharply  5-lobed ;  valves  of  the  capsule 
6-9.  (C.  Garberi,  Chapm.)  —  Sandy  coast  at  Cape  Florida  ( Garber).  —  Stem 
15°  -  20°  or  more  long.  Leaves  6"  - 10"  long.  Corolla  9"  long. 


SOLANACK^K.  641 

C.  nodiflorus,  Desr.  Stem  twining,  woody,  pubescent ;  leaves  cordate- 
ovate,  tomentose,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  mostly 
many-flowered ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  equal ;  corolla  small ;  capsule  8-valved. 
—  Bahia  Honda  Key,  South  Florida  ( Curtiss).  —  Stems  climbing  over  low 
bushes.  Leaves  1'  long.  Corolla  5"  long. 

BKEWERIA,    R.  Br.     (STYLISMA,  1st  edit.) 

B.  grandiflora,  Gray.     Stem  prostrate,  tomentose  (2°  or  more  long)  ; 
leaves  oval,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  short-petioled  (!£'  long) ;  peduncle  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaf,  1-flowered  ;  calyx  large,  the  sepals  acute  ;  corolla  very 
large  (2£'~ 3'  long),  purple;  capsule  4-seeded.  —  Sandy  coast  at  Sarasota 
Bay,  South  Florida  ( Garber). 

EVOLVULUS,    L. 

E.  argenteus,  Pursh.  Silky-villous  throughout;  stem  rigid  (6' high), 
very  leafy ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate ;  sepals  lance-subulate ; 
corolla  blue  or  purple.  —  Pine  Key,  South  Florida  (Blodgett,  ex  Gray), 
Tennessee,  and  westward. 

CUSCTJTA,    Tourn. 

C.  Obtusiflora,  H.B.K.,  var.  glandulosa,  Engelm.      Stems  widely 
spreading,  bright  orange  ;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  glandular ;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  and  corolla  obtuse ;  scales  incurved,  deeply  fringed ;  capsule  large, 
depressed  ;   styles  short  and  thick.  —  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward,  on 
Polygonum. 

C.  inflexa,  Engelm.  Flowers  in  umbellate  cymes ;  sepals  acute,  keeled ; 
corolla  fleshy,  cylindrical,  mostly  4-cleft,  the  ovate  acute  lobes  as  long  as 
the  tube  ;  scales  minute,  slightly  toothed  ;  capsule  depressed,  enclosed  or 
crowned  with  the  withered  corolla.  (C.  umbrosa,  Beyrich.)  —  Georgia,  and 
northward,  mostly  on  shrubs. 

C.  chlorocarpa,  Engelm.  Stems  coarse,  yellow  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx 
and  corolla  mostly  acute,  often  longer  than  the  tube ;  scales  small,  2-cleft  ; 
capsule  thin,  pale  greenish-yellow.  —  Around  ponds  and  in  wet  places,  Ten- 
nessee, and  westward,  mostly  on  Polygonum. 

C.  glomerata,  Choisy.  Stems  coarse,  the  dense  clusters  of  flowers  form- 
ing rope-like  masses  ;  bracts  and  sepals  recurved-spreading ;  lobes  of  the 
corolla  oblong,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  styles  longer  than  the 
ovary.  —  Tennessee,  and  westward,  mostly  on  tall  Composite. 


ORDER   SOLANACE^E. 

SOLANUM,    L. 

S.   sisymbriifolium,   Lam.      Glandular-villous  and  prickly;    leaves 
large,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  oblong  divisions  lobed  and  toothed  ;  racemes 
many-flowered ;  corolla  5-lobed,  pale  blue ;  berry  globose,  partly  included 
54* 


642  APOCYNACEJE. 

in  the  hispid  calyx.  —  Waste  places,  Georgia  and  Florida.     Introduced.  — 
Stem  3°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  9'  long. 

§  ANDROCERA.  —  Fruit  included  in  the  calyx ;  stamens  and  style  declined ;  anthers 
tapering  upwards,  the  lowest  one  longer  and  incurved. 

S.  rostratum,  Dunal.  Stellate-pubescent  and  prickly;  leaves  1-2- 
piimatifid,  the  lobes  obtuse;  corolla  yellow,  its  lobes  short,  ovate  ;  calyx 
prickly.  —  Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  westward.  —  Stem  1°- 
2°  high.  Corolla  1'  in  diameter. 

PETUNIA,    Juss. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  plicate.  Stamens  5,  unequal  ; 
anther-cells  separate.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded.  — 
Clammy  pubescent  herbs. 

P.  parviflora,  Juss.  Annual,  diffuse,  leaves  oblong-linear  or  spatulate  ; 
corolla  small,  pale  bluish-purple.  —  South  Florida,  and  New  Orleans.  Intro- 
duced. 


ORDER  GENTIANACE^. 

VOYRIA,   Aubl. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form.  Stamens  included :  anthers  erect. 
Style  persistent :  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-celled.  Seeds  on  the  margin 
of  the  introflexed  valves,  usually  tailed  at  each  end.  —  Colorless  herbs, 
growing  on  rotten  wood.  Leaves  scale-like.  Flowers  terminal. 

V.  Mexicana,  Griseb.  Stem  simple  ;  scales  opposite  ;  cymes  few- 
flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute ;  corolla  small,  the  lobes  shorter  than 
the  tube;  seeds  tailed. — Keys  of  South  Florida  (GVtfs*).  — Stem  4' -6' 
high.  Corolla  3" -4"  long. 


ORDER  APOCYNACE^E. 

ECHITES,    P.  Browne. 

E.  paludosa,  Vahl.  Smooth,  twining  or  floating;  leaves  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, thick,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  1-3-flowered  ; 
calyx-lobes  oblong,  acute;  corolla  large  (2' -3'  long),  funnel-shaped,  white; 
follicles  fusiform;  seeds  linear,  plumose.  —  Muddy  islets  of  the  Caloosa 
River,  South  Florida.  October.  —  Stem  long.  Leaves  3' -4'  long. 

E.  Sagraei,  A.DC.  Smooth,  erect,  very  leafy;  leaves  varying  from 
oval  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rigid,  the  margins  revolute ;  peduncles  much 
longer  than  the  leaves,  racemosely  several-flowered,  the  long  pedicels  single 
or  by  pairs ;  calyx-lobes  acuminate ;  corolla  yellow,  bell-shaped,  with  spread- 
ing lobes  ;  anthers  obtuse ;  seeds  plumose.  —  Rocky  places,  Miami,  South 
Florida  (Garber).  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  and  corolla  1'  long. 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.  643 


OEDEK  ASCLEPIADACE.E. 

ASCLEPIAS,   L. 

A.  Curtissii,  Gray.  Stem  puberulous  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  smooth, 
•oval,  acuminate  or  obtuse  (!£'  long) ;  umbel  solitary,  terminal,  short-pedun- 
cled,  loosely  few-flowered ;  flowers  yellowish-green;  pedicels  twice  as  long; 
leaves  of  the  crown  somewhat  hastate-lanceolate,  erect,  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  the  gynostegium  and  the  incurved  horn ;  anther-wings  very  broad ; 
column  short.  —  Eastern  part  of  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 


ENSLENIA,    Nutt. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-parted :  crown  inserted  on  the 
"base  of  the  gynostegium,  5-leaved,  each  leaf  deeply  cleft,  with  the  lobes 
prolonged  into  a  slender  flexuous  point.  Stigma  subconical.  Follicle  fusi- 
form. Seeds  comose,  flat.  —  A  perennial  twining  vine,  with  opposite  cordate- 
ovate  acuminate  leaves,  and  small  white  fragrant  flowers  in  axillary  umbels 
or  corymbs. 

E.  albida,  Nutt.  —  River-banks,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  northward. 
July. 

GONOLOBUS,    Michx. 

G.  hirsutus,  Michx.  Pubescent  and  hirsute;  leaves  ovate,  cordate, 
acuminate;  peduncle  of  the  6-8-flowered  umbel  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  petiole ;  corolla  dark  purple,  ovate  in  the  bud,  the  oval  or  oblong  lobes 
smooth  within;  margins  of  the  crown  10-crenate;  "follicle  muricate."  — 
Woods,  Florida,  and  northward. 

G.  obliquus,  R.  Br.  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  short-acuminate,  or  mucro- 
nate-pointed ;  umbel  simple  or  compound,  long-peduncled;  corolla  crimson 
purple,  long-conical  in  the  bud,  the  linear  lobes  smoothish  within ;  margins 
of  the  crown  10-crenate ;  follicle  terete,  muricate.  —  Banks  of  the  Coosa 
River,  North  Georgia,  and  northward.  July. 

G.  Carolinensis,  R.  Br.  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate ;  peduncle  rather 
longer  than  the  petiole;  corolla  brownish  purple,  oblong  in  the  bud,  the 
oblong  lobes  smooth  within;  crown  obtusely  5-lobed,  and  with  a  longer 
bifid  process  in  the  sinuses.  —  South  Carolina,  and  westward. 

G.  Baldwinianus,  Sweet.  Stem  and  cordate  leaves  pubescent  and 
hairy;  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles;  umbel  simple  or  com- 
pound ;  flowers  oblong-oval  in  the  bud,  white,  the  lobes  somewhat  spatulate; 
crown  5-crenate,  with  a  pair  of  subulate  processes  in  the  sinuses.  —  Calca- 
reous soil,  Florida  and  Alabama. 


644  AMARANTACE^E. 

G.  suberosus,  R.  Br.  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  minutely  pubescent 
orsmoothish;  umbels  3-9-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  corolla 
broadly  conical  in  the  bud,  twisted,  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  dusky, 
minutely  pubescent  within,  but  sometimes  smooth,  hardly  double  the  length 
of  the  calyx-lobes ;  crown  10-crenate  ( Gray}.  —  Near  the  coast,  Virginia  to 
Florida  (Gray). 

OKDER   OLEACE^E. 

FORESTIERA,  Poir. 

F.  pubescens,  Nutt.  Leaves  pubescent;  drupe  shcrt-pedicelled,  with 
the  nut  striate ;  otherwise  like  F.  liyustrina.  —  Florida,  and  westward. 


OKDER  ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. 

ARISTOLOCHIA,    Tourn. 

A.  pentandra,  L.  Perennial,  herbaceous,  smoothish;  stem  prostrate 
or  twining  (2°  -  3°  long) ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate ;  flowers  axillary ;  limb  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  acuminate,  deep  green,  much  longer  than  the  5-angled 
tube;  stamens  5.  —  Miami,  South  Florida  (Garber). 


ORDER  NYCTAGINACE^E. 
OXYBAPHUS,   Vahl. 

O.  nyctagineus,  Sweet.  Stem  smoothish,  4-angled,  forking ;  leaves 
petioled,  deltoid-ovate  ;  flowers  clustered,  terminal ;  involucre  3  -  5-flowered, 
becoming  large  and  veiny.  —  West  Tennessee,  and  westward.  July  and 
August.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

PISONIA,    Plum. 

P.  rotundata,  Griseb.  Spineless  ;  leaves  obovate,  rounded  at  the  base, 
short-petioled  (!'  long) ;  cymes  divaricate,  sessile  or  short-peduncled ;  flowers 
clustered;  sterile  calyx  5-toothed,  the  fertile  one  clavate-oblong,  obtuse- 
angled,  glandular  above  the  middle,  the  glands  stipitate.  —  Keys  of  South 
Florida  (Curtiss). 

ORDER  AMAKANTACE^E. 

ACNIDA,    Mitchel. 

A.  Floridana,  Watson.  Stem  branching  from  the  base,  erect  or  as- 
cending ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  clusters  along  the  upper  part  of  the 
stem,  the  fertile  ones  often  in  distant  heads ;  utricle  thin,  rugulose,  indehis- 


CALLITRICHACEJ3.  645 

cent,  as  long  as  the  cuspidate  bracts ;  stigmas  slender,  hairy.  —  Sandy  coast 
of  South  Florida.  August  to  October.  —  Stems  3° -5°  long. 

A.  rusocarpa,  Michx.  Stem  tall ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ; 
fertile  flowers  crowded  in  a  continuous  spike  ;  utricle  fleshy,  more  than  twice 
as  long  as  the  bracts,  the  angles  often  punctate-rugose ;  stigma  rather  short, 
slender-subulate.  —  Salt  marshes,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Stem  3°  -  6° 
high. 

A.  cannabina,  L.  Stem  and  leaves  as  in  the  preceding  :  fertile  spikes 
less  densely  flowered;  utricle  less  fleshy,  smooth,  sharply  angled,  much 
longer  than  the  linear- subulate  bracts;  stigma  very  long  and  hairy. — 
Brackish  marshes  and  river-banks,  Georgia,  and  northward. 


ORDER  POLYGONACE^E. 

POLYGONTTM,    L. 

P.  Hydropiper,  L.  (COMMON  SMAKTWEED.)  Annual,  smooth ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  punctate,  acrid ;  spikes  slender,  interrupted,  nodding ;  flowers 
greenish ;  stamens  6 ;  style  2  -  3-parted ;  achenium  flat  or  triangular.  —  Road- 
sides, Northern  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 


ORDER  PIPERACE^E. 

Chiefly  like  Saururaceae,  but  with  a  simple  one-celled  ovary  containing  a 
single  erect  ovule.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs. 

PEPEBOMIA,    Ruiz&Pavon. 

Bracts  free.  Flowers  hermaphrodite.  Stamens  2,  lateral;  anthers  2- 
valvecl,  extrorse.  Stigma  solitary. 

P.  magnolise folia,  C.  DC.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  rigid,  petioled, 
obovate,  pellucid-punctate ;  spikes  terminal,  densely  flowered,  longer  than 
the  leaves  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petiole  ;  bracts  rounded,  peltate.  —  East 
Florida  (Garber).  —  Leaves  IJ-'-S'long. 

P.  leptostachya.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  very  thin,  smaller  (!'  or 
less  long),  3-nerved ;  spikes  very  slender,  rather  loosely  flowered;  otherwise 
much  like  the  preceding.  (Piper  leptostachy on,  Nutt.)  —  Islands  at  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  John's  ( Curtiss). 


ORDER   CALLITRICHACE^. 
CALLITRICHE,    L. 

C.  peploides,  Nutt.     Annual ;  stems  creeping ;  leaves  uniform,  obovate 
or  spatulate ;  fruit  nearly  sessile,  circular,  notched  at  the  apex,  the  sides 


646  EUPHORBIACEJS. 

gibbous,  grooved  around  the  wingless  margin,  as  long  as  the  widely  spread- 
ing stigmas.  — Florida  and  westward,  on  damp  earth.  February  and  March. 
C.  Austinii,  Engelm.  Smaller  (!'  or  less  long) ;  fruit  short-pediceHed, 
flattened,  wider  than  long,  notched  at  both  ends,  with  narrow  denticulate 
wings,  longer  than  the  spreading  stigmas  ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  — 
Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  northward.  April. 


ORDER  EUPHORBIACE^E. 

EUPHORBIA,    L. 

E.  mercurialina,  Michx.  Perennial,  s.mooth;  stem  erect,  simple  or 
branching ;  leaves  opposite,  or  three  in  a  whorl,  thin,  oval,  obtuse,  entire, 
nearly  sessile ;  flowers  single,  terminal,  or  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  the  seta- 
ceous pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  lobes  of  the  involucre  bifid, 
the  glands  broadly  margined  with  white  (fruit  not  seen).  —  Crevices  of  rocks 
on  Lookout  Mountain,  Tennessee.  April.  —  Stem  4' -6'  high.  Lea  vest- 
s'' long. 

E.  tetrapora,  Engelm.  Stem  erect,  umbellately  branched  ;  leaves 
wedge-shaped,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  the  upper  ones  roundish  ;  glands  2- 
horiTed ;  capsule  smooth,  obtuse-angled  ;  inner  face  of  the  seed  only  4-pitted. 
—  Georgia,  and  westward. 

E.  dictyosperma,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Smooth  ;  stem  umbellately 
branched,  slender,  the  branches  forking ;  leaves  spatulate-obovate,  serrulate 
near  the  apex,  of  the  branches  cordate  ;  glands  round ;  capsule  warty  ;  seeds 
reticulate.  (E.  Arkansana,  Engelm.)  —  Alabama  (Buckley),  and  westward.  — 
Stem  8' -12'  high. 

E.  Garberi,  Engelm.  (ined.).  Perennial,  softly  villous  throughout;  stems 
widely  branching;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  oblique,  entire,  short-petioled; 
stipules  ciliate-laciniate ;  flowers  single  in  the  upper  axils ;  glands  narrowly 
margined;  capsule  acutely  angled;  seeds  reddish-brown,  transversely  2- 
ribbed.  —  Sandy  coast,  South  Florida. —  Stem  1°  or  more  long. 

E.  serpens,  H.B.K.  Smooth,  small  (4'-8'  long);  leaves  round-ovate, 
entire  (•£"  -  2"  long) ;  stipules  triangular,  toothed  ;  peduncles  single  ;  append- 
ages of  the  gland  minute  or  none;  capsule  smooth,  acutely  angled  ;  seeds 
smooth  and  even,  obtusely  4-angled.  (E.  herniarioides,  Nutt.)  —  South 
Florida,  Mississippi,  and  westward. 

E.  ainmannioides,  H.B.K.  Smooth  throughout ;  stems  long  (2° -3°), 
filiform,  prostrate,  alternately  branched ;  leaves  oblong  (2" -3"  long),  entire  ; 
rounded  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  short-petioled ;  stipules  2-parted ;  flowers 
single,  terminal,  and  in  the  forks  of  the  branches  ;  glands  margined  with 
white;  capsule  obtusely  triangular;  seeds  ovate,  obscurely  triangular,  smooth 
and  even.  —  Roberts's  Key  in  Caximbas  Bay,  South  Florida. 

E.  humistrata,  Engelm.  Prostrate,  pubescent ;  leaves  elliptical  or 
obovate,  oblique  at  the  base,  serrulate  near  the  apex  (4" -9"  long) ;  stipules 


EUPHORBIACE^E.  647 

fimbriate;  flowers  in  dense  lateral  clusters;  involucre  cleft  on  the  back; 
appendages  of  the  gland  red  or  white,  truncate  or  crenate;  capsule  acutely 
3-angled ;  seeds  ovate,  obtusely  angled,  minutely  roughened.  —  Rich  soil, 
Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattiager),  and  westward. 

E.  dentata,  Michx.  Annual,  erect  (1°  high),  irregularly  branching  ; 
leaves  distant,  petioled,  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  coarsely  toothed,  the 
lower  ones  alternate,  the  uppermost  ones  opposite ;  involucres  nearly  sessile, 
with  five  toothed  lobes,  and  mostly  a  single  stalked  gland ;  seeds  nearly  glob- 
ular, slightly  tubercled. —  Rich  soil,  Tennessee,  and  northward.  July- 
September. 

E.  deltoidea,  Engelm.  (ined.).  Small,  perennial;  stems  (2' -4'  long); 
diffuse,  glabrous;  leaves  (1^"  long  or  less)  petioled,  obliquely  deltoid,  cor- 
date, or  reniform,  sprinkled  with  short  hairs,  the  margins  narrowly  revolute ; 
stipules  minute,  entire;  involucre  single,  terminal  (always?)  turbinate,  ped- 
icelled,  with  downy  lobes,  and  transversely  oblong  glands  without  append- 
ages ;  styles  very  short ;  capsule  (immature)  acutely  3-augled,  glabrous.  — 
—  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 

E.  prostrata,  Ait.  Prostrate,  more  or  less  pubescent  (4'-6'  long) ;  leaves 
oval,  slightly  serrulate,  smooth  above  (2" -3"  long) ;  flowers  in  lateral  clus- 
ters ;  involucre  top-shaped ;  appendages  narrow  ;  capsule  long-ciliate  on  the 
angles  ;  seeds  4-angled,  strongly  rugose.  —  Waste  places,  Florida,  and  west- 
ward. 

E.  adenoptera,  Bertolini.  Prostrate ;  stems  shortly  villous ;  leaves 
obliquely  oblong,  denticulate ;  stipules  subulate,  ciliate ;  involucre  top- 
shaped,  hirsute,  deeply  cleft  without,  the  ciliate  lobes  lanceolate ;  append- 
ages rosy ;  capsule  hirsute,  acute-angled  ,  seeds  oblong,  4-angled,  trans- 
versely furrowed.  —  South  Florida  (Curtiss) 


ACALYPHA,   L. 

A.  Lindheimeri,  Muller.  Stem  (1°  high)  branching,  hirsute;  leave* 
rhombic-ovate,  serrate,  short-petioled  (!'  long)  ;  spikes  very  slender;  bracts- 
of  the  numerous  pistillate  flowers  ovate,  deeply  5-7-toothed,  1-2-flowered  ; 
ovary  hirsute  ;  styles  long,  setaceously  4-6-cleft ;  seeds  minutely  pitted. — 

Key  West  (Riddell  in  Herb.  Mohr). 


MERCURIALIS,    Tourn. 

Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous,  in  axillary  spikes  or  clusters.  Calyx  3-parted. 
Stamens  8-20,  distinct.  Styles  2,  simple,  united  at  base.  Capsule  2-celled. 
2-seeded. 

M.  annua,  L.  Smooth,  branching  (1°  high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
crenate-toothed ;  sterile  spike  longer  than  the  leaves ;  fertile  flowers  clus- 
tered ;  capsule  hispid.  —  Waste  places,  sparingly  naturalized. 


648  EUPHORBIACE^E. 

TBAGIA,    Plum. 

T.  macrocarpa,  Willd.  Hirsute;  stem  twining  (2° -4°  long);  leaves 
ample,  thin,  cordate,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  long-petioled ;  racemes 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  capsule  large.  —  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

CROTON,    L. 

C.  Texensis,  Miiller.  Annual,  dioecious,  stellate-tomentose;  stem  di- 
chotomous  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled ;  sterile  racemes 
short;  petals  none  ;  fertile  flowers  axillary,  solitary  ;  stigmas  18-24  ;  capsule 
nearly  globose,  covered  with  tufts  of  deciduous  down;  seed  biconvex. — 
Alabama  (Mohr),  and  westward. 

C.  capitatus,  Michx.  Annual,  monoecious,  woolly ;  stem  umbellately 
branched ;  leaves  long-petioled,  lance-oblong,  rounded  at  the  base ;  sterile 
flowers  numerous,  the  petals  fimbriate ;  fertile  flowers  crowded ;  calyx  7  - 10- 
parted,  with  the  lobes  obtuse;  seed  smooth.  —  Georgia,  along  railroads,  and 
westward.  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high. 

C.  humilis,  L.  Low  (1°  high),  shrubby,  stellate-tomentose ;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate;  racemes  densely  10-15-flowered  ;  calyx 
woolly,  5-parted;  petals  of  the  sterile  flower  oblong;  stamens  20-30;  petals 
of  the  fertile  flower  narrow-linear ;  styles  twice  2-parted ;  capsule  downy. 
(C.  Berlandieri,  Torr. )—  Florida  (Cabanis). 

C.  linearis,  Jacq.  Shrubby,  canescent-tomentose,  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious; stem  slender,  branching  (3° -4°  high);  leaves  short-petioled,  linear- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  sterile  racemes  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves,  minutely 
many-flowered,  the  fertile  ones  short,  few-flowered ;  styles  2-parted  ;  capsule 
roundish.  —  Miami,  South  Florida  (Garber). 

C.  Alabamensis,  E.  A.  Smith  (ined.).  Stem  tall,  woody,  much 
"branched  ;  leaves  thin,  short-petioled,  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse, 
smooth  or  nearly  so  above,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  branchlets  and  ra- 
cemes, coated  with  silvery  scales ;  racemes  often  unisexual,  few-  or  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  5,  acute  •  petals  of  both  sexes  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  calyx,  woolly-margined  ;  stamens  20  or  more;  styles  simple,  truncate  or 
emarginate;  capsule  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  glabrous.  —  Central 
Alabama,  flowering  throughout  the  year.  —  Stem  6°  - 10°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  3' 
long. 

C.  Betulinus,  Vahl.  Stellate-tomentose  ;  stem  low  (1°-1£°  high),  with 
slender  branches ;  leaves  small  (!'  or  less  long),  triangular-ovate,  truncate 
at  the  base,  coarsely  toothed,  rough  above,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole  ; 
racemes  bisexual ;  stamens  10-11;  styles  twice  2-cleft;  capsule  subglobose. 
—  Rocky  pine  woods,  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 

JATROPHA,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sepals  5,  mostly  united.  Petals  5,  or  none.  Glands 
of  the  disk  5,  opposite  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  monadelphous.  Styles  3 


SALICACE^E.  649 

or  4,  2  -  3-cleft,  capsule  2  -  4-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.    Leaves  mostly  pal- 
mately  lobed. 

J.  gossypiifolia,  L.  Shrubby  (2°  high);  leaves  roundish,  3-5-lobed, 
serrate,  the  petiole  bristly,  glandular;  bracts  and  calyx  bristly -ciliate ;  petals 
5,  dark  red.  —  Key  West  (Curtiss),  introduced. 


ORDER  ULMACE^E. 
ULMUS,    L. 

U.  racemosa,  Thomas.  Branches  often  corky ;  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
smooth  above,  downy  beneath ;  racemes  slender ;  fruit  large.  —  River-banks, 
Tennessee,  and  northward. 

TKEMA,   Lour. 

Chiefly  like  Celtis,  but  with  fleshy  albumen,  and  thick  narrow  incurved 
cotyledons.  —  Trees  or  shrubs. 

T.  micrantha,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Shrub  very  leafy  (10° -15°  high),  the 
branchlets,  &c.  canescent;  leaves  (1'long)  rigid,  oval,  serrate;  flowers  mi- 
nute, in  dense  axillary  cymose  clusters ;  drupe  small,  yellow,  globose. 
(Celtis  pallida,  Torr. )  —  Shell-mounds  in  Lastero  Bay, -South  Florida  ( Garber). 

ORDER  CUPULIFER^. 
QTJERCUS,   L. 

Q.  palustris,  Du  Roi.  (PiN  OAK.)  Leaves  long-petioled,  oval,  trun- 
cate or  abruptly  acute  at  base,  with  broad  and  rounded  sinuses,  and  5-7 
sparingly-toothed  lobes,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  cup  shallow,  with  appressed 
scales,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  nearly  globular  nut.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia, 
and  northward.  —  A  middle-sized  tree.  Nut  $'  long. 


ORDER  SALICACEJE. 
SALIX,    Tourn. 

S.  fragilis,  L.  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate, 
white  silky  when  young,  glaucous  beneath  ;  aments  long,  cylindrical ;  bracts 
hairy  ;  stamens  mostly  2  ;  capsule  short-pedicelled.  —  Tennessee,  and  north- 
ward. —  A  small  tree. 

POPULUS,    Tourn. 

P.  monilifera,  Ait.     Branchlets  obtusely  angular  ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate  (3' -IT)'  long);  fertile  aments  long  and  slender;  stigma 
large,  toothed  ;  capsule  oblong-ovate.    (P.  Canadensis,  Michx.    P.  kevigata, 
Willd.)  — River-banks,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  A  large  tree. 
55 


650  PALMJ3. 


ORDER   CASUABINACE^. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  leafless  jointed  furrowed  branches,  like  Equisetum. 
Flowers  in  spikes,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  staminate  ones  in  whorls  at 
the  joints,  monandrous,  4-bracted,  the  pistillate  flowers  capitate,  without 
floral  envelopes.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  1-2  orthotropous  ovules,  forming  in 
fruit  a  winged  achenium.  Styles  2.  Albumen  none.  Radicle  superior. 

CASUARINA,    Humph. 

Characters  of  the  Order. 

C.  equisetifolia,  Forst.  Branches  filiform,  simple;  furrows  6-8; 
teeth  of  the  sheaths,  as  many,  keeled  on  the  back ;  staminate  spike  terminal, 
the  pistillate  lateral,  short-peduncled.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 


ORDER   CONIFERS. 
PINUS,    Tourn. 

P.  Elliottii,  Engelm.  Leaves  2  -  3  in  a  sheath,  7'  - 12'  long ;  bracts  long- 
fringed  ;  male  aments  purple,  female  aments  peduncled,  two  or  more  together ; 
cones  recurved,  oval  or  cylindric-conical  (3'-6'  long) ;  wings  4-5  times  longer 
than  the  seed.  (P.  taeda,  var.,  Ell.)  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina. A  large  tree. 

P.  inops,  var.  clausa,  Engelm.  Leaves  longer  and  finer  ;  cones  nearly 
sessile,  spreading  or  reflexed,  mostly  persistent  for  years ;  bracts  8  or  9 ; 
cotyledons  mostly  4.  — Barren  sandy  ridges  near  the  coast,  Florida.  — Tree 
IQO  _  4Qo  high.  Wood  valueless. 

ABIES,    Tourn. 

A.  Caroliniana,  Engelm.  (as  Tsuga).  Leaves  larger  than  in  A.  Cana- 
densis,  6" -8"  long,  deeper  green  and  more  glossy,  notched  at  the  tip  ;  cones 
larger  (12" -14"  long),  the  oblong  scales  widely  spreading  at  maturity. — 
Mountains  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  on  dry  hills.  — A  small  tree. 

JUNIPERUS,    L. 

J.  COmmunis,  L.  (COMMON  JUNIPER.)  Shrubby,  widely  spreading; 
leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  spreading,  linear-lanceolate,  white  on  the  upper  surface, 
the  margins  involute;  drupes  large.  —  Aiken,  South  Carolina  (Ravenel),  and 
northward. 

ORDER   PALMJE. 
OREODOXA,    Willd, 

Flowers  monoecious,  sessile,  bracted.  Sepals  3,  imbricated,  at  length 
united.  Petals  3,  valvate.  Stamens  6,  9,  or  12.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  six 


PALMJE.  651 

united  rudimentary  stamens  at  the  base.  Stigmas  3,  sessile.  Drupe  baccate. 
Embryo  at  the  base  of  horny  albumen.  —  Tall  Palms,  with  long  pectinate- 
pinnate  long-sheathing  leaves.  Spadix  enclosed  in  the  2-leaved  spathe. 

O.  regia,  H.B.K.  (ROYAL  PALM.)  Stem  60° - 100°  high ;  leaves  10°- 
15°  long,  the  narrowly  lanceolate  divisions  acuminate,  1°  long;  drupe  ob- 
long, dark  blue.  —  On  Roger's  River,  east  of  Caximbas  Bay,  and  sparingly 
near  the  mouth  of  Little  River,  South  Florida  ( Garber). 

SABAL,   Adanson. 

S.  Adansoni,  Guerns.  var.  ?  megacarpa.  Leaves  grayish  green,  the 
divisions  parted  nearly  to  the  sinuses  ;  spadix  (2°  long)  ascending,  prostrate 
in  fruit ;  drupe  (£'  in  diameter)  globose,  black ;  flowers  unknown.  —  Dry 
rocky  pine  woods,  Miami,  South  Florida  ( Garber). 

THRINAX,   L.  f. 

Stamens  6-12,  connate  at  the  base:  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovuled.  Style  dilated  upwards.  Stigma  concave.  —  Otherwise  like 
Sabal. 

T.  parviflora,  Swartz.  Stem  tall  (10° -30°  high),  smoothish  ;  leaves  fan- 
shaped,  soon  smooth,  the  numerous  lanceolate  divisions  tapering  to  the  deeply 
cleft  apex,  the  lower  third  connate ;  ligule  triangular,  acute ;  spadix  panicu- 
late, nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the  branches  bracted  ;  flowers  very  small ; 
drupe  globose.  —  Coast  and  Keys  of  South  Florida. 

T.  argentea,  Loddiges.  Stem  rather  low  (12°-15°  high);  leaves 
shorter  than  their  petiole,  silvery-sericeous  beneath  ;  divisions  united  at 
the  base ;  ligule  semi-lunar ;  spadix  sparingly  branched ;  drupe  small.  —  Keys 
of  South  Florida  ( Curtiss).  —  Leaves  1£° - 2°  long.  Spadix  1°  long. 

T.  Garberi,  Chapm.  Stem  very  short ;  leaves  smooth,  parted  nearly  to 
the  base  into  several  strap-shaped  entire  divisions,  sparingly  filamentous  ; 
ligule  rounded;  spadix  very  small  (6' -8'  high),  bractless ;  stamens  6-10; 
drupe  globose,  deep  purple.  —  Rocky  pine  woods,  Miami,  South  Florida 
(Garber). 

COCOS,   L. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sepals  and  petals  3.  Stamens  of  the  sterile  flower 
6,  the  filaments  subulate.  Sepals  and  petals  of  the  fertile  flower  roundish. 
Ovary  1-celled.  Stigmas  3.  Nut  bony,  with  8  pores  at  the  base,  enclosed 
in  a  thick  fibrous  husk.  Albumen  hard  or  fleshy,  hollow.  Embryo  basal.  — 
Tall  palms,  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  greenish  or  yellowish  flowers. 

C.  nucifera,  L.  (CocoA.)  Stem  40°- 60°  high  ;  leaves  very  long,  the 
divisions  narrowly  lanceolate ;  spathe  deeply  grooved  ;  spadix  long,  branch- 
ing ;  nut  very  large,  ovate.  —  South  Florida.  Introduced. 


652  ORCHIDACE^E. 

ORDER  NAIADACE^E. 

NAIAS,    L. 

N.  major,  All.  Stem  muricate  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  serrate-dentate, 
with  muricaie  teetli,  the  sheaths  entire  ;  flowers  dioecious ;  anthers  4-valvecl  ; 
style  very  short;  stigmas  3;  achenium  elliptical,  obscurely  reticulate. — 
South  Florida. 

HALOPHILA,    Thouars. 

Flowers  dioecious,  axillary,  solitary.  Perianth  2-leaved.  Stamens  3,  mon- 
adelphous  ;  anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  numerous  parietal  ovules. 
Style  long,  filiform  ;  stigmas  3-5,  penicillate.  Capsule  indehiscent.  Seeds 
globular.  Embryo  in  copious  albumen.  —  Marine  herbs,  with  creeping  stems, 
and  opposite  pellucid  stipulate  leaves. 

H.  Engelmannii,  Ascherson.  Stem  filiform,  much  branched  ;  leaves, 
seemingly  whorled  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  linear-oblong,  3-nerved, 
sharply  serrulate  (!'  or  less  long);  flowers  and  fruit  unknown.  —  Muddy 
coves  along  the  west  coast  of  Florida. 

POTAMOGETON,    Tourr. 

P.  amplifolius,  Tuck.  Stem  simple ;  leaves  large,  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  acutish,  long-petioled  ;  the  submerged  ones  lanceolate,  undulate; 
stipules  very  long,  pointed  ;  peduncles  stout,  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  bluntly 
keeled.  —  Ponds  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 

P.  pulcher,  Tuck.  Closely  resembles  the  preceding,  but  the  stipules 
short  and  obtuse,  and  the  fruit  sharply  3  keeled  on  the  back  when  dry.  — 
Georgia  (Leconte). 

ORDER   ORCHIDACE^E. 
EPIDENDRUM,    L. 

E.  COChleatum,  L.  Stem  tuber-like,  ovate-lanceolate,  2-edged,  scaly, 
2-leaved  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  few-flowered  scape  ; 
flowers  racemose,  short-bracted  ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish,  broadly  linear, 
recurved ;  lip  much  shorter,  purple,  entire,  cordate-roundish,  cochleate,  acute, 
2-callous  at  the  base.  —  South  Florida  (  Garber).  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  1' 
wide.  Flowers  1'  -  !£'  long. 

E.  umbellatum,  Swartz.  Stem  leafy;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  (2' -3' 
long)  ;  flowers  umbellate,  greenish  ;  bracts  ovate ;  sepals  oblong ;  petals  lin- 
ear ;  lip  reniform-roundish,  obscurely  3-lobed,  veiny,  2-callous  at  the  base  ; 
column  denticulate.  —  Miami,  South  Florida  (Garber).  —  Stem  & -12'  high. 
Flowers  6" -8"  long. 

E.  nocturnum,  L.  Stem  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse  ;  flowers 
1-2,  terminal,  white  or  yellowish,  long-peduncled  ;  petals  large,  linear,  acu- 


ORCHIDACE^E.  653 

minate ;  lip  3-cleft,  the  lateral  lobes  ovate-oblong,  the  middle  lobe  longer, 
linear-setaceous.  —  With  the  preceding.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  2'-6/ 
long.  Flowers  !£'  -  2£r  long. 

POLYSTACHYA,   Hook. 

Two  upper  sepals  broad,  gibbous,  connivent.  Petals  small.  Lip  jointed, 
sessile,  3-Iobed.  Anthers  lid-like,  free.  Pollen-masses  4,  hemispherical,  waxy. 
—  Epiphytes.  Stem  leafy  near  the  base.  Flowers  small,  in  simple  or 
compound  racemes. 

P.  luteola,  Hook.  Stem  (l°-2°  high)  tuberous  at  base,  longer  than  the 
few  lance-oblong  rigid  leaves ;  raceme  compound ;  flowers  greenish  yellow ; 
the  lip  obovate,  oblong,  downy  within,  the  lateral  lobes  small,  the  middle 
one  broad  and  recurved.  —  On  various  trees,  South  Florida. 

DENDROPHYLAX,    Reichenbach,  f. 

Sepals  and  petals  spreading.  Lip  erect,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  small 
angular,  the  middle  one  with  2  widely  spreading  lobes.  Spur  very  long, 
filiform.  Column  short.  Pollen-masses  2.  —  Epiphytes.  Scape  leafless,  in 
ours  bearing  a  single  large  white  flower. 

D.  Lindenii,  Reichenbach,  f.  Scape  filiform  (3' -4' long);  sepals  and 
petals  lanceolate  ;  segments  of  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lip  lanceolate  curved, 
attenuate ;  capsule  stipitate,  oval,  smooth.  —  On  Oreodoxa  regia,  South 
Florida  (Curtis). 

VANILLA,    Swartz. 

Lip  adnate  to  the  column,  convolute;  perianth  jointed  at  the  base,  spread- 
ing. Column  naked.  Pollen-masses  2.  —  Stem  climbing  by  rootlets.  Leaves 
jointed  at  the  base.  Flowers  large,  in  axillary  racemes.  Capsule  pulpy 
within. 

V.  planifolia,  Andr.  Stem  cylindrical ;  leaves  fleshy,  oblong,  acute, 
contracted  at  the  base  (5'  -7'  long);  bracts  leafy;  flowers  (2'  long)  green, 
the  sepals  and  petals  lance-oblong ;  lip  serrate  at  the  apex,  thickened  below, 
slightly  crested  in  the  middle;  capsule  cylindrical  (6'  long).  —  Borders  of  the 

Everglades  ( Curtiss). 

CYRTOPODIUM,    R.  Br. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  spreading.  Lip  clawed,  continuous  with  the  base 
of  the  column,  incurved,  3-lobed.  Pollen-masses  2,  the  short  stalk  linear. 
Gland  ovate.  —  Terrestrial.  Scape  sheathed,  separate  from  the  leaves. 
Flowers  racemose  or  panicled. 

C.  punctatum,  Lindl.     Scape  tall ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  strongly 
3-ribbed  (!£'  wide) ;  flowers  in  a  simple  panicle  (6" -8"  long) ;  bracts  leafy, 
lanceolate,  undulate,  spreading ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish  white,  spotted ; 
middle  lobe  of  the  lip  emarginate.  —  Miami,  South  Florida  (Garber). 
55* 


654  AMARYLLIDACE.E. 

C.  Woodfordii,  Lindl.  ?  Scape  more  slender  (2° -3°  high);  leaves, 
rigid,  linear-lanceolate  (1°  long);  racemes  rather  closely  flowered  (2' -4' 
long);  flowers  small,  shorter  than  the  linear  bracts;  sepals  and  petals 
green;  lip  crestless,  the  middle  lobe  cuneate-oblong ;  capsule  erect.  (Bletia 
verecunda,  1st  edit,  in  part.)  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida. 

HABENARIA,    Willd. 

H.  Garberi,  Porter.  Root  a  globular  tuber;  stem  erect  (1°  or  more 
high)  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  widely  spreading  ;  spike  loosely  many- 
flowered  ;  perianth  greenish  yellow,  lateral  sepals  broadly  ovate ;  petals 
unequally  2-parted,  the  upper  lobe  wedge-shaped,  truncate ;  the  lower  fili- 
form;  lip  linear,  obtuse,  entire;  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary.  — Damp  shady 
woods;  Manatee,  South  Florida  (Garber). 

H.  distans,  Griseb.  Stem  leafy  at  base  (1°  high) ;  leaves  elliptical- 
oblong,  acute  (4' -6'  long) ;.  racemes  few-flowered  ;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate, 
shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  flowers  distant  (4"  long) ;  petals  2-parted,  the  upper 
lobe  oblong,  the  lower  linear ;  lip  3-parted,  the  segments  linear,  spreading ; 
spur  as  long  as  the  ovary.  —  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 

SPIRANTHES,    Richard. 

S.  simplex,  Gray.  Root  a  single  tuber:  stem  short  (6'  high),  with 
withered  leaves  at  the  base ;  spike  not  twisted ;  flowers  very  small,  white, 
the  lip  obovate-oblong,  crenulate,  with  slender  prominences  at  the  base. — 
Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinqer),  and  northward. 


ORDER  AMARYLLIDACE^]. 
AMARYLLIS,    L. 

A.  (Zephyranthes)  Treatise,  Watson.  Bulb  small ;  leaves  very  nar- 
row (!£"  wide),  thick,  semiterete  with  rounded  margins,  not  shining;  scape 
4'  - 127  high  ;  flowers  3'  long,  white,  the  segments  rather  obtuse ;  capsule 
broader  than  long,  its  peduncle  3" -9"  long.  —  Low  ground,  East  Florida 
(Mrs.  Mary  Treat).  April  and  May. 

HYMENOCALLIS,    Salisb.     (PANCRATIUM,  1st  edit.) 

H.  Caribsea,  Herb.  Bulb  large,  with  short  runners ;  leaves  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, erect-spreading  (l£°-2°  long);  scape  many-flowered;  tube  of  the 
perianth  (5'  long)  usually  longer  than  the  recurved  white  divisions ;  crown 
short-funnel-shaped,  entire,  or  with  few  teeth  between  the  filaments. — 
Sandy  coast  of  South  Florida.  July. 

H.  crassiflora,  Herb.  Bulb  large,  with  runners ;  leaves  erect,  strap- 
shaped  (2°  long) ;  scape  thick,  glaucous,  rather  longer  than  the  leaves, 
2-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  (3' -4'  long)  thick,  shorter  than  the  yellow- 


BROMELIACE^E.  655 

ish-white  broadly  linear  spreading  divisions;  crown  large,  funnel-shaped, 
one  third  as  long  as  the  divisions,  variously  toothed  between  the  filaments. 
—  Wet  pine  barrens,  West  Florida.  May. 

H.  Palmeri,  Watson.  Bulb  small ;  leaves  very  narrow  (3"  wide) ; 
scape  slender  (8' -10'  long),  1-flowered;  tube  of  the  perianth  as  long  as  the 
narrow  divisions ;  crown  tubular-funnel-shaped,  sharply  toothed  between  the 
stamens.  —  Biscayne  Bay,  South  Florida  (Palmer). 

H.  humilis,  Watson.  Bulb  larger ;  leaves  broader ;  scape  1-flowered, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  perianth  greenish,  the  tube  much  shorter  than 
the  narrow  divisions ;  crown  broadly  funnel-shaped  (8"  long),  truncate 
between  the  stamens.  —  Indian  River,  South  Florida  (Palmer). 

AGAVE,   L. 

A.  rigida,  Miller,  var.  Sisalana,  Engelm.  Caulescent;  leaves  (4°-6° 
long)  linear-lanceolate,  unarmed,  the  terminal  spine  not  decurrent ;  scape 
leafy -bracted  (15° -20°  high) ;  panicle  horizontal,  the  clustered  flowers  often 
viviparous  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped  ;  stamens  and  style  exserted.  —  Sandy 
coast  of  South  Florida. 


ORDER  BROMELIACE.E. 

TILLANDSIA,    L. 

T.  Houzeavi,  Morren  (ined.).  Scurfy  (10' -20'  high);  leaves  rather 
tender,  lanceolate-subulate,  concave,  spreading  (8' -12'  long),  the  upper  ones 
passing  into  the  ob!ong  acute  bracts;  stem  mostly  simple;  spikes  linear, 
closely  many -flowered ;  capsule  linear,  thrice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate 
sepals ;  petals  pale  blue.  —  Shady  river-banks,  South  Florida.  October. 

T.  flexuosa,  Swartz.  Scurfy  (l£°-2°  high) ;  leaves  rigid  (1°  long),  very 
broad  and  spirally  imbricated  below  the  middle,  and  crossed  with  lines  of 
gray  and  red,  abruptly  attenuate  above,  the  upper  ones  oblong,  acute ;  stem 
dark  red,  branching,  the  spikes  flexuous,  few-flowered  ;  capsule  twice  the 
length  of  the  bright  red  sepals ;  petals  pale  red.  —  Miami,  South  Florida 
( Garber).  September  -  October. 

CATOPSIS,   Griseb. 

Mostly  like  Tillandsia,  but  the  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  the  stipe  incurved, 
and  dissolved  into  flexuous  hairs  from  the  base,  the  pappus  spreading  from 
the  hilum,  and  the  pendulous  seed  ending  in  a  blunt  coma. 

C.  nutans,  Griseb.  Not  scurfy;  stem  usually  nodding  (2°-3c>  long); 
leaves  thin,  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuate,  pale  (10' -15'  long);  calyx 
ovate,  sessile  on  the  flexuous  branches  of  the  simple  panicle,  longer  than  the 
ovate  bracts ;  sepals  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  enclosing  the  white  spatulate 
petals ;  capsule  ovate.  (Tillandsia,  Swartz.,  Pogospermum,  Brongn.)  —  Miami, 
South  Florida  (Garber),  mostly  on  low  trees. 


656  LILIACE.E. 

ORDER   SMILACE.E. 

SMILAX,    Tourn. 

S.  Havanensis,  Jacq.  Prickly ;  leaves  rigid,  ovate  or  roundisli,  eniar- 
ginate,  5-nerved  (3' -4'  long),  the  margins  prickly.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida 
(Curtiss). 

TRILLIUM,    L. 

T.  recurvatum,  Beck.  Stem  (1°  high)  erect  from  a  horizontal  tuber; 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  contracted  into  a  short  petiole,  faintly  mottled  ; 
petals  purplish  brown,  erect  (!£'  long),  linear-spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate  reflexed  sepals ;  filaments  as  long  as  the  incurved  anthers  and  the 
spreading  stigmas.  —  Rich  valleys  of  the  mountains  of  Georgia.  April. 

Var.  ?  lanceolatum,  Watson.  Leaves  sessile,  more  narrowly  lanceo- 
late ;  sepals  less  strictly  reflexed ;  petals  almost  linear ;  filaments  longer. 
(T.  lanceolatum,  Boykin.)  —  Georgia  and  Alabama. 


ORDER  LILIACE.E. 

POLYGONATUM,    Tourn. 

P.  giganteum,  Dietrich.  Smooth;  stem  tall  (3° -8°  high),  curving ; 
leaves  ovate,  partly  clasping,  many-nerved;  peduncles  3-5-flowered,  the 
lower  ones  half  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  filaments  smooth.  (P.  canaliculatum, 
Pursli.)  —  Rocky  cliffs  of  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. — 
Flowers  -f'  long. 

CAMASSIA,    Lindl. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  6-leaved,  deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  perianth.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  3-angled,  3-celled,  loculicidally 
3-valved,  several-seeded.  —  Scape  from  a  coated  bulb.  Leaves  radical. 
Flowers  racemose,  blue  or  purple. 

C.  Fraseri,  Torr.  (WILD  HYACINTH.)  Leaves  linear;  scape  1°  high; 
raceme  many -flowered ;  flowers  showy,  pale  blue;  cells  of  the  ovary  6-9- 
ovuled.  —  Rich  valleys  of  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  April. 

ALLIUM,    L. 

A.  vineale,  L.  Scape  leafy  at  base  (1°  -2°  high) ;  leaves  terete,  hollow  ; 
umbel  often  bulb-bearing;  alternate  filaments  3-cleft.  —  North  Carolina 
(Curtis).  Introduced. 

SCHCENOLIRION,    Torr. 

S.  Elliottii,  Feay.  Scape  often  sparingly  branched  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  linear,  concave,  the  upper  ones  small  and  distant ;  racemes  loosely 


JUNCACE^E.  657 

many-flowered,  bracts  thick,  subulate,  appressed ;  leaves  of  the  perianth 
oblong-oval,  5-nerved,  whitish  ;  filaments  subulate.  (S.  Michauxii,  1st  edit) 
—  Wet  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.  May  and  June. 

S.  croceum,  Gray.  Scape  simple  (12' -15' high),  leafless;  leaves  dry, 
narrow-linear,  flat,  as  long  as  the  scape;  raceme  3' -4'  long;  bracts  thin  and 
^carious,  oval,  obtuse ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  saffron-yellow,  lance-oblong, 
3-nerved.  (Phalangium  croceum,  Michx.)  —  Low  ground,  Southern  Georgia 
to  Tennessee.  June. 

LILIUM,    L. 

L.  Grayi,  Watson.  Leaves  lanceolate  (2'  or  less  long),  in  whorls  of 
4-8,  not  acuminate;  flowers  often  solitary,  horizontal  (1£'-2|'  long),  the 
segments  oblanceolate,  spreading  but  not  recurved,  deep  reddish  orange, 
purple-spotted.  —  Summit  of  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina  (Gray,  Sj-c.). 

ERYTHRONIUM,    L. 

E.  albidum,  Nutt.  Leaves  not  spotted ;  flowers  bluish  white ;  style 
slender,  the  three  stigmas  distinct,  spreading.  —  Summit  of  Roan  Mountain, 
North  Carolina  ( Canby). 


ORDER   JUNCACE^E. 

LUZULA,    DC. 

L.  Carolinae,  Watson  1  Villous  ;  lowest  leaves  broadly  linear,  as  long 
as  the  stem;  stem-leaves  3,  short  (!'  long),  distant;  umbel  nearly  simple, 
the  setaceous  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  1-flowered  ;  sepals  ovate-lance- 
olnte,  very  acute,  as  long  as  the  ovate-acute  capsule;  seed  not  appendaged. 
—  Shaded  rocks  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  April. 

JUNCUS,    L. 

J.  Gerardi,  Loisel.  Stem  terete  (l°-2°high);  leaves  linear;  panicle 
contracted  ;  flowers  single ;  sepals  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  the  margins  brown, 
rather  longer  than  the  oval  light  brown  capsule.  ( J.  bulbosus  of  Authors,  not 
of  L.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward. 

J.  leptocaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  low  (6'- 12'  high),  caespitose,  slen- 
der ;  leaves  flat,  few,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  heads  1-5,  3-6-flowered  ;  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  awn-pointed,  longer  than  the  3  —  6  stamens, 
and  obovate  capsule;  seed  obovate,  apiculate.  —  Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr. 
Gattiiir/er),  and  westward. 

J.  diffusissimus,  Buckley.  Stems  leafy  (i°-;3°  long),  weak;  leaves 
compressed,  knotted ;  panicle  decompound,  widely  spreading,  the  clusters 
•5-7-flowered;  sepals  equal,  lanceolate,  acute;  capsule  (4"  long)  oblong- 
linear,  barely  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  seed  ovoid,  obtuse.  —  New 
Orleans,  Tennessee,  and  westward. 


658  EEIOCAULONACE^E. 

J.  militaris,  Bigel.  Stout  (2° -4°  high),  1-leaved;  heads  panicled,  5- 
10-flowered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  ovate,  taper-beaked,  1- 
celled  capsule ;  stamens  6 ;  seeds  globose-ovate,  abruptly  pointed.  —  In  water, 
Alabama,  and  northward. 

J.  brachycarpus,  Engelm.  Stem  erect  (l°-2°  high),  mostly  2-leaved, 
heads  2-10,  globular,  closely  many -flowered,  pale  green;  sepals  linear-subu- 
late, unequal,  the  outer  ones  longer ;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  1-celled,  shorter 
than  the  sepals  ;  style  very  short.  —  South  Carolina  (Beyrich),  mountains  of 
Georgia  ?,  and  northward. 

J.  asper,  Engelm.  Rigid,  erect  (2° -3°  high);  leaves  terete;  panicle 
erect ;  heads  2  -  6-flowered ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  nerved,  very 
acute,  the  inner  ones  longer,  and  barely  shorter  than  the  beak-pointed  cap- 
sule; seeds  oblong,  finely  ribbed.  — Swamps,  Henderson  County,  North 
Carolina  (Canby),  and  northward. 


ORDER   COMMELYNACE^E. 
TRADESCANTIA,    L. 

T.  Floridana,  Watson.  Stem  (4' -8'  long)  tender,  ascending  from  a 
creeping  base,  branching ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  ciliate  at 
the  base  (f  or  less  long),  the  floral  ones  bract-like;  flowers  very  small  (2"- 
3"  wide),  terminal,  shorter  than  their  pedicels;  sepals  pubescent.  —  Coast 
of  East  Florida  (Curliss). 


ORDER   XYRIDACEJE. 
XYRIS,    L. 

X.  setacea,  n.  sp.  Scape  setaceous  (1°  high)  like  the  terete  leaves, 
these  3'- 5'  long;  spikes  ovoid  (3"  long) ;  lateral  sepals  included,  connivent 
at  the  tips,  the  narrowly  winged  keel  serrulate  above  the  middle.  —  Margins 
of  ponds  near  Mobile  (Mohr). 

ORDER  ERIOCAULONACE^. 
ERIOCAULON,    L. 

E.  septangulare,  Withering.  Leaves  short  (l'-2'  long),  subulate- 
linear,  pellucid;  scape  weak  and  slender;  head  small,  hemispherical,  densely 
white-bearded  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  rounded  ;  bracts  spatulate.  E.  pellu- 
cidum,  Michx.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Southern  Mississippi  (Prof.  Hilgurd). 


CYPERACEJE.  659 

ORDER   CYPEBACE^E. 
CYPERUS,    L. 

C.  ligularis,  L.  (not  of  1st  edit.).  Umbel  many-rayed;  spikes  compact, 
cylindrical,  compound,  pale;  spikelets  short  (2" -3"  long),  spreading,  nearly 
terete,  7-flowered ;  scales  thin,  ovate,  acute,  7-nerved,  twice  the  length  of  the 
obovate  triangular  acute  nut ;  fachis  broadly  winged ;  culms  stout,  nearly 
terete  (2° -3°  high),  glaucous,  like  the  broadly  linear  rough-edged  leaves.  — 
Wet  sandy  places,  Punta  Rassa,  South  Florida.  —  The  C.  ligularis  of  the  1st 
edition  is  C.  brunneus  and  C.  purpurascens,  Vahl. 

C.  dissitiflorus,  Torr.  Umbel  simple,  3- 4-rayed;  spikelets  scattered 
along  the  upper  portion  of  the  slender  rays,  lanceolate,  compressed,  acute, 
6  -  7-flowered ;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  nut  oblong-obovate,  com- 
pressed-triangular; culms  filiform  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  narrow-linear. — 
Mississippi,  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

C.  acuminatus,  Torr.  Spikelets  (whitish)  numerous  in  a  compact  clus- 
ter, oblong,  compressed,  20-30-flowered ;  scales  thin,  keeled,  oblong,  taper- 
ing into  a  spreading  point,  faintly  3-nerved  ;  nut  minute,  narrowly  obovate  ; 
culms  clustered ;  leaves  one  or  two,  very  narrow,  like  the  3-leaved  involucre. 
—  Low  ground,  Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Culms  4' -8'  high. 

C.  Lancastriensis,  T.  C.  Porter.  Culms  triangular  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  rather  broadly  linear;  umbel  6-9-rayed  ;  spikelets  subulate,  numerous 
in  an  oval  or  globular  head,  soon  reflexed,  3-6-flowered ;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, twice  the  length  of  the  linear-oblong  nut ;  rachis  broadly  winged.  — 
Alabama  (Porter),  and  northward.  —  The  spikelets  are  like  those  of  C.  retro- 
fractus,  Torr. 

C.  cylindricus.  Umbel  3-6-rayed,  simple,  erect;  heads  oblong  or 
cylindrical ;  spikelets  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  7  -  9-flowered ;  scales  ob- 
long, 7  — 9-nerved,  pale,  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong  triangular  nut;  rachis 
very  slender,  narrowly  winged;  culms  (l°-2°  high)  triangular,  smooth; 
leaves  broadly  linear,  as  long  as  the  culm.  (Mariscus  cylindricus,  EU.l)  — 
Sandy  Keys  of  Caximbas  Bay,  South  Florida. 

C.  retroversus,  Chapm.  Umbel  simple,  8-rayed  ;  spikes  clavate-obo- 
vate  ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  acute,  reflexed,  2- 3-flowered,  the  lowest  flower 
fertile  ;  scales  oblong,  7-nerved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  oblong  triangular 
nut;  rachis  very  slender,  broadly  winged;  culm  smooth  (2°  high)  ;  leaves 
linear,  involucre  longer  than  the  umbel.  —  Robert's  Key,  Caximbas  Bay, 
South  Florida. 

ELEOCHARIS,    R.  Br. 

E.  compressa,  Sulliv.  Culms  flat,  from  a  creeping  rootstock  (l°-2° 
high) ;  spikes  ovate-oblong,  many-flowered  ;  scales  oblong,  acute,  dark  purple, 
the  margins  white ;  nut  obovate,  compressed,  the  small  tubercle  acute ;  bris- 
tles 1-4,  very  slender,  about  the  length  of  the  nut,  often  wanting.  — Wet 
places,  mountains  of  Georgia,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 


660 


SCIRPUS,   L. 

S.  (Oxycaryum)  Cubensis,  Poepp.  &  Kunth.  Culms  acutely  3  angu- 
lar, leafy  at  base  (8'  -12'  high),  shorter  than  the  leaves  and  the  involucre; 
spikes  obovate,  compressed,  12-flowered,  closely  packed  in  a  terminal  globular 
head;  scales  rigid,  oblong-obovate,  tapering  into  a  stout  spreading  point,  13- 
nerved;  stamens  S;  style  deeply  2-parted  ;  nut  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
concavo-convex  ;  bristles  none.  —  Marshes,  New  Orleans  (Dr.  Hale),  Mobile 
(Mohr). 

TRICHELOSTYLIS,    Lestib. 

T.  miliacea,  Nees.  Culm  weak,  eompressed-4-angled  (6'  -12'  high); 
leaves  ensiform,  straight,  erect  ;  umbel  decompound,  spreading  ;  spikes  small 
(I"  wide)  globular,  the  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  3-nerved  ;  nut  obovate,  roughish. 
—  Bogs  and  ditches,  Apalachicola. 

ISOLEPIS,    R.  Br. 

I.  carinata,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Culms  setaceous,  with  a  single  setaceous  leaf 
at  the  base,  caespitose  ;  spike  solitary,  apparently  lateral,  ovate,  6  -  8-flowered  ; 
scales  ovate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  twice  as  long  as  the  acutely  3-angled 
roughish  nut.  —  New  Orleans  (Dr.  Hale),  and  northward. 

RHYNCHOSPORA,   Vahl 

R.  Stipitata,  n.  sp.  Culms  tall  (3°-  5°  high),  triangular,  bending;  leaves 
linear;  corymbs  4-  5,  compound,  drooping;  spikes  (4"  long)  ovate-lanceo- 
late. the  scales  persistent;  nuts  stipitate,  1-3  in  a  spike,  roundish,  biconvex, 
finely  wrinkled,  twice  as  long  as  the  compressed-conical  tubercle  ;  bristles 
6,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  nut  ;  stamens  3.  —  River-banks,  South 
Florida. 

CLADIUM,    P.  Browne. 

C.  mariscoides,  Torr.  Culms  nearly  terete;  leaves  narrow-linear, 
smoothish  ;  panicles  2-3,  the  few  branches  erect  ;  spikes  3-8  in  a  cluster; 
nut  ovate,  acute,  faintly  wrinkled.  (Schcenus,  Muld.)  —  Grassy  ponds,  West 
Florida,  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

CAREX,    L. 

C.  trisperma,  Dew.  Spikes  very  small,  distant,  mostly  with  3  fertile 
flowers,  the  lowest  one  leafy-bracted  ;  perigynia  oblong,  plano-convex,  acute, 
finely  nerved,  longer  than  the  thin  white  scale  ;  culms  very  slender,  spreading 
or  prostrate,  10'  -20'  long.  —  Cold  shady  swamps,  mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina (Dr.  Gattinfler),  and  northward. 

C-  gynandra,  Schw.  Perigynium  ovate  or  elliptical,  acute,  obscurely 
nerved  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  crowded,  and  as  long  as  the  acute  scale, 
the  lower  ones  scattered,  and  shorter  than  the  awned  scales,  sheaths  re- 
trorsely  scabrous  ;  otherwise  like  C.  crinita.  —  Damp  woods,  Florida  and 
northward. 


GRAMINE^E.  661 

C.  Meadii,  Dew.  Sterile  spike  mostly  long-peduncled,  slender ;  fertile 
spikes  1-3,  oblong  (4"-8"  long),  closely  flowered ;  perigynia  obovate,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  the  entire  orifice,  barely  longer  than  the  oblong  acute 
broadly  margined  scale;  culm  6' -12'  high;  leaves  narrow-linear,  shorter 
than  the  culm.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 

C.  oligOCarpa,  Schk.  Sterile  spike  short-peduncled ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  3,  loosely  4  -  8-flowered  ;  perigynia  thick,  finely  striate,  oblong,  with 
a  straight  or  slightly  spreading  point,  shorter  than  the  ovate  long-awned 
white  scale  ;  style  very  short ;  culms  10' -15' high;  leaves  narrow-linear. — 
North  Carolina  (Curtis),  and  northward. 

C.  polymorpha,  Muhl.  Sterile  spikes  1  or  2,  short,  long-peduncled ; 
fertile  spikes  1  or  2,  remote,  erect ;  perigynia  oblong-ovate,  minutely  granu- 
lar, entire  at  the  white  oblique  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
brownish-purple  scale;  culms  1°-1^°  high;  leaves  short,  erect. — Low  grassy 
meadows,  North  Carolina  (Curtis),  and  northward. 

C.  Grayii,  Carey.  Fertile  spikes  2,  globose,  closely  15-30-flowered  ; 
perigynia  sparsely  pubescent  (in  ours),  reflexed  ;  culms  tall  (2° -3°  high) ; 
otherwise  like  C.  intumescens.  —  Swamps  near  Home,  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward. 

ORDER   GRAMINE^E. 

LEERSIA,    Swartz. 

L.  monandra,  Swartz.  Panicle  nearly  simple,  exserted,  spreading  ; 
spikelets  (1"  long)  ovate,  acute,  flat,  smooth  ;  stamen  1  ;  culms  (2°-3°  long) 
smooth;  leaves  broadly  linear,  rough  above  and  along  the  margins. — South 
Florida  (Herb.  Thwrber). 

PHARUS,    P.  Browne. 

Aquatic  grasses,  with  broad  flat  leaves,  petiole-like  sheaths,  and  monoecious 
flowers  disposed  in  a  simple  terminal  panicle.  —  Spikelets  by  pairs,  unequal, 
the  smaller  one  pedicelled,  hexandrous,  the  larger  one  pistillate,  with  the 
lower  palea  indurated,  involute.  Glumes  2,  thin.  Style  long ;  stigmas  2. 
Grain  linear,  included. 

P.  latifolia,  L.  ?  Floating;  leaves  oblong,  rough  beneath,  longer  than 
the  sheath  ;  lower  palea  of  the  pistillate  flower  pointed,  downy  on  the  back, 
twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  glumes.  —  Orange  Lake,  Florida  (Herb. 
Thurber). 

SPOROBOLUS,  R.  Br. 

S.  Domingensis,  Swartz.  Culms  branching  near  the  base,  2°  long ; 
leaves  narrow-linear,  roughish  above,  mostly  hairy  at  the  base  ;  panicle  sim- 
ple, narrow,  the  short  spreading  branches  loosely  whorled ;  spikelets  short- 
pedicelled,  smooth  ;  upper  glume  as  long  as  the  palea?,  twice  as  long  as  the 
lower  one  ;  upper  palea  truncate.  —  Wet  sandy  places  on  the  Keys  along  the 
Reefs  of  South  Florida. 
56 


662  GR  AMINES. 

MITHLENBERGIA,    Schreber. 

M.  arenicola,  Buckley.  Culms  tufted,  simple  (2°  high) ;  leaves  short, 
flat,  narrow-linear ;  panicle  terminal,  long-peduncled,  simple,  spreading ; 
palese  3-nerved,  bearded  at  the  base,  four  times  as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  or 
acute  glumes,  and  equalling  the  rough  avvn.  (M.  caespitosa,  Chapm.)  —  Dry 
pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  westward. 

M.  sylvatica,  T.  &  Gr.  Culms  diffuse,  branched  (2° -3°  high)  ;  pani- 
cles contracted ;  paleae  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  short-awned  glumes,  the 
lower  one  with  its  awn  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  spikelet.  —  North  Caro- 
lina, Tennessee,  and  northward. 

CALAMAGROSTIS,    Adans. 

C.  brevipilis,  Gray.  Culms  tufted,  simple.  (2°-3°  high) ;  leaves  linear, 
setaceously  attenuate ;  panicle  long,  narrow  ;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  the 
upper  one  barely  shorter  than  the  paleaa,  the  lower  one  half  as  long  ;  palese 
bearded  on  the  back,  twice  as  long  as  the  hairs  at  their  base,  awnless  ;  rudi- 
ment of  a  second  flower  none.  —  East  Florida,  and  northward. 

THURBERIA,    Benth. 

Low  tufted  annual  grasses,  with  erect  branching  culms,  soft-hairy  Waves, 
and  2-flowered  spikelets  in  an  erect  narrow  terminal  panicle.  —  Glumes  2, 
unequal,  3-nerved,  hispid.  Paleae  2,  included,  the  lower  one  smooth,  coria- 
ceous, armed  below  the  apex  with  a  stout  bent  dorsal  awn  ;  the  upper  one 
thin,  with  an  awn-like  pedicel  at  its  base.  Stamens  2.  Grain  free. 

T.  Arkansana,  Benth.  Culms  6' - 12'  high.  Leaves  shorter  than  the 
culm  ;  panicle  2'  -  3'  long.  —  On  a  shell  mound  near  Apalachicola.  April. 

ARISTIDA,    L. 

A.  simpliciflora,  Chapm.  Culms  filiform  (2°  high),  forking ;  leaves 
flat,  smoothish;  racemes  simple,  straight  (6' -9'  long),  loosely  flowered; 
glumes  nearly  equal,  awn-pointed,  the  lower  one  rough  on  the  keel,  longer 
than  the  paleae  ;  middle  awn  circular-curved  near  the  base.  —  Damp  pine 
barrens,  West  Florida. 

A.  gyrans,  Chapm.  Culms  simple  (1°  high),  purple;  leaves  convolute- 
filiform  ;  panicle  simple,  with  the  branches  appressed  ;  lower  glume  truncate, 
short-awned,  as  long  as  the  paleae,  the  upper  one  a  third  longer,  attenuate  ; 
paleae  long-stipitate,  the  awns  nearly  equal,  curved.  —  Keys  of  Caximbas 
Bay,  South  Florida. 

A.  COndensata,  Chapm.  Culms  stout,  simple  (2°  high) ;  leaves  rigid, 
flat  or  concave,  soon  convolute;  panicle  (1°-1£°  long),  long-peduncled,  con- 
tracted, densely  many-flowered  ;  glumes  equal,  awn-pointed,  longer  than  the 
paleae;  awns  straight,  longer  than  the  glumes.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens, 
West  Florida. 


GRAMINE-E.  663 

A.  scabra,  Kuuth.     Culm  scarcely  any,  the  long  (l£°-3°)  peduncle 
arising  from  a  creeping  rootstock ;   leaves  radical,  setaceously  attenuate ; 
panicle  large,  patulous,  the  branches  2-5  in  a  cluster;  spikelets  appressed; 
glumes  awn-pointed,  the  lower  one  longer ;  awns  straight,  the  lateral  ones 
very  short ;  stamens  2.  —  Sandy  coast,  Florida. 

CYNODON,    Richard. 

C.  Dactylon,  Fers.,  var.  maritimus,  Nees.  Culms  stouter  (6'  high) ; 
leaves  shorter  and  broader,  distichous,  the  sheaths  imbricated  ;  spikes  6-8. 

—  Sandy  coast,  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  1'  long. 

BOUTELOUA,    Lag. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flattened  rachis,  1-3- 
flowered,  the  lower  flower  perfect,  the  upper  ones  sterile  or  rudimentary. 
Glumes  keeled,  the  lower  one  shorter.  Lower  palea  3-nerved  and  3-toothed ; 
the  upper  one  2-nerved,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Sterile  flower  awned. 

B.  gracilis,  H.B.K.  ?    Annual;  culms  filiform  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  flat, 
papillose-ciliate ;  spikes  1  or  2,  purplish,  many -flowered,  the  smooth  rachis 
awn-pointed ;  keel  of  the  upper  glume  papillose-bristly  ;  teeth  of  the  smooth- 
ish  lower  palea  setaceous  ;  awns  of  the  sterile  flower  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 

—  Dry  pine  woods,  South  Florida  (Garber). 

B.  CUTtipendula,  Gray.  Perennial ;  culms  simple  (l°-2°  high) ;  spikes 
several,  distant,  spreading  or  reflexed,  4  -  12-flowered  ;  flowers  scabrous  ; 
teeth  of  the  lower  palea  subulate  ;  awns  of  the  sterile  flowers  shorter  than 
the  spikelet.  —  Banks  of  the  Flint  River,  Georgia  (Feay).  —  A  small  form 
with  4-flowered  spikelets. 

TRIPLASIS,    Beauv. 

T.  sparsiflora,  Chapm.  Annual;  culms  rigid  (6' -12'  high);  leaves 
short,  linear-subulate ;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  simple,  appressed, 
few-flowered;  spikelets  2 -4-flowered,  the  flowers  distant;  glumes  nearly 
equal,  the  lower  one  2-toothed,  the  upper  acute ;  lower  palea  oblong,  3- 
nerved,  ciliate,  2-toothed,  twice  the  length  of  its  awn,  the  upper  one  villous 
above  the  middle.  —  Sandy  coast  at  Punta  Rassa,  South  Florida. 

POA,    L. 

P.  brevifolia,  Muhl.  Culms  erect  (2°  high);  leaves  broadly  linear, 
abruptly  acute,  those  of  the  culm  few  and  short ;  branches  of  the  panicle 
few,  mostly  by  pairs,  bearing  the  3-flowered  spikelets  near  the  end  ;  lower 
palea  obtuse,  faintly  nerved,  slightly  hairy  on  the  back.  —  Rich  soil,  Florida, 
and  northward.  April. 

P.  sylvestris,  Gray.  Culms  compressed  (2°  high) ;  leaves  thin  ;  panicle 
long-peduncled,  ovate,  the  branches  5-6  in  a  cluster,  roughish  ;  spikelets 
ovate,  loosely  3-flowered,  the  lower  palea  villous  on  the  margins  and  keel.  — 
Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee.  June. 


664  GRAMINE^E. 

P.  alsodes,  Gray.  Culms  weak  (2°  high) ;  leaves  narrow-linear ;  panicle 
loose,  the  setaceous  branches  mostly  by  fours;  spikelets  2  -  4-floweretl  ; 
glumes  and  palea?  acute,  the  lower  palea  hairy  near  the  base.  —  Summit  of 
Black  Mountain,  North  Carolina  (Canby). 

ERAGROSTIS,    Beauv. 

E.  Brownei,  Kunth.  Low  (6'-  12'  high),  annual,  tufted  ;  leaves  linear, 
attenuate ;  panicle  simple,  racemose,  the  short  branches  spreading ;  spikes 
linear-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  20-30-flowered  ;  lower  palea  ovate,  acutish, 
3-nerved,  the  upper  one  ciliate.  —  East  Florida  ( Garber),  Tennessee  ( Dr.  Gut- 
tinger).  —  Probably  a  form  of  E.  megastachya. 

BROMUS,    L. 

B.  racemosus,  L.  Panicle  erect ;  flowers  larger,  the  lower  palea  longer 
than  the  upper  one,  not  longer  than  its  awn  ;  otherwise  like  B.  secalinus,  L. 
—  Mountains  of  Georgia,  Tennessee.  Introduced. 

B.  Sterilis,  L.  Annual;  culms  ascending  (l°-2°  long)  ;  leaves  downy  ; 
panicle  ample,  drooping ;  spikelets  thin,  loosely  5  -  9-flowered,  the  long-awned 
flowers  linear-subulate.  —  Tennessee,  and  northward.  Introduced. 

ELYMUS,    L. 

E.  Canadensis,  L.  Spike  long  (6'  or  more),  erect  or  nodding,  exserted  ; 
spikelets  by  pairs,  5-6-flowered ;  glumes  and  paleae  more  or  less  rough-hairy, 
long-awned.  —  River-banks,  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Culms 
3° -4°  high.  Leaves  broadly  linear. 

HORDEUM,    L.    BARLEY. 

Spikelets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  terminal  spike,  the  lateral  ones  imperfect, 
the  middle  one  1-flowered,  with  a  rudiment  at  the  base  of  the  upper  palea. 
Glumes  2  before  each  spikelet,  unequal,  awned.  Paleae  2,  the  lower  one 
awned.  Stamens  3.  Grain  adhering  to  the  paleae. 

H.  pratense,  Huds.  Annual,  6'-  18'  high  ;  upper  sheath  dilated  ;  lateral 
spikelets  short-pedicelled,  awnless,  the  middle  one  long-awned.  —  Road-sides 
and  waste  ground.  Introduced. 

AIRA,    L. 

A.  caespitosa,  L.  Perennial;  culms  tufted  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  flat, 
linear ;  panicle  oblong,  with  erect  clustered  branches  ;  spikelets  2-flowered, 
with  a  bristle-like  rudiment;  lower  palea  denticulate  at  the  tip,  as  long  as 
the  appressed  awn.  —  Georgia  (Leconte  in  Herb.  Durand).  Introduced. 

A.  caryophyllea,  L.  Annual,  low  (5' -10'  high);  leaves  setaceous; 
panicle  widely  spreading ;  spikelets  2-flowered,  purplish  ;  lower  palea  2-cleft, 
awned  on  the  back.  —  Waste  places.  Introduced. 


GRAMINE.*:.  665 

DANTHONIA,    DC. 

D.  COmpressa,  Austin.  Like  D.  spicata,  but  taller;  leaves  longer; 
panicle  larger  and  more  open  ;  teeth  of  the  lower  palea  longer  and  more 
slender.  —  Summit  of  Eoan  Mountain,  North  Carolina  (Checkering),  and 
northward. 

HOLCUS,    L.     SOFT  GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  tlie  flowers  short-pedicelled,  the  lower  one  perfect 
and  unawned,  the  upper  one  triandrous  and  awned.  Glumes  2,  thin,  keeled, 
enclosing  the  flowers.  Palea?  2,  thin,  equal,  the  lower  one  keeled.  Grain 
free. 

H.  lanatus,  L.  Soft-downy,  erect  (2°  high);  panicle  oblong  (2' -4' 
long) ;  awns  recurved.  —  Low  ground.  North  Carolina.  Introduced. 

REIMARIA,    Fluegge. 

Like  Paspalum,  but  the  spikelets  glumeless,  and  the  sterile  flower  of  one 
palea.  —  Culms  creeping,  spikelets  appressed  to  the  flexuous  rachis  in  two 
rows. 

R.  oligOStachya,  Munro.  Culms  branching,  leaves  linear,  attenuate, 
the  sheaths  mostly  longer  than  the  internodes  ;  spikes  3-4,  filiform,  at  length 
reflexed;  spikelets  sunk  in  the  flexures  of  the  rachis. — Banks  of  the  St. 
John's,  East  Florida  (Curtiss). 

PASPALUM,   L. 

P.  monostachyum,  Vasey  (ined.).  Very  smooth  throughout;  culm 
strictly  erect  (3°  high),  simple  ;  leaves  erect,  very  narrow,  striate-nerved,  the 
lower  ones  1°-1|°  long,  the  uppermost  one  short,  pointing  the  elongated 
sheath;  spike  solitary,  long-peduncled,  nearly  straight,  6' -1'  long;  spike- 
lets  in  two  rows  beneath  the  filiform  rachis,  oblong-oval,  obtuse  (1^"  long) ; 
lower  palea  slightly  keeled ;  perfect  flower  smooth.  —  South  Florida  (  Garber). 

P.  Reimarioides,  n.  sp.  Culms  long,  ascending  from  a  creeping  base, 
branching ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  attenuate,  the  sheaths  as  long  as  the  inter- 
nodes  ;  spikes  mostly  3,  subterminal  (2'  long) ;  spikelets  in  2  rows  under  the 
straight  triangular  rachis,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  the  glume  and  undulate 
sterile  palea  equal,  thin,  3-nerved,  longer  than  the  acute  perfect  flower. — 
Brackish  marshes  along  the  coast,  West  Florida. 

P.  obtusifolium,  Kaddi.  Creeping  ;  flowering  branches  (1°  high)  single- 
jointed;  leaves  (V -2'  long)  broadly  linear,  obtuse  ;  peduncles  2-4  from  the 
long  sheath;  spikes  2-4,  filiform  ;  spikelets  in  2  rows,  ovate,  acute  ;  sparse, 
hairy,  3-nerved.  (P.  barbatum,  Schultes.)  —  Damp  waste  ground,  Georgia 
and  Florida. 

P.  Boscianum,  Fluegge.  Perennial ;  culms  simple  (2°  high) ;  leaves 
long,  linear  ;  spikes  several,  distant,  spreading  (2'  long)  ;  spikelets  in  3  rows 
under  the  narrow  flexuous  rachis  ;  upper  glume  more  or  less  rugose  within 
the  pale  thickened  margins.  (P.  plicatulum,  Michx.)  —  South  Carolina,  and 
westward. 

56* 


DOD  GEAMINEJE. 

P.  conjugatum,  Berg.  Smooth  and  branching  (2°  long) ;  leaves  thin, 
linear  ;  spikes  2-3,  flat,  the  two  terminal  ones  conjugate  ;  spikelets  minute, 
in  two  rows,  ovate,  long-fringed.  —  New  Orleans  (Dr.  Hale).  Introduced. 

P.  dilatatum,  Poir.  Culms  stout  (3° -4°  high) ;  leaves  flat,  linear-lan- 
ceolate, smooth;  spikes  4-6,  racemose:  spikelets  in  4  rows,  ovate,  acute, 
villous,  much  wider  than  the  flat  rachis ;  glumes  and  sterile  palea  5-nerved, 
longer  than  the  roundish  perfect  flower.  —  Alabama,  New  Orleans,  and 
westward. 

PANICUM,    L. 

P.  serotinum,  Michx.  Perennial,  creeping,  much  branched;  leaves 
short  (!'  long),  lanceolate,  villous,  like  the  sheaths ;  spikes  mostly  5,  digi- 
tate ;  spikelets  minute  ;  glume  half  as  long  as  the  paleae.  (Digitaria  villosa, 
Ell.)  —  Fields  and  road-sides,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

P.  prostratum,  L.  Creeping,  branching;  leaves  short  (l'-2'  long), 
ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate ;  panicle  short,  composed  of  5-10  simple  racemes; 
spikelets  ovate-oblong,  acute,  short-pedicelled  ;  upper  glume  and  lower  palea 
of  the  triandrous  sterile  flower  5-nerved.  (P.  Aurelianum,  Hale.)  —  Mobile 
and  New  Orleans. 

P.  paspaloides,  Pers.  Culms  erect ;  leaves  long,  acuminate  ;  panicle 
narrow,  the  branches  appressed  ;  spikelets  in  two  rows,  ovate ;  glume  5- 
nerved  ;  sterile  flower  triandrous,  much  shorter  than  the  fertile  one.  —  South 
Florida  (Blodgett,  Garber). 

P.  repens,  L.  Culms  erect  from  creeping  rootstocks  (1°  high),  very 
leafy ;  leaves  rigid,  lanceolate,  distichous,  becoming  convolute ;  panicle 
loose  (r-2'long);  spikelets  smooth,  the  upper  glume  and  lower  palea  of 
the  staminate  sterile  flower  strongly  7-nerved.  —  Sandy  coast,  Mobile  (Mohr). 

P.  agrOStoides,  Spreng.  Very  near  some  forms  of  P.  anceps,  but  the 
panicle  more  branched  and  contracted,  the  purplish  spikelets  smaller,  and 
not  clustered,  and  the  upper  glume  5-nerved.  —  Ditches,  &e.,  Florida,  and 
northward. 

P.  Striatum,  Lam.  Culms  sparingly  branched  (2°-  3°  high) ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, with  scabrous  margins  (6' -8'  long) ;  panicle  somewhat  corymbose, 
consisting  of  several  erect  simple  racemes ;  spikelets  oblong,  acute ;  the 
upper  glume  and  sterile  palea  strongly  7-nerved  ;  perfect  flower  rugulose.  — 
Banks  of  the  Caloosa  River,  South  Florida. 

P.  leucophseum,  H.B.K.  Culms  tall,  branching ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
rough  above,  bearded  at  the  throat  (1°  long) ;  panicle  contracted,  racemose 
(10'- 15'  long),  the  simple  branches  erect ;  spikelets  scattered  on  one  side  of 
the  slender  rachis,  lanceolate,  silky-pilose  ;  lower  glume  minute  or  wanting, 
the  upper  one  linear,  3-nerved,  shorter  than  the  perfect  flower ;  lower  palea 
of  the  neutral  flower  longer  than  the  fertile  one,  5-nerved.  —  Chuckolisky 
Key,  South  Florida  (Garber). 

P.  maximum,  Jaq.  Culms  (4° -5°  high)  smooth;  leaves  linear;  panicle 
very  large,  composed  of  long  (6' -12')  straight  clustered  branches  ;  spikelets 


GRAMINE^E.  667 

V 

smooth,  oblong,  faintly  nerved ;  lower  glume  nearly  half  as  long  as  the 
abruptly  pointed  upper  one ;  paleae  of  the  triandrous  sterile  flower  nearly 
equal.  —  South  Florida. 

P.  commutatum,  Schultes.  Culm  smooth  (2°  high);  leaves  (3' -6' 
long)  ovate-lanceolate,  the  margins  and  sheath  ciliate  ;  panicle  diffuse  ;  spike- 
lets  oblong,  sparsely  pubescent;  the  upper  glume  and  lower  palea  of  the  neu- 
tral flower  7-nerved  ;  perfect  flower  acute.  (P.  nervosum,  Ell.)  —  Dry  woods 
and  margins  of  fields,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

P.  sphserocarpon,  Ell.  Culms  rigidly  erect  (l£°-2°  high);  leaves 
rigid,  lanceolate,  smooth,  the  rough  margins  near  the  base,  and  sheaths,  cili- 
ate ;  panicle  oval,  diffuse ;  spikelets  small,  oval,  almost  villous ;  upper 
glume  7-nerved ;  upper  palea  of  the  neutral  flower  minute  or  wanting.  — 
Shallow  grassy  ponds,  Georgia  and  Florida. 

P.  consanguineum,  Kunth.  Smooth  or  villous ;  culms  (1°-1£°  high) 
at  length  excessively  branched;  leaves  linear,  erect;  panicle  long-pedun- 
cled,  the  flexuous  widely  spreading  branches  few-flowered ;  spikelets  obo- 
vate,  pale,  pubescent ;  upper  glume  7-nerved ;  upper  palea  of  the  neutral 
flower  none  ;  perfect  flower  acute.  (P.  villosfim  and  angustifolium,  Ell.  P. 
setaceum,  Muhl.  P.  subuniflorum,  Bosc.) — Woods  and  borders  of  fields, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 

P.  laxiflorum,  Lam.  Culms  tufted,  smooth  (1°  high) ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  ciliate,  mostly  pale  yellowish  green  (2' -3'  long),  the  villous 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes  ;  panicle  diffuse,  plumose-bearded,  rather 
few-flowered ;  spikelets  scattered,  oval,  densely  pubescent,  the  upper  glume 
7-nerved  ;  neutral  flower  bipaleaceous ;  fertile  flower  acute.  (P.  pubescens, 
Michx.,  the  culms  pubescent,  and  the  panicle  more  dense.)  —  Damp  soil, 
Florida,  and  northward. 

P.  ramulosum,  Michx.  (in  part).  Low  (6'-8'  high),  tufted,  very 
smooth  and  shining ;  culm  mostly  purple ;  leaves  linear ;  panicle  diffusely 
branched,  many-flowered  (l£'-2'  long);  spikelets  minute,  purple,  very 
smooth,  the  upper  glume  and  neutral  palea  5-nerved.  —  Low  sandy  pine 
barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia. 

CENCHRUS,    L. 

C.  incertUS,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Smooth,  strict,  nearly  simple,  erect  or  as- 
cending (2° -3°  long);  leaves  linear,  folded,  the  lower  sheaths  longer  than 
the  internodes;  spike  cylindrical,  many-flowered;  involucre  naked  and  acute 
at  base,  the  10  or  11  stout  spines  ciliate  ;  spikelets  geminate,  smooth ;  sterile 
flower  triandrous.  (C.  strictus,  Chapm.)  —  Sandy  coast,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina. 

C.  myosuroides,  H.B.K.  Tall  (4° -6°  high);  leaves  long,  rigid,  con- 
volute ;  spikes  cylindrical,  densely  many-flowered ;  involucre  small,  1-flow- 
ered,  armed  with  20,  or  more,  slender  spines,  as  long  as  its  strongly  nerved 
spikelet.  (Panicum  cenchroides,  Ell.)—  South  Florida  (Blodgett),  Georgia 
(Elliott). 


668  GRAMINE^E. 

ANDROPOGON,  L. 

A.  arctatus,  Chapm.  Culms  single  (2° -3°  high),  the  appressed  branches 
narrowly  paniculate ;  leaves  and  sheaths  shaggy  with  long  white,  mostly 
deciduous  hairs;  spikes  by  pairs  (!'-!£'  long),  rather  stout,  closely  15-20- 
flowered;  glumes  .rough,  twice  as  long  as  the  joints  of  the  rachis;  pedicel  of 
the  neutral  flower  tipped  with  two  slender  glumes ;  hairs  of  the  rachis  few 
and  short;  stamen  1.  (A.  tetrastachyus,  var.,  1st  edit.)  — Low  pine  barrens, 
Florida. 

A.  brachystachyus,  Chapm.  (in  Curtiss's  Fascic.).  Culms  (2°  -  4°  high ) 
compressed,  branching  from  all  the  upper  joints,  narrowly  paniculate ;  leaves 
linear,  not  hairy,  rough  on  the  margins  ;  spikes  very  numerous,  by  pairs, 
short  (6"- 8"  long) ;  spikelets,  &c.,  as  in  A.  macrouras,  of  which  it  is  probably 
a  marked  form.  — East  Florida  (Herb.  Durand,  Curtiss). 

A.  maritimus,  n.  sp.  Smooth  and  glaucous  ;  culms  ascending  from 
creeping  rootstocks  (1°-1|°  high);  leaves  (2'-5"  long)  widely  spreading, 
their  compressed  sheaths  distichous,  imbricated ;  panicle  simple,  racemose 
(4'— 8'  long) ;  spikes  single,  8wlO-flowered,  very  silky;  glumes  equal,  twice 
as  long  as  the  stout  joints,  and  half  as  long  as  the  twisted  awn ;  sterile 
flower  triandrous.  —  Sandy  coast,  West  Florida. 

A.  argenteus,  Ell.  (not  of  1st  edition).  Smooth;  culms  branching  (2° 
high);  leaves  long,  linear;  branches  1-2  from  each  upper  joint,  simple, 
long-exserted ;  spikes  by  pairs  on  the  long  (3' -8')  stout  peduncle,  white 
with  dense  silky  hairs  ;  joints  of  the  rachis  rigid,  as  long  as  the  hispid-serru- 
late spikelet ;  palese  unequal ;  stamens  3.  —  Old  fields  and  open  woods, 
Florida,  and  northward. 

IMPERATA,    Cyrill. 

Spikelets  by  pairs  on  the  slender  branches  of  the  spike-like  panicle,  one 
sessile,  the  other  pedicelled,  both  fertile  and  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower 
neutral.  Glumes  2,  thin,  nearly  equal,  woolly ;  lower  flower  of  one  palea, 
the  upper  one  perfect.  Stamens  2. 

I.  caudata,  Cyr.  Culm  simple  (2°  higti)  from  long  creeping  rootstocks  ; 
leaves  broadly  linear  (2°  long),  those  of  the  culm  few  and  short ;  panicle 
white-woolly,  oblong  (4' -5'  long) ;  flowers  minute.  —  South  Florida. 


SORGHUM,    1'ers. 

S.  pauciflorum,  Chapm.  Annual;  culms  branched  near  the  base  (2°- 
3°  high);  leaves  long,  broadly  linear,  flat,  ciliate;  spikelets  few  (6-12), 
racemose,  the  long  (2/-3/)  setaceous  pedicels  in  whorls  of  2-6;  glumes 
equal,  linear,  rigid,  convolute,  the  lower  one  bifid,  the  upper  one  truncate  ; 
awn  very  long  (5' -6'),  geniculate,  twisted  and  tortuous  below  the  middle  ; 
sterile  flower  triandrous,  linear,  acute,  or  reduced  to  two  setaceous  spirally 
twisted  pedicels.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  East  Florida. 


FILICES.  669 


ORDER   EQUISETACE^E. 

EQUISETUM,   L. 

E.  robustum,  A.  Braun.  Stem  tall  (2° -4°  high),  stout,  simple;  the 
ridges  roughened  by  a  single  row  of  tubercles ;  sheaths  short,  appressed, 
with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  and  about  forty  3-keeled  ovate-subulate 
deciduous  teeth.  —  Banks  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  Georgia,  and  west- 
ward. 

ORDER   FILICES. 

POLYPODIUM,    L. 

P.  pectinatum,  L.  Stipe  erect  from  a  stout  rootstock,  smoothish  (2'  - 
6'  long) ;  frond  l°-2°  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  deeply 
pinnatifid;  pinnae  very  numerous,  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  mostly 
entire;  sori  in  two  rows.  —  On  trees,  East  Florida  (Miss  Reynolds,  Garber). 

P.  Swartzii,  Baker.  Rootstock  very  slender,  long  and  climbing ;  fronds 
single,  or  2-3  together,  4'  or  5'  long,  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at 
base  into  the  short  stipe,  the  margins  wavy,  entire  ;  sori  in  a  single  row  on 
the  free  vehilets.  (P.  serpens,  Swartz.)  —  Key  Largo,  South  Florida  ( Curtiss), 
climbing  on  low  bushes. 

T.EJNITIS,    Swartz. 

Sori  linear,  continuous  or  interrupted,  central  or  intramarginal.  —  Veins 
reticulate. 

T.  lanceolata,  R.Br.  Rootstock  thick,  creeping;  frond  6' -12'  long, 
lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  the  short  smooth  stipe ;  sori  intra- 
marginal along  the  upper  part  of  the  frond.  —  On  trees,  Rhoda  Key,  South 
Florida  (Curtiss). 

PTERIS,   L. 

P.  serrulata,  L.  f.  Like  P.  Cretica,  L.,  but  the  frond  bipinnatifid,  the 
numerous  divisions  narrower,  and  the  rachis  broadly  winged.  —  On  walls, 
Charleston.  Probably  introduced. 

CERATOPTERIS,    Brongn. 

Son  on  2  or  3  veins  which  are  parallel  with  the  midrib  and  margins  of  the 
frond,  the  fruit-dots  sessile,  roundish,  the  involucre  formed  by  the  inflexed 
margins  of  the  frond  which  meet  at  the  midrib. 

C.  thalictroides,  Brongn.  Floating  ;  stipes  thick,  with  large  air-cells  ; 
fronds  tender,  the  sterile  ones  ovate  in  outline,  broadly  3-lobed  or  3-parted, 
or  at  length  bipinnatifid,  the  margins  wavy  or  bluntly  lobed  ;  the  fertile  ones 
2-3  pinnate,  with  linear  divisions.  —  Head-waters  of  the  St.  John's  (Curtiss). 


670 


CHEILANTHES,    Swartz. 


C.  microphylla,  Swartz.  Stipe  dark  brown,  from  a  short  rootstock, 
smoothish;  frond  smooth,  broadly  lanceolate,  2-3  pinnatifid,  3' -9'  long; 
pinnae  lanceolate  from  a  broader  base ;  pinnules  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid ;  involucre  pale,  narrow.  —  Islands  near  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  John's  (Curtiss).  —  Frond  1°  or  less  long. 

ADIANTUM,   L. 

A.  tenerum,  Swartz.  Frond  deltoid,  3-4-pinnate;  pinnules  stalked, 
obliquely  rhombic,  the  wedge-shaped  base  and  lower  edge  entire,  the  upper 
edge  broadly  and  shortly  lobed,  bearing  the  transverse  sori  at  their  tips.  — 
East  Florida  (Feay,  frc.).  —  Fern  l°-3°  high,  the  black  stipe  and  rachis 
smooth  and  glossy. 

SCOLOPENDRIUM,    L. 

Sori  as  in  Asplenium,  but  the  involucres  arranged  in  pairs,  and  opening 
towards  each  other. 

S.  VUlgare,  Smith.  Stipe  smoothish,  2'  -  3'  long  from  a  thick  rootstock  ; 
frond  lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  slightly  serrulate,  cordate  at  the  base,  6' -9' 
long,  the  upper  half  fruit-bearing.  —  Shaded  rocks,  Tennessee,  and  north- 
ward. 

ASPLENIUM,    L. 

A.  Bradleyi,  Eaton.  Frond  thin,  pinnate  below,  pinnatifid  above,  lanceo- 
late-oblong, barely  acute,  3' -7'  long;  pinnae  short-stalked,  oblong-ovate,  the 
lowest  ones  lobed  or  pinnatifid.  —  East  Tennessee  (Eaton).  —  Rootstock 
short.  Stipe  smooth,  black. 

A.  ebenoides,  R.  R.  Scott.  Frond  thin,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate 
below,  pinnatifid  above,  long-attenuate  and  often  rooting  at  the  apex,  4' -9' 
long  ;  pinnae  lanceolate  from  a  broader  base,  3"  -  9"  long.  —  Shady  ravines. 
Central  Alabama,  and  northward.  Rare. 

A.  parvulum,  Mart.  &  Galeotti.  Frond  rigid,  lanceolate,  pinnate,  2' -8' 
long ;  pinnae  nearly  opposite  and  sessile,  oblong,  entire  or  crenulate,  auricled 
on  one  or  both  sides  at  the  base,  1" -6"  long;  sori  half-way  between  the 
margins  and  midrib.  —  Calcareous  rocks,  Florida  to  Tennessee. 

A.  cicutarium,  Swartz.  Tufted  from  a  short  rootstock,  3' -12' high, 
smooth  ;  stipe  blackish  ;  frond  thin,  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnate  or  nearly  bipin- 
nate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  pinnules  oblique,  entire  on  the  lower  edge, 
toothed  on  the  upper,  with  the  teeth  2  -  3-cleft ;  sori  in  two  rows.  —  Sumpter 
County,  S.  Florida  ( C.  F.  Adams). 

A.  firmum,  Kunze.  Rootstocks  short ;  frond  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnate, 
rather  longer  than  the  pale  smooth  stipe,  12'  or  less  long  ;  pinna?  (about  12) 
lanceolate  cr  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  the  terminal  one  attenuate ;  sori  in  two 
rows.— Marion  County,  Florida  (J.  D.  Smith). 


LYCOPODIACE^E.  671 

A.  serratum,  L.  Frond  entire,  acute,  long-tapering  at  the  base,  1°  -  2° 
long,  the  margins  wavy  and  serrate ;  sori  linear,  on  the  lower  third  of  the 
veins.  —  Eastern  coast  of  South  Florida  (Garber,  Curtiss).  —  Stipe  short  and 
rigid. 

ASPIDIUM,    L. 

A.  conterminum,  Willd.,  var.  strigosum,  Eaton.  Rootstock  thick, 
erect;  stipe  short  and  scaly;  frond  l£°-3°  high,  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate 
at  each  end,  pinnate ;  pinnae  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile, 
pinnatifid,  the  lower  ones  gradually  reduced,  the  segments  obliquely  acute, 
the  lowest  ones  often  elongated ;  sori  small,  in  a  single  marginal  row.  — Polk 
County,  Florida  (J.  D.  Smith). 

A.  unitum,  var.  glabrum,  Mettenius.  Stipe  long  and  slender,  from  a 
slender  creeping  rootstock ;  frond  rather  rigid,  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate, 
pinnate,  l£°-2°  long;  pinnae  lanceolate,  pinnatifid-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded  ; 
lower  veins  of  contiguous  lobes  united  ;  sori  forming  a  continuous  zigzag 
intramarginal  line.  —  Boggy  places,  South  Florida. 

A.  trifoliatum,  Swartz.  Frond  thin,  cordate-ovate  in  outline,  3-lobed, 
or  3-foliate,  the  ovate  pinnae  entire  or  3-lobed,  acuminate,  the  margins  un- 
dulate; sori  scattered;  involucre  peltate,  orbicular. —  Hernando  County, 
Florida  (Curtiss). — Frond  1°  or  less  long,  barely  longer  than  the  slender 
stipe. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM,    L. 

O.  palmatum,  Plum.  Frond  thick  and  succulent,  drooping,  4'  - 10'  long, 
stipitate  from  a  short  woolly  rootstock ;  sterile  ones  cuneate  at  base,  simple, 
or  palmately  2-6-lobed,  the  lobes  tongue-shaped,  rarely  forking;  fertile 
fronds  1  -  several  at  the  top  of  the  stipe,  or  along  the  basal  margins  of  the 
sterile  frond,  short-stalked,  1'  long.  —  In  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  Pal- 
metto. South  Florida. 


ORDER  LYCOPODIACE^E. 

LYCOPODIUM,    L. 

L.  inundatum,  L.  Var.  adpressum,  Chapm.  Size  and  habit  of  var. 
pinnatum,  but  leaves  thinner,  entire,  those  of  the  spike,  which  is  barely  thicker 
than  its  peduncle,  closely  appressed.  —  Damp  pine  barrens. 

Var.  elongatum,  Chapm.  Sparingly  branched  (l£°-2°  long);  leaves 
subulate-attenuate,  entire,  spreading ;  peduncle  slender,  erect  or  leaning 
(10'-  15'  long),  the  leaves  scattered,  those  of  the  spike  longer,  spreading. — 
Wet  or  overflowed  banks,  Apalachicola. 

L.  cernuum,  L.  Stem  forking  near  the  base  (&'-l2f  long),  the  divis- 
ions arcuate-recurved,  and  rooting  at  the  tip,  the  short  alternate  branches 


672  HYDROPTERIDES. 

forking,  and  terminated  by  the  short  (4" -6")  nodding  spike;  leaves  about 
6-rowed,  linear-subulate,  entire,  spreading  or  recurved ;  those  of  the  spike 
ovate,  acuminate,  with  bristly  margins.  —  Springy  sandy  places,  East  Florida 
(Curtiss),  and  Alabama  (Mohr). 


ORDER  HYDROPTERIDES. 
MARSILIA,    L. 

l  Plants  with  filiform  creeping  stems,  a  whorl  of  4  wedge-shaped  leaves  at 
the  summit  of  a  long  erect  petiole,  and  one  or  more  globular  sporangia 
borne  on  a  slender  stalk  at  the  base  of  the  petioles,  each  divided  into  sev- 
eral partitions,  which  contain  the  larger  and  smaller  spores. 

S.  uncinata,  A.  Braun.  Stem  long  ;  leaves  smooth  or  hairy  ;  sporangia 
oval,  compressed,  half  as  long  as  the  peduncle.  —  Banks  of  the  Mississippi 
below  Vicksburg. 

ISOETES,    L. 

I.  melanospora,  Engelm.  Small,  mostly  monoecious;  leaves  few  (5- 
10),  distichous  ('2' -2%'  long)  ;  spore-cases  covered  by  the  thin  edges  of  the 
cavity  (velum);  larger  spores  blackish,  very  minutely  warty,  the  smaller 
ones  dull,  papillose.  (Engelmann.)  —  In  shallow  depressions  on  the  summit 
Stone  Mountain,  Georgia  (Engdmann,  frc.). 

I.  Engelmanni,  A.  Braun,  var.  Georgiana,  Engelm.  Leaves  10'  - 12' 
long,  rather  slender,  stomatose ;  spore-cases  oval,  with  narrow  velum  ;  larger 
spores  and  smaller  spores  smooth.  —  Slow-flowing  water  in  Horseleg  Creek, 
mountains  of  Georgia. 

I.  Butleri,  Engelm.  Dioecious;  trunk  nearly  globose;  leaves  8-12, 
bright  green,  3' -7'  long;  spore-cases  usually  oblong,  spotted,  the  velum  very 
narrow,  or  none ;  ligule  subulate,  from  a  triangular  base ;  larger  spores 
warty,  smaller  spores  dark  brown,  papillose.  (Engelmann.)  —  Barrens  of  Ten- 
nessee (Di:  Gattinyer),  and  westward. 


ACANTHACE^E.  673 

ORDER  ACANTHACE^E. 

[Omitted  on  p.  636.] 

HYGROPHILA,  K.  Br. 

Calyx  equally  4-cleft.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous  :  anther-cells  parallel,  spreading  at  the  base.  Stigma  simple. 
Capsule  narrow,  nearly  terete,  bearing  the  numerous  orbicular  seeds  at  its 
base.  —  Aquatic  herbs.  Flowers  axillary,  in  cymose  clusters. 

H.  lacustris,  Nees.  Stem  long  (2° -4°),  erect  from  a  procumbent  base, 
4-angled  :  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate ;  cymes  opposite,  few-flowered ;  calyx 
smooth ;  flowers  white.  —  Muddy  banks  of  the  Apalachicola  Kiver  (Dr. 
Saurman),  and  westward. 

STENANDRIUM,    Nees. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4  :  an- 
thers 1-celled.  Stigma  truncate.  Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.  —  Low  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  a  scape-like  stem,  clustered  radical  leaves,  and  purplish 
flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 

S.  dulce,  Nees,  var.  Floridanum,  Gray.  Smooth ;  leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  long-petioled,  as  long  as  the  scape ;  spike  capitate,  few-flowered,  the 
bracts  ciliate ;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  club- 
shaped.  —  Indian  River  and  Key  Biscayne,  South  Florida  ( Curtiss),  —  Leaves 
I'  long.  Corolla  |"  wide. 


INDEX. 


Page 

Abies, 

434 

Alder, 

ABIETINE/E, 

432 

Aletris, 

Abildgaardia, 

523 

Alisma, 

Abutilon, 

55 

Alisma, 

Acalypha, 
ACANTHACE^:, 

405 
302 

ALISMACE^E, 

ALISME^E, 

Acanthus  Family, 

302 

AUionia, 

Acer, 

80 

Allium, 

Acer, 

81 

Allspice, 

ACERACE^, 

80 

Almond, 

Acerates, 

365 

Alnus, 

Achillea, 

242 

Alopecurns, 

ACHYRANTHE.E, 

379 

Allosorus, 

AcmelJa, 

237 

Alsine, 

Acnida, 

381 

ALSINE.E, 

Aconitum, 

10 

Alternanthera, 

Acorus, 

442 

Althaja, 

AC  RO  GENS, 

585 

Alum-root, 

ACROSTICHEA:, 

586 

AMARANTACE^E, 

Acrostichum, 

588 

Amaranth, 

Actaea, 

11 

Amaranth  Family, 

Actinomeris, 

232 

Amarantus, 

Actinospermum, 

241 

Amarantus, 

Adder's  mouth, 

453 

AMARYLLIDACE^:, 

Adder's  tongue, 
Adelia, 

599 

370 

Amaryllis, 
Amaryllis  Family, 

Adiantum, 

590 

Amblogvna, 

Adlumia, 

22 

Amblygbnon, 

^Eschynomene-, 

99 

Ambrosia, 

JEsculus, 

79 

Amelanchier, 

Agave, 

468 

American  Barberry, 

Ageratum, 

189 

American  Cowslip, 

Agrimonia, 

122 

Amianthium, 

Agrimony, 

122 

Ammannia, 

Agrostemma, 

52 

Ammi, 

AGROSTIDE/B, 

545 

Amorpha, 

Agrostis, 

551 

Ammophila, 

Agrostis, 

550,  551,  552,  553 

Ampelopsts, 

A'ira, 

568 

Amphianthus, 

Aira, 
Air-Plant, 

560,  568 
470 

Amphicarpaea, 
Amphicarpum, 

AJUGE^E, 

311 

Amsonia, 

Alchemilla, 

122 

Amyris, 

471) 
447 
448 
447 
447 
373 
482 
130 
129 
429 
549 
590 

48 

45 
382 

58 
152 
378 
379 
378 
379 
380 
466 
466 
466 
381 
388 
223 
129 

17 
281 
490 
134 
162 

93 
554 

71 
295 
107 
572 
360 

68 


676 


ANACARDIACE^E, 

68 

Arundinaria, 

561 

Anacharis, 

450 

Arundo, 

562 

Anagallis, 

281 

Asarabacca, 

.     371 

Andromeda, 

262 

Asarum, 

371 

Andromeda,                          261, 

262,  263 

ASCLEPIADACEJE, 

361 

ANDROMEDE^E, 

257      ASCLEPIADE.E, 

361 

Andropogon, 

580  •  Asclepias, 

362 

Andropogon, 

556,  583    Ascyrum, 

38 

ANDROPOGONE^:, 

548    Ash, 

369 

Aneimia, 

598 

Asimina, 

15 

Anemone, 

4 

ASPARAGE^I, 

480 

ANEMONES, 

2 

Aspen, 

431 

Angelica, 

164 

ASPHODELEvE, 

480 

ANGIO  SPERMS, 

1 

ASPIDIE^:, 

587 

Anise-tree, 

12 

Aspidium, 

594 

ANONACE^E, 

14 

ASPLENIEJE, 

586 

Antennaria, 

243 

Asplenium, 

592 

Antirrhinum, 

290 

Aster, 

198 

Anthemis, 

241 

Aster,                            197, 

198,  207,  208 

Anthoxanthum, 

569 

ASTEROIDEvE, 

197 

Anychia, 
Anychia, 

46    Astilbe, 
46    Astragalus, 

154 

97 

Apetalous  Exogenous  Plants, 

371 

Atamasco  Lily, 

466 

Apios, 

105 

Athyrium, 

593 

Aphora, 

408    Atragene, 

3 

Aphyllon, 

287  1  Atriplex, 

377 

Aplectrum, 

455 

Atriplex, 

377 

APOCYNACEJS, 

358 

Atropa, 

351 

Apocynum, 

358 

Aulaxanthus, 

577 

Apogon, 

249 

AURANTIACE^E, 

61 

Apple, 

128 

Avena, 

56« 

Apricot, 

129 

AVENACE^!, 

547 

Apteria, 

452 

Avens, 

123 

AQUIFOLIACEJE, 

268 

Avicennia, 

309 

Aquifolium, 

269 

AVICENNIE.S:, 

306 

Aquilegia, 

9 

Avicularia, 

390 

Arabis, 

27 

Ayem'a, 

59 

ARACEJE, 

439 

Azalea, 

265 

Aralia, 

166 

Azolla, 

602 

ARALIACE^E, 

166 

Arbor-  Vitae, 

436 

Baccharis, 

217 

Archangelica, 

164 

Bachelor's  Button, 

83 

Archemora, 

165 

Bald  Cypress, 

435 

Ardisia, 

277 

Baldvvinia, 

240 

Aretiaria, 

49 

Baldwinia,' 

241 

Arenaria, 

49 

Balm, 

318 

Arethusa, 

458 

Balsam  Family, 

N.          65 

ARETHUSE^E, 

453 

BALSAMINACE^E, 

65 

Argemone, 
Arisaema, 

21 
439 

Balsam-tree  Family, 
Baneberry, 

4-2 
11 

Aristida, 

554 

Baptisia, 

110 

Aristolochia. 

371 

Baptisia, 

113 

ARISTOLOCHIACE^E, 

371 

Barberry, 

17 

Arnica, 
Aronia, 

246  '  Barberry  Family, 
128,129    Bartonia, 

16 
356 

Arrhenatherum, 
Arrow-Arum, 

569  j  Basil, 
440  1  Bass  wood, 

312 

59 

Arrow-grass, 

448  !  BATIDACE^E, 

411 

Artemisia, 

242    Batis, 

41  i 

Arum, 

440    Batis  Family, 

411 

Arum  Family, 

439    Batodendron, 

250 

t)77 


Batschia, 

Batatas, 

Bayberry, 

Beak-Rush, 

Bean-Caper  Family, 

Beard-grass, 

Bear-grass, 

Beech, 

Beech-drops, 

Beggar-ticks, 

Bejaria, 

Be'llflower, 

Bellwort, 

Bellwort  Family, 

Bent-grass, 

Benzoin, 

BERBERIDACE.E, 

Berberis, 

Berchemia, 

Berlandiera, 

Bermuda  grass, 

Betula, 

BETULACEvE, 

Bidens, 

Bigelovia, 

Bignonia, 

Biqnonia, 

BIGNONIACE^E, 

BlGNOXIE^E, 

Bignonia  Family, 

Biotia, 

Birch, 

Birch  Family, 

Birth  wort, 

Birthwort  Family, 

Black-Jack, 

Black  Snakeroot, 

Bladder-Nut, 

Bladder-Nut  Family, 

Bladderwort, 

Bladderwort  Family, 

BLECHNEJE, 

Blechnum, 

Blephilia, 

Bletia, 

Blood-root, 

Bloodwort  Family, 

Blueberry, 

Blue  Cohosh, 

Blue  Curls, 

Blue-eyed  grass, 

Blue  Flag, 

Bluets, 

Boehmeria, 

Boerhaavia, 

Boltonia, 

Bonnets, 

Borage  Family, 

Borkhausia, 

BORRAGINACE.E, 

BORRAGE^E, 


332 

Borrcria, 

175 

341 

Borrichia, 

224 

426 

Botrychium, 

599 

523 

Boykinia, 

153 

63 

Brachychwta, 

213 

552 

Brachyelytrum, 

553 

485 

Brake, 

589 

424 

Bramble, 

124 

286 

Brasenia, 

19 

236 
266 

Brasilctto  Family, 
Brier, 

114 
124 

256 

Brickellia, 

193 

486 

Brim, 

563 

486 

Bryzopyram, 

562 

551 

Brome-grass, 

556 

394 

BROMELIACE^E, 

470 

16 

Broom-  Corn, 

583 

17 

Broom-grass, 

580 

73 
221 

Broom-rape  Family, 
Broussonetia, 

28fr 
415 

557 

Brunella, 

322 

428 

Brunnichia, 

392 

428 

BRUNNICHIE;E, 

384 

236 

Bryonia, 

148 

215 

Buchncra, 

296 

285 

Buckeye, 

79 

285 

Buckleya, 

397 

284 

Buckthorn, 

73 

284 

Buckthorn  Family, 

72 

284 

Buckwheat  Family, 

384 

198 

Bugbane, 

11 

428 

Bullace, 

71 

428 

Bumelia, 

274 

371 

Buphthalmum, 

224 

371 

Buplcurum, 

162 

421 

Burdock, 

248 

11 

Burmannia, 

451 

77 

BURMANNIACE./E, 

451 

77 

Burmannia  Family, 

451 

232 

Burr-reed, 

443 

282 

Bursera, 

68 

586 

BURSERACE^E, 

67 

591 

Bush-Clover, 

100; 

321 

Butter-Cup, 

7 

456 

Butter-nut, 

419 

22 

Butter-weed, 

245 

469 

Butterwort, 

283 

259 

Button-bush, 

176 

17 

Button-Snakeroot, 

159,  190 

327 
473 

Byrsonima, 
BYTTNERIACEJE, 

82 
58 

472 

Byttneria  Family, 

58 

180 

414 

2!abomba, 

19 

373 

CABOMBACEJE, 

18 

207 

Cacalia, 

244 

20 

CACTACE^E, 

144 

328 

Cactus  Family, 

144 

252 

C^SALPINIE^;, 

88' 

328 

Cakile, 

3<y 

328  '  Calamagrostis, 

553" 

678 


Calamintha, 

317 

Castilleia, 

300 

Calamus, 

442    Castor-oil  Plant, 

409 

Calico-bush, 

264  i  Catalpa, 

285 

Calliastrum, 

198    Catchfly, 

51 

Callicarpa, 

309    Catnip," 

321 

Callirrhoe, 
CALLITRICHACE^E, 

53  !  Cat-tail, 
398    Cat-tail  Family, 

443 
443 

Callitriche, 

399 

Caulinia, 

444 

Calomelissa, 

317 

Caulophyllum, 

17 

Calonyction, 

344 

Ceanothus, 

74 

Calophanes, 

303 

CEDRELACEJE, 

62 

Calopogon, 

456 

Cedronella, 

322 

Caltha, 
CALYCANTHACE^, 

9 
129 

CELASTRACE^E, 
Celastrus, 

75 
76 

Calycanthus, 

130 

Celosia, 

379 

Calycocarpum, 

16 

CELOSIE^;, 

379 

Calyptranthes, 

131 

Celtis, 

417 

Calystegia, 

344 

Cenchrus, 

578 

Camelina, 

30 

Centaurea, 

246 

CAMELLIACE^E, 

60 

Centaurella, 

356 

Camellia  Family, 

60 

Ccntrosema, 

107 

Campanula, 

256 

Centunculus, 

281 

Campanula, 

257 

Cephalanthus, 

176 

Campanula  Familv, 
CAMPANULACK&, 

256 
256 

Cephaloxys, 
Ceranthera, 

495 
318 

Camptosorus, 

591 

Cerastium, 

50 

Campyloneurum, 

588 

Cerasus, 

120 

Canavalia, 

109 

Ceratiola, 

411 

Cane, 

561 

CERATOPHYLLACE^E, 

398 

Canella, 

45 

Ceratophvllum, 

398 

CANNABINACEJE, 

414  j  Ceratoschcenus, 

528 

Canna, 

465    Cercis, 

114 

Canna  Familv, 
CANNACEJE, 

465 
465 

Ceresia, 
Ccreus, 

570 
144 

Cantua, 

339 

Cestrum  , 

352 

Caper  Family, 
Caper-tree, 

31 
32 

Charophyllum, 
Chcerophyllum, 

165 
161 

CAPPARIDACE^, 

31 

Chaetocyperus, 

518 

Capparis, 

32 

Chaetospora, 

529 

Capraria, 

296 

Chamaalirium, 

491 

CAPRIFOLIACEJE, 

169 

Chamaerops, 

438 

Caprifblittm, 

170 

Cfiamcerops, 

438 

Capsella, 

30 

Chapmannia, 

100 

Capsicum, 

350 

Chaptalia, 

248 

Cardamine, 

25 

Chawstick, 

74 

Cardamine, 

27,  28    Cheilanthes, 

500 

Cardinal-flower, 

254    Chelone, 

289 

Cardiospermum  , 

79  !  CHENOPODIACE.S, 

375 

Carex, 

532 

Chenopodina, 

378 

CARICE*:, 

505    Chenopodium, 

376 

Carolina  Allspice  Family, 
Carphephorus, 

129    Cherry, 
190    Chestnut, 

119 
424 

Carpinus, 

425    Chick  weed, 

49 

Carya, 

418    Chimaphila, 

267 

CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 

45    China  Brier, 

475 

Cashew  Family, 

68    China-tree, 

62 

Cassandra, 

262  ',  Chinquapin, 

424 

Cassia, 

114  ;  Chiococca, 

177 

Cassyta, 

395  '  Chionanthus, 

369 

CASSYTE^E, 

393  i  Chlorideae, 

546 

Castanea, 

424  ,  Chrysanthemum, 

242 

679 


Chrysastrum, 

208    CONIFEE^E, 

431 

CHKYSOBALANE.S, 

118 

Conioselinum, 

164 

Chrysobalanus, 

119 

Conocarpus, 

136 

Chrysocoma, 

215 

Conoclinium,    . 

197 

Chrysogonum, 

219 

Conopholis, 

286 

Chrysoma, 

214 

Conostylis, 

470 

Chrysopsis, 

215 

Convallaria, 

481 

Chrysopsis, 

215 

CONVOLVULACE^E, 

340 

Chrysosplenium, 

154 

CONVOLVULE.E, 

340 

ClCHORACE.E, 

249 

Convolvulus,                 341,  342,  344 

,346 

Cicuta, 
Cimicifuga, 

161 
11 

Convolvulus  Family, 
Conyza, 

340 
217 

ClMICIFUGE^E, 

2 

Conyza, 

218 

ClNCHONE.£, 

173 

Coontie, 

437 

Cinna, 

552 

Coprosmanthus, 

477 

Cinquefoil, 

124 

Corallorhiza, 

454 

Circaea, 

143 

Corallorhiza, 

455 

Cirsium, 

246 

Coral-root, 

454 

CISTACE^E, 

35 

Corchorus, 

60 

Cytharexylum, 

309 

Cordia, 

329 

Citrus, 

61 

CORDIE.E, 

328 

Cladastris, 

113 

Coreopsis, 

233 

Cladium, 

530 

CORNACE^E, 

167 

Claytonia, 

43 

Corn-Cockle, 

52 

CLEMATIDE^E, 

2 

Cornel, 

167 

Clematis, 

3 

Corn-Poppy, 

22 

Cleome, 

31 

Corn  us, 

167 

Clethra, 

264 

Corydalis, 

23 

Cliftonia, 

273 

Corydalis, 

22 

Climbing-Fern, 

597 

Corylus, 

425 

Clintonia, 

481 

Cosmanthus, 

335 

Clitoria, 

107 

Cosmos, 

236 

Clitoria,            < 

107 

Cotton-grass, 

521 

Clover, 

90 

Cotton-Plant, 

58 

Club-moss, 

600 

Cotton-wood, 

431 

Club-moss  Family, 

600 

Crab-grass, 

521 

Clusia, 

42 

Cranesbill, 

65 

CLUSIACE^E, 

42 

Cranichis, 

285 

Cnicus, 

247 

Crantzia, 

159 

Cnidoscolus, 
Coccoloba, 

409 
391 

Crape-Mvrtle,                           * 
CRASSULACE^E, 

135 
149 

Cocculus, 

16 

Crataegus, 

126 

Cocklebur, 

223 

Crinum, 

468 

Cockspur, 

578 

Droomia, 

479 

Cocoa  Plum, 

119 

Dross-vine, 

285 

Coelestina, 

1?9 

Drotalaria, 

89 

Caelostylis, 

182 

Drotonopsis, 

408 

COFFEE^E, 

172 

>oton, 

407 

Colchicum  Family, 
Colicodendron, 

185,  186 
32 

Urowberry  Family, 
Crowfoot, 

410 

7 

Collinsonia, 

315 

Crowfoot  Family, 

2 

Colubrina, 

74 

Crowfoot-grass, 

558 

Columbine, 

9 

CRUCIFERJE, 

23 

Comandra, 

396 

CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS, 

585 

COMBRETACE^!, 

136 

>yptot£enia, 

161 

Combretum  Family, 

136 

Uterrium, 

557 

Commelvna, 
COMMELYNACEJE, 

497 
497 

Duba-grass, 
Cucumber-tree, 

583 
13 

COMPOSITE, 

184 

CUCURBITACE^E, 

148 

Composite  Family, 

184 

^unila, 

313 

Comptonia, 

427 

Cuphea, 

135 

680 


Cupressus, 

( 'nfinssus, 

CUPULIFERE^E, 

Currant, 

CuiTant  Family, 

Cuscuta, 

CUSCUTE^E, 

Custard-Apple, 

Custard-Apple  Family, 

Cvanococcus, 

CYCADACE.K, 

Cycas  Family, 

CYCLOLOBE^;, 

Ci/nanchum, 

CTNARBJB, 

Cynoctonum, 

Cynodon, 

Cynoglossum, 

Cynthia, 

CYPERACE^E, 

CYPERE^E, 

Cyperus, 

Cypress, 

Cypress-vine, 

CTPBIPEDIBJB, 

Cypripedium, 

Cyrilla, 

Cvrilla  Familv, 

CYRILLACE^l, 

Cystopteris, 

Dactylis, 

Dactyloctenium, 

DALBERGIE^E, 

Dalea, 

Dalibarda, 

Dandelion, 

Danthonia, 

Darbya^ 

Darnel, 

Dasystoma, 

Datura, 

Daucus, 

Dav-flower, 

Dnid  Nettle, 

Decodon, 

Decumaria. 

Deer-grass, 

Delphinium, 

]  )cntaria, 

Desmanthus, 

Desmodium, 

Diamorpha, 

Dianthera, 

Diafiensia, 

DIAPENSIRX, 

Dicentra, 

Diccrandra, 

Dichondra, 

DlCHONDRUjG, 


432 

Dichromena, 

530 

435 

Dicksonia, 

597 

436 

DlCKS<>ME,E, 

587 

420 

Dicliptera, 

305 

145 

DICOTYLEDONOUS  P 

LAKTS,    1 

145 

Diervilla, 

169 

346 

Digitaria, 

572 

341 

Digitaria, 

557 

15 

Diodia, 

175 

14    Dionaea, 

37 

259    Dioscorea, 

474 

437 
437 
375 

DIOSCOREACE^E, 
Diospvros, 
Dipholis, 

474 
273 
274 

367 

Diphylleia, 

17 

246 
367 

Diplachne, 
Diplopappus, 

559 
206 

557 

Dipteracauthus, 

303 

333 

Dirca, 

395 

249 

Discopleui'a, 

162 

504  1  Dittanv. 

313 

504 

D'ock,  ' 

385 

505 

Dodder, 

346 

435 

Dodecatheon, 

281 

341 

Dodonasa, 

78 

453 

DODONEA:, 

78 

464 

Dog's-tooth  Violet, 

483 

272 

Dogbane, 

358 

272 

Dogwood 

167 

272 

Dogwood  Familv 

167 

593 

Dolichos, 

109 

Dolichos, 

106 

564 

Draba, 

29 

558 

Dracocephalum  , 

322,  325 

88 

Dropseed-grass, 

350,  352 

93 

Drosera, 

36 

124 

DROSERACE^K, 

36 

251 

Dr)-petes, 

410 

568 

Duckweed, 

442 

396 

Duckweed  Family. 

442 

568 

Dulichium, 

513 

298 

Durra-Corn, 

583 

352 

Duranta, 

309 

161 

Dutchman's  Breeches 

22 

497 

325 

Eatonia, 

560 

135 

EBENACE^:, 

273 

155 

Ebonv  Family, 

27:i 

132 

Echinacea, 

226 

9 

Echinochloa, 

577 

26 

Echinocaulon, 

390 

117 

Echinodorus, 

448 

101 

Echites, 

359 

150 

Eclu'tcs. 

359 

304 

Echium, 

SSI 

340 

Eclipta, 

2-_>4 

337 

Eel-grass, 

444 

22 

Egg-Plant, 

349 

318 

Eglantine, 

126 

346 

Ehretia, 

329 

341    EHKETIE.S, 

328 

681 


Elder, 

171 

E  volvulus, 

345 

Elecampane, 

217 

Exccecaria, 

405 

Eleocharis, 

514 

Exogenous  Plants, 

1 

Elephantopus, 

188 

Exostemma, 

179 

Elephant's  foot, 

188 

Eleusine, 

558 

Fagus, 

424 

Eleusine, 

558  !  FaFse  Acacia, 

94 

Elliottia, 

273 

False  Foxglove, 

298 

Elm, 

416 

False  Hellebore, 

489 

Elm  Family, 

416 

False  Mitrewort, 

154 

Elodea, 

42 

False  Nettle, 

414 

Rlymos, 

567 

False  Rice, 

548 

Eli/mus, 

567 

Feather-grass, 

554 

Elytraria, 

302 

Fedia, 

183 

EMPETRACE^E, 

410 

Ferns, 

585 

Endogenous  Plants, 
Enemion, 

437 
9 

Ferula, 
Fescue-grass, 

164 
565 

EpIDENDREx'E, 

453 

Festuca, 

565 

Epidendrum, 

455 

Festuca, 

559 

Epigae.a, 

261 

FESTUCACE^B, 

546 

Epilobium, 

139 

Fevcnvort, 

170 

Epiphegus, 
EQUISETACE^E, 

286 
585 

Ficus, 

Figwort. 

415 

288 

Equisetum, 

585 

Figwort  Family, 

287 

Eragrostis, 

563 

Fig, 

415 

Erechthites, 

244 

FILICES, 

585 

Erianthus, 

582 

Fimbristylis, 

521 

ERICACEAE, 

257 

Fir, 

434 

ERICINE.E, 

257 

Fireweed, 

244 

Erigeron, 

206 

Flaveria, 

238 

Eriocaulon, 

502    Flax, 

62 

JEriocaulon, 

503,  504    Flax  Family, 

62 

ERIOCAULONACEvE, 

502  i  Fleabane, 

206 

Eriochaete, 

524    Flower  de  Luce, 

472 

ERIOGONE^E, 

385 

Flowering  Fern, 

598 

Eriogonum. 

392 

FLOWERLESS  PLANTS, 

585 

Eriophorum, 

521    Fly-Poison, 

490 

Erithalis, 

178    Fly-Trap, 

37 

Ernodia, 

176    Forestiera, 

370 

Ervum, 

98    FORESTIERE^;, 

369 

Eryngium, 

159 

Forget-me-not, 

332 

Erythrina, 

106 

Forsteronia, 

359 

Erythronium, 

483 

Fothergilla, 

157 

ESCALLONIEJS, 
Eugenia, 

151 
130 

Four-o'clock  Family, 
Foxtail-grass, 

372 
549 

Euonymus, 

76 

Fragaria, 

124 

EUPA'TORIACE^E, 

189 

Frangula, 

73 

Eupatorium, 

193 

Franklinia, 

60 

Eu/>atorium, 

197 

Frasera, 

357 

Euphorbia, 

400 

FRAXINE^E, 

369 

EUPHORBIACE2E, 

399 

Fraxinus, 

369 

Eupolygonella, 

386 

Fringe-tree, 

369 

K  us.  MILAGES, 

475 

Froelichia, 

383 

Eustachys, 
Eustoma, 

557 
355 

Frog's-bit  Family, 
Fuirena, 

450 
514 

Euthamia, 

214 

FUMARIACEJE, 

22 

Eutoca, 

335 

Fumitory  Family, 

22 

Euxolus, 

380 

Evening-Primrose, 

138 

Gaillardia, 

238 

Evening-Primrose  Family, 

137 

GALACINEJ3, 

268 

Everlasting, 

243 

Galactia, 

108 

682 


Galax, 

Galax  Family, 

Galega, 

Galium, 

Gama-grass, 

Gardenia, 

Gaultheria, 

Gaura, 

Gaylnssacia, 

Gelsemium, 

Gentian, 

Gentiana, 

GENTIANACEjE, 

Gentian  Family, 

Georgia  Bark, 

GERANIACE^E, 

Geranium, 

Geranium  Family, 

Gerardia, 

Gerardia, 

Germander, 

Geum, 

Gilia, 

Gillenia, 

Ginseng, 

Ginseng  Family, 

Gleditschia,      ' 

Glottidium, 

Glyceria, 

Glycine, 

Gnaphalium, 

Goat's  Rue, 

Golden  Club, 

Golden  Osier, 

Golden  Rod, 

Golden  Saxifrage, 

GOMPHRENES, 

Gonolobus, 

Gonopyrum, 

GOODENIACE^E, 

Goodenia  Family, 

Goodyera, 

Gooseberry, 

Goosefoot, 

Goosefoot  Family, 

Gordon  ia, 

Gossypium> 

Gouania, 

Gourd  Family, 

GRAMINE^E, 

Grape, 

Grass  Family, 

Grass  of  Parnassus, 

Gratiola, 

Gratiola, 

Gromwell, 

GROSSULACE.E, 

Ground  Cherry, 

Ground  Laurel, 

Groundsel, 

Guaiacum, 


268 

Guettarda, 

178 

268 

Guinea  Corn, 

583 

95 

Gymnadenia, 

458 

173 
580 

Gymnopogon, 
GYMNOSPERM^E, 

556 
431 

179 
261 

Gymnostichum, 

Gymnostylis, 

567 
243 

137 

Gynandropsis, 

32 

258 

183 

Habenaria, 

461 

355 

H-£MODORACE^E, 

469 

355 

Halesia, 

a:i 

352 

HALORAGE^E, 

137 

352 

Haloschcenus, 

528 

179 

HAMAMELACE^E, 

15G 

64 

Hamamclis, 

156 

65 

Hamelia, 

178 

64 

Hamiltonia, 

396 

299 

Haw, 

171 

298 

Hawthorn, 

126 

327 

Ha/el-nut, 

425 

123 

Heart's-ease, 

33 

339 

Heath  Family, 

257,261 

121 

Hedeoma, 

316 

166 
166 

Hedge-Hyssop, 
Hedge-Mu  stard, 

292 

28 

115 
97 

Hedge-Nettle, 
Hedyotis, 

326 
181 

560 

HEDYSARES, 

87 

104,  105 

Hedysarum, 

101 

243 

Helenium, 

239 

95 

Helianthella, 

232 

441 

Helianthemum, 

35 

431 

Helianthus, 

228 

208 

Helianthus, 

223 

154 

379 

Heliophytum, 
Heliopsis, 

330 
225 

368 

HELIOTROPES, 

328 

387 

Heliotropium, 

330 

255    HELLEBORINE^;, 
255    Helonias, 

2 
489,  490,  491 

463 

Helosciadium, 

162 

145 

Hemianthttt, 

295 

'  376 

Hemicarpha, 

513 

375 

Hemp  Family, 

414 

60 

Hepatica, 

5 

58 

Heraclcum, 

165 

74 

Herd's  grass, 

550 

148 

Her  mar  ia, 

47 

545 

Herpestis, 

291 

70 

Herpestis, 

295 

545 

Hesperis, 

25 

38 

Heteropogon, 

582 

292 

Heterotheca, 

215 

291,  294 

Heterotropa, 

371 

331 

Heuchera, 

152 

145 

HIBISCEJE, 

53 

350 

Hibiscus, 

57 

261 

Hibiscus, 

57 

245 

Hickory, 

418 

64 

Hieracium, 

250 

683 


Hi  PPOCASTANB^!, 

78 

Impatiens, 

65 

Hippomane, 

404 

Indian  Hemp, 

358 

Holly, 

269 

Indian  Mallows, 

55 

Holly  Family, 

268 

Indian  Physic, 

125 

Honey-Locust, 
Honeysuckle, 
Honeysuckle  Family, 

115 
170,  265 
169 

Indian  Pipe, 
Indian  Pipe  Family,  . 
Indian  Shot, 

268 
267 
465 

Hop, 
Hop-Hornbeam, 

414 

426 

Indian  Turnip, 
Indigo, 

439 
96 

Hop-tree, 

66 

Indigofera, 

96 

HORDEACE^;, 

547 

Inga, 

116,117 

Horehound, 

325 

Inula, 

217 

Hornbeam, 

425 

lodanthus, 

25 

Horned  Rush, 

528 

rmoea, 

342 

Hornwort, 

398 

,    noea, 

341 

Hornwort  Family, 

398 

Iresinastrum, 

382 

Horse-Balm, 

315 

Iresine, 

381 

Horse-Chestnut, 

79 

IRIDACEJ3, 

472 

Horse-Mint, 

314,320 

Iris, 

472 

Horsetail  Family, 

585 

Iris  Family, 

472 

Hosackia, 

91 

Irish  Potato, 

349 

Hottonia, 

279 

Iron-weed, 

187 

Hound's  Tongue, 

192,333 

Isanthus, 

327 

Houstonia, 

180,181 

Ismene, 

467 

Huckleberry, 

258,  259 

Isoetes, 

602 

Hudsonia, 

36 

Isolepis, 

522 

Humulus, 

414 

Isopappus, 

215 

Huntsman's  Cup, 

20 

Isopyrum, 

9 

Hydrangea, 

155 

Itea, 

155 

HYDRANGIE.E, 

151 

Iva, 

222 

Hydrastis, 

11 

Ma, 

474 

HYDROCHARIDACE^E, 

Hydrocharis, 
Hydrochloa, 
Hvdrocotyle, 

450 
451 
549 
158 

Jamaica  Dogwood, 
Jamestown-  Weed, 
Jacquemontia, 

110 
352 
344 

159 

Jaquinia, 

276 

Hydrolea, 
HYDROLEACE^E, 
Hydrolea  Family, 
Ili/dropeltis, 
HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 
Hydrophyllura, 
Hydropterides, 
Hymenocallis, 
Hymenopappus, 
HYMEXOPHYLLE^E, 
Ili/oseris, 
Hypelate, 
HYPERICACE^E, 
Hypericum, 
Hypobrychia, 
Hypopitys, 

336 
336 
336 
19 
333 
334 
602 
467 
238 
587 
250 
78 
38 
39 
133 
268 

Jatropha, 
Jeffersonia, 
Jersey  Tea, 
Jerusalem  Artichoke, 
Jerusalem  Cherry, 
Jewel-weed, 
JUGLANDACE^, 
Juglans, 
JUNCACEJE, 

JUNCAGINEJE, 

Juncus, 
Juncus, 
Juniper, 
Juniperus, 
Jussiaea, 
Justicia, 

409 
18 
74 
232 
349 
65 
418 
419 
492 
447 
493 
93,  495 
435 
435 
140 
304,  305 

Hypoporum, 

532 

Kallstromia, 

64 

Hypoxys, 

468 

Kalmia, 

264 

Hyptis, 

312 

Kidney-Bean, 

106 

Knotweed, 

388 

Ilex, 

269 

Kosteletzkya, 

**       57 

ILLECEBRE.E, 

45 

Kramer!  a, 

86 

Illicium, 

12 

KRAMERIACEJB, 

86 

Ilysanthes, 

294 

Krigia, 

9 

684 


INDEX. 


Kuhnia, 

193 

Lilv  Family, 

480 

Kyllingia, 
KyUingia, 

512 
514 

Lily  of  the  Valley, 
Lime, 

481 

61 

Limnanthemum, 

357 

LABIATE, 

310 

Limnobium, 

451 

LABIATIFLORJE, 

187 

Limnochloa, 

514 

Lachnanthes, 

469 

Limodorum, 

455 

Lachnocaulon, 

503 

LINACEJE, 

62 

Lactuca, 

252 

Linaria, 

290 

Lady's  Slipper, 
Lagerstroemia,  . 

464 
135 

Linden, 
Linden  Family, 

59 
59 

Lagancularia, 

136 

Lindernia, 

294 

Lamb-Lettuce, 

183 

Linum, 

62 

Lamium, 

325 

Liparis, 

454 

Lantuna, 

308 

Lipocarpha, 

513 

Laportea, 

413 

LIPOCARPHE.S, 

504 

Lappa, 

248 

Lippia, 

308 

Larkspur, 
Lastrea, 

9 
594 

Liquidambar, 
Liriodendron, 

157 
14 

Lathyrus, 

99 

Listera, 

463 

LAURACE^E, 

393 

Lithospermum, 

331 

Laurel, 

264 

Liver-leaf, 

5 

Laurel  Family, 

393 

Lizard's  Tail, 

398 

Laurocerasus, 

120 

Lizard's  Tail  Family, 

397 

Laurus, 

893,  394 

LOASACE^E, 

146 

Lavatera, 

56 

Loasa  Family, 

146 

Leadwort, 

279 

Lobelia, 

253 

Lead  wort  Family, 
Leatlierwood, 

278 
395 

Lobelia  Family, 
LOBELIACE^E, 

253 
253 

Leavenworthia, 

27 

Loblolly  Bay, 

60 

Lechea, 

36 

Locust, 

94 

Leersia, 

548 

LOGANIE^B, 

173 

LEGUMINOSvE, 

86 

Lolium, 

568 

Leitneria, 

427 

LOMENTACE^E, 

24 

Lemna, 

442 

Long  Moss, 

470,472 

LEMNACE^E, 

442 

Lonicera, 

170 

Lemon, 

61 

Loosestrife, 

134,  280 

LENTIBULACE^E, 

282 

Loosestrife  Family, 

133 

Leonotis, 

326 

Lophanthus, 

321 

Leontice, 

17 

Lophiola, 

469 

Leonurus, 

326 

Lopseed, 

310 

Lepachys, 

228 

LORANTHACEJS, 

397 

Lepidium, 

30 

LOTE.*:, 

86 

Leptandra, 

295 

Ludwigia, 

140 

Leptanthus, 

497 

Ludwigia, 

140 

Leptocaulis, 

161 

Lupine, 

89 

Leptochloa, 

558 

Lupinus, 

89 

Leptopoda, 

239 

Luziola, 

583 

Lepuropetalon, 
Lespedeza, 
Lettuce, 

151 
100 
252 

Luzula, 
Lvcium, 
LYCOPODIACE^, 

492 
351 
600 

Leucanthemum, 
Leucothoe, 

242 
261 

Lycopodium, 
Lycopus, 

600 
313 

Liatris, 

190 

Lygodesmia, 

251 

Liatris, 

190 

Lygodium, 

597 

LlGULTfLORJE, 

Lijrusticum, 

187 
163 

Lime-grass, 
Lyonia, 

567 
367 

LILIACEJE, 
Lilium, 

480 
484 

Lysimachia, 
LYTHRACE^:, 

280 
133 

1%, 

484 

Ly  thrum, 

134 

685 


Macbridea, 

Macranthera, 

Madder  Family, 

Magnolia, 

Magnolia  Family, 

MAGNOLIACE^E, 

MAGSOLIE^E, 

Mahogany, 

Mahogany  Family, 

Maianthemum, 

Maiden-Hair, 

Malachodendron, 

MALAXIDE.B, 

Malaxis, 

Mallow, 

Mallow  Family, 

MALPIGHIACE^E, 

Malpighia  Family, 

Malva, 

Maha, 

MALVACEAE, 

Malvastrum, 

Malvaviscus, 

MALVE^E, 

Mandrake, 

Mangrove, 

Mangrove  Family, 

Manisuris, 

Maple, 

Maple  Family, 

Marginalia, 

Marrubium, 

Maruta, 

Marshallia, 

Marsh-grass, 

Marsh  Marigold, 

Marsh  Pennywort, 

Marsh  Rosemary, 

Marty  nia, 

Mayaca, 

MAYACACE^!, 

Mayaca  Family, 

May-Apple, 

Maypop, 

Maytenus, 

Mayweed, 

Meadow-grass, 

Meadow-Rue, 

Meadow-sweet, 

Medeola, 

Medicago, 

Melampyrum, 

MELANTHACE^:, 

Melanthera, 

Melanthium, 

Melastoma  Family, 

MELASTOMACE^:, 

Mclia, 

MELIACE^, 

Melica, 

Melicocca, 


324  !  Melilot, 

90 

297    Melilotus, 

90 

172  i  Melissa, 

318 

13 

Melothria, 

148 

12 

MENISPERMACE.E, 

15 

12 

Menispermum, 

16 

12 

Menispermum, 

16 

62 

Mentha, 

312 

62 

Mentzelia, 

146 

481 

Menziesia, 

2(15 

590 

Mercurialis, 

410 

61 

Mertensia, 

332 

452 

Metastelma, 

366 

453,  454 
53 
52 

Mexican  Poppy, 
Mezereum  Family, 
Micranthemum, 

21 
395 
294 

81 

Micromeria, 

317 

81 

Miwopetalon, 

49 

53 

Microstylis, 

45.3 

53,56 

Mikania, 

197 

52 

Milium,                                          570, 

572 

54 

Milk-Vetch, 

97 

58 

Milkweed, 

362 

52 

Milkweed  Family, 

361 

18 

Milkwort, 

82 

135 

Milkwort  Family, 

82 

135 

Millet, 

578 

580 

Mimosa, 

115 

80 

Mimosa  Family, 

115 

80 

MIMOSE^E, 

88 

588 

Mimulus, 

291 

325 

Mimusops, 

275 

241 

Mint, 

312 

241 

Mint  Family, 

310 

556 

Mistletoe, 

397 

9 
158 

Mistletoe  Family, 
Mitchella, 

397 
176 

278 

Mitella, 

154 

285 

Mitreola, 

182 

498 

Mitrewort,                                   154,  182 

498 

Mock  Orange, 

120 

498 

Modiola, 

56 

18 

MOLLUGINE.fi, 

45 

147 

Mollugo, 

48 

77 

Monanthochloe, 

584 

241 

Monarda, 

320 

562 

Monarda, 

321 

5 

MONARDE-E, 

311 

120 

Monkey-Flower, 

291 

479 

Monk's  hood, 

10 

90 

Monocera, 

558 

301 
485 

Monocotyledonous  Plants, 
Monopetalous  Exogenous  Plants, 

437 
169 

225 

Monotropa, 

268 

488 

MONOTROl'E^E, 

258 

131 

Moonseed, 

16 

131 

Moonwort, 

599 

62 

MORACE^E, 

414 

62 

Morinda, 

177 

560 

Morning-  Glory, 

342 

79 

Morus, 

415 

686 


Motherwort, 

326 

Nyssa, 

168 

Mouse-ear, 

50 

Mouse-tail, 

6 

Oak, 

420 

Muhlenbergia, 

552 

Oak  Family, 

420 

Muhlenbergia, 

553 

Obione, 

377 

Mulberry, 

415 

Obolaria, 

357 

Mulberry  Family, 

414 

OCIMOIDE^;, 

310 

Mulgedium, 

252 

Ocimum, 

312 

Mullein, 

288 

(Enothera, 

138 

Muscadine, 

71 

Ogeechee  Lime, 

168 

Mustard  Family, 

23 

Oil-nut, 

396 

MUTISIACE^;, 

248 

Okra, 

58 

Myginda, 

75 

OLACACE^E, 

61 

Mi/locarium, 

273 

Oldenlandia, 

180 

Myosotis, 

332 

Olea, 

369 

Myosotis, 

333 

OLEACE^E, 

368 

Myosurus, 

6 

OLEINE.S:, 

368 

Myrica, 

426 

Olive, 

369 

MYRICACE^:, 

426 

Olive  Family, 

368 

Myriophyllum, 

143 

ONAGRACE^J, 

137 

MYRSINACE^E, 

276 

ONAGRACE^E, 

137 

Myrsine, 

276 

Onion, 

482 

Myrsine  Family, 

276 

Onoclea, 

596 

MYRTACE^:, 

130 

Onosmodium, 

331 

Myrtle  Family, 

130 

OPHIOGLOSSE.E, 

587 

Ophioglossum, 

599 

Nabalus, 

250 

Ophiorhiza, 

182 

NAIADACE^E, 

444 

OPHRYDE^E, 

453 

Naias, 
Nama, 

444 
336 

Ophri/s, 
Oplotheca, 

464 
384 

Nasturtium, 

24 

Opuntia, 

144 

Nectris, 

19 

Orache, 

377 

Negundo, 

81 

Orange, 

61 

NELUMBIACE^J, 

18 

Orange  Family, 

61 

Nelumbium, 

18 

Orchard-grass, 

564 

Nelumbo, 

18 

ORCHIDACEJE, 

452 

Nelumbo  Family, 

18 

Orchis, 

458 

Nemastylis, 

474 

Ore/us, 

459,  460 

Nemophila, 
NEOTTIE.*:, 

334 
455 

Orchis  Family, 
Ortiithogalum, 

452 
483 

Nepeta, 

321 

OROBANCHACE^E, 

286 

NEPETE^, 

311 

Orobanche, 

286,  287 

Nephrolepis, 

596 

Orontium, 

441 

Neptunia, 

117 

Orpine, 

150 

Nessea, 

134 

Orpine  Family, 

149 

Nettle, 

412 

Orthomeris, 

205 

Nettle-tree, 

417 

Orthopogon, 

577 

Neurophyllum, 

165 

ORYZE^E, 

545 

Neviusia, 

121 

Osmorrhiza, 

166 

Nicandra, 

351 

Osmunda, 

598 

Nicotiana, 

352 

OSBI  UNDINES, 

587 

Night-blooming  Jessamine, 

352 

Ostrya, 

426 

Nightshade, 
Nightshade  Family, 

348 
347 

Otophvlla, 
OXALIDACEJE, 

298 
63 

Nolina, 

483 

Oxalis, 

63 

Nondo, 
Nuphar, 

163 

20 

Ox-eye  Daisy, 
Oxybaphus, 

242 

372 

Nut-rush, 

530 

Oxycoccus, 

259 

NYCTAGINACE^E, 

372 

Oxydendrum, 

263 

Nvmphtea, 
NYMPELEACEJE, 

19 
19 

Oxytripolium, 

205 

687 


Pachysandra, 

410    Philoxcrus, 

382 

Psepalanthus, 

503 

Phlebodium, 

588 

Palafoxia, 

238 

Phleum, 

530,  552 

FALMM, 

437 

Phlox, 

337 

Palmetto, 

438 

Phoradendron, 

397 

Palms, 

437 

Phragmites, 

567 

Panax,' 

166 

Phryma, 

310 

Pancratium, 

467 

PHRYME^E, 

306 

PANICE^E, 

547 

Phyllanthus, 

409 

Panic-grass, 

572 

Physalis, 

350 

Panicum, 

572 

Physostegia, 

325 

Panicum, 
PAPAVERACEJE, 

571,  578 
21 

Phytolacca, 
PHYTOLACCACE^E, 

375 

Papaw, 

15 

PHYTOLACCE.E, 

374 

Paper-Mulberry, 

415 

Pickerel-weed, 

496 

PAPILIONACE^E, 

86 

Pickerel-weed  Family, 

496 

Papyrus, 
Parietaria, 

512 
413 

Pig-nut, 
Pig-weed, 

418,  419 
376 

Parnassia, 

38 

Pilea, 

413 

PARNASSIACEJE, 

37 

Pimpernel, 

281 

Parnassia  Family, 

37 

Pinckneya, 

179 

Paronychia, 

46 

Pine,     " 

432 

Paronychia, 

47 

Pine  Family, 

431 

Parsley  Family, 
Parthenium, 

157 
222 

Pine-Apple  Family, 
Pinguicula, 

470 
283 

Paspalum, 

570 

Pink  Family, 

45 

Passiflora, 

147 

Pink-root, 

181 

PASSIFLORACEvE, 

147 

Pinus, 

432 

Passion-Flower, 
Passion-flower  Family, 

147 
147 

Pipewort, 
Pipewort  Family, 

502 

502 

Pavia, 

79 

Piriqueta, 

146 

Pavonia, 

56 

Piscidia, 

110 

Peach, 

129 

Pisonia, 

373 

Pear, 

128 

Pistia, 

441 

Pecan-nut, 

418 

Pitcheria, 

105 

Pectis, 
Pedicularis, 

189 
301 

Pitcher-Plant  Family, 
Pithecolobium, 

20 
116 

Pellam, 

589 

Planera, 

417 

Pellitory, 

413 

Planer-tree, 

417 

Peltandra, 

440 

Plane-tree, 

418 

Penicillaria, 

578 

Plane-tree  Family, 

417 

Penthorum, 

151 

PLANTAGINACE^E, 

277 

Pentstemon, 

289 

Plantago, 

277 

Pepper-grass, 

30 

Plantain, 

277 

Persea, 
Persicaria, 

393 

388 

Plantain  Family, 
PLANTANACE^E, 

277 
417 

Persimmon, 

273 

Platanthera, 

459 

Petalostemon, 

93 

Platanus, 

418 

Petiveria, 

374 

Pleea, 

491 

PET  i  VERIER, 

374 

Pluchea, 

218 

Petunia, 

352 

Plum, 

119 

Phaca, 

98 

PLUMBAGINACE^E, 

278 

Phacelia, 

335 

Plumbago, 

279 

Phamogamous  Plants, 

1 

Poa, 

562 

Phalangium, 

483 

Poa,                              559, 

561,  563,  564 

PHALARIDE^E, 

547 

Podophyllum, 

18 

Phalaris, 

569 

PODOSTEMACE^E, 

399 

Pharbitis, 

342 

Podostemon, 

399 

PHASEOLE.E, 

88 

Podostigma, 

366 

Phaseolus, 

106 

Pogonia, 

457 

Philadelphus, 

156    Poison  Elder, 

69 

688 


Poison  Oak, 

69    Ptelea, 

66 

Poke-weed, 

375 

PTERIDES, 

586 

Poke-weed  Family, 

374 

Pteris, 

589 

Polanisia, 

31 

Pteris, 

590 

POLEMONIACE^E, 

337 

Pterocaulon, 

219 

POLEMONIES, 

337 

Puccoon, 

22 

Polemonium, 

340 

Pulmonaria, 

332 

Polemonium  Family, 

337 

Pulse  Family, 

86,  89 

Polycarpon, 

48 

Punica, 

130 

Polygala, 
POLYGALACE^E, 

82 
82 

Purslane, 
Purslane  Family, 

44 
43 

POLYGONACE^, 

384 

Putty-root, 

455 

Polygonatum, 

480 

Pycnanthemum, 

314 

POLYONEJE, 

384 

Pycreus, 

505 

Polygonella, 

386 

Pyrola, 

266 

Polygonum, 

388 

Pyrola  Family, 

266 

Polygonum,                           387,  388, 

391 

PYROLES, 

258 

Polymnia, 

219 

Pvrrhopappus, 

252 

Polypetalous  Exogenous  Plants, 

1 

Pyrularia, 

396 

POLYPODIES, 

586 

Pyrus, 

128 

POLYPODINEJE, 

586 

Pyxidanthera, 

340 

Polypodium, 

588 

Polypody, 

588 

Quamoclit, 

341 

Polypogon, 

552 

Quassia, 

67 

Polypremum, 

182 

Quassia  Family, 

67 

Polypteris, 

238 

Queen's  Delight, 

404 

Polystichum, 

595 

Quercus, 

420 

POMES, 

118 

Queria, 

46 

Pomegranate, 

130 

Quillwort, 

Pond-Lily, 

19 

Quince, 

129 

Pond-weed, 

445 

Pond-weed  Family, 

444 

Randia, 

179 

Pontederia, 

496 

RANUNCULACE^E, 

2 

PONTEDERIACEJS, 

496 

RANUNCICLES, 

2 

Ponthieva, 

464 

Ranunculus, 

7 

Poplar, 

431 

Rattle-box, 

89 

Poppy  Family, 

21 

Rattlesnake-Plantain, 

463 

Populus, 

431 

Red  Bay, 

393 

Portulaca, 

44 

Red-bud, 

114 

PORTULACACE^E, 

43 

Red  Pepper, 

350 

Potamogeton, 

445 

Reed, 

561,  567 

Potentilla, 

124 

Reed  Bent-grass, 

553 

Pothos, 

441 

RHAMNACE^E, 

72 

Prenanthes, 

251 

Rhamnus, 

73 

Prickly  Ash, 

66 

Bhammts, 

72,  73,  74 

Prickly  Pear, 

144 

Rhatanv  Family, 

86 

Pride  of  India, 

62 

Rhexia, 

132 

Primrose  Family, 
PRIMULACE^:, 

279 
279 

Rhizophora, 
RHIZOPHORACE.E, 

135 
135 

Prince's  Pine, 

267 

Rhododendron, 

265 

Prinoides, 

269 

RHODORES, 

257 

Prinos, 

270 

Rhus, 

68 

Prinos, 

270 

Rhynchosia, 

104 

Priva, 

306 

Rhynchospora, 

523 

Prosartes, 

487 

Rliynchospora, 

528 

Proserpinaca, 

143 

RHYNCHOSPORES, 

505 

Prunus, 

119 

Ribes, 

145 

Psilocarya, 

529 

Ricinus, 

409 

Psilotum, 

601 

River-weed, 

399 

Psoralea, 

91 

River-weed  Family, 

399 

Psychotria, 

177 

Rivina, 

375 

689 


Robinia, 

Rock-Rose, 

Rock-Rose  Family, 

Rosa, 

ROSACE^E, 

ROSACES, 

Rose, 

Rose-Bay, 

Rose  Family, 

Rose-Mallow, 

Rottbcellia, 

Rottbodlia, 

ROTTBCELLIE^E, 

Roxburghia  Family, 
ROXBURGHIACE^E, 
Rubia, 
RUBIACE^E, 

Rubus, 

Rudbeckia, 

Rudbeckia, 

Ruellia, 

Rue  Family, 

Rugelia, 

Rumex, 

Ruppia, 

Rush, 

Rush  Family, 

Rush-grass, 

RUTACE^E, 

Sabal, 

Sabbatia, 

Sage, 

Sageretia, 

Sagina, 

Sagittaria, 

St.  John's-wort, 

St.  John's-wort  Family, 

St.  Peter's-wort, 

SALICACE^E, 

Salicornia, 

Salix, 

Salsola, 

Saltwort, 

Salvia, 

Sambucus, 

Samolus, 

Samphire, 

Sandalwood  Family, 

Sandwort, 

Sanguinaria, 

Sanguisorba, 

Sanicula, 

SANTALACE^E, 

SAPINDACE^E, 

SAPINDES, 

Sapindus, 

Sapodilla  Family, 

Saponaria. 

SAPOTACE^E, 

Sarcostemma, 


94 

Sarracenia, 

20 

35 

SARRACENIACE^E, 

20 

35 

Sarsaparilla, 

166 

125 

Sassafras, 

394 

in- 

Satin-wood, 

66 

ns 

SATUREIES, 

311 

125 

SAURURACEJ5, 

397 

265 

Saururus, 

398 

117 

Saxifraga, 

153 

57 

SAXIFRAGACE^E, 

151 

579 

SAXIFRAGES, 

151 

579,  581 

Saxifrage, 

15* 

548 
479 

Saxifrage  Family, 
Scsevola, 

151 
255 

479 

Schajfferia, 

76 

173 

Schizandra, 

13 

172 

SCHIZANDRES, 

12 

124 

SCHIZyfclNES, 

587 

226 

Schcenolirion, 

483 

238 

Schoenocaulon, 

490 

303,  304 

Schcenus,                                        529 

,530 

66 

Schollera, 

496 

246 

Schrankia, 

116 

385 

Schwalbea, 

301 

445 

Schweinitzia, 

267 

493 

SciRPEjE, 

504 

492 

Scirpus, 

519 

550 

Scirpus,         515,  518,  522,  523,  526 

,530 

66 

Scleria, 

530 

SCLERIE^E 

505 

438 

Sclerolepis, 

190 

353 

Scleropus, 

381 

318 

Scoparia, 

296 

73 

Scouring  Rush, 

585 

48    Scrophularia, 
448  1  SCROPHULARIACE.E, 
39    Scutellaria, 

288 
287 
322 

38    Scutia, 

72 

38 
429 

Sea-Grape, 
Sea-Purslane, 

391 

44 

377 

Sedge, 

532 

429 

Sedge  Family, 

504 

378 

Sedum, 

150 

378 

Seed-box, 

140 

318 

Selaginella, 

601 

171 

Self-heal, 

322 

281 

Senebiera, 

30 

377 

Seneca-Snakeroot, 

85 

395 

Senecio, 

245 

49 

Senecio, 

244 

22 

SENECIONIDES, 

219 

122 

Senna, 

114 

159 

Sensitive-Plant, 

115 

395 

Sericocarpus, 

.197 

78 

SESAMES, 

284 

78 

Sesbania, 

97 

79 

Sesbania, 

97 

274 

Sesuvium, 

44 

52 

Setaria, 

577 

274 

Seutera, 

367 

367 

Seymeria, 

297 

690 


Shepherd's  Purse, 
Shield-Fern, 

30 
594 

Spergula, 
Speiyula, 

48 
48 

Shortia, 

267 

Spergularia, 

47 

Sicyos, 

149 

Spermacoce, 

174 

Sida, 

54 

Spermacoce, 

176 

Sida, 

54,56 

Spice-bush, 

394 

Sideroxylon, 
Side-Saddle  Flower, 

274 
20 

Spiderwort, 
Spiderwort  Family, 

498 
497 

Silene, 

•     51 

Spigelia, 

181 

SILENE.E, 

45 

Spike-rush, 

514 

SILICCLOSA-E, 

24 

Spilanthes, 

237 

SlLIQUOS^!, 

24 

Spindle-tree, 

76 

Silphium, 

220 

Spiraa, 

120 

Silphium, 
Simaruba, 

221 

67 

Spiranthes, 
SPIROLOBE^E, 

461 
376 

SIMARUBACE^, 

Siphonychia, 

Sison, 

67 
46 
161 

Sporobolus, 
Spring-Beauty, 
Spruce, 

550 
43 
434 

Sisymbrium, 

28 

Spurge, 

400 

Sisymbrium, 

24 

Spurge  Family, 

399 

Sisyrhinchium, 

473 

Spurrey, 

48 

Sitolobium, 

597 

Squawroot, 

286 

Shim, 

162 

STACHYDE.S, 

311 

Sium, 

162,165 

Stachys, 

326 

Skullcap, 

322 

Stachytarpha, 

308 

Skunk-Cabbage, 

441 

Staff-tree, 

76 

Sloe, 
SMILACE^, 

171 
475 

Staphylea, 
STAPHYLEACE^, 

77 

Smilacina, 

481 

Star-grass, 

468,  470 

Smilacina, 

482 

Star-Thistle, 

246 

Smilax, 

475 

Starwort, 

49,  198 

Smilax, 

477 

Statice, 

278 

Smilax  Family, 

475 

Stellaria, 

49 

Smyrnium, 

163 

Stellaria, 

49 

Snake-head, 

289 

Stenanthium, 

489 

Snowberry, 
Snowdrop-tree, 

169 
271 

Stenotaphrum, 
Stillingia, 

579 
404 

Soapberry, 

79 

Stipa, 

554 

Soapberry  Family, 

78 

Stlpulicida, 

47 

Soapwort, 

52 

Stokesia, 

188 

SOLANACE^E, 

347 

Stonecrop, 

150 

Solanum, 

348 

Storax, 

271 

Solea, 

34 

Storax  Family, 

270 

Solidago, 

208 

Strawberry, 

124 

Soliva, 

242 

Streptachne, 

554 

Solomon's  Seal, 

481 

Streptopus, 

487 

Sonchus, 

253 

Streptopus, 

487 

Sophora, 

113 

Strumfia, 

177 

SOPHORE.S:, 

88 

Stuartia, 

61 

Sorbus, 

129 

Stylisma, 

346 

Sorghum, 

583 

Stylosanthes, 

100 

Sorrel-tree, 

263 

STYRACACE^, 

270 

Sour  Gum, 

168 

STYRACE^E, 

270 

Sourwood, 

263 

Styrax, 

271 

Spanish  Bayonet, 

485 

Sumach, 

68 

Sparganophorus, 

190 

Sundew, 

36 

Sparganium, 

443 

Sundew  Family, 

36 

Spartina, 

556 

Sunflower, 

228 

Spatter  Dock, 

20 

Supple-Jack, 

73 

Specularia, 

256 

Surania, 

149 

Speedwell, 

295 

SURANIACEJE, 

149 

Surania  Family, 
Sweet  Bay, 
Sweet  Clover, 
Sweet  Fern, 
Sweet  Flag, 
Sweet  Gum, 
Sweet  Potato, 
Sweet-scented  Grass, 
Sweet-scented  Shrub, 
Swietenia, 
Sycamore, 


Symphoricarpus, 

Symplocarpus, 

SYMPLOCINE^;, 

Symplocos, 

Syringa, 

Talinum, 

Tanacetum, 

Tansy, 

Tape-grass, 

Taraxacum, 

Tare, 


Taxodium, 

Tax  us, 

Tecoma, 

Telanthera, 

Tephrosia, 

Terminalia, 

Tetragonotheca, 

Tetranthera, 

Teucrium, 

Thalia, 

Thalictrum, 

Thaspium, 

Theophrasta  Family, 

THEOPHRASTACE^), 

Thermopsis, 

Thesium, 

Thistle, 

Thorn-Apple, 

Thoroughwort, 

Thuja, 

THYMELEACE^E, 

Thyrsanthus, 

Thysanella, 

Tiarella, 

Tiedemannia, 

Tilia, 

TILIACE^E, 

Tillandsia, 

Timothy, 

Tiniaria, 

Tipularia, 

Titi, 

Toad-Flax, 

Tobacco, 

Tofieldia, 


149 

Tomato, 

349 

13 

Torchwood, 

68 

90 

Torchwood  Family, 

67 

427 

Torreya, 

436 

442 

Tooth-ache  Tree, 

66 

157 

Toothwort, 

26 

341 

Tournefortia. 

329 

569 

Touch-me-not, 

65 

130 

Tovaria, 

390 

62 

Tradescantia, 

498 

418 

Tragia, 

406 

499 

Trautvetteria, 

6 

169 

Tree-Orchis, 

455 

169 

Triantha, 

492 

441 

Tribulus, 

64 

271 

Trichelostylis, 

522 

272 

Trichochloa, 

553 

156 

Trichodeum, 

551 

Trichophorum, 

521 

44 

Trichomanes, 

597 

242 

Trichostema, 

327 

242 

Tricuspis, 

559 

450 

Trifolium, 

90 

251 

Triglochin, 

447 

98 

TRILLIACEJE, 

475 

432 

Trillium, 

477 

435 
436 

Trillium  Family, 
Triosteum, 

475 
170 

285 

Triphora, 

457 

383 

Triplasis, 

559 

95 
137 
225 

Tripsacum, 
Tripsacum. 
Tripterdla, 

580 
580 
451,  452 

394 

Trisetum, 

568 

327 
465 

Trumpet-Flower, 
Trumpet-Leaf, 

285 
20 

5 

TUBULIFLOR^, 

184 

163 

TULIPACE^:, 

480 

276 

Tulip-tree, 

14 

276 

Turnera, 

147 

113 

Turnera  Family, 

146 

396 

TURNERACEJE, 

146 

246 

Twin-Leaf, 

18 

352 

Twisted  Orchis, 

461 

193 

436 

Typha, 
TYPHACE^:, 

443 
443 

395 

95 

Udora, 

450 

391 

ULMACE^E, 

416 

154 

Ulmus, 

416 

164 

UMBELLEFER.&, 

157 

59 

Umbrella-Tree, 

13 

59 

Unicorn-Plant, 

285 

470 

Uniola, 

556 

550 

Uniola, 

562 

390 

Uralepis, 

560 

456 

URENEJB, 

53 

273 

Urtica, 

412 

290 

Urtica, 

413 

352 

URTICACEJE, 

411 

491    Utricularia, 

282 

692 


INDEX. 


Uvaria, 

Uvularia, 

UVULARIE^E, 

VACCINIE^E, 

Vaccinium, 

Vafcinium, 

VALERIANACILaE, 

Valeriana, 

Valerian  Family, 

Vallesia, 

Vallisneria, 

Veratrum, 

Veratrum, 

Verbascum, 

Verbena, 

VERBENACE.E, 

VERBENE^E, 

Verbesina, 

Vernonia, 

VERNONIACE.S:, 

Veronica, 

Vervain, 

Vervain  Family, 

Vescicaria, 

Vetch, 

Viburnum, 

Vicia, 

VlCIEJE, 

Vigna, 

Vignea, 

Vilfa, 

Vinca, 

Vine, 

Vine  Family, 

Viola, 

Viola, 

VIOLACE.E, 

Violet, 

Violet  Family, 

Virgaurea, 

Viryilia, 

Virginian  Creeper, 

Virgin's  Bower, 

Viscum, 

VITACE^E, 

VITE*;, 

Vitis, 

Vitis-Idaea, 

Vittaria, 

VITTARIE^E, 

Waldsteinia, 

Walking  Leaf, 

Walnut, 

Walnut  Family, 

Waltheria, 

Wampee, 

Warea, 

Watches, 

Water-Chinquapin, 


15 

Water-Cress, 

24 

486 
450 

Water-Fern  Family, 
Water-Hemlock, 

602 
161 

Water-Leaf, 

334 

257 

Water-Leaf  Familv, 

333 

259 

Water-Lilv, 

19 

258 

Water-Lilv  Familv, 

19 

183 

Water-Milfoil, 

143 

183 

Water-Plantain, 

447 

183 
360 

Water-Plantain  Familv, 
Water-Shield, 

447 
19 

450 
489 

Water-Shield  Family, 
Water-Starwort, 

18 
399 

484 
288 

Water-Starwort  Family, 
Wax-Myrtle. 

398 
426 

306 

Wax-Myrtle  Familv, 

426 

305 

Whahoo, 

417 

306 
237 

187 

White  Poplar, 
Whortleberry  Family, 
Wicky, 

14 
258 
264 

187 

Wild  Flax. 

62 

295 

Wild  Rice, 

549 

306 

Willow, 

429 

305 

Willow  Familv, 

429 

29 

Willow-Herb/ 

139 

98 

Wind-Flower, 

4 

171 

WINTERED, 

12 

98 

Wintergreen, 

261 

87 

Wire-grass, 

550,  554 

106 

Wistaria, 

95 

533    Witch-Hazel. 

150 

550 
360 

Witch-Hazel  Family, 
Wolfsbane, 

156 
10 

70 

Woodbine, 

170 

70 

Wood-Rush, 

492 

33 

Woodsia, 

596 

35 

WOODSIE^;, 

587 

32 

Wood-Sorrel, 

63 

33 
32 

Wood-Sorrel  Family, 
Woodwardia, 

63 
591 

208 

Wormseed, 

377 

113 

Wormwood, 

242 

72 

3 

Xanthium, 

223 

397 

Xanthesmia, 

440 

70 

Xerophyllum, 

490 

306 

Ximenia, 

61 

70 

Ximenia  Family, 

61 

259 

XYRIDACE^E, 

499 

589 

Xyris, 

499 

586 

Yam, 

474 

123 

Yam  Familv, 

474 

591 

Yarrow, 

242 

419 

Yellow-eyed  grass, 

499 

418 
59 

Yellow-eyed  grass  Family, 
Yellow  Jessamine, 

499 
183 

496 

Yellow  Water-Lily, 

20 

28 

Yellow  Wood,      ' 

113 

21 

Yew, 

436 

18 

Yucca, 

485 

693 


Zamia, 

Zannichellia, 

Zanthorhiza, 

Zanthoxylum, 

Zapania, 

Zigadenus, 

Zinnia, 


4.37 


225 


Zizania, 

Zizania, 

Zizia, 

Zizyphus, 

Zornia, 

Zostera, 

ZYGOPHYLLACEJS, 


549 

549 

163 

72,73 

99 
444 

63 


INDEX    TO    SUPPLEMENT. 


Abies, 

.rage 
650 

BROMELIACE^, 

Page 

655 

Abutilon, 

609 

Bromus 

664 

Acacia, 

619 

BYTTNERIACE^E, 

610 

Acalypha, 

647 

ACANTHACE^E, 

673 

Caesalpinia, 

618 

Acanthospermum, 

628 

Cakile, 

606 

Acnida, 

644 

Calamagrostis, 

662 

Actinomeris, 

630 

Calamintha, 

638 

Adiantum, 

670 

CALLITRICHACE^E, 

645 

Adonis, 

603 

Callitriche, 

645 

Agave, 

655 

Camassia, 

656 

Aira, 

664 

CAMPANULACE^, 

632 

Allium, 

656 

Campanula, 

632 

Alsine, 

608 

Canavalia, 

617 

AMARANTACEJE, 

644 

CAPPARIDACE^E, 

606 

AMARYLLIDACE^E, 

654 

Cardamine, 

605 

Amaryllis, 

654 

Carex, 

660 

Ambrosia, 

628 

Carica, 

621 

Ammannia, 

620 

CARIOPHYLLACE^E, 

607 

Andropogon, 

668 

Casuarina, 

650 

Anona, 

603 

CASUARINACE^E, 

650 

ANONACE^E, 

603 

Catesbasa, 

625 

Aplopappus, 
APOCYNACE.E, 

627 
642 

Catopsis, 
CELASTRACE^:, 

655 
612 

AQUIFOLIACE^E, 

633 

Cenchrus, 

,    667 

Aristida, 

662 

Centrosema, 

617 

Aristolochia, 

644 

Centunculus, 

634 

ARISTOLOCHIACEJE, 

644 

Ceratopteris, 

669 

Artemisia, 

631 

Cheilanthes, 

670 

ASCLEPIADACE^E, 

643 

Chiogenes, 

633 

Asclepias, 
Asimina, 

643 
603 

Chr}*sophyllum, 
Cladium, 

634 
660 

Aspidium, 

671 

Cnicus, 

631 

Asplenium, 

670 

Cocos, 

651 

Aster, 

626 

COMMELYNACE^E, 

658 

Astragalus, 

616 

COMPOSITE, 

625 

Condalia, 

612 

Baptisia, 

617 

CONIFERS, 

650 

Barbarea, 

606 

Conobea, 

636 

Bellis, 

627 

Conoclinium, 

626 

BORRAGINACE^E, 

639 

CONVOLVULACE^, 

640 

Bouteloua, 

663 

Convolvulus, 

640 

Breweria, 

641 

Cordia, 

639 

696 


INDEX    TO    SUPPLEMENT. 


Coreopsis, 

630 

GENTIANACE^E, 

642 

Corydalis, 

604 

Gonolobus, 

643 

CRASSULACE^:, 

622 

GRAMINEJE, 

661 

Crotalaria, 

614 

Grindelia, 

627 

Croton, 

648 

Gymnocladus, 

618 

CRUCIFER^E, 

605 

Cryptopodium, 
CUCURBITACE^E, 
CUPULIFER^E, 

663 
622 
649 

Habenaria, 
Haplophila, 
Hedeoma, 

654 
652 
637 

Cuscuta, 

641 

Helianthus, 

629 

Cynodon, 

C63 

Helioseiadium, 

623 

Cynosciadium, 

623 

Heliotropium, 

639 

CYPERACE^, 

659 

Herpestis, 

625 

Cyperus, 

659 

Heuchera, 

622 

Cypselea, 

607 

Hibiscus, 

610 

Dalea, 

615 

Hippocratea, 
Holcus, 

613 

665 

Danthonia, 

665 

Hordeum, 

664 

Dasystoma, 
Daubentonia, 

636 
616 

Hydrantheliam, 
HYDROLEACE^E, 

635 
640 

Dendrophylax, 

653 

Hydrolea, 

640 

Desmanthus, 

618 

HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 

639 

Desmodium, 
Dracopis, 

616 
629 

Hydrophyllum, 
Hygrophila, 
HYDROPTERIDES, 

639 
673 
672 

Ecastaphyllum, 

617 

Hymenocallis, 

654 

Echites, 

642 

HYPERICACE^E, 

607 

Eleocharis, 

659 

Hypericum, 

607 

Elephantopus, 

625 

Hyptis, 

637 

Elymus, 

664 

Enslenia, 

643 

Ilex, 

633 

Epidendrum 

652 

Imperata, 

668 

EQUISETACE^E, 

669 

Indigofera, 

616 

Equisetum, 

669 

Ipomoea, 

640 

Eragrostis, 

664 

Isoetes, 

672 

ERICACEAE, 

633 

Iva, 

628 

Erigenia, 

623 

Erigeron, 
Eriocaulon, 

627 
658 

Jatropha, 
JUNCACE^E, 

648 
657 

ERIOCAULONACEJE, 

658 

Juncus, 

657 

Erysimum, 

606 

Juniperus, 

650 

Erythrina, 

617 

Jussisea, 

621 

Erythronium, 

657 

Eugenia, 

620 

Kosteletzkya, 

610 

Eupatorium, 
EUPHORBIACE^E, 

626 
646 

LABIATE, 

637 

Euphorbia, 

646 

Lagenaria, 

622 

Evolvulus, 

641 

Leavenworthia, 

605 

Leersia. 

661 

Fedia, 

625 

LEGUMINOS^E, 

614 

Filago, 

631 

LENTIBULACE^E, 

685 

FIL1CES, 

669 

Leptocaulis, 

623 

Flaveria, 

630 

Lespedeza, 

616 

Forestiera, 

644 

Leucaena, 

619 

Fragaria, 

620 

Liatris, 

626 

Fugosia, 

609 

Lilium, 

657 

FUMARIACE^E, 

604 

LINAGES, 

611 

Fumaria, 

604 

Lindheimeria, 

6-28 

Linuni, 

Oil 

Galactia, 

617 

Litliospermum, 

689 

Galium, 

624 

Lobelia, 

631 

INDEX    TO    SUPPLEMENT. 


697 


LOBELIACE^E, 

Ludwigia, 

Luzula, 

LYCOPODIACE^E, 

Lycopodium, 

Lysiloma, 

LYTHRACE^E, 

Lythrum, 

Malachra, 

MALVACEAE, 

Malvastrum, 

Manilla, 

Medicago, 

Melilotus, 

Melochia, 

Mentha, 

Mercurialis, 

Micrantheraum, 

Muhlenbergia, 

Myginda, 

MYRTACE^E, 

Nabalus, 

Naias, 

NAIADACE^E, 

Nasturtium, 

NYCTAGINACE^E, 

Nymphaea, 

NYMPH^EACE^E, 

CEnothera, 

OLACACE^E, 

Oldenlandia, 

OLEACE^E, 

ONAGRACE^E, 

Ophioglossum, 

ORCHIDACEJE, 

Oreodoxa, 

Oxybaphus, 

Pachystima, 
Palafoxia, 


Panicum, 

PAPAVERACE^, 

Parkinsonia, 

Paronychia, 

Paspalum, 

Passiflora, 

PASSIFLORACE^E, 

Pavonia, 

Peetis, 

Peperornia, 

Petalostemon, 

Petunia, 

Pharus, 

Phlox, 

Picramnia, 

Pinguicula, 

Pinus, 


631 

PIPERACKE, 

62 

Pisonia, 

657 

PLANTAGINACE^E, 

67 
671 

Plantago, 
PLUMBAGINACE.E, 

eiy 

Poa, 

620 

Polanisia, 

620 

POLEMONIACE^E, 

Poly  gala, 

609 

POLYGALACE^E, 

608 

POLYGONACEJE, 

608 

Polygonatum, 

672 

Polygonum, 

614 

Polypodium, 

614 

Polystachya, 

610 

Polytaenia, 

637 

Populus, 

647 

Portulaca, 

635 

PORTULACACE^, 

662 
612 

Potamogeton, 
PRIMULACE^E, 

620 

Prunus, 

Psidium, 

631 

Pteris, 

652 

f>zn 

Pycnanthemum, 

OOJ 

605 

Quercus, 

644 

604 

RANUNCULACE^E, 

604 

Ranunculus, 

Reimaria, 

621 

Regnosia, 

611 

RHAMNACE^E, 

625 

Rhamnidium, 

644 

Rhododendron, 

621 
671 

Rhynchospora, 
Richardsonia, 

652 

ROSACES, 

650 

RUBIACE^E, 

644 

Rudbeckia, 

613 

Sabal, 

630 

SALICACE^E, 

650 

Salix, 

666 

Salvia, 

604 

SAPINDACE^E, 

618 

Sapindus, 

607 

SAPOTACE^E, 

665 

Satureia, 

621 

SAXIFRAGACE^E, 

621 

k-hoenolirion, 

608 

k-lioepfia, 

626 

Scirpus, 

645 
615 

Scolopendrium, 
SCROPHULARIACEJS 

642 

icutellaria, 

661 

?edum, 

640 

Seymeria, 

611 

Sirla, 

635 

SIMARUBACE^E, 

650 

SMILACEvE, 

645 
644 
634 
634 
634 
663 
606 
640 
613 
613 
645 
656 
645 
669 
653 
623 
649 
607 
607 
652 
634 
620 


637 

649 


665 
612 
612 
812 
633 
660 
624 
619 


651 
649 
649 
638 
613 
613 
634 
637 
622 
656 
611 
660 
670 
635 
638 
622 
636 
608 
611 


INDEX    TO    SUPPLEMENT. 


Smilax, 

SOLANACE^E, 

Solatium, 

Solidago, 

Sorghum, 

Specularia, 

Spiraea, 

Spiranthes, 

Sporobolus, 

Stachys, 

Statice, 

Stellaria, 

Stenandrium, 

Stylisma, 

Stylophorum, 

Synandra, 

Taenitis, 

Tamarix, 

Tephrosia, 

Thrinax, 

Tliurberia, 

TILIACE^E, 

Tiltea, 

Tillandsia, 

Tradescantia, 

Tragia, 

Trema, 

Trepocarpus, 

Trianthema, 


656 

Trichelostylis, 

641 

Trillium, 

641 

Triplasis, 

627 

f*f>0 

Triumfetta, 

O6O 

632 

ULMACE2E, 

619  i  Ulmus, 

654    UMBELLIFER^E, 

661 

URENA, 

639 

UTRICULARIA, 

634 

608 

Vaccinium, 

673 

VALERIANACE^E, 

641 

Vanilla, 

604 

Verbena, 

638 

VERBENACE^E, 

Verbesina, 

669 

Vernonia, 

620 

Viburnum, 

615 

Vicia, 

651 

Viola, 

062    VIOLACEJi;, 

610 

VITACE^:, 

622 

Vitis, 

655 

Voyria, 

658 

648 

Wedelia, 

649 

623 

XYRIDACE^E, 

607 

Xyris, 

65(3 
663 
610 

649 

64U 
623 
609 
635 

633 
625 
653 
B8U 
636 
030 
(!25 
624 
016 
606 
600 
611 
611 
642 

629 

658 

658 


University  Press:  John  Wilson  &  Son,  Cambridge. 


PP  I  QO 

_  '  70    DATE  DUE 

cr^r 

Jpu 

JUN    S  197 

I 

RECD  MA) 

3  0  J972 

GAYLORD 

PR.NTEO.NU.S-A. 

UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


